DUPLICATA DE LA BIBLIOTHEQUE
DU CONSEEVATOIRE BOTANIQUE DE GENEVE

VEJNDU EN 1922

HANDBOOK

OF THE

NEW ZEALAND FLORA.

Part 1. , pp. 1-392, published 1804.

Part II., pp. 398 to end, published 1867.

HANDBOOK

OF THE

NEW ZEALAND FLORA:

A SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION

OF THE

gatibc plants

OF

NEW ZEALAND

AND THE

CHATHAM, KERMADEC’S, LORD AUCKLAND’S, CAMPBELL’S,

AND MACQUARRIE’S ISLANDS.

BY

J. D. HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S. L.S. & G.S.,

AND HONORARY MEMBER OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTE OF CANTERBURY, NEW ZEALAND.

PUBLISHED

UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NEW ZEALAND.

A 9 *

LONDON:

REEVE & CO., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

1867.

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2017 with funding from
IMLS LG-70-15-0138-15

https://archive.org/details/handbookofnewzeaOOhook_O

TO HIS EXCELLENCY

SIR GEORGE GREY, K.C.B., D.C.L. Oxon.,

ETC. ETC. ETC.,

GOVERNOR AND COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE
COLONY OF NEW ZEALAND,

WHO, THROUGHOUT A LONG AND DISTINGUISHED CAREER,

IN THE COLONIES OF

SOUTH AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND, AND THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE,

HAS BEEN THE LIBERAL ENCOURAGER OF EVERY SCIENTIFIC UNDERTAKING,

THIS WORK

IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED,

BY HIS EXCELLENCY’S VERY FAITHFUL SERVANT,

J. D. HOOKER.

ROYAL GARDENS, KEW,

July, 1864.

• ■

.

- 1923.

PREFACE.

pfj'vv' YO«K

*0T a M

The desirability of publishing a compendious account of tbe plants of
New Zealand having been represented to tbe Colonial Government by
Dr. Knight, F.L.S., Auditor- General, and other gentlemen interested
in the Natural History of the Islands, and in the development of their
resources, that Government was pleased to entrust me with the pre-
paration of such a work, and to place at my disposal the necessary funds
for its publication, including a liberal remuneration for my services. I
was at the same time instructed to make Mr. Bentham’s ‘Hongkong
Flora ’ my guide as to the form of the work and method of describing
the plants, and to adhere in these and in all other matters to the plan*
recommended by Sir W. J. Hooker for publishing in a uniform series
Floras of all the British Colonies. The title ‘ Handbook of the New
Zealand Flora’ is adopted in accordance with the wishes of its pro-
moters.

Though as complete as the materials at my disposal enable me to
make this book, it is still imperfect as to the descriptions of several
Orders of Flowering plants ; whilst with regard to the Flowerless, it is
tolerably complete in the Orders Ferns and Ly copods only; of the
others, the islands no doubt possess twice as many Mosses and Junger-
mannias as have hitherto been discovered ; and I have been able to offer
but a meagre sketch of the Fungi, of the lower tribes of Algse, and of
the more minute and especially crustaceous Lichens that grow on rocks
and on the bark of trees. It must, however, be many years before the
multitudinous New Zealand genera and species of these very obscure
and imperfectly-known tribes of plants are fully known, and I have
thought it best to give good descriptions of all the commoner and most
conspicuous only, which can be easily found and studied, and to treat
more generally the rarer and more obscure, of which I have but imper-
* Sec ‘Natural History Review,’ 1861, p. 255.

8*

PREFACE.

feet specimens, and which, were they perfect, could only be satisfactorily
examined in a living state. I have, however, omitted no species known
to me as a native of New Zealand, whether from books or collections.
By adopting this plan I have, I hope, made this portion of the ‘ Hand-
book’ a fair introduction to the study of the Orders of New Zealand
Flowerless plants, and a safe guide to the principal species ; and I also
hope that this will prove to be a more useful way of treating so very
abstruse a subject, than would systematic descriptions, of equal length
and pretensions to accuracy, of all the obscure and supposed species,
whether common or scarce, perfect or imperfect.

In the course of preparing this work, I have re-examined most of the
materials described in my ‘ Flora Novae-Zelandise ;’# these consisted of
the collections of Banks and Solander, and of Forster, contained in the
British Museum, and of those of the Cunninghams, Colenso, Sinclair,
Bidwill, DiefFenbach, Baoul, Lyall, and my own, all preserved in the
‘ Hookerian Herbarium.’ Since the publication of that work, little of
novelty has been added to the Flora of the Northern Island, but very
many interesting discoveries have been made in the Middle Island, add-
ing fully one-third to the previously known number of New Zealand
Flowering Plants.

Much remains to be done towards the Botany of the Northern Is-
land especially; of the whole province Taranaki, nothing is known;
and except the Buahine range, by Colenso, no mountain region has
been approximately well explored. Then too of the outlying islands, as
the Kermadec and Chatham Islands, very little is known, and of Bounty
or Antipodes Island nothing, whilst much remains to be collected on
Lord Auckland’s group, Campbell’s Island and Macquarrie Island. The
materials are still wanting for a comparison of the volcanic mountains of
the Northern Island with the primitive or other mountains of the Mid-
dle Island, a comparison essential to make before the geological or cli-
matic relations of the flora of either island can be ascertained. These
subjects and those of the geographical distribution of New Zealand
plants, and of the apparently recent development of many of its spe-
cies by variation from others still existing in the islands, are, however,
foreign to a purely systematic Handbook, and I shall hope to take them
up when this is finished.

In the ‘Flora Novte-Zelandiae,’ I have detailed at length the labours

* This, which forms the second'part of the ‘ Botany of the Antarctic Expedition of Sir
J. Ross,’ was published in 1854-5, in two volumes, 4to, with 130 plates, coloured (including
1060 species), of New Zealand plants.

PREFACE.

9*

of all my predecessors, whether as collectors or authors, up to the year
1S50, and shall therefore only briefly recapitulate them here.

In August 1769, Sir Joseph Banks and his companion Dr. Solan-
der visited the islands in Captain Cook’s first voyage, and collected
in Poverty Bay, Tegadoo, Tolaga, Opuragi, the Thames river, Bay of
Islands, Queen Charlotte’s Sound and Admiralty Bay. They obtained
about 360 Flowering plants and ferns, had folio drawings made of most
of them, and excellent manuscript descriptions. These MSS., together
with about 200 engraved plates, were, I believe, all prepared for the
press, and are preserved in the British Museum, but have never been
published.

In 1772 Captain Cook again visited New Zealand, accompanied by
the two Forsters, Beinwold and George (father and son), and by
Dr. Sparrman; they collected at Dusky Bay and Queen Charlotte’s
Sound. Their herbarium amounted to only about 160 species of
Flowering plants and ferns. Of these, 150 are published in Forster’s
‘ Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus;’ and a few others in his
‘ Characteres Generum,’ and £ De Plantis Esculentis Insularum Oceani
Australis Commentatio Botanica.’ The specimens were distributed to
various museums, and being often carelessly named, much confusion has
crept into descriptive works.

In 1777, Captain Cook, during his third voyage, visited New Zealand.
On this occasion Mr. Anderson, his surgeon, was the botanical col-
lector, who obtained very little indeed, and nothing of any importance.

In 1791, Captain Vancouver arrived in Dusky Bay, on his way to sur-
vey the coasts of North-West America, having with him as surgeon Mr.
Archibald Menzies, a very assiduous collector of Flowerless plants,
who procured many species of Filices, Musci, and Hepaticce , most of
which are described at length, and beautifully illustrated in Hooker’s
‘Musci Exotici,’ and in Hooker and Greville’s ‘ leones Filicum.’

In 1822, Captain Duperrev visited the islands in the French dis-
covery corvette ‘ Coquille,’ when one of his officers, the late Admiral
D’Urville, made excellent collections.

In 1827, Captain (afterwards Admiral) Dumont D’Urville again
visited New Zealand in the same ship, renamed the ‘ Astrolabe,’ accom-
panied by an able naturalist, M. Lesson, when additional botanical
collections were made in Cook’s Straits, the Thames river, and the Bay
of Islands. The materials of this voyage (containing upwards of 200
Flowering plants and ferns) were published by M. A. Bichard, in his
‘Essai d’une F’lore de la Nouvelle-Zelande,’ with folio plates (Paris,

10*

PREFACE.

1832). Some of Forster’s plants, together with extracts from his MSS.,
preserved in the Paris Museum, were also published in this work.

In 1825, Mr. Charles Fraser, then superintendent of the Sydney-
Botanical Gardens, landed for one day in the Bay of Islands, made a
small collection of dried plants. He, however, procured more living
ones, some of which were amongst the first plants of the islands which
were introduced into European gardens.

In 1826, and again in 1838, Allan Cunningham, the eminent
Australian botanist and explorer, made extensive botanical explorations in
the northern parts of the Northern Island, chiefly at the Bay of Islands ;
and in 1S33, his brother, Richard Cunningham (Fraser’s immediate
successor in the Sydney gardens), was sent in H.M.S. Buffalo, to pro-
cure timber for the Government of Australia. The results of the la-
bours of the brothers, and especially of Allan, whose arduous exertions
in the islands led to his untimely death at Sydney in 1S39, added consi-
derably to the known Flora, and were collected by Allan into his ‘ Florae
Novae-Zelandiae Precursor,- which was published by Sir W. J. Hooker,
partly in his ‘Companion to the Botanical Magazine,’ vol. ii. , and partly
in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ vols. i. ii. iii.

The herbarium of the Cunninghams, which has lately been pre-
sented by its possessor, R. Heward, Esq., F.L.S., to the Royal Gardens,
Kew, had been lent to me by its liberal possessor during the prepara-
tion of the ‘Flora Novs-Zelandiae,’ and I have again consulted it during
the preparation of this work.

In 1810 and 1841, the French frigate ‘ L’Aube,’ and in 1842-3
another, the ‘ Allier,’ made a lengthened sojourn at the islands; during
those occasions M. Raoul, a very intelligent medical officer, diligently
explored Banks’s Peninsula and the Bay of Islands, making excellent
collections at the former locality especially ; most of the new species
discovered were published first in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles 1
(ser. iii. vol. ii. p. 113) by MM. Raoul and Decaisne, and more recently
were described and figured in a beautiful work, entitled, ‘ Choix de
Plantes de la Nouvelle-Zelande,’ which further contains thirty plates,
and an enumeration of all then known New Zealand plants. The collec-
tions are preserved in the Paris Museum, and a set has been communi-
cated to Sir W. Hooker’s herbarium.

In 1841, the Antarctic Expedition visited the Bay of Islands, when,
accompanied by my friend the Rev. W. Colenso, and by Dr. A. Sinclair
during a part of the time, I was enabled to explore the neighbourhood
very fully, and to add largely to the Cryptogamie Flora.

PREFACE.

11*

In 1847-9, Captain Stokes, R.N., in H.M.S. Acheron, surveyed
the coast of New Zealand ; lie was accompanied by Dr. Lyall, who made
very large and excellent collections, especially of Flowerless plants, on
various parts of the coast, hut chiefly of the Middle Island.

The other collectors to whom I am principally indebted for the mate-
rials published in the ‘ Flora Novae-Zelandise,’ are, firstly, the Ret. W.
Colenso, who, during many successive years, has collected throughout
the whole length of the Northern Island, with great care and skill, dis-
covering more new and interesting plants (especially on the Ruahine
Range, Tongariro, Hikurangi, etc.) than any botanist since Banks and
Solander. In every respect Mr. Colenso is the foremost New Zea-
land botanical explorer, and the one to whom I am most indebted for
specimens and information. The late De. Andrew Sinclair, R.N.,
F.L.S., formerly Colonial Secretary, a man of great attainments in many
ways, certainly ranks second to Mr. Colenso. He collected very copi-
ously in the Bay of Islands, the Auckland districts, and in the Nelson
mountains, and was engaged in a botanical exploration of the Southern
Alps in company with Mr. Haast, when he was drowned in the Rangi-
tata river. His loss has been a very great one, whether as a botanist
or as an enthusiastic and liberal patron of science.

The first alpine collections were made by my late friend J. T.
Bin will, Esq., of Sydney, who was the earliest explorer of the interior
of the Northern Island, and in 1839 ascended the lofty active volcano
Tongariro, incurring considerable danger ; at a later period he was
the first explorer of the Southern Alps, making extensive and very im-
portant collections on the Nelson mountains, which were transmitted
with copious notes to Sir W. Hooker.

The same mountains have been still better explored by Dr. Munro,
who has added many beautiful alpine species to the ‘ New Zealand
Flora,’ and sent an excellent herbarium of Nelson plants to Sir W.
Hooker.

In 1840, Dr. Diefeenbach visited many parts of the Northern Is-
land and northern part of the Middle Island, and is the first person
who ascended Mount Egmont. His collections, which are however
most scanty, compared with the great extent of interesting ground he
passed over, were also communicated to Sir W. Hooker’s herbarium.
Mb. Logan, Mr. Edgebley, the Ret. W. Taylor, the late General
Bolton, Capt. Haultaine, Capt. Drury, R.N., Mr. Jolliffe,
Capt. D. Rough, and Mr. Stephenson, have all contributed inter-
esting and important collections which are embodied in the ‘ Flora
Novse-Zelandise.’

12*

PREFACE.

Since 1851, as I have before observed, no addition of importance has
been made to our knowledge of the Flowering plants of the Northern
Island ; which I greatly regret, as much remains to be done in all the
mountain districts in collecting the Graminece , Cyperacece, and Crypto-
gamia everywhere, and in observing the habits and characters of the
species of Veronica, Coprosma, Astelia, and many other genera. As
regards Flowerless plants, two valuable papers by Mr. Knight and
Mr. Mitten, on some of the Lichens of Auckland,* and by Mr.
KALPHst on the Tree-ferns, are almost the only published contribu-
tions made since that date to our knowledge of its Flora.

The Middle Island, on the other hand, has furnished several diligent
explorers and many capital discoveries. Dr. Munro has made further
excellent collections on the Nelson mountains, as have Dr. Sinclair
and Capt. Kough. To W. T. Luke Travers, Esq., F.L.S., of Can-
terbury, I am indebted for many fine plants discovered in the alpine
ranges of Canterbury, Nelson, and Marlborough, during various ex-
cursions. Many of these being ticketed as to elevation, are the more
valuable. His observations on the spread of introduced plants are
extremely interesting, and will, I hope, be fully followed up4

The great opportunities enjoyed by the distinguished geologist and ex-
plorer, Julius Haast, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Government Geologist of
Canterbury, have been used to the best advantage in the furtherance of
botanical science, he having contributed more new species to the Flora
of the islands than any collector since Mr. Colenso. I am indebted to
him also for a series of maps, notes, and observations, especially re-
specting the ranges of the mountain plants, including the most alpine
species hitherto discovered, which have been of great service. It is
difficult to imagine how, with so many and such arduous duties as
surveyor and geologist, Mr. Haast can have personally effected so much
for botany as he has done, and I anticipate that his method of making
complete collections ou each mountain and on each line of march, will
eventually do much to develop the extremely curious subject of the
variations of New Zealand plants. Mr. Haast has further called my
attention to the labours of his assistant Mr. William Young, who
has made several interesting discoveries, more particularly amongst the
Grasses and Sedges of the alpine regions.

From the Otago province I have an excellent herbarium of Dunedin

* Transactions of the Linaean Society of London, xxiii. 99 and 101 .

+ Journal of Linnean Society of London, Bot. iii. 1G3.

J See ‘ Natural History Review,’ January, 1861.

PREFACE.

13*

plants, made by Dr. Lauder Lindsay, F.L.S. ; and more recently very
extensive and valuable collections, containing much novelty, from the
Alps of the interior and west coasts, by another eminent geologist,
Dr. Hector, F.G.S., Government Geologist, and Mr. Buchanan, his
assistant. The most important of these last collections arrived whilst
the sheets of this work were passing through the press, and have ma-
terially delayed its publication ; for the discoveries which they contained
seemed to me to be of sufficient importance to render it desirable that
they should be embodied in the portions that had already been printed,
which had to be recalled for the purpose. Again, since the completion
of the Flowering plants, I have received two more contributions from
these surveyors, including various new discoveries and new habitats,
which must be reserved for the Supplement.

To render this Handbook more complete, I have included in it the
plants of the outlying islands properly belonging to the New Zealand
group. They are the following : —

Chatham Islands, whence I have a very few plants collected by
Dr. Diefeeneach. The splendid Myosotidium nobile inhabits this
group, which is well worthy of a careful exploration. This, through the
liberality of Mr. Trayers, has been done by his son, who, he tells me,
has returned from the group with considerable collections.

Kermadec Islands. One of these, Sunday or Raoul Island, was
visited by Captain Denham, in H.M.S. Herald, and botanized on by
Mr. MacGillivray, naturalist, and his assistant, Mr. Milne ; its
Flora, though characteristic of New Zealand, is more tropical than the
latter, containing the widely-diffused Metrosideros polymorpha , and
several tropical Ferns of the Pacific islands. I published a list of its
plants in the Linnean Society’s Journal, Botany, vol. i. p. 125.

Lord Auckland’s Group and Campbell’s Island were explored by
Dr. Lyall and myself, during the stay there of the Antarctic Expedi-
tion, in the year 1840. Our collections amounted to 870 species, and
are published in the first volume of the ‘ Antarctic Flora,’ with 80 plates
of 150 species. Lord Auckland’s group had been visited in the pre-
vious year by Admiral D’TJrville’s Antarctic Expedition, but the col-
lections made by his naturalists, MM. Hohbron and Jacquinot, were
extremely small. The Cryptogamia alone are described, by M. Mon-
tagne, in a work entitled ‘ Voyage au Pol^Sud,’ Bot. Crypt., 8vo, Paris,
1845, with a folio atlas of 20 plates : figures of some of the Flowering
plants and Ferns have likewise been published in the same form,

PREFACE.

11*

but without descriptions. Lord Auckland’s group was also visited, in
the same year, by Commodore Wilkes’s Expedition, when very few, if
any, plants appear to have been collected ; and more recently by Gen.
Bolton, who added several species to the Flora of the group.

Considering how many beautiful plants different from those of New
Zealand these islands contain, it is obvious that they deserve a very
close and careful botanical scrutiny.*

Macquarrie’s Island, A few plants from this desolate spot were
sent to Sir W. Hooker by Mr. Fraser, when Superintendent of the
Sydney Botanic Garden.

Of Bounty or Antipodes Islands nothing whatever seems to be bo-
tanically or geographically known.

The Flora of Lord Howe’s Islands is intermediate in character (as the
islands are in position) between that of New Zealand and Australia, but
much more nearly allied to the latter; whilst Norfolk Island, which
should perhaps have been included in the New Zealand group, is much
more tropical and may have equal claims to rank botanically with the
New Caledonian or Fiji Islands.

Of the 303 New Zealand genera of Flowering plants described in this
part, about 252 (containing 222 species and 51 representatives) are
common to Australia ; 171 (containing 11 species and 32 representatives)
to South America ; 31 are peculiar to the group (comprising 59 species),
and 6 (with 20 species) are found in the Pacific islands and elsewhere,
but not in Australia or South America.

Again, of the 935 species of Flowering plants, 677 are peculiar to the
islands ; 222 are Australian ; and 111 American. There are further 51
Australian representative and 32 American representative species.

Comparing New Zealand with Europe, these countries have 115 genera
and 58 species in common, the latter including many water-plants, and
several land-plants which are doubtful natives. Of these European
genera, the shrubby Veronicas and Ligusticum are the only ones that
appear to be vastly more numerous in New Zealand than in Europe.

It remains for me to apologize for many imperfections that will be

* Of about one hundred Flowering plants, natives of these small groups, no less than
twenty-seven are hitherto unknown in New Zealand proper, including three genera and
twelve most conspicuous and singular species, viz., Ligtisticum latifolium and antipodum ,
Pleurophyllum two species, Celmisia vernicosa, Gentiana two species, Vtantago Antarctica ,
Chiloglottis cornuta, Anthericum Rossii, Rostkovia two species.

PREFACE.

15*

found in this work, and to express a hope that these will be pointed
out to me when discovered, so that they may be corrected in a future
edition. Of the two principal sources of error in any work of the
nature of a Systematic Flora, one is unavoidable, and that is the im-
possibility of deciding, in many cases, as to what should be regarded
a species and what a variety ; in my case this difficulty is greatly en-
hanced by my having only dried specimens to examine. But this is
not all ; for it is now admitted that one and the same species may be
represented by two or more permanently distinct forms in one district,
in other districts by but one of these forms, and in still other districts
by forms which unite the characters of the most distinct forms of the first
district ; and moreover, that these forms are usually permanent under
cultivation. It hence follows that the several characters will have dif-
ferent values in the estimation of the observers in each district, and
that there must always be differences of opinion regarding the claims of
such forms to take specific rank. The other great source of error is of
more real importance, as it relates to facts and not at all to opinions ;
it is, that in examining dried specimens, important and constant charac-
ters are often overlooked, unimportant and transient ones exaggerated,
and that errors accumulate in the successive process of examining so
many organs, in applying technical terms to them, and in describing,
transcribing, printing, and even in correcting the press. The num-
ber of these errors is always great in works which, like the Phsenogamic
Part of this Handbook, consist of descriptions of plants, two-thirds of
which have been examined and described by one author alone, and
it is to succeeding observers that I must look for their detection and
correction.

1 loyal Gardens , Keiv :

June 30, 1864.

.

OUTLINES OF BOTANY,

TO ACCOMPANY THE COLONIAL FLORAS.

FROM BENTHAM’S ‘FLORA AU8TRALIENSIS.’

Chap. I. Definitions and Descriptive Botany.

1. The principal object of a Flora of a country, is to afford the means of determin-
ing (i. e. ascertaining the name of) any plant growing in it, whether for the purpose
of ulterior study or of intellectual exercise.

2. With this view, a Flora consists of descriptions of all the wild or native plants
contained in the country in question, so drawn up and arranged that the student may
identify with the corresponding description any individual specimen which he may
gather.

3. These descriptions should be dear, concise, accurate, and characteristic, so as
that each one should be readily adapted to the plant it relates to, and to no other one ;
they should be as nearly as possible arranged under natural (184) divisions, so as to
facilitate the comparison of each plant with those nearest allied to it ; and they should
be accompanied by an artificial key or index, by means of which the student may be
guided step by step in the observation of such peculiarities or characters in his plant,
as may lead him, with the least delay, to the individual description belonging to it.

4. For descriptions to be clear and readily intelligible, they should be expressed as
much as possible in ordinary well-established language. But, for the purpose of ac-
curacy, it is necessary not only to give a more precise technical meaning to many
terms used more or less vaguely in common conversation, but also to introduce purely
technical names for such parts of plants or forms as are of little importance except
to the botanist. In the present chapter it is proposed to define such technical or
technically limited terms as are made use of in these Floras.

5. At the same time mathematical accuracy must not be expected. The forms and
appearances assumed by plants and their parts are infinite. Names cannot be invented
for all ; those even that have been proposed are too numerous for ordinary memories.
Many are derived from supposed resemblances to well-known forms or objects. These
resemblances are differently appreciated by different persons, and the same term is not
only differently applied by two different botanists, but it frequently happens that the
same writer is led on different occasions to give somewhat different meanings to the
same word. The botanist’s endeavours should always be, on the one hand, to make
as near an approach to precision as circumstances will allow, and on the other hand to
avoid that prolixity of detail and overloading with technical terms which tends rather
to confusion than clearness. In this he will be more or less successful. The aptness
of a botanical description, like the beauty of a work of imagination, will always vary
with the style and genius of the author.

C

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

§ 1. The Plant hi General.

6. The Plant, in its botanical sense, includes every being which has vegetable life ,
from the loftiest tree which adorns our landscapes, to the humblest moss which grows
on its stem, to the mould or fungus which attacks our provisions, or the green scum
that floats on our ponds.

7. Every portion of a plant which has a distinct part or function to perform in the
operations or phenomena of vegetable life is called an Organ.

8. What constitutes vegetable life , and what are the functions of each organ, be-
long to Vegetable Physiology ; the microscopical structure of the tissues composing
the organs, to Vegetable Anatomy ; the composition of the substances of which they
are formed, to Vegetable Chemistry ; under Descriptive and Systematic Botany we
have chiefly to consider the forms of organs, that is, their Morphology , in the proper
sense of the term, and their general structure so far as it affects classification and
specific resemblances and differences. The terms we shall now define belong chiefly
to the latter branch of Botany, as being that which is essential for the investigation
of the Flora of a country. We shall add, however, a short chapter on "Vegetable
Anatomy and Physiology, as a general knowledge of both imparts an additional in-
terest to and facilitates the comparison of the characters and affinities of the plants
examined.

i). In the more perfect plants, their organs are comprised in the general terms
Root, Stem, Leaves, Flowers, and Fruit. Of these the three first, whose func-
tion is to assist in the growth of t he plant, are Organs of Vegetation ; the flower and
fruit, whose office is the formation of the seed, are the Organs of Reproduction.

10. All these organs exist, in one shape or another, at some period of the life of
most, if not all, flowering plants , technically called phcenogamous or phanerogamous
plants; which all bear some kind of flower and fruit in the botanical sense of the
term. In the lower classes, the ferns, mosses, fungi, moulds or mildews, seaweeds,
etc., called by botanists cryptogamous plants , the flowers, the fruit, and not unfre-
quently one or more of the organs of vegetation, are either wanting, or replaced by
organs so different as to be hardly capable of bearing the same name.

11. The observations comprised in the following pages refer exclusively to the
flowering or phsenogamous plants. The study of the cryptogamous classes has now
become so complicated as to form almost a separate science. They are therefore not
included in these introductory observations, nor, with the exception of ferns, in the
present Flora.

12. Plants are

Monocarpic, if they die after one flowering-season. These include Annuals, which
flower in the same year in which they are raised from seed ; and Biennials, which only
flower in the year following that in which they are sown.

Caulocarpic , if, after flowering, the whole or part of the plant lives through the
winter and produces fresh flowers another season. These include Herbaceous peren-
nials, in which the greater part of the plant dies after flowering, leaving only a small
perennial portion called the Stock or Caudex, close to or within the earth ; Under-
shrubs, suffruticose or stiff rutescent plants, in which the flowering branches, forming a.
considerable portion of the plant, die down after flowering, but leave a more or less
prominent perennial and woody base; Shrubs ( frutescent or fruticose plants), in which
the perennial woody part forms the greater part of the plant, but branches near the
base, and does not much exceed a man’s height ; and Trees ( arboreous or arborescent
plants ) when the height is greater and forms a woody trunk, scarcely branching from,
the base. Bushes are low, much branched shrubs.

13. The terms Monocarpic and Caulocarpic are but little used, but the other dis-
tinctions enumerated above are universally attended to, although more useful to the
gardener than to the botanist, who cannot always assign to them any precise character.
Monocarpic plants, which require more thau two or three years to produce their
flowers, will often, under certain circumstances, become herbaceous perennials, and are
generally confounded with them. Truly perennial herbs will often commence flower-
ing the first year, and have then all the appearance of annuals. Many tall shrubs

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

Ill

and trees lose annually their flowering branches like undershrubs. And the same
botanical species may be an annual or a perennial, a herbaceous perennial or an under-
shrub, an underslirub or a shrub, a shrub or a tree, according to climate, treatment,
or variety.

14. Plants are usually terrestrial , that is, growing on earth, or aquatic, i. e. growing
in water ; but sometimes they may be found attached by their roots to other plants,
in which case they are epiphytes when simply growing upon other plants without
penetrating into their tissue, parasites -when their roots penetrate into and derive more
or less nutriment from the plant to which they are attached.

15. The simplest form of the perfect plant, the annual, consists of —

(L) The Root, or descending axis, which grows downwards from the stem, divides
and spreads in the earth or water, and absorbs food for the plant through the extre-
mities of its branches.

(2) The Stem, or ascending axis, which grows upwards from the root, branches and
bears first one or more leaves in succession, then one or more flowers, and finally one
or more fruits. It contains the tissues or other channels (217) by which the nutri-
ment absorbed by the roots is conveyed in the form of sap (192) to the leaves or other
points of the surface of the plant, to be elaborated or digested (218), and afterwards
redistributed over different parts of the plant for its support and growth.

(3) The Leaves, usually flat, green, and horizontal, are variously arranged on the
stem and its branches. They elaborate or digest (218) the nutriment brought to them
through the -stem, absorb carbonic acid gas from the air, exhaling the superfluous
oxygen, and returning the assimilated sap to the stem.

(4) The Flowers, usually placed at or towards the extremities of the branches.
They are destined to form the future seed. When perfect and complete, they consist :
1st, of a pistil in the centre, consisting of one or more carpels , each containing the
germ of one or more seeds ; 2nd, of one or more stamens outside the pistil, whose
action is necessary to fertilize the pistil or enable it to ripen its seed ; 3rd, of a perianth
or floral envelope , which usually encloses the stamens and pistil when young, and
expands and exposes them to view when fully formed. This complete perianth is
double ; the outer one, called Calyx, is usually more green and leaf-like ; the inner
one, called the Corolla, more conspicuous, and variously coloured. It is the perianth,
and especially the corolla, as the most showy part, that is generally called the flow er
in popular language.

(5) The Fruit, consisting of the pistil or its lower portion, which persists or remains
attached to the plant after the remainder of the flower has withered and fallen off.
It enlarges and alters more or less in shape or consistence, becomes a seed-vessel , en-
closing the seed until it is ripe, when it either opens to discharge the seed or falls to
the ground with the seed. In popular language the term fruit is often limited to such
seed-vessels as are or look juicy and eatable. Botanists give that name to all seed-
vessels.

16. The herbaceous perennial resembles the annual during the first year of its
growth ; but it also forms (usually towards the close of the season), on its stock (the
portion of the stem and root which does not die), one or more buds, either exposed,
and then popularly called eyes, or concealed among leaves. These buds, called leaf-
buds, to distinguish them from flotver-buds or unopened flowers, are future branches
as yet undeveloped ; they remain dormant through the winter, and the following
spring grow out into new stems bearing leaves and flowers like those of the preceding
year, whilst the lower part of the stock emits fresh roots to replace those which had
perished at the same time as the stems.

17. Shrubs and trees form similar leaf-buds either at the extremity of their branches,
or along the branches of the year. In the latter case these buds are usually axillary,
that is, they appear in the axil of each leaf, i. e. in the angle formed by the leaf and
the branch. When they appear at any other part of the plant they are called adventi-
tious. If these buds by producing roots (19) become distinct plants before separating
from the parent, or if adventitious leaf-buds are produced in the place of flowers or
seeds, the plant is said to be viviparous or proliferous.

IV

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

§ 2. The Root.

18. Roots ordinarily produce neither buds, leaves, nor flowers. Their branches,
calledyiAres when slender and long, proceed irregularly from any part of their surface.

19. Although roots proceed usually from the base of the stem or stock, they may
also be produced from the base of any bud, especially if the bud lie along the ground,
or is otherwise placed by nature or art in circumstances favourable for their deve-
lopment, or indeed occasionally from almost any part of the plant. They are then
often distinguished as adventitious , but this term is by some applied to all roots which
are not in prolongation of the original radicle.

20. Roots are

fibrous, when they consist chiefly of slender fibres.

tuberous, when either the main root or its branches are thiokened into one or
more short fleshy or woody masses called tubers (25).

taproots, when the main root descends perpendicularly into the earth, emitting
only very small fibrous branches.

21. The stock of a herbaceous perennial, or the lower part of the stem of an annual
or perennial, or the lowest branches of a plant, are sometimes underground and assume
the appearance of a root. They then take the name of rhizome. The rhizome may
always be distinguished from the true root by the presence or production of one or
more buds, or leaves, or scales.

§ 3. The Stock.

22. The Stock of a herbaceous perennial, in its most complete state, includes a
small portion of the summits of the previous year’s roots, as well as of the base of the
previous year’s stems. Such stocks will increase yearly, so as at length to form dense
tufts. They will often preserve through the winter a few leaves, amongst which are
placed the buds which grow out into stems the following year, whilst the under side of
the stock emits new’ roots from or amongst the remains of the old ones. These peren-
nial stocks only differ from the permanent base of an undershrub in the shortness of
the perennial part of the stems and in their texture usually less woody.

23. In some perennials, however, the stock consists merely of a branch, which pro-
ceeds in autumu from the base of the stem either aboveground or underground, and
produces one or more buds. This branch, or a portion of it, alone survives the winter.
In the following year its buds produce the new stem and roots, whilst the rest of the
plant, even the branch on which these buds were formed, has died away. These annual
stocks, called sometimes hybernacula, offsets, or stolons , keep up the communication
between the annual stem and root of one year and those of the following year, thus
forming altogether a perennial plant.

24. The stock, whether annual or perennial, is often entirely underground or root-
like. This is the rootstock, to which some botanists limit the meaning of the term
rhizome. When the stock is ent irely root-like, it is popularly called the cro wn of the root.

25. The term tuber is applied to a short, thick, more or less succulent rootstock or
rhizome, as well as to a root of that shape (20), although some botanists propose to re-
strict its meaning to the one or to the other. An Orchis tuber, called by some a knob,
is an annual tuberous rootstock with one bud at the top. A potato is an annual tu-
berous rootstock with several buds.

26. A bulb is a stock of a shape approaching to globular, usually rather conical
above and flattened underneath, in which the bud or buds are concealed, or nearly so,
under scales. These scales are the more or less thickened bases of the decayed leaves
of the preceding year, or of the undeveloped leaves of the future year, or of both.
Bulbs are annual or perennial, usually underground or close to the ground, but occa-
sionally buds in the axils of the upper leaves become transformed into bulbs. Bulbs
are said to be scaly when their scales are thick and loosely imbricated, tunicated when
the scales are thinner, broader, and closely rolled round each other in concentric layers.

27. A corrn is a tuberous rootstock, usually annual, shaped like a bulb, but in which
the bud or buds are not covered by scales, or of which the scales are very thin and
membranous.

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

V

§ 4. The Stem.

28. Stems are

erect, when they ascend perpendicularly from the root or stock ; twiggy or virgate,
when at the same time they are slender, stiff, and scarcely branched.

sarmentose, when the branches of a woody stem are long and weak, although
scarcely climbing.

decumbent or ascending , when they spread horizontally, or nearly so, at the base,
and then turn upwards and become erect.

procumbent, when they spread along the ground the whole or the greater portion
of their length; diffuse, when at the same time very much and rather loosely branched.
prostrate, when they lie still closer to the ground.

creeping, when they emit roots at their node9. This term is also frequently ap-
plied to any rhizomes or roots which spread horizontally.

tufted or ccespitose, when very short, close; and many together from the same
stock.

29. Weak climbing stems are said to twine, when they support themselves by wind-
ing spirally round any object ; such stems are also called voluble. When they simply
climb without twining, they support themselves by their leaves, or by special clasping
organs called tendrils (169), or sometimes, like the Ivy, by small rootdike excrescences.

30. Suckers are young plants formed at the end of creeping, underground rootstocks.
Scions, runners, and stolons, or stoles, are names given to young plants formed at the
end or at the nodes (31) of branches or stocks creeping wholly or partially above-
ground, or sometimes to the creeping stocks themselves.

31. A node is a point of the stem or its branches at which one or more leaves,
branches, or leaf-buds (16) are given off. An internode is the portion of the stem
comprised between two nodes.

32. Branches or leaves are

opposite , when two proceed from the same node on opposite sides of the stem.
whorled or verticillate (in a ivhorl or verticil), when several proceed from the
same node, arranged regularly round the stem ; geminate, ternate, fascicled, or fascicu-
late, when two, three, or more proceed from the same node on the same side of the
stem. A tuft of fasciculate leaves is usually in fact an axillary leafy branch, so short
that the leaves appear to proceed all from the same point.

alternate, when one only proceeds from each node, one on one side and the next
above or below on the opposite side of the stem.

decussate, when opposite, but each pair placed at right angles to the next pair above
or below it ; distichous, when regularly arranged one above another in two opposite
rows, one on each side of the stem ; tristichous, when in three rows, etc. (92).

scattered, when irregularly arranged round the stem ; frequently, however, bota-
nists apply the term alternate to all branches or leaves that are neither opposite nor
whorled.

secund, when all start from or are turned to one side of the stem.

33. Branches are dichotomous, when several times forked, tne two branches ol
each fork being nearly equal ; trichotomous , when there are three nearly equal branches
at each division instead of two; but when the middle branch is evidently the princi-
pal one, the stem is usually said to have two opposite branches ; umbellate, when di-
vided in the same manner into several nearly equal branches proceeding from the same
point. If, however, the central branch is larger than the two or more lateral ones, the
stem is said to have opposite or whorled branches, as the case may be.

34. A culm is a name sometimes given to the stem of Grasses, Sedges, and some
other Monocotyledonous plants.

§ 5. The Leaves.

35. The ordinary or perfect Leaf consists of a flat blade or lamina, usually green,
and more or less horizontal, attached to the stem by a stalk called o, footstalk or petiole.
When the form or dimensions of a leaf are spoken of, it is generally the blade that is
meant, without the petiole or stalk.

36. The end by which a leaf, a part of the flower, a seed, or any other organ, is

VI

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

attached to the stem or other organ, is called its base, the opposite end is its apex or
summit, excepting sometimes in the case of anther-cells (115).

37. Leaves are

sessile, when the blade rests on the stem without the intervention of a petiole.
amplexicaul or stem- elating, when the sessile base of the blade clasps the stem
horizontally.

perfoliate, when the base of the blade not only clasps the stem, but closes round
it on the opposite side, so that the Stem appears to pierce through the blade.

decurrent, when the edges of the leaf are continued down the stem so as to form
raised lines or narrow appendages, called wings.

sheathing, when the base of the blade, or of the more or less expanded petiole,
forms a vertical sheath round the stem for some distance above the node.

38. Leaves and flowers are called radical, when inserted on a rhizome or stock, or
so close to the base of the stem as to appear to proceed from the root, rhizome, or
stock ; catiline, when inserted on a distinct stem. Radical leaves are rosulate when
they spread in a circle on the ground.

39. Leaves are

simple and entire, when the blade consists of a single piece, with the margin no-
where indented, simple being used in opposition to compound, entire in opposition to
dentate, lobed, or divided.

ciliate, when bordered with thick hairs or fine hair-like teeth.
dentate or toothed, when the margin is only cut a little way in, into what have
been compared to teeth. Such leaves are serrate, when the teeth are regular and
pointed like the teeth of a saw ; crenate, when regular and blunt or rounded (com-
pared to the battlements of a tower) ; serrulate and crenulate, when the serratures or
crenatures are small ; sinuate, when the teeth are broad, not deep, and irregular (com-
pared to bays of the coast) ; wavy or undulate, when the edges are not flat, but bent
up and down (compared to the waves of the sea).

lobed or cleft, when more deeply indented or divided, but so that the incisions do
not reach the midrib or petiole. The portions thus divided take the name of lobes.
When the lobes arc narrow and very irregular, the leaves are said to be laciniate. The
spaces between the teeth or lobes are called sinuses.

divided or dissected, when the incisions reach the midrib or petiole, but the parts
so divided off, called segments, do not separate from the petiole, even when the leaf
falls, without tearing.

compound, when divided to the midrib or petiole, and the parts so divided off,
called leaflets, separate, at least at the tail of the leaf, from the petiole, as the whole
leaf does from the stem, without tearing. The common stalk Upon which the leaflets
are inserted is called the common petiole or the rhackis ; the separate stalk of each leaflet
is a petiolule.

40. Leaves are more or less marked by veins, which, starting from the stalk, diverge
or branch as the blade widens, and spread all over it more or less visibly. The prin-
cipal ones, when prominent, are often called ribs or nerves, the smaller branches only
then retaining the name of veins, or the latter are termed veinlets. The smaller veins
are often connected together like the meshes of a net, they are then said to anastomose,
and the leaf is said to be reticulate or net-veined. When one principal vein runs direct
from the stalk towards the summit of the leaf, it is called the midrib. When several
start from the stalk, diverge slightly without branching, and converge again towards
the summit, they are said to be parallel, although not mathematically so. When 3 or
5 or more ribs or nerves diverge from the base, the leaf is said to be H-nerved, h-nerved,
etc., but if the lateral ones diverge from the midrib a little above the base, the leaf is
triplinerved, quintuplinerved, etc. The arrangement of the veins of a leaf is called
their venation.

41. The Leaflets, Segments, Lobes, or Veins of leaves are

pinnate (feathered), when there are several succeeding each other on each side of
the midrib or petiole, compared to the branches of a feather. A pinnately lobed or
divided leaf is called lyrate when the terminal lobe or segment is much larger and
broader than the lateral ones, compared, by a stretch of imagination, to a lyre ; run-

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

Vll

cinate, when the lateral lobes are curved backwards towards the base of the leaf ;
pectinate , when the lateral lobes are numerous, narrow, and regular, like the teeth of
a comb.

palmate or digitate, when several diverge from the same point, compared to the
fingers of the hand.

ternate , when three only start from the same point, in which case the distinction
between the palmate and pinnate arrangement often ceases, or can only be determined
by analogy with allied plants. A leaf with ternate lobes is called trifid. A leaf with
three leaflets is sometimes improperly called a ternate leaf : it is the leaflets that are
ternate ; the whole leaf is trifoliolate. Ternate leaves are leaves growing three together.

pedate, when the division is at first ternate, but the two outer branches are
forked, the outer ones of each fork again forked, and so on, and all the branches are
near together at the base, compared vaguely to the foot of a bird.

42. Leaves with pinnate, palmate, pedate, etc., leaflets, are usually for shortness called
pinnate, palmate, pedate, etc., leaves. If they are so cut into segments only, they are
usually said to be pinnatisect, palmatisect,pedatisect, etc., although the distinction be-
tween segments and leaflets is often unheeded in descriptions, and cannot indeed always
be ascertained. If the leaves are so cut only into lobes, they are said to be pinnatijid,
palmatijid, pedatifid, etc.

43. The teeth, lobes, segments, or leaflets, may be again toothed, lobed, divided, or
compounded. Some leaves are even three or more times divided or compounded. In
the latter case they are termed decompound. When twice or thrice pinnate ( bipinnate
or tripinnate) , each primary or secondary division, with the leaflets it comprises, is
called a pinna. When the pinna of a leaf or the leaflets of a pinna are in pairs, wilh-
out an odd terminal pinna or leaflet, the leaf or pinna so divided is said to be abruptly
pinnate ; if there is an odd terminal pinna or leaflet, the leaf or pinna is unequally
pinnate (imparipinnatum).

44. The number of leaves or their parts is expressed adjectively by the following
numerals, derived from the Latin : —

uni-, bi-, tri-, quadri-, quinque-, sex-, septera-, octo-, novem-, deeem-, multi-
I-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, many-

prefixed to a termination, indicating the particular kind of part referred to. Thus —
unidentate, bidentate, multidentate, mean one-toothed, two-toothed, many-toothed,
etc.

bifid, trifid, multifid, mean two dobed, tliree-lobed, many-lcbed, etc.
unifoliolate, bfoliolate, multifoliolate, mean having one leaflet, two leaflets, many
leaflets, etc.

unifioliate , bifoliate, multifoliate, mean having one leaf, two leaves, many leaves,
etc.

biternate and triternate, mean twice or thrice ternately divided.
unijugate, bijugate, multijugate, etc., pinnse or leaflets, mean that they are in one,
two, many, etc., pairs ( iuga ).

45. Leaves or their parts, when flat, or any other flat organs in plants, are
linear, when long and narrow, at least four or five times as long as broad, falsely

compared to a mathematical line, for a linear leaf has always a perceptible breadth.

lanceolate , when about three or more times as long as broad, broadest below the
middle, and tapering towards the summit, compared to the head of a lance.

cuneate, when broadest above the middle, and tapering towards the base, compared
to a wedge with the point downwards ; when very broadly cuneate and rounded at the
top, it is often called flabelliform or fan-shaped.

spathulate, when the broad part near the top is short, and the narrow tapering
part long, compared to a spatula or flat ladle.

ovate , when scarcely twice as long as broad, and rather broader below the middle,
compared to the longitudinal section of an egg ; obovate is the same form, with the
broadest part above the middle.

orbicular, oval, oblong, elliptical, rhomboidal, etc., when compared to the corre-
sponding mathematical figures.

transversely oblong, or oblate, when conspicuously broader than long.

V1U

OUTLINES OE BOTANY.

falcate, when curved like the blade of a scythe.

46. Intermediate forms between any two of the above are expressed by combining
two terms. Thus, a linear-lanceolate leaf is long and narrow, yet broader below the
middle, and tapering to a point ; a linear-oblong one is scarcely narrow enough to be
called linear, yet too narrow to be strictly oblong, and does not conspicuously taper
either towards the summit or towards the base.

47. The apex or summit of a leaf is

acute or pointed, when it forms an acute angle or tapers to a point.
obtuse or blunt , when it forms a very obtuse angle, or more generally when it is
more or less rounded at the top.

acuminate or cuspidate, when suddenly narrowed at the top, and then more or less
prolonged into an acumen or point , which may be acute or obtuse, linear or tapering.
Some botanists make a slight difference between the acuminate and cuspidate apex, the
acumen being more distinct from the rest of the leaf in the latter case than in the
former ; but in general the two terms are used in the same sense, some preferring the
one and some the other.

truncate, when the end is cut off square.

retuse, when very obtuse or truncate, and slightly indented.

emarginate or notched, when more decidedly indented at the end of the midrib ;
obcordate, if at the same time approaching the shape of a heart with its point down-
wards.

mucronate, when the midrib is produced beyond the apex in the form of a small
point.

aristate, when the point is fine like a hair.

48. The base of the leaf is liable to the same variations of form as the apex, but the
terms more commonly used are tapering or narrowed for acute and acuminate, rounded
for obtuse, and cordate for emarginate. In all cases the petiole or point of attachment
prevent any such absolute termination at the base as at the apex.

49. A leaf may be cordate at the base whatever be its length or breadth, or what-
ever the shape of the two lateral lobes, called auricles (or little ears), formed by the
indenture or notch, but the term cordiform or heart-shaped leaf is restricted to an
ovate and acute leaf, cordate at the base, with rounded auricles. The word auricles is
more particularly used as applied to sessile and stem-clasping leaves.

50. If the auricles are pointed, the leaf is more particularly called auriculate ; it is
moreover said to be sagittate, when the points are directed downwards, compared to an
arrow-head ; hastate, when the points diverge horizontally, compared to a halbert.

51. A renform leaf is broader than long, slightly but broadly cordate at the base,
with rounded auricles, compared to a kidney.

52. In a peltate leaf, the stalk, instead of proceeding from the lower edge of the
blade, is attached to the under surface, usually near the lower edge, but sometimes in
the very centre of the blade. The peltate leaf has usually several principal nerves
radiating from the point of attachment, being, in fact, a cordate leaf, with the auricles
united.

53. All these modifications of division and form in the leaf pass so gradually one
into the other that it is often difficult to say which term is the most applicable —
whether the leaf be toothed or lobed, divided or compound, oblong or lanceolate, obtuse
or acute, etc. The choice of the most apt expression will depend on the skill of the
describer.

54. Leaves, when solid, Stems, Fruits, Tubers, and other parts of plants,

when not flattened like ordinary leaves, are

setaceous or capillarg, when very slender like bristles or hairs.
acicular, when very slender, but stiff and pointed like needles.
subulate, when rather thicker and firmer like awls.

linear, when at least four times as long as thick ; oblong, when from about two to
about four times as long as thick, the terms having the same sense as when applied to
flat surfaces.

ovoid, when egg-shaped, with the broad end downwards, obovoid if the broad end
is upwards ; these terms corresponding to ovate and oborate shapes in flat surfaces.

OUTLINES OE EOT AN Y.

IX

globular or spherical, when corresponding to orbicular in a flat surface. Hound
applies to both.

turbinate, when shaped like a top.

conical, when tapering upwards ; obconical, when tapering downwards, if in both
cases a transverse section shows a circle.

pyramidal, when tapering upwards ; obpyramidal, when tapering downwards, if
in both cases a transverse section shows a triangle or polygon.

fusiform, or spindle-shaped, when tapering at both ends ; cylindrical, when not
tapering at either end, if in both cases the transverse section shows a circle, or some-
times irrespective of the transverse shape.

terete , when the transverse section is not angular ; trigonous, triquetrous, if the
transverse section shows a triangle, irrespective in botli cases of longitudinal form.

compressed, when more or less flattened laterally ; depressed, when more or less
flattened vertically, or at any rate at the top ; obcompressed (in the achenes of Compo-
sites), when flattened from front to back.

articulate or jointed, if at any period of their growth (usually when fully formed
and approaching their decay, or in the case of fruits when quite ripe) they separate,
without tearing, into two or more pieces placed end to end. The joints where they
separate are called articulations, each separate piece an article. The name of joint
is, in common language, given both to the articulation and the article, but more espe-
cially to the former. Some modern botanists, however, propose to restrict it to the
article, giving the name of joining to the articulation.

didymous, when slightly two-lobed, with rounded obtuse lobes.
moniliform, or beaded, when much contracted at regular intervals, but not sepa-
rating spontaneously into articles.

55. In their consistence Leaves or other organs are

fleshy, when thick and soft ; succulent is generally used in the same sense, but
implies the presence of more juice.

coriaceous, when firm and stiff, or very tough, of the consistence of leather.
crustaceous, when firm and brittle.
membranous, when thin and not stiff.

scarious or scariose, when very thin, more or less transparent and not green, yet
rather stiff.

56. The terms applied botanically to the consistence of solids are those in general
use in common language.

57. The mode in which unexpanded leaves are disposed in the leaf-bud is called
their vernation or prafoliation ; it varies considerably, and technical terms have been
proposed to express some of its varieties, but it has been hitherto rarely noticed in
descriptive botany.

§ 6. Scales, Bracts, and Stipules.

58. Scales ( Squamce ) are leaves very much reduced in size, usually sessile, seldom
green or capable of performing the respiratory functions of leaves. In other words,
they are organs resembling leaves in their position on the plant, but differing in size,
colour, texture, and functions. They are most frequent on the stock of perennial
plants, or at the base of annual branches, especially on the buds of future shoots, when
they serve apparently to protect the dormant living germ from the rigour of winter.
In the latter case they are usually short, broad, close together, and more or less imbri-
cated, that is, overlapping each other like the tiles of a roof. It is this arrangement
as well as their usual shape that has suggested the name of scales, borrowed from the
scales of a fish. Imbricated scales, bracts, or leaves, are said to be squarrose, when
their tips are pointed and very spreading or recurved.

59. Sometimes, however, most or all the leaves of the plant are reduced to small
scales, in which case they do not appear to perform any particular function. The
name of scales is also given to any small broad scale-like appendages or reduced organs,
whether in the flower or any other part of the plant.

60. Bracts ( Bractece ) are the upper leaves of a plant in flower (either all those of
the flowering branches, or only one or two immediately under the flower), when differ-

X

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

ent from the stem-leaves in size, shape, colour, or arrangement. They are generally
much smaller and more sessile. They often partake of the colour of the flower,
although they very frequently also retain the green colour of the leaves. When small
they are often called scales.

61. Floral leaves or leafy bracts are generally the lower bracts on the upper leaves
at the base of the flowering branches, intermediate in size, shape, or arrangement,
between the stem-leaves and the upper bracts.

62. Bracteoles are the one or two last bracts under each flower, when they differ
materially in size, shape, or arrangement from the other bracts.

63. Stipules are leaf-like or scale-like appendages at the base of the leaf-stalk, or
on the node of the stem. When present there are generally two, one on each side of
the leaf, aud they sometimes appear to protect the young leaf before it is developed.
They are however exceedingly variable in size and appearance, sometimes exactly like
the true leaves except that they have no buds in their axils, or looking like the leaflets
of a compound leaf, sometimes apparently the only leaves of the plant ; generally
small and narrow, sometimes reduced to minute scales, spots or scare, sometimes
united into one opposite the leaf, or more or less united with, or adnate to the petiole,
or quite detached from the leaf, and forming a ring or sheath round the stem in the
axil of the leaf. In a great number of plants they are entirely wanting.

64. Stipellce, or secondary stipules, are similar organs, sometimes found on com-
pound leaves at the points where the leaflets are inserted.

65. When scales, bracts, or stipules, or almost any part of the plant besides leaves
and flowers are stalked, they are said to be stipitate , from stipes, a stalk.

§ 7. Inflorescence and its Bracts.

66. The Inflorescence of a plant is the arrangement of the flowering branches,
and of the flowers upon them. An Inflorescence is a flowering branch, or the
flowering summit of a plant above the last stem-leaves, with its branches, bracts, and
flowers.

67. A single flower, or an inflorescence, is terminal when at the summit of a stem
or leafy branch, axillary when in the axil of a stem-leaf, leaf-opposed when opposite
to a stem-leaf. The inflorescence of a plant is said to be terminal or determinate when
the main stem and principal branches end in a flower or inflorescence (not in a leaf-
bud), axillary or indeterminate when all the flowers or inflorescences are axillary, the
stem or branches ending in leaf-buds.

68. A Peduncle is the stalk of a solitary flower, or of an inflorescence ; that is to say,
the portion of the flowering branch from the last stem-leaf to the flower, or to the first
ramification of the inflorescence, or even up to its last ramifications ; but the portion
extending from the first to the last ramifications or the axis of inflorescence is often
distinguished under the name of rhachis.

69. A Scape or radical Peduncle is a leafless peduncle proceeding from the stock, or
from near the base of the stem, or apparently from the root itself.

70. A Pedicel is the last branch of an inflorescence, supporting a single flower.

71. The branches of inflorescences may be, like those of stems, opposite, alternate,
etc. (32, 33), but very often their arrangement is different from that of the leafy
branches of the same plant.

72. Inflorescence is

centrifugal, when the terminal flower opens first, and those on the lateral branches
are successively developed.

centripetal, when the lowest flowers open first, and the main stem continues to
elongate, developing fresh flowers.

73. Determinate inflorescence is usually centrifugal. Indeterminate inflorescence is
always centripetal. Both inflorescences may be combined on one plant, for it often
happens that the main branches of an inflorescence are centripetal, whilst the flowers
on the lateral branches are centrifugal ; or vice versa.

74. An Inflorescence is

a Spike, or spicate, when the flowers are sessile along a simple undivided axis or
rhachis.

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

XI

a "Raceme, or racemose , when the flowers are borne on pedicels along a single un-
divided axis or rhachis.

a Panicle , or paniculate , when the axis is divided into branches bearing two or
more flowers.

a Head , or capitate , when several sessile or nearly sessile flowers are collected
into a compact head-like cluster. The short, flat, convex or conical axis on which the
flowers are seated, is called the receptacle, a term also used for the torus of a single
flower (135). The very compact flower-heads of Composites are often termed compound,
flowers.

an Umbel, or umbellate, when several branches or pedicels appear to start from
the same point and are nearly of the same length. It differs from the head, like the
raceme from the spike, in that the flowers are not sessile. An umbel is said to be
simple, when each of its branches or rays bears a single flower ; compound, when each
ray bears a partial umbel or umbellule.

a Corymb, or corymbose, when the branches and pedicels, although starting from
different points, all attain the same level, the lower ones being much longer than the
upper. It is a flat-topped or fastigiate panicle.

a Cyme, or cymose, when branched and centrifugal. It is a centrifugal panicle,
and is often corymbose. The central flower opens first. The lateral branches succes-
sively developed are usually forked or opposite (dichotomous or trichotomous), but
sometimes after the first forking the branches are no longer divided, but produce a
succession of pedicels on their upper side forming apparently unilateral centripetal
racemes ; whereas if attentively examined, it will be found that each pedicel is at first
terminal, but becomes lateral by the development of one outer branch only, immedi-
ately under the pedicel. Such branches, when in bud, are generally rolled back at the
top, like the tail of a scorpion, and are thence called scorpioid.

a Thyrsus, or thyrsoid , when cymes, usually opposite, are arranged in a narrow
pyramidal panicle.

75. There are numerous cases where inflorescences are intermediate between some
two of the above, and are called by different botanists by one or the other name,
according as they are guided by apparent or by theoretical similarity. A spike-like
panicle, where the axis is divided into very short branches forming a cylindrical
compact inflorescence, is called sometimes a spike, sometimes a panicle. If the
flowers are in distinct clusters along a simple axis, the inflorescence is described as an
interrupted spike or raceme, according as the flowers are nearly sessile or distinctly
pedicellate ; although when closely examined the flowers will be found to be inserted
not on the main axis, but on a very short branch, thus, strictly speaking, constituting
a panicle.

76. The catlcins ( amenta ) of Amentacece, the spadices of several Monocotyledons,
the ears and spi/celets of Grasses are forms of the spike.

77. Bracts are generally placed singly under each branch of the inflorescence, and
under each pedicel ; bracteoles are usually two, one on each side, on the pedicel or
close under the flower, or even upon the calyx itself ; but bracts are also frequently
scattered along the branches without axillary pedicels ; and When the differences
between the bracts and bracteoles are trifling or immaterial, they are usually all called
bracts.

78. When three bracts appear to proceed from the same point, they will, on exami-
nation, be found to be really either one bract and two stipules, or one bract with two
bracteoles in its axil. When two bracts appear to proceed from the same point, they
will usually be found to be the stipules of an undeveloped bract, unless the branches
of the inflorescence are opposite, when the bracts will of course be opposite also.

79. When several bracts are collected in a whorl, or are so close together as to appear
whorled, or 'are closely imbricated round the'hase of a head or umbel, they are collec-
tively called an Livoldcre. The bracts composing an involucre are described under the
names of leaves, leaflets, bracts, or Scales, according to their appearance. Phyllaries
is a useless term, lately introduced for the bracts or scales of the involucre of Com-
positce. An Involitcel is the involucre of a partial umbel.

80. When several very small bracts are placed round the base of a calyx or of an

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

xii

■ involucre, they have been termed a calycule , and the calyx or involucre said to be caly-
culate , but these terms are now falling into disuse, as conveying a false impression.

81. A Spatha is a bract or floral leaf enclosing the inflorescence of some Monocoty-
ledons.

82. Palea, Pales , or Chaff, are the inner bracts or scales in Composite, Gramineoe ,
and some other plants, when of a thin yet stiff consistence, usually narrow and of a
pale colour.

83. Glumes are the bracts enclosing the flowers of Cyperaceae and Graminece.

§ 8. The Flower in General.

84. A complete Flower (15) is one in which the calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistils
are all present ; a perfect flower, one in which all these organs, or such of them as are
present, are capable of performing their several functions. Therefore, properly speak-
ing, an incomplete flower is one in which any one or more of these organs is wanting ;
and an imperfect flower, one in which any one or more of these organs is so altered as
to be incapable of properly performing its functions. These imperfect organs are said
to be abortive if much reduced in size or efficiency, rudimentary if so much so as to
be scarcely perceptible. But, in many works, the term incomplete is specially applied
to those flowers in which the perianth is simple or wanting, and imperfect to those in
which either the stamens or pistil are imperfect or wanting.

85. A Flower is

dichlamydeous, when the perianth is double, both calyx and corolla being present
and distinct.

monochlamydeous, when the perianth is single, whether by the union of the calyx
and corolla, or the deficiency of either.
asepalous, when there is no calyx.
apetalous, when there is no corolla.
naked , when there is no perianth at all.

hermaphrodite or bisexual, when both stamens and pistil are present and perfect.
male or staminate, when there are one or more stamens, but either no pistil at all
or an imperfect one.

female or pistillate, when there iB a pistil, but either no stamens at all, or only
imperfect ones.

neuter , when both stamens and pistil are imperfect or wanting.
barren or sterile, when from any cause it produces no seed.

fertile, when it does produce seed. In some works the terms barren, fertile, and
perfect are also used respectively as synonyms of male, female, and hermaphrodite.

86. The flowers of a plant or species are said collectively to be unisexual or diclinous
when the flowers are all either male or female.

monoecious, when the male and female flowers are distinct, but on the same plant.
dioecious, when the male and female flowers are on distinct plants.
polygamous, when there are male, female, and hermaphrodite flowers on the same
or on distinct plants.

87. A head of flowers is heterogamous when male, female, hermaphrodite, and neuter
flowers, or any two or three, of them, are included in one head ; homogamous, when all
the flowers included in one Tread are alike in this respect. A spike or head of flowers
is androgynous when male and female flowers are mixed in it. These terms are only
used in the case of very few Natural Orders.

88. As the scales of buds are leaves undeveloped or reduced in size and altered in
shape and consistence, and bracts are leaves likewise reduced in size, and occasionally
altered in colour ; so the parts of the flower are considered as leaves still further altered
in shape, colour, and arrangement round the axis, and often more or less combined with
each other. The details of this theory constitute the comparatively modern branch of
botany called Vegetable Metamorphosis, or Homology, sometimes improperly termed
Morphology (8).

89. To understand the arrangement of the floral parts, let us take a complete flower,
in which moreover all the parts are free from each other, definite in number, i. e. always

- the same in the same species, and symmetrical or isomerous, i. e. when each whorl con-
sists of the same number of parts.

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

xiii

90. Such a complete symmetrical flower consists usually of either four or five whorls
of altered leaves (88), placed immediately one within the other.

The Calyx forms the outer whorl. Its parts are called sepals.

The Corolla forms the next whorl. Its parts, called -petals , usually alternate with
the sepals ; that is to say, the centre of each petal is immediately over or within the
interval between two sepals.

The Stamens form one or two whorls within the petals. If two, those of the outer
whorl (the outer stamens ) alternate with the petals, and are consequently opposite to,
or over the centre of the sepals ; those of the inner whorl (the inner stamens) alternate
with the outer ones, and are therefore opposite to the petals. If there is only one
whorl of stamens, they most frequently alternate with the petals ; but sometimes they
are opposite the petals and alternate with the sepals.

The Pistil forms the inner whorl ; its carpels usually alternate with the inner row
of stamens.

91. In an axillary or lateral flower the upper parts of each whorl (sepals, petals,
stamens, or carpels) are those which are next to the main axis of the stems or branch,
the lower part3 those which are furthest from it ; the intermediate ones are said to be
lateral. The words anterior (front) and posterior (back) are often used for lower and
upper respectively, but their meaning is sometimes reversed if the writer supposes
himself in the centre of the flower instead of outside of it.

92. The number of parts in each whorl of a flower is expressed adjectively by the
following numerals derived from the Greek

mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta, octo-, ennea-, deca-, etc., poly-

I-, 2-, 3-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, many -

prefixed to a termination indicating the whorl referred to.

93. Thus, a Flower is

disepalous, trisepalous, tetrasepalous, polysepalous, etc., according as there are
2, 3, 4, or many (or an indefinite number of) sepals.

dipetalous, tripetalous, polypetalous, etc., according as there are 2, 3, or many
petals.

diandrous, tnandrous, polyandrous, etc., according as there are 2, 8, or many
stamens.

digynous, trigynous, polygynous, etc., according as there are 2, 3, or many carpels.

And generally (if symmetrical), dimerous , trimerous, polymerous, etc., according
as there are 2, 3, or many (or an indefinite number of) parts to each whorl.

94. Flowers are unsymmetrical or anisomerous, strictly speaking, when any one of
the whorls has a different number of parts from any other ; but when the pistils alone
are reduced in number, the flower is still frequently called symmetrical or isomerous,
if the calyx, corolla, and staminal whorls have all the same number of parts.

95. Flowers are irregular when the parts of any one of the whorls are unequal in
size, dissimilar in shape, or do not spread regularly round the axis at equal distances.
It is however more especially irregularity of the corolla that is referred to in descrip-
tions. A slight inequality in size or direction in the other whorls does not prevent the
flower being classed as regular , if the corolla or perianth is conspicuous and regular.

§ 9. The Calyx and Corolla , or Perianth.

96. The Calyx (90) is usually green, and smaller than the corolla ; sometimes very,
minute, rudimentary, or wanting, sometimes very indistinctly wliorled, or not whorled
at all, or in two whorls, or composed of a large number of sepals, of which the outer
ones pass gradually into bracts, and the inner ones into petals.

97. The. Corolla (90) is usually coloured, and of a more delicate texture than the
calyx, and, in popular language, is often more specially meant by the flower. Its petals
are more rarely in two whorls, or indefinite in number, and the whorl more rarely
broken than in the case of the calyx, at least when the plant is in a natural state.
Double flowers are in most cases an accidental deformity or monster in which the ordi-
nary number of petals is multiplied by the conversion of stamens, sepals, or even carpels
into petals, by the division of ordinary petals, or simply by the addition of supernume-
rary ones. Petals are also sometimes very small, rudimentary, or entirely deficient.

XIV

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

98. In very many cases, a so-called simple perianth (15) (of which the parts are
usually called leaves or segments) is one in which the sepals and petals are similar in form
and texture, and present apparently a single whorl. But if examined in the young bud,
one half of the parts will generally be found to be placed outside the other half, and
there will frequently be some slight difference in texture, size, and colour, indicating to
the close observer the presence of both calyx and corolla. Hence much discrepancy in
descriptive works. Where one botanist describes a simple perianth of six segments,
another will speak of a double perianth of three sepals and three petals.

99. The following terms and prefixes, expressive of the modifications of form and
arrangement of the corolla and its petals, are equally applicable to the calyx and its
sepals, and to the simple perianth and its segments.

100. The Corolla is said to be monopetalous when the petals are united, either en-
tirely or at the base only, into a cup, tube, or ring ; polypetalous when they are all
free from the base. These expressions, established by a long usage, are not strictly
correct, for monopetalous (consisting of a single petal) should apply rather to a corolla
really reduced to a single petal, which would then be on one side of the axis ; and
polypetalous is sometimes used more appropriately for a corolla with an indefinite
number of petals. Some modern botanists have therefore proposed the term gamo-
petalous for the corolla with united petals, and dialypetalous for that with free petals ;
but the old-established expressions are still the most generally used.

101. When the petals are partially united, the lower entire portion of the corolla is
called the tube , whatever be its shape, and the free portions of the petals are called the
teeth , lobes, or segments (39), according as they are short or long in proportion to the
whole length of the corolla. When the tube is excessively short, the petals appear at
first sight free, but their slight union at (he base must be carefully attended to, being
of importance in classification.

102. The Estivation of a corolla, is the arrangement of the petals, or of such
portion of them as is free, in the unexpanded bud. It is

valvate, when they are strictly wliorled in their whole length, their edges being
placed against each other without overlapping. If the edges are much inflexed, the
aestivation is at the same time induplicate ; involute, if the margins arc rolled inward ;
reduplicate, if the margins project outwards into salient angles ; revolute, if the
margins are rolled outwards ; plicate, if (he petals are folded in longitudinal plaits.

imbricate, when the whorl is more or less broken by some of the petals being out-
side the others, or by their overlapping each other at least at the top. Five-petaled
imbricate corollas are quincuncially imbricate when one petal is outside, and an adjoin-
ing one wholly inside, the three others intermediate and overlapping on one side ;
bilabiate, when two adjoining ones are inside or outside the three others. Imbricate
petals are described as crumpled (corrugate) when puckered irregularly in the bud.

twisted, contorted, or convolute, when each petal overlaps an adjoining one on one
side, and is overlapped by the other adjoining one on the other side. Some botanists
include the twisted aestivation in the general term imbricate ; others carefully distin-
guish the one from the other.

103. In a few cases the overlapping is so slight that the three aestivations cannot
easily be distinguished one from the other ; in a few others the aestivation is variable,
even in the same species, but, in general, it supplies a constant character in species, in
genera, or even in Natural Orders.

104. In general shape the Corolla is

tubular, when the whole or the greater part of it is in the form of a tube or
cylinder.

campanulate, when approaching in some measure the shape of a cup or bell.
urceolate, when the tube is swollen or nearly globular, contracted at the top, and
slightly expanded again in a narrow rim.

rotate or stellate, when the petals or lobes are spread out horizontally from the
base, or nearly so, like a wheel or star.

hypocrateriform or salver-shaped, when the lower part is cylindrical and the upper
portion expanded horizontally. In this case the name of tube is restricted to the
cylindrical part, and the horizontal portion is called the limb, whether it be divided to
the base or not. The orifice of the tube is called its mouth or throat.

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

XV

infuiidibuliform or funnel-shaped, when the tube is cylindrical at the base, but en-
larged at the top into a more or less campanulate limb, of which the lobes often spread
horizontally. In this case the campanulate part, up to the commencement of the
lobes, is sometimes considered as a portion of the tube, sometimes as a portion of the
limb, and by some botanists again described as independent of either, under the name
of throat (fauces). Generally speaking, however, in campanulate, infundibuliform, or
other corollas, where the lower entire part passes gradually into the upper divided and
more spreading part, the distinction between the tube and the limb is drawn either at
the point where the lobes separate, or at the part where the corolla first expands, ac-
cording to which is the most marked.

105. Irregular corollas have received various names according to the more familiar
forms they have been compared to. Some of the most important are the

bilabiate or two-lipped corolla, when, in a four- or five-lobed corolla, the two or
three upper lobes stand obviously apart, like an upper lip , from the two or three lower
ones or underlip. In Orchidece and some other families the name of lip, or labellum,
is given to one of the divisions or lobes of the perianth.

personate, when two-lipped, and the orifice of the tube closed by a projection from
the base of the upper or lower lip, called a palate.

ringent, when very strongly two-lipped, and the orifice of the tube very open.
spurred, when the tube or the lower part of the petal has a conical hollow projec-
tion, compared to the spur of a cock ; saccate , when the spur is short and round like a
little bag ; gibbous, when projecting at any part into a slight swelling ; foveolate, when
marked in any part with a slight glandular or thickened cavity.

resupinate or reversed, when a lip, spur, etc., which in allied species is usually
lowest, lies uppermost, and vice versd.

106. The above terms are mostly applied to the forms of monopetalous corollas, but
several are also applicable to those of polypetalous ones. Terms descriptive of the
special forms of corolla in certain Natural Orders, will be explained under those
Orders respectively.

107. Most of the terms used for describing the forms of leaves (39, 45) are also ap-
plicable to those of individual petals ; but the flat expanded portion of a petal, cor-
responding to the blade of the leaf, is called its lamina, and the stalk, corresponding
to the petiole, its claw (unguis). The stalked petal is said to be unguiculate.

§ 10. The Stamens.

108. Although in a few cases the outer stamens may gradually pass into petals, yet,
in general, Stamens are very different in shape and aspect from leaves, sepals, or
petals. It is only in a theoretical point of view (not the less important in the study
of the physiological economy of the plant) that they can be called altered leaves.

109. This usual form is a stalk, called the filament, bearing at the top an anther
divided into two pouches or cells. These anther-cells are filled with pollen, consisting
of minute grains, usually forming a yellow dust, which, when the flower expands, is
scattered from an opening in each cell. When the two cells are not closely contiguous,
the portion of the anther that unites them is called the connectivum.

110. The filament is often wanting, and the anther sessile, yet still the stamen is
perfect ; but if the anther, which is the essential part of the stamen, is wanting, or
does not contain pollen, the stamen is imperfect, and is then said to be barren or sterile
(without pollen), abortive, or rudimentary (84), according to the degree to which the
imperfection is carried. Imperfect stamens are often called staminodia.

111. In unsymmetrical flowers, the stamens of each whorl are sometimes reduced in
number below that of the petals, even to a single one, and in several Natural Orders
they are multiplied indefinitely.

112. The terms monandrous and polyandrous are restricted to flowers which have
really but one stamen, or an indefinite number respectively. Where several stamens
are united into one, the flower is said to be synandrous.

113. Stamens are

monadelphous , when united by their filaments into one cluster. This cluster either

XVI

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

forms a tube round the pistil, or, if the pistil is wanting, occupies the centre of the
flower.

diadelphous, when so united into two clusters. The term is more especially ap-
plied to certain Leguminosce, in which nine stamens are united in a tube slit open on
the upper side, and a tenth, placed in the slit, is free. In some other plants the sta-
mens are equally distributed in the two clusters.

triadelphous , pentadelphous, polyadelphous, when so united into three, five, or
many clusters.

syngenesious, when united by their anthers in a ring round the pistil, the filaments
usually remaining free.

didynamous , when (usually in a bilabiate flower) there are four stamens in two
pairs, those of one pair longer than those of the other.

tetradynamous, when (in Cruciferai) there are six, four of them longer than the
two others.

exserted, when longer than the corolla, or even when longer than its tube, if the
limb be very spreading.

114. An Anther (109) is

adnate, when continuous with the filament, the anther-cells appearing to lie their
whole length along the upper part of the filament.

innate, when firmly attached by their base to the filament. This is like an adnate
anther, but rather more distinct from the filament.

versatile, when attached by their back to the very point of the filament, so as to
swing loosely.

115. Anther-cells may be parallel or diverging at a less or greater angle ; or diva-
ricate, when placed end to end so as to form one straight line. The end of each an-
ther-cell placed nearest to the other cell is generally called its apex or summit, and
the other end its base (36) ; but some botanists reverse the sense of these terms.

116. Anthers have often, on their connectivum or cells, appendages termed bristles
(set®), spurs, crests, points, glands, etc., according to their appearance.

117. Authers have occasionally only one cell : this may take place either by the dis-
appearance of the partition between two closely contiguous cells, when these cells are
said to be confluent ; or by the abortion or total deficiency of one of the cells, when
the anther is said to be dimidiate.

118. Anthers will open or dehisce to let out the pollen, like capsules, in valves, pores,
or slits. Their dehiscence is introrse , when the opening faces the pistil ; extrorse,
when towards the circumference of the flower.

119. Pollen (109) is not always in the form of dust. It is sometimes collected in
each cell into one or two little wax-like masses. Special terms used in describing these
masses or other modifications of the pollen will be explained under the Orders where
they occur.

§ 11. The Pistil.

120. The carpels (91) of the Pistil, although they may occasionally assume, rather
more than stamens, the appearance and colour of leaves, are still more different in
shape and structure. They are usually sessile ; if stalked, their stalk is called a podo-
carp. This stalk, upon which eaoh separate carpel is supported above the receptacle,
must not be confounded with the gynobasis (143), upon which the whole pistil is some-
times raised.

121. Each carpel consists of three parts :

1. The Ovary, or enlarged base, which includes one or more cavities or cells, con-
taining one or more small bodies called ovules. These are the earliest condition of the
future seeds.

2. the Style, proceeding from the summit of the ovary, and supporting —

3. the Stigma, which is sometimes a point (or punctiform stigma) or small head
(a capitate stigma) at the top of the style or ovary, sometimes a portion of its surface
more or less lateral and variously shaped, distinguished by a looser texture, and covered
with minute protuberances called papillce.

122. The style is often wanting, and the stigma is then sessile on the ovary, but in

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

XVII

the perfect pistil there is always at least one ovule in the ovary, and some portion of
stigmatic surface. Without these the pistil is imperfect, and said to be barren (not
setting seed), abortive , or rudimentary (84), according to the degree of imperfection.

123. The ovary being the essential part of the pistil, most of the terms relating to
the number, arrangement, etc., of the carpels, apply specially to their ovaries. In some
works each separate carpel is called a pistil, all those of a flower constituting together
the gynoecium ; but this term is in little use, and the word pistil is more generally
applied in a collective sense. When the ovaries are at all united, they are commonly
termed collectively a compound ovary.

124. The number of carpels or ovaries in a flower is frequently reduced below that
of the parts of the other floral whorls, even in flowers otherwise symmetrical. In a
very few genera, however, the ovaries are more numerous than the petals, or indefinite.
They are in that case either arranged in a single whorl, or form a head or spike in the
centre of the flower.

125. The terms monogynous, digynous, polygynous, etc. (with a pistil of one, two, or
more parts), are vaguely used, applying sometimes to the whole pistil, sometimes to the
ovaries alone, or to the styles or stigmas only. Where a more precise nomenclature is
adopted, the flower is

monocarpellary , when the pistil consists of a single simple carpel.

bi-, tri-, etc., to poly-carpellary, when the pistil consists of two, three, or an inde-
finite number of carpels, whether separate or united.

syncarpous, when the carpels or their ovaries are more or less united into one
compound ovary.

apocarpous, when the carpels or ovaries are all free and distinct.

126. A compound ovary is

unilocular or one-celled, when there are no partitions between the ovules, or when
these partitions do not meet in the centre so as to divide the cavity into several cells.

plurilocular or several-celled, when completely divided into two or more cells by
partitions called dissepiments {septa), usually vertical and radiating from the centre or
axis of the ovary to its circumference.

bi-, tri-, etc., to multi-locular, according to the number of these cells, two, three,
etc., or many.

127. In general the number of cells or of dissepiments, complete or partial, or of
rows of ovules, corresponds with that of the carpels, of which the pistil is composed.
But sometimes each carpel is divided completely or partially into two cells, or has two
rows of ovules, so that the number of carpels appears double what it really is. Some-
times again the carpels are so completely combined and reduced as to form a single cell,
with a single ovule, although it really consist of several carpels. But in these cases the
ovaryis usually described as it appears, as well as such as it is theoretically supposed to be.

128. In apocarpous pistils the styles are usually free, each bearing its own stigma.
Very rarely the greater part of the styles, or the stigmas alone, are united, whilst the
ovaries remain distinct.

129. Syncarpous flowers are said to have

several styles, when the styles are free from the base.

one style, ivith several branches , when the styles are connected at the base, but
separate below the point where the stigmas or stigmatic surfaces commence.

one simple style, with several stigmas, when united up to the point where the
stigmas or stigmatic surfaces commence, and then separating.

one simple style, with a branched, lobed, toothed, notched, or entire stigma (as the
ease may be), when the stigmas also are more or less united. In many works, how-
ever, this precise nomenclature is not strictly adhered to, and considerable confusion is
often the result.

130. In general the number of styles, or brandies of the style or stigma, is the same
as that of the carpels, but sometimes that number is doubled, especially in the stigmas,
and sometimes the stigmas are dichotomously or pinnately branched, or penicillate,
that is, divided into a tuft of hair-like branches. All these variations sometimes make
it a difficult task to determine the number of carpels forming a compound ovary, but
the point is of considerable importance in fixing the affinities of plants, and, by careful

d

xvin

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

consideration, the real as well as the apparent number has now in most cases been
agreed upon.

131. The Placenta is the part of the inside of the ovary to which the ovules are
attached, sometimes a mere point or line on the inner surface, often more or less thick-
ened or raised. Placentation is therefore the indication of the part of the ovary to
which the ovules are attached.

132. Placentas are

axile, when the ovules are attached to the axis or centre, that is, in plurilocular
ovaries, when they are attached to the inner angle of each cell ; in unilocular simple
ovaries, which have almost always an excentrical style or stigma, when the ovules are
attached to the side of the ovary nearest to the style ; in unilocular compound ovaries,
when the ovules are attached to a central protuberance, column, or axis rising up from
the base of the cavity. If this column does not reach the top of the cavity, the pla-
centa is said to be free and central.

parietal, when the ovules are attached to the inner surface of the cavity of a one-
celled compound ovary. Parietal placentas are usually slightly thickened or raised
lines, sometimes broad surfaces nearly covering the inner surface of the cavity, some-
times projecting far into the cavity, and constituting partial dissepiments, or even
meeting in the centre, but without cohering there. In the latter case the distinction
between the one-celled and the several- celled ovary sometimes almost disappears.

133. Each Ovule (121), when fully formed, usually consists of a central mass or
nucleus enclosed in two bag-like" coats, the outer one called primine, the inner one
secundine. The chalaza is the point of the ovule at which the base of the nucleus is
confluent with the coats. The foramen is a minute aperture in the coats over the
apex of the nucleus.

134. Ovules are

orthotropous or straight, when the chalaza coincides with the base (36) of the
ovule, and the foramen is at the opposite extremity, the axis of the ovule being straight.

campylotropous or incurved, when the chalaza still coinciding with the base of
the ovule, the axis of the ovule is curved, bringing the foramen down more or less to-
wards that base.

anatropous or inverted, when the chalaza is at the apex of the ovule, and the
foramen next to its base, the axis remaining straight. In this, one of t he most frequent
forms of the ovule, the chalaza is connected with the base by a cord, called the raphe,
adhering to one side of the ovule, and becoming more or less incorporated with its
coats, as the ovule enlarges into a seed.

amphitropous or half -inverted, when the ovule being as it were attached laterally,
the chalaza and foramen at opposite ends of its straight or curved axis are about equally
distant from the base or point of attachment.

§ 12. The Receptacle and Relative Attachment of the Floral Whorls.

135. The Receptacle or torus is the extremity of the peduncle (above the calyx),
upon which the corolla, stamens, and ovary are inserted. It is sometimes little more
than a mere point or minute hemisphere, but it is often also more or less elongated,
thickened, or otherwise enlarged. It must not be confounded with the receptacle of
inflorescence (74).

136. A Pish, or disc, is a circular enlargement of the receptacle, usually in the form
of a cup (cupular), of a flat disk or quoit, or of a cushion ( pulvinate ). It is either
immediately at the base of the ovary within the stamens, or between the petals and
stamens, or bears the petals or stamens or both on its margin, or is quite at the ex-
tremity of the receptacle, with the ovaries arranged in a ring round it or under it.

137. The disk may be entire, or toothed, or lobed, or divided into a number of parts,
usually equal to or twice that of the stamens or carpels. When the parts of the disk
are quite separate and short, they are often called glands.

138. Nectaries, are either the disk, or small deformed petals, or abortive stamens,
or appendages at the base of petals or stamens, or any small bodies within the flower
which do not look like petals, stamens, or ovaries. They were formerly supposed to

OUTLINES OF BOTaNT.

XIX

supply bees with their honey, and the term is frequently to be met with in the older
Floras, but is now deservedly going out of use.

139. When the disk bears the petals and stamens, it is frequently adherent to, and
apparently forms part of, the tube of the calyx, or it is adherent to, and apparently
forms part of, the ovary, or of both calyx-tube and ovary. Hence the three following
important distinctions in the relative insertion of the floral whorls.

140. Petals, or as it is frequently expressed, flowers, are

hypogynous (i. e. under the ovary), when they or the disk that bears them are en-
tirely free both from the calyx and ovary. The ovary is then described as free or su-
perior, the calyx as free or inferior, the petals as being inserted on the receptacle.

perigynous (i. e. round the ovary), when the disk bearing the petals is quite free
from the ovary, but is more or less combined with the base of the calyx-tube. The
ovary is then still described as free or superior, even though the combined disk and
calyx-tube may form a deep cup with the ovary lying in the bottom ; the calyx is said
to be free or inferior , and the petals are described as inserted on the calyx.

epigynous ( i . e. upon the ovary), when the disk bearing the petals is combined both
with the base of the calyx-tube and the base outside of the ovary ; either closing over
the ovary 30 as only to leave a passage for the style, or leaving more or less of the top
of the ovary free, but always adhering to it above the level of the insertion of the lowest
ovule (except in a very few cases where the ovules are absolutely suspended from the
top of the eell). In epigynou3 flowers the ovary is described as adherent or inferior ,
the calyx as adherent or superior, the petals as inserted on or above the ovary. In
some works, however, most epigynous flowers are included in the perigynous ones, and
a very different meaning is given to the term epigynous (144), and there are a few cases
where no positive distinction can be drawn between the epigynous and perigynous
flowers, or again between the perigynous and hypogynous flowers.

141. When there are no petals, it is the insertion of the stamens that determines
the difference between the hypogynous, perigynous, and epigynous flowers.

142. When there are both petals and stamens,

in hypogynous flowers, the petals and stamens are usually free from each other,
but sometimes they are combined at the base. In that ease, if the petals are distinct
from each other, and the stamens are monadelphous, the petals are often said to be
inserted on or combined with the staminal tube ; if the corolla is gamopetalous and the
stamens distinct from each other, the latter are said to be inserted in the tube of the
corolla.

in perigynous flowers, the stamens are usually inserted immediately within the
petals, or alternating with them on the edge of the disk, but occasionally much lower
down within the disk, or even on the unenlarged part of the receptacle.

in epigynous flowers, when the petals are distinct, the stamens are usually inserted
as in perigynous flowers ; when the corolla is gamopetalous, the stamens are either free
and hypogynous, or combined at the base with (inserted in) the tube of the corolla.

143. When the receptacle is distinctly elongated below the ovary, it is often called
a gynobasis, gynophore, or stalk of the ovary. If the elongation takes place below the
stamens or below the petals, these stamens or petals are then said to be inserted on the
stalk of the ovary, and are occasionally, but falsely, described as epigynous. Really
epigynous stamens (i. e. when the filaments are combined with the ovary) are very rare,
unless the rest of the flower is epigynous.

144. An epigynous disk is a name given either to the thickened summit of the ovary
in epigynous flowers, or very rarely to a real disk or enlargement of the receptacle
closing over the ovary.

145. In the relative position of any two or more parts of the flower, whether in the
same or in different whorls, they are

conmvent , when nearer together at the summit than at the base.
divergent, when further apart at the summit than at the base.
coherent, when united together, but so slightly that they can be separated with
little or no laceration ; and one of the two cohering parts (usually the smallest or least
important) is said to be adherent to the other. Grammatically speaking, these two
terms convey nearly the same meaning, but require a different form of phrase ; prac-

d 2

XX

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

tically however it has been found more convenient to restrict cohesion to the union of
parts of the same whorl, and adhesion to the union of parts of different whorls.

connate , when so closely united that they cannot be separated without laceration.
Each of the two connate parts, and especially that one which is considered the smaller
or of the least importance, is said to be adnate to the other.
free , when neither coherent nor connate.

distinct is also used in the same sense, but is also applied to parts distinctly visible
or distinctly limited.

§ 13. The Fruit.

146. The Fruit (15) consists of the ovary and whatever other parts of the flower are
‘persistent ( i . e. persist at the time the seed is ripe), usually enlarged, and more or less
altered in shape and consistence. It encloses or covers the seed or seeds till the period
of maturity, when it either opens for the seed to escape, or falls to the ground with the
seed. When stalked, its stalk has been termed a carpophore.

147. Fruits are, in elementary works, said to be simple when the result of a single
flower, compound when they proceed from several flowers closely packed or combined
in a head. But as a fruit resulting from a single flower, with several distinct carpels,
is compound in the sense in which that term is applied to the ovary, the terms single
and aggregate , proposed for the fruit resulting from one or several flowers, may be more
appropriately adopted. In descriptive botany a fruit is always supposed to result from
a single flower unless the contrary be stated. It may, like the pistil, be syncarpous
or apocarpous (125) ; and as in many cases carpels united in the flower may become
separate as they ripen, an apocarpous fruit may result from a syncarpous pistil.

148. The involucre or bracts often persist and form part of aggregate fruits, but very
seldom so in single ones.

149. The receptacle becomes occasionally enlarged and succulent ; if when ripe it
falls off with the fruit, it is considered as forming part of it.

150. The adherent part of the calyx of epigynous flowers always persists and forms
part of the fruit ; the free part of the calyx of epigynous flowers or the calyx of perigy-
nous flowers, either persists entirely at the top of or round the fruit, or the lobes alone
fall off, or the lobes fall off with whatever part of the calyx is above the insertion of
the petals, or the whole of what is free from the ovary falls off, including the disk bear-
ing the petals. The calyx of hypogynous flowers usually falls off entirely or persists
entirely. In general a calyx is called deciduous if any part falls off. When it persists
it is either enlarged round or under the fruit, or it withers and dries up.

151. The corolla usually falls off entirely ; when it persists it is usually withered
and dry (marcescent), or very seldom enlarges round the fruit.

152. The stamens either fall off, or more or less of then- filaments persists, usually
withered and dry.

153. The style sometimes falls off or dries up and disappears ; sometimes persists,
forming a point to the fruit, or becomes enlarged into a wing or other appendage to
the fruit.

154. The Pericarp is the portion of the fruit formed of the ovary, and whatever ad-
heres to it exclusive of and outside of the seed or seeds, exclusive also of the persistent
receptacle, or of whatever portion of the calyx persists round the ovary without adhe-
ring to it.

155. Fruits have often external appendages called icings (alee), leaks, crests , awns,
etc., according to their appearance. They are either formed by persistent parts of the
flower more or less altered, or grow out of the ovary or the persistent part of the
calyx. If the appendage be a ring of hairs or scales round the top of the fruit, it is
called a pappus

156. Fruits are generally divided into succulent (including fleshy , pulpy, and juicy
fruits) and dry. They are dehiscent when they open at maturity to let out the seeds,
indehiscent when they do not open spontaneously but fall off with the seeds. Succu-
lent fruits are usually indehiscent.

157. The principal kinds of succulent fruits are

the Berry, in which the whole substance of the pericarp is fleshy or pulpy, with

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

XXI

the exception of the outer skin or rind, called the Epicarp. The seeds themselves are
usually immersed in the pulp ; but in some berries, the seeds are separated from the
pulp by the walls of the cavity or cells of the ovary, which forms as it were a thin inner
skin or rind, called the Endocarp.

tli e Drupe, in which the pericarp, when ripe, consists of two distinct portions, an
outer succulent one called the Sarcocarp (covered like the berry by a skin or epicarp),
and an inner dry endocarp called the Putamen, which is either cartilaginous (of the
consistence of parchment) or hard and woody. In the latter case it is commonly
called a stone, and the drupe a stone-fruit. When the putamen consists of several
distinct stones or nuts, each enclosing a seed, they are called pyrenes, or sometimes
kernels.

158. The principal kinds of dry fruits are

the Capsule or Pod,* which is dehiscent. When ripe the pericarp usually splits
longitudinally into as many or twice as many pieces, called valves, as it contains cells
or placentas. If these valves separate at the line of junction of the carpels, that is, along
the line of the placentas or dissepiments, either splitting them or leaving them attached
to the axis, the dehiscence is termed septicidal ; if the valves separate between the
placentas or dissepiment, the dehiscence is loculicidal, and the valves either bear the
placentas or dissepiments along their middle line, or leave them attached to the axis.
Sometimes also the capsule discharges its seeds by slits, chinks, or pores, more or less
regularly arranged, or bursts irregularly, or separates into two parts by a horizontal
line ; in the latter case it is said to be circumsciss.

the Nut or Achene, which is indehiscent and contains but a single seed. When the
pericarp is thin in proportion • to the seed it encloses, the whole fruit (or each of its
lobes) has the appearance of a single seed, and is so called in popular language. If the
pericarp is thin and rather loose, it is often called an Utricle. A Samara is a nut with
a wing at its upper end.

159. Where the carpels of the pistil are distinct (125) they may severally become
as many distinct berries, drupes, capsules, or achenes. Separate carpels are usually
more or less compressed laterally, with more or less prominent inner and outer
edges, called sutures, and, if dehiscent, the carpel usually opens at these sutures. A
Follicle is a carpel opening at the inner suture only. In some cases where the carpels
are united in the pistil they will separate when ripe ; they are then called Cocci if one-
seeded.

160. The peculiar fruits of some of the large Orders have received special names,
which will be explained under each Order. Such are the siliqua and silicule of Cruci-
ferse, the legume of Leguminosoe, the pome of Pyrus and its allies, the pepo of Cucur-
bitaceas, the cone of Conifer*, th e grain or caryopsis of Gramme®, etc.

§ 14. The Seed.

161. The Seed is enclosed in the pericarp in the great majority of flowering plants,
called therefore Angiosperms, or angiospermous plants. In Conferee and a very few
allied genera, called Gymnosperms, or gymnospermous plants, the seed is naked, without
any real pericarp. These truly gymnospermous plants must not be confounded with
Labiatce, Boragineae, etc., which have also been falsely called gymnospermous, their
small nuts having the appearance of seeds (158).

162. The seed when ripe contains an embryo or young plant, either filling or nearly
filling the cavity, but not attached to the outer skin or the seed, or more or less im-
mersed in a mealy, oily, fleshy, or horn-like substance, called the albumen, or peri-
sperm. The presence or absence of this albumen, that is, the distinction between albu-
minous and exalbuminous seeds, is one of great importance. The embryo or albumen
can often only be found or distinguished when the seed is quite ripe, or sometimes only
when it begins to germinate.

163. The shell of the seed consists usually of two separable coats. The outer coat,
called the testa , is usually the principal one, and in most cases the only one attended
to in descriptions. It may be hard and crustaceous, woody or bony, or thin and mem-

* In English descriptions, pod is more frequently used when it is long and narrow ; capsule, or
sometimes pouch, when it is short and thick or broad.

xxn

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

branous (skin-like), dry, or rarely succulent. It is sometimes expanded into wings,
or bears a tuft of hair, cotton, or wool, called a coma. The inner coat is called the

tegmen.

164. The funicle is the stalk by which the seed is attached to the placenta. It is
occasionally enlarged into a membranous, pulpy, or fleshy appendage, sometimes spread-
ing over a considerable part of tbe seed, or nearly enclosing it, called an aril. A stro-
phiole or caruncle is a similar appendage proceeding from the testa by the side of or
near the funicle.

165. The hilum is the scar left on the seed where it separates from the funicle. The
micropyle is a mark indicating the position of the foramen of the ovule (133).

166. The Embryo (162) consists of the Radicle or base of the future root, one or
two Cotyledons or future seed-leaves, and the Plumule or future bud within the base
of the cotyledons. In some seeds, especially where there is no albumen, these several
parts are very conspicuous, in others they are very difficult to distinguish until the
seed begins to germinate. Their observation, however, is of the greatest importance,
for it is chiefly upon the distinction between the embryo with one or with two coty-
ledons that are founded the two great classes of pheenogamous plants, Monocotyledons
and Dicotyledons.

167. Although the embryo lies loose (unattached) within the seed, it is generally
n some determinate position with respect to the seed or to the whole fruit. This
position is described by stating the direction of the radicle next to or more or less
remote from the hilum , or it is said to be superior if pointing towards the summit of
the fruit, inferior if pointing towards the base of the fruit.

§ 15. Accessory Organs.

168. Under this name are included, in many elementary works, various external
parts of plants which do not appear to act any essential part either in the vegetation
or reproduction of the plant. They may be classed under four heads : Tendrils and
Hooks , Thorns and Prickles, Hairs, and Glands.

169. Tendrils (cirrhi) are usually abortive petioles, or abortive peduncles, or some-
times abortive ends of branches. They are simple or more or less branched, flexible,
and coil more or less firmly round any objects within their reach, in order to support
the plant to which they belong. Hooks are similar holdfasts, but of a firmer consis-
tence, not branched, and less coiled.

170. Thorns and Prickles have been fancifully called the weapons of plants.
A Thorn or Spine is tho strongly pointed extremity of a branch, or abortive petiole, or
abortive peduncle. A Prickle is a sharply pointed excrescence from the epidermis,
and is usually produced on a branch, on the petiole or veins of a leaf, or on a peduncle,
or even on the calyx or corolla. When the teeth of a leaf or the stipules are pungent,
they are also called prickles , not thorns. A plant is spinous if it has thorns, aculeate
if it has prickles.

171. Hairs, in the general sense, or the indumentum (or clothing) of a plant, in-
clude all those productions of the epidermis which have, by a more or less appropriate
comparison, been termed bristles, hairs, down, cotton, or wool.

172. Hairs are often branched. They are said to be attached by the centre, if
parted from the base, and the forks spread along the surface in opposite directions ;
plumose, if the branches are arranged along a common axis, as in a feather ; stellate,
if several branches radiate horizontally. These stellate hairs have sometimes their
rays connected together at the base, forming little flat circular disks attached by the
centre, and are then called scales, and the surface is said to be scaly or lepidote.

173. The Hpidermis, or outer skin, of an organ, as to its surface and indumentum, is

smooth, when without any protuberance whatever.

glabrous, when without hairs of any kind.

striate, when marked with parallel longitudinal lines, either slightly raised or
merely discoloured.

furroived ( sulcate ) or ribbed ( costate ) when the parallel lines are more distinctly
raised.

OUTLINES OF BOTANY. xxiii

rugose , when wrinkled or marked with irregular raised or depressed lines.

umbilicate, when marked with a small round depression.

umbonate, when bearing a small boss like that of a shield.

viscous , viscid , or glutinous, when covered with a sticky or clammy exudation.

scabrous, when rough to the touch.

tuberculate or warted, when covered with small, obtuse, wart-like protuberances.
muricate, when the protuberances are more raised and pointed but yet short and
hard.

echinate, when the protuberances are longer and sharper, almost prickly.
setose or bristly, when bearing very stiff erect straight hairs.

glandular-setose, when the setae or bristles terminate in a minute resinous head or
drop. In some works, especially in the case of Roses and Rubus, the meaning of setae
has been restricted to such as are glandular.

glochidiate, when the setae are hooked at the top.

pilose, when the surface is thinly sprinkled with rather long simple hairs.
hispid, when more thickly covered with rather stiff hairs.
hirsute, when the hairs are dense and not so stiff.

downy or pubescent, when the hairs are short and soft ; puberulent, when slightly
pubescent.

strigose, when the hairs are rather short and stiff, and lie close along the surface
all in the same direction ; strigillose, when- slightly strigose.

tomentose or cottony, when the hairs are very short and soft, rather dense and
more or less intricate, and usually white or whitish.

woolly ( lanate ), when the hairs are long and loosely intricate, like wool. The
wool or tomentum is said to be floccose when closely intricate and readily detached,
like fleece.

mealy (farinose), when the hairs are excessively short, intricate and white, and
come off readily, having the appearance of meal or dust.

canescent or hoary, when the hairs are so short as not readily to be distinguished
by the naked eye, and yet give a general whitish hue to the epidermis.

glaucous, when of a pale bluish-green, often covered with a fine bloom.

174. The meanings here attached to the above terms are such as appear to have been
most generally adopted, but there is much vagueness in the use practically made of
many of them by different botanists. This is especially the case with the terms pilose,
hispid, hirsute, pubescent, and tomentose.

175. The name of Glands is given to several different productions, and principally
to the four following : —

1. Small wart-like or shield-like bodies, either sessile or sometimes stalked, of a
fungous or somewhat, fleshy consistence, occasionally secreting a small quantity of oily
or resinous matter, but more frequently dry. They are generally few in number, often
definite in their position and form, and occur chiefly on the petiole or principal veins
of leaves, on the branches of inflorescences, or on the stalks or principal veins of bracts,
sepals, or petals.

2. Minute raised dots, usually black, red, or dark-coloured, of a resinous or oily
nature, always superficial, and apparently exudations from the epidermis. They are
often numerous on leaves, bracts, sepals, and green branches, aud occur even on petals
and stamens, more rarely on pistils. When raised upon slender stalks they are called
pedicellate (or stipitate) glands, or glandular hairs, according to the thickness of the
stalk.

3. Small, globular, oblong or even linear vesicles, filled with oil, imbedded in the
substance itself of leaves, bracts, floral organs, or fruits. They are often very numer-
ous, like transparent dots, sometimes few and determinate in form and position. In
the pericarp of Umbelliferce they are remarkably regular and conspicuous, and take
the name of vittae.

4. Lobes of the disk (137), or other small fleshy excrescences within the flower,
whether from the receptacle, calyx, corolla, stamens, or pistil.

XXIV

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

Chap. II. Classification, or Systematic Botany.

176. It has already been observed (3) that descriptions of plants should, as nearly as
possible, be arranged under natural divisions, so as to facilitate the comparison of each
plant with those most nearly allied to it. The description of plants here alluded to are
descriptions of species; thenaturaldivisions of theFlora refer to natural groups of species.

177. A Species comprises all the individual plants which resemble each other suffi-
ciently to make us conclude that they are all, or may have been all, descended from a
common parent. These individuals may often differ from each other in many striking
particulars, such as the colour of the flower, size of the leaf, etc., but these particulars
are such as experience teaches us are liable to vary in the seedlings raised from one
individual.

178. When a large number of the individuals of a species differ from the others in
any striking particular they constitute a Variety. If the variety generally comes
true from seed, it is often called a Race.

179. A Variety can only be propagated with certainty by grafts, cuttings, bulbs,
tubers, or any other method which produces a new plant by the development of one
or more buds taken from the old one. A Race may with care be propagated by seed,
although seedlings will always be liable, under certain circumstances, to lose those
particulars which distinguish it from the rest of the species. A real Species will always
come true from seed.

180. The known species of plants (now near 100,000) are far too numerous for the
human mind to study without classification, or even to give distinct single names to.
To facilitate these objects, an admirable system, invented by Linnaeus, has been uni-
versally adopted, viz. one common substantive name is given to a number of species
which resemble each other more than they do any other species ; the species so col-
lected under one name are collectively called a Genus, the common name being the
generic name. Each species is then distinguished from the others of the same genus
by the addition of an adjective epithet or specific name. Every species has thus a bo-
tanical name of two words. In Latin, the language usually used for the purpose, the
first word is a substantive and designates the genus ; the second, an adjective, indi-
cates the species.

181. The genera thus formed being still too numerous (above 6,000) for study with-
out further arrangement, they have been classed upon the same principles ; viz. genera
which resemble each other more than they do any other genera, have been collected
together into groups of a higher degree called Families or Natural Orders, to
each of which a common name has been given. This name is in Latin an adjective
plural, usually taken from the name of some one typical genus, generally the best known,
the first discovered, or the most marked (e.g. Ranunculacece from Ranunculus). This
is however for the purpose of study and comparison. To speak of a species, to refer
to it and identify it, all that is necessary is to give the generic and specific names.

182. Natural Orders themselves (of which we reckon near 200) are often in the
same manner collected into Classes ; and where Orders contain a large number of
genera, or genera a large number of species, they require further classification. The
genera of an Order are then collected into minor groups called Tribes, the species of
a genus into Sections, and in a few cases this intermediate classification is carried still
further. The names of these several groups the most generally adopted are as follows,
beginning with the most comprehensive or highest : —

Classes. Genera.

Subclasses or Alliances. Subgenera.

Natural Orders or Families. Sections.

Suborders. Subsections.

Tribes. Species.

Subtribes. Varieties.

Divisions.

Subdivisions.

183. The characters (3) by which a species is distinguished from all other species of

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

XXV

the same genus are collectively called the specific character of the plant ; those by
which its genus is distinguished from other genera of the Order, or its Order from other
Orders, are respectively called the generic or ordinal character, as the case may be.
The habit of a plant, of a species, a genus, etc., consists of such general characters as
strike the eye at first sight, such as size, colour, ramification, arrangement of the
leaves, inflorescence, etc., and are chiefly derived from the organs of vegetation.

184. Classes, Orders, Genera, and their several subdivisions, are called natural when,
in forming them, all resemblances and differences are taken into account, valuing them
according to their evident or presumed importance ; artificial , when resemblances and
differences in some one or very few particulars only are taken into account indepen-
dently of all others.

185. The number of species included in a genus, or the number of genera in an
Order, is very variable. Sometimes two or three or even a single species may be so
different from all others as to constitute the entire genus ; in others, several hundred
species may resemble each other so much as to be all included in one genus ; and there
is the same discrepancy in the number of genera to a Family. There is moreover, un-
fortunately, in a number of instances, great difference of opinion as to whether certain
plants differing from each other in certain particulars are varieties of one species or be-
long to distinct species ; and again, whether two or more groups of species should con-
stitute as many sections of one genus, or distinct genera, or tribes of one Order, or
even distinct Natural Orders. In the former case, a3 a species is supposed to have a
real existence in nature, the question is susceptible of argument, and sometimes of ab-
solute proof. But the place a group should occupy in the scale of degree is very arbi-
trary, being often a mere question of convenience. The more subdivisions upon cor-
rect principles are multiplied, the more they facilitate the study of plants, provided
always the main resting-points for constant use, the Order and the Genus, are compre-
hensive and distinct. But if every group into which a genus can be divided be erected
into a distinct genus, with a substantive name to be remembered whenever a species
is spoken of, all the advantages derived from the beautiful simplicity of the Lmnsean
nomenclature are gone.

Chap. III. Vegetable Anatomy and Physiology.

§ 1, Structure and Oroivth of the Elementary Tissues.

186. If a very thin slice of any part of a plant be placed under a microscope of high
magnifying power, it will be found to be made up of variously shaped and arranged
ultimate parts, forming a sort of honeycombed structure. These ultimate parts are
called cells, and form by their combination the elementary tissues of which the entire
plant is composed.

187. A cell in its simplest state is a closed membranous sac, formed of a substance
permeable by fluids, though usually destitute of visible pores. Each cell is a distinct
individual, separately formed and separately acting, though cohering with the cells
with which it is in contact, and partaking of the common life and action of the tissue
of which it forms a part. The membranes separating or enclosing the cells are also
called their walls.

188. Botanists usually distinguish the following tissues : —

(1) Cellular tissue, or parenchyma, consists usually of thin-walled cells, more or less
round in form, or with their length not much exceeding their breadth, and not taperinu
at the ends. All the soft parts of the leaves, the pith of stems, the pulp of fruits, and
all young growing parts, are formed of it. It is the first tissue produced, and continues
to be formed while growth continues, and when it ceases to be active the plant dies.

(2) Woody tissue, or prosenchyma, differs in having its cells considerably longer than
broad, usually tapering at each end into points and overlapping each other. The cells
are commonly thick-walled ; the tissue is firm, tenacious, and elastic, and constitutes

XXVI

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

the principal part of wood, of the inner bark, and of the nerves and veins of leaves,
forming, in short, the framework of the plant.

(3) Vascular tissue, or the vessels or ducts of plants, so called from the mistaken no-
tion that their functions are analogous to those of the vessels (veins and arteries) of
animals. A vessel in plants consists of a vertical row of cells, which have their trans-
verse partition-walls obliterated, so as to form a continuous tube. All phsenogamous
plants, as well as ferns and a few other cryptogamous plants, have vessels, and are
therefore called vascular plants ; so the majority of cryptogams having only cellular
tissue are termed cellular plants. Vessels have their sides very variously marked;
some, called spiral vessels, have a spiral fibre coiled up their inside, which unrolls
when the vessel is broken ; others are marked with longitudinal slits, cross bars,
minute dots or pits, or with transverse rings. The size of vessels is also very variable
in different plants ; in some they are of considerable size and visible to the naked eye in
cross sections of the stem, in others they are almost absent or can only be traced under
a strong magnifier.

189. Various modifications of the above tissues are distinguished by vegetable ana-
tomists under names which need not be enumerated here as not being in general prac-
tical use. Air-vessels, cysts, turpentine-vessels, oil-reservoirs, etc., are either cavities
left between the cells, or large cells filled with peculiar secretions.

190. When tissues are once formed, they increase, not by the general enlargement of
the whole of the cells already formed, but by cell-division, that is, by the division of
young and vitally active cells, and the enlargement of their portions. In the formation
of the embryo, the first cell of the new plant is formed, not by division, but around a
segregate portion of the contents of a previously existing cell, the embryo-sac. Tliis is
termedyVee cell-formation, in contradistinction to cell-division.

191. A young and vitally active cell consists of the outer wall, formed of a more or
less transparent substance called cellulose, permeable by fluids, and of ternary chemical
composition (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen) ; and of the cell-contents, usually viscid
or mucilaginous, consisting of protoplasm, a substance of quaternary chemical compo-
sition (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen), which fills an important part in cell-
division and growth. Within the cell (either in the centre or excentrical) is usually a
minute, soft, subgelatinous body called the nucleus, whose functions appear to be inti-
mately connected with the first formation of the new cell. A3 this cell increases in size,
and its walls in thickness, the protoplasm and watery cell-sap become absorbed or dried
tip, the firm cellulose wall alone remaining as a permanent fabric, either empty or filled
with various organized substances produced or secreted within it.

192. The principal organized contents of cells are

sap, the first product of the digestion of the food of plants ; it contains the ele-
ments of vegetable growth in a dissolved condition.

sugar, of which there are two kinds, called cane-sugar and grape-sugar. It usually
exists dissolved in the sap. It is found abundantly in growing parts, in fruits, and in
germinating seeds.

dextrine, or vegetable mucilage, a gummy substance, between mucilage and starch.
starch or fecula, one of the most universal and conspicuous of cell-contents, and
often so abundant in farinaceous roots and seeds as to fill the cell-cavity. It consists
of minute grains called starch-granules, which vary in size and are marked with more
or less conspicuous concentric lines of growth. The chemical constitution of starch
is the same as that of cellulose ; it is unaffected by cold water, but forms a jelly with
boiling water, and turns blue when tested by iodine. When fully dissolved it is no
longer starch, but dextrine.

chlorophyll, very minute granules, containing nitrogen, and coloured green under
the action of sunlight. These granules are most abundant in the layers of cells imme-
diately below the surface or epidermis of leaves and young bark. The green colouring
matter is soluble in alcohol, and may thus be removed from the granules.
chromule, a name given to a similar colouring matter when not green.
wax, oils, camphor, and resinous matter, are common in cells or in cavities in the
tissues between the cells, also various mineral substances, either in an amorphous state
or as microscopic crystals, when they are called Raphides.

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

XXV11

§ 2. Arrangement of the Elementary Tissues, or Structure of the Organs of Plants.

193. Leaves, young stems, and branches, and most parts of phsenogamous plants,
during the first year of their existence consist anatomically of

1, a cellular system, or continuous mass of cellular tissue, which is developed both
vertically as the stem or other parts increase in length, and horizontally or laterally as
they increase in thickness or breadth. It surrounds or is intermixed with the fibro-
vascular system, or it may exist alone in some parts of phsenogamous plants, as well
as in cryptogamous ones.

2, a fibro-vascular system, or continuous mass of woody and vascular tissue, which
is gradually introduced vertically into, and serves to bind together, the cellular system.
It is continued from the stem into the petioles and veins of the leaves, and into the pe-
dicels and parts of the flowers, and is never wholly wanting in any phsenogamous plant.

3, an epidermis, or outer skin, formed of one or more layers of flattened (horizon-
tal), firmly coherent, and usually empty cells, with either thin and transparent or thick
and opaque walls. It covers almost all parts of plants exposed to the outward air,
protecting their tissues from its immediate action, but is wanting in those parts of
aquatic plants which are constantly submerged.

194. The epidermis is frequently pierced by minute spaces between the cells, called
Stomates. They are oval or mouth-sliaped, bordered by lips, formed of two or more
elastic cells so disposed as to cause the stomate to open in a moist, and to close up in
a dry state of the atmosphere. They communicate with intercellular cavities, and are
obviously designed to regulate evaporation and respiration. They are chiefly found
upon leaves, especially on the under surface.

195. When a phsenogamous plant has outlived the first season of its growth, the
anatomical structure of its stem or other perennial parts becomes more complicated
and very different in the two great classes of phsenogamous plants called Exogens and
Endogens, which correspond with very few exceptions to the two classes Dicotyledons
and Monocotyledons (167), founded on the structure of the embryo. In Exogens
(Dicotyledons) the woody system is placed in concentric layers between a central
pith (198, 1), and an external separable bark (1985). In Endogens (Monocotyle-
dons) the woody system is in separate small bundles or fibres running through the
cellular system without apparent order, and there is usually no distinct central pith,
nor outer separable bark.

196. The anatomical structure is also somewhat different in the different organs of
plants. In the Root, although it is constructed generally on the same plan as the
stem, yet the regular organization, and the difference between Exogens and Endogens, is
often disguised or obliterated by irregularities of growth, or by the production of large
quantities of cellular tissue filled with starch or other substances (192). There is sel-
dom, if ever, any distinct pith, the concentric circles of fibro-vascular tissue in Exogens
are often very indistinct or have no relation to seasons of growth, and the epidermis
has no stomates.

197. In the Stem or branches, during the first year or season of then- growth, the
difference between Exogens and Endogens is not always very conspicuous. In both
there is a tendency to a circular arrangement of the fibro-vascular system, leaving
the centre either vacant or filled with cellular tissue (pith) only, and a more or less
distinct outer rind is observable even in several Endogens. More frequently, how-
ever, the distinction is already very apparent the first season, especially towards its
close. The fibro-vascular bundles in Endogens usually anastomose but little, passing
continuously into the branches and leaves. In Exogens the circle of fibro-vascular
bundles forms a more continuous cylinder of network emitting lateral offsets into the
branches and leaves.

198. The Exogenous stem, after the first year of its growth, consists of

1, the pith, a cylinder of cellular tissue, occupying the centre or longitudinal axis
of the stem. It is active only in young stems or branches, becomes dried up and com-
pressed as the wood hardens, and often finally disappears, or is scarcely distinguishable
in old trees.

2, the medullary sheath, which surrounds and encases the pith. It abounds in
spiral vessels (188, 3), and is in direct connection, when young, with the leaf-buds arid

XXV 111

OUTLINES OE BOTANY.

branches, with the petioles and veins of leaves, and other ramifications of the system.
Like the pith, it gradually disappears in old wood.

3, the wood, which lies immediately outside the medullary sheath. It is formed
of woody tissue (188, 2), through which, in most cases, vessels (188, 3) variously dis-
posed are interspersed. It is arranged in annual concentric circles (211), which usually
remain active during several years, but in older stems the central and older layers be-
come hard, dense, comparatively inactive, and usually deeper coloured, forming what
is called heart-wood or duramen, the outer, younger, and usually paler-coloured living
layers constituting the sapwood or alburnum.

4, the medullary rays, which form vertical plates, originating in the pith, and,
radiating from thence, traverse the wood and terminate in the bark. They are formed
of cellular tissue, keeping up a communication between the living portion of the centre
of the stem and its outer surface. As the heart-wood is formed, the inner portion of
the medullary rays ceases to be active, but they usually may still be seen in old wood,
forming what carpenters call the silver grain.

5, the lark, which lies outside the wood, within the epidermis. It is, like the
wood, arranged in annual concentric circles (211), of which the outer older ones become
dry and hard, forming the corky layer or outer bark, which, as it is distended by the
thickening of the stem, either cracks or is cast off with the epidermis, which is no longer
distinguishable. Within the corky layer is the cellular, or green, or middle hark, formed
of loose tliin-walled pulpy cells containing chlorophyll (192) ; and which is usually the
layer of the preceding season. The innermost and youngest circle, next the young
wood, is the liber or inner bark, formed of long tough woody tissue called bast-cells.

199. The Endogenous stem, as it grows old, is not marked by the concentric circles
of Exogens. The wood consists of a matrix of cellular tissue irregularly traversed by
vertical cords or bundles of woody and vascular tissue, which are in connection with
the leaves. These vascular bundles change in structure and direction as they pass
down the stem, losing their vessels, they retain only their bast- or long wood-cells,
usually curving outwards towards the rind. The old wood becomes more compact and
harder towards the circumference than in the centre. The epidermis or rind either
hardens so as to prevent any increase of diameter in the stem, or it distends, without
increasing in thickness or splitting or casting oil' any outer layers.

200. In the Leaf, the structure of the petioles and principal ribs or veins is the
same as that of the young branches of which they are ramifications. In the expanded
portion of the leaf the fibro-vascular system becomes usually very much ramified, form-
ing the smaller veins. These are surrounded and the interstices filled up by a copious
and very active cellular tissue. The majority of leaves are horizontal, having a differ-
ently constructed upper and under surface. The cellular stratum forming the upper
surface consists of closely set cells, placed vertically, with their smallest ends next the
surface, and with few or no stomates in the epidermis. In the stratum forming the
under surface, the cells are more or less horizontal, more loosely placed, and have ge-
nerally empty spaces between them, with stomates in the epidermis communicating
with these intercellular spaces. In vertical leaves (as in a large number of Australian
plants) the two surfaces are nearly similar in structure.

201. When leaves are reduced to scales, acting only as protectors of young buds, or
without taking any apparent part in the economy of vegetable life, their structure,
though still on the same plan, is more simple ; their fibro-vascular system is less rami-
fied, their cellular system more uniform, and there are few or no stomates.

202. Bracts and floral envelopes, when green and much developed, resemble leaves
in their anatomical structure, but in proportion as they are reduced to scales or trans-
formed into petals, they lose their stomates, and their systems, both fibro-vascular and
cellular, become more simple and uniform, or more slender and delicate.

203. In the stamens and pistils the structure is still nearly the same. The fibro-
vascular system, surrounded by and intermixed with the cellular tissue, is usually sim-
ple in the filaments and style, more or le3s ramified in the flattened or expanded parts,
such as the anther-cases, the walls of the ovary, or carpellary leaves, etc. The pollen
consists of granular cells variously shaped, marked, or combined, peculiar forms being
constant in the same species, or often in large genera, or even Orders. The stigmatic
portion of the pistil is a mass of loosely cellular substance, destitute of epidermis, and

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

XXIX

usually is in communication with the ovary by a channel running down the centre of
the style.

204. Tubers, fleshy thickenings of the stem or other parts of the plant, succulent
leaves or branches, the fleshy, woody, or bony parts of fruits, the albumen, and the
thick fleshy parts of embryos, consist chiefly of largely developed cellular tissue, re-
plete with starch or other substances (192), deposited apparently in most cases for the
eventual future use of the plant or its parts when recalled into activity at the approach
of a new season.

205. Hairs (171) are usually expansions or processes of the epidermis, and consist
of one or more cells placed end to end. When thick or hardened into prickles, they
still consist usually of cellular tissue only. Thorns (170) contain more or less of a
fibro-vascular system, according to their degree of development.

206. Glands, in the primary sense of the word (175, 1), consist usually of a rather
loose cellular tissue without epidermis, and often replete with resinous or other sub-
stances.

§ 3. Growth of the Organs.

207. Roots grow in length constantly and regularly at the extremities only of their
fibres, in proportion as they find the requisite nutriment. They form no buds contain-
ing the germ of future branches, but their fibres proceed irregularly from any part of
their surface without previous indication, and when their growth has been stopped for
a time, either wholly by the close of the season, or partially by a deficiency of nutri-
ment at any particular spot, it will, on the return of favourable circumstances, be re-
sumed at the same point, if the growing extremities be uninjured. If during the
dead season, or at any other time, the growing extremity is cut off, dried up, or other-
wise injured, or stopped by a rock or other obstacle opposing its progress, lateral fibres
will be formed on the still living portion ; thus enabling the root as a whole to diverge
in any direction, and travel far and wide when lured on by appropriate nutriment.

208. This growth is not however by the successive formation of terminal cells attain-
ing at once their full size. The cells first formed on a fibre commencing or renewing
its growth, will often dry up and form a kind of terminal cap, which is pushed on as
cells are formed immediately under it ; and the new cells, constituting a greater or
lesser portion of the ends of the fibres, remain some time in a growing state before
they have attained their full size.

209. The roots of Exogens, when perennial, increase in thickness like stems by the
addition of concentric layers, but these are usually much less distinctly marked ; and
in a large number of perennial Exogens and most Endogens the roots are annual,
perishing at the close of the season, fresh adventitious roots springing from the stock
when vegetation commences the following season.

210. The Stem, including its branches and appendages (leaves, floral organs, etc.),
grows in length by additions to its extremity, but a much greater proportion of the
extremity and branches remains in a growing and expanding state tor a much longer
time than in the case of the root. At the close of one season, leaf-buds or seeds are
formed, each containing the germ of a branch or young plant to be produced the
following season. At a very early stage of the development of these buds or seeds, a
commencement may be found of many of the leaves it is to bear ; and before a leaf
unfolds, every leaflet of which it is to consist, every lobe or tooth which is to mark its
margin, may often be traced in miniature, and thenceforth till it attains its full size,
the branch grows and expands in every part. In some cases however the lower part of
a branch and more rarely (e.g. in some Meliacece) the lower part of a compound leaf
attains its full size before the young leaves or leaflets of the extremity are yet formed.

211. The perennial stem, if exogenous (198), grows in thickness by the addition every
season of a new layer or ring of wood between the outermost preceding layer and the
inner surface of the bark, and by the formation of a new layer or ring of bark within
the innermost preceding layer and outside the new ring of wood-, thus forming a succes-
sion of concentric circles. The sap elaborated by the leaves finds its way, in a manner
not as yet absolutely ascertained, into the cambium-region, a zone of tender thin-walled
cells connecting the wood with the bark, by the division and enlargement of which new

XXX

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

cells (190) are formed. These cells separate in layers, the inner ones constituting the
new ring of wood, and the outer ones the new bark or liber. In most exogenous trees,
in temperate climates, the seasons of growth correspond with the years, and the rings
of wood remain sufficiently distinct to indicate the age of the tree ; but in many tropical
and some evergreen trees, two or more rings of wood are formed in one year.

212. In endogenous perennial stems (199), the new wood or woody fibre is formed
towards the centre of the stem, or irregularly mingled with the old. The stem conse-
quently either only becomes more dense without increasing in thickness, or only in-
creases by gradual distention, which is never very considerable. It affords therefore
no certain criterion for judging of the age of the tree.

213. Flowers have generally all their parts formed, or indicated by protuberances or
growing cells at a very early stage of the bud. These parts are then usually more re-
gularly placed than in the fully developed flower. Parts which afterwards unite are
then distinct, many are present in this rudimentary state which are never further de-
veloped, and parts which are afterwards very unequal or dissimilar are perfectly alike
at this early period. On this account flowers in this very early stage are supposed by
some modern botanists to be more normal , that is, more in conformity to a supposed
type; and the study of the early formation and growth of the floral organs, called
Organogenesis , has been considered essential for the correct appreciation of the affinities
of plants. In some cases, however, it would appear that modifications of development,
not to be detected in the very young bud, are yet of great importance in the distinction
of large groups of plants, and that Organogenesis, although it may often assist in clear-
ing up a doubtful point of affinity, cannot nevertheless be exclusively relied on in esti-
mating the real value of peculiarities of structure.

214. The flower is considered as a bud ( flower-bud , alabastrum ) until the perianth
expands, th c period of flowering ( anthesis ) is that which elapses from the first expand-
ing of the perianth, till the pistil is set or begins to enlarge, or, when it does not set,
until the stamens and pistil wither or fall. After that, the enlarged ovary takes the
name of young fruit.

215. At the close of the season of growth, at the same time as the leaf-buds or seeds
are formed containing the germ of future branches or plants, many plants form also, at
or near the bud or seed, large deposits, chiefly of starch. In many cases, — such as the
tubers of a potato or other root-stock, the scales or thickened base of a bulb, the albu-
men or the thick cotyledons of a seed, — this deposit appears to be a store of nutriment,
which is partially absorbed by the young branch or plant during its first stage of
growth, before the roots are sufficiently developed to supply it from without. In some
cases, however, such as the fleshy thickening of some stems or peduncles, the pericarps
of fruits which perish long before germination (the first growth of the seed), neither
the use nor the cause of these deposits has as yet been clearly explained.

§ 4. Functions of the Organs.

216. The functions of the Root are, — 1. To fix the plant in or to the soil or other
substance on whicli it grows. 2. To absorb nourishment from the soil, water, or air,
into which the fibres have penetrated (or from other plants in the case of parasites),
and to transmit it rapidly to the stem. The absorption takes place through the young
growing extremities of the fibres, and through a peculiar kind of hairs or absorbing
organs which are formed at or near those growing extremities. The transmission to
the stem is through the tissues of the root itself. The nutriment absorbed consists
chiefly of carbonic acid and nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds dissolved in water.
3. In some cases roots secrete or exude small quantities of matter in a manner and
with a purpose not satisfactorily ascertained.

217. The stem and its branches support the leaves, flowers, and fruit, transmit the
crude sap, or nutriment absorbed by the roots and mixed with previously organized
matter, to the leaves, and re-transmit the assimilated or elaborated sap from the leaves
to the growing parts of the plant, to be there used up, or to form deposits for future
use (204). The transmission of the ascending crude sap appears to take place chiefly
through the elongated cells associated with the vascular tissues, passing from one cell
to another by a process but little understood, but known by the name of endosmose.

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

XXXI

218. Leaves are functionally the most active of the organs of vegetation. In them
is chiefly conducted digestion or Assimilation , a name given to the process which ac-
complishes the following results : — 1. The chemical decomposition of the oxygenated
matter of the sap, the absorption of carbonic acid, and the liberation of pure oxygen
at the oi’dinary temperature of the air. 2. A counter-operation by which oxygen is
absorbed from the atmosphere and carbonic acid is exhaled. 3. The transformation
of the residue of the crude sap into the organized substances which enter into the com-
position of the plant. The exhalation of oxygen appears to take place under the influ-
ence of solar heat and light, chiefly from the under surface of the leaf, and to be in
some measure regulated by the stomates ; the absorption of oxygen goes on always in
the dark, and in the daytime also in certain cases. The transformation of the sap is
effected within the tissues of the leaf, and continues probably more or less throughout
the active parts of the whole plant.

219. The Floral Organs seldom contribute to the growth of the plant on which they
are produced ; their functions are wholly concentrated on the formation of the seed
with the germ of a future plant.

220. The Perianth (calyx and corolla) acts in the first instance in protecting the
stamens and pistils during the early stages of their development. When expanded,
the use of the brilliant colours which they often display, of the sweet or strong odours
they emit, has not been adequately explained. Perlxaps they may have great influence
in attracting those insects whose concurrence has been shown in many cases to be ne-
cessai'y for the due transmission of the pollen from the anther to the stigma.

221. The pistil, when stimulated by the action of the pollen, forms and nourishes
the young seed. The varied and complicated contrivances by which the pollen is con-
veyed to the stigma, whether by elastic action of the organs themselves, or with the
assistance of wind, of insects, or other extraneous agents, have been the subject of
numerous observations and experiments of the most distinguished natui’alists, and are
yet far from being fully investigated. Their details, however, as far as known, would
be far too long for the present outline.

222. The fruit nourishes and protects the seed until its maturity, and then often
promotes its dispersion by a great variety of contrivances or apparently collatei’al cir-
cumstances, e.ff. by an elastic dehiscence which casts the seed off to a distance; by
the development of a pappus, wings, hooked or other appendages, which allows them
to be carried off by winds, or by animals, etc., to which they may adhere ; by their
small specific gravity, which enables them to float down streams ; by their attractions
to birds, etc., who taking them for food drop them often at gi’eat distances, etc. Ap-
pendages to the seeds themselves also often promote dispersion.

223. Hairs have vai'ious functions. The ordinaxy indumentum (171) of stems and
leaves indeed seems to take little part in the economy of the plant besides perhaps
some occasional protection against injxxrious atmospheric influences, buit the root-hairs
(216) are active absorbents, the hairs on styles and other parts of flowers appear often
materially to assist the transmission of pollen, and the exudations of glandular hail’s
(175, 2) are often too copious not to exercise some influence on the phenomena of
vegetation. The whole qxxestion, however, of vegetable exudations and their influence
on the economy of vegetable life, is as yet but imperfectly undei'stood.

Chap. IY. Collection, Pbesebvation, and Deteemination oe Plants.

224. Plants can undoubtedly be most easily and satisfactorily examined when freshly
gathered. But time will rarely admit of this being done, and it is moreover desirable
to compare them with other plants previously observed or collected. Specimens must,
therefore, be selected for leisui-ely observation at home, and preserved for futxu-e refer-
ence. A collection of such specimens constitutes a Herbarium.

225. A botanical Specimen, to be perfect, should have root , stem, leaves, flowers
(both open and in the bud), and fruit (both young and mature). It is not, however,
always possible to gather such complete specimens, but the collector shoxxld aim at

xxxn

OUTLINES OE BOTANY.

completeness. Fragments, such as leaves without flowers, or flowers without leaves,
are of little or no use.

226. If the plant is small (not exceeding 15 in.) or can be reduced to that length
by folding, the specimen should consist of the whole plant, including the principal part
of the root. If it be too large to preserve the whole, a good flowering-branch should be
selected, with the foliage as low down as can be gathered with it ; and one or two of
the lower stem-leaves or radical leaves, if any, should be added, so as to preserve as
much as possible of the peculiar aspect of the plant.

227. The specimens should be taken from healthy uninjured plants of a medium
siz°. Or if a specimen be gathered because it looks a little different from the majority
of those around it, apparently belonging to the same species, a specimen of the more
prevalent form should be taken from the same locality for comparison.

228. For bringing the specimens home, a light portfolio of pasteboard, covered with
calico or leather, furnished with straps and buckles for closing, and another for slinging
on the shoulder, and containing a few sheets of stout coarse paper, is better than the
old-fashioned tin box (except, perhaps, for stiff prickly plants and a few others). The
specimens as gathered are placed between the leaves of paper, and may be crowded to-
gether if not left long without sorting.

229. If the specimen brought home be not immediately determined when fresh,
but dried for future examination, a note should be taken of the time, place, and
situation in which it was gathered ; of the stature, habit, and other particulars re-
lating to any tree, shrub, or herb of which the specimen is only a portion ; of the
kind of root it has ; of the colour of the flower ; or of any other particulars which
the specimen itself cannot supply, or which may be lost in the process of drying.
These memoranda, whether taken down in the field, or from the living specimen
when brought home, should be written on a label attached to the specimen or pre-
served with it.

230. To dry specimens, they are laid flat between several sheets of bibulous paper,
and subjected to pressure. The paper is subsequently changed at intervals, until they
are dry.

231. In laying out the specimen, care should be taken to preserve the natural posi-
tion of the parts as far as consistent with the laying flat. In general, if the specimen
is fresh and not very slender, it may be simply laid on the lower sheet, holding it by
the stalk and drawing it slightly downwards ; then, as the upper sheet is laid over, if
it be slightly drawn downwards as it is pressed down, it will be found, after a few
trials, that the specimen will have retained a natural form with very little trouble. If
the specimen has been gathered long enough to have become flaccid, it will require
more care in laying the leaves flat and giving the parts their proper direction. Speci-
mens kept in tin boxes, will also often have taken unnatural bends which will require
to be corrected.

232. If the specimen is very bushy, some branches must be thinned out, but always
so as to show where they have been. If any part, such as the head of a thistle, the
stem of an Orobanche, or the bulb of a Lily, be very thick, a portion of what is to be
the under side of the specimen may be sliced off. Some thick specimens may be split
from top to bottom before drying.

233. If the specimen be succulent or tenacious of life, such as a Sedum or an
Orchis , it may be dipped in boiling water all but the flowers. This will kill the plant
at once, and enable it to be dried rapidly, losing less of its colour or foliage than
would otherwise be the case. Dipping in boiling water is also useful in the case
of Heaths and other plants which are apt to shed then' leaves during the process of
drying.

234. Plants with very delicate corollas may he placed between single leaves of very
thin unglazed tissue-paper. In shifting these plants into dry paper the tissue-paper is
not to be removed, but lifted with its contents on to the dry paper.

235. The number of sheets of paper to be placed between each specimen or sheet of
specimens, will depend, on the one hand, on the thickness and humidity of the speci-
mens ; on the other hand, on the quantity and quality of the paper one has at command.
The more and the better the paper, the less frequently will it be necessary to change

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

XXXUl

it, and the sooner the plants will dry. The paper ought to be coarse, stout, and un-
sized. Common blotting-paper is much too tender.

236. Care must be taken that the paper used is well dried. If it be likewise hot,
all the better ; but it must then be very dry ; and wet plants put into hot paper will
require changing very soon, to prevent their turning black, for hot damp without ven-
tilation produces fermentation, and spoils the specimens.

237. For pressing plants, various more or less complicated and costly presses are
made. None is better than a pair of boards the size of the paper, and a stone or other
heavy weight upon them if at home, or a pair of strong leather straps round them if
travelling. Each of these boards should be double, that is, made of two layers of thin
boards, the opposite way of the grain, and joined together by a row of clenched brads
round the edge, without glue. Such boards, in deal, rather less than half an inch
thick (each layer about 2| lines) will be found light and durable.

238. It is useful also to have extra boards or pasteboards the size of the paper, to
separate thick plants from thin ones, wet ones from those nearly dry, etc. Open
wooden frames with cross-bars, or frames of strong wire-work lattice, are still better
than boards for this purpose, as accelerating the drying by promoting ventilation.

239. The more frequently the plants are shifted into dry paper the better. Except-
ing for very stiff or woody plants, the first pressure should be light, and the first shift-
ing, if possible, after a few hours. Then, or at the second shifting, when the specimens
will have lost their elasticity, will be the time for putting right any part of a specimen
which may have taken a wrong fold or a bad direction. After this the pressure may
be gradually increased, and the plants left from one to several days without shifting.
The exact amount of pressure to be given will depend on the consistence of the speci-
mens and the amount of paper. It must only be borne in mind that too much pres-
sure crushes the delicate parts, too little allows them to shrivel, in both cases inter-
fering with their future examination.

240. The most convenient specimens will be made, if the drying-paper is the same
size as that of the herbarium in which they are to be kept. That of writing-demy,
rather more than 16 inches by 10j inches, is a common and very convenient size. A
small size reduces the specimens too much, a large size is both costly and inconvenient
for use.

241. When the specimens are quite dry and stiff, they may be packed up in bundles
with a single sheet of paper between each layer, and this paper need not be bibulous.
The specimens may be placed very closely on the sheets, but not in more than one
layer on each sheet, and care must be taken to protect the bundles by sufficient cover-
ing from the effects of external moisture or the attacks of insects.

242. In laying the specimens into the herbarium, no more than one species should
ever be fastened on one sheet of paper, although several specimens of the same species
may be laid side by side. And throughout the process of drying, packing, and laying
in, great care must be taken that the labels be not separated from the specimens they
belong to.

243. To examine or dissect flowers or fruits in dried specimens it is necessary to
soften them. If the parts are very delicate, this is best done by gradually moistening
them in cold water ; in most cases, steeping them in boiling water or in steam is much
quicker. Very hard fruits and seeds will require boiling to be able to dissect them
easily.

244. For dissecting and examining flowers in the field, all that is necessary is a pen-

knife and a pocket-lens of two or three glasses from 1 to 2 inches focus. At home it
is more convenient to have a mounted lens or simple microscope, with a stage holding
a glass plate, upon which the flowers may be laid ; and a pair of dissectors, one of
which should be narrow and pointed, or a mere point, like a thick needle, in a handle;
the other should have a pointed blade, with a sharp edge, to make clean sections across
the ovary. A compound microscope is rarely necessary, except in cryptogamic botany
and vegetable anatomy. For the simple microscope, lenses of |, 1, and 1^ inches

focus are sufficient.

245. To assist the student in determining or ascertaining the name of a plant be-
longing to a Flora, analytical tables should be prefixed to the Orders, Genera, and

e

XXXIV

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

Species. These tables should be so constructed as to contain, under each bracket, or
equally indented, two (rarely three or more) alternatives as nearly as possible contradic-
tory or incompatible with each other, each alternative referring to another bracket, or
having under it another pair of alternatives further indented. The student having a
plant to determine, will first, take the general table of Natural Orders, and examining
his plant at each step to see which alternative agrees with it, will be led on to the
Order to which it belongs ; he will then compare it with the detaded character of the
Order given in the text. If it agrees, he will follow the same course with the table of
the genera of that Order, and again with the table of species of the genus. But in
each case, if he finds that his plant does not agree with the detailed description of the
genus or species to which he has thus been referred, he must revert to the beginning
and carefully go through every step of the investigation before he can be satisfied. A
fresh examination of his specimen, or of others of the same plant, a critical considera-
tion of the meaning of every expression in the characters given, may lead him to detect
some minute point overlooked or mistaken, and put him into the right way. Species
vary within limits which it is often very difficult to express in words, and it proves
often impossible, in framing these analytical tables, so to divide the genera and species,
that those which come under one alternative should absolutely exclude the others.
In such doubtful cases both alternatives must be tiled before the student can come to
the conclusion that his plant is not contained in the Flora, or that it is erroneously
described.

216. In those Floras where analytical tables are not given, the student is usually
guided to the most important or prominent characters of each genus or species, either
by a general summary prefixed to the genera of an Order or to the species of the
genus, for all such genera or species ; or by a special summary immediately preceding
the detaded description of each genus or species. In the latter case this summary is
called a diagnosis. Or sometimes the important characters are only indicated by
italicizing them in the detailed description.

217. It may also happen that the specimen gathered may present some occasional
or accidental anomalies peculiar to that single one, or to a very few individuals, which
may prevent the species from being at once recognized by its technical characters. It
may be useful here to point out a few of these anomalies which the botanist may be
most likely to meet with. For this purpose we may divide them into two classes, viz. :

1. Aberrations from the ordinary type or appearance of a species for which some
general cause may be assigned.

A bright, light, and open situation, particularly at considerable elevations above the
sea, or at high latitudes, without too much wet or drought, tends to increase the size and
heighten the colour of flowers, in proportion to the stature and foliage of the plant.

Shade, on the contrary, especially if accompanied by richness of soil and sufficient
moisture, tends to increase the foliage and draw up the stem, but to diminish the num-
ber, size, and colour of the flowers.

A hot climate and dry situation tend to increase the hairs, prickle3, and other pro-
ductions of the epidermis, to shorten and stiffen the branches, rendering thorny plants
yet more spinous. Moisture in a rich soil has a contrary effect.

The neighbourhood of the sea, or a saline soil or atmosphere, imparts a tlucker and
more succulent consistence to the foliage and almost every part of the plant, and ap-
pears not unfrequently to enable plants usually annual to live through the winter.
Flowers in a maritime variety are often much fewer, but not smaller.

The luxuriance of plants growing in a rich soil, and the dwarf stunted character of
those crowded in poor soils, are too well known to need particularizing. It is also an
everyday observation how gradually the specimens of a species become dwarf and
stunted as we advance into the cold damp regions of the summits of high mountain-
ranges, or into high northern latitudes ; and yet it is frequently from the want of at-
tention to these circumstances that numbers of false species have been added to our
Enumerations and Floras. Luxuriance entails not only increase of size to the whole
plant, or of particular parts, but increase of number in branches, in leaves, or leaflets
of a compound leaf ; or it may diminish the hairiness of the plant, induce thorns to
grow out into branches, etc.

OUTLINES OF BOTANY.

XXXV

Capsules which, while growing, lie close upon the ground, will often become larger,
more succulent, and less readily dehiscent, than those which are not so exposed to the
moisture of the soil.

Herbs eaten down by sheep or cattle, or crushed underfoot, or otherwise checked in
their growth, or trees or shrubs cut down to the ground, if then exposed to favourable
circumstances of soil and climate, will send up luxuriant side-shoots, often so different
in the form of their leaves, in their ramification and inflorescence, as to be scarcely re-
cognizable for the same species.

Annuals which have germinated in spring, and flowered without check, will often be
very different in aspect from individuals of the same species, which, having germinated
later, are stopped by summer droughts or the approach of winter, and only flower the
following season upon a second growth. The latter have often been mistaken for per-
ennials.

Hybrids, or crosses between two distinct species, come under the same category of
anomalous specimens from a known cause. Frequent as they are in gardens, where
they are artificially produced, they are probably rare in nature, although on this sub-
ject there is much diversity of opinion, some believing them to be very frequent, others
almost denying their existence. Absolute proof of the origin of a plant found wild, is
of course impossible ; but it is pretty generally agreed that the following particulars
must always co-exist in a wild hybrid. It partakes of the characters of its two parents ;
it is to be found isolated, or almost isolated, in places where the two parents are abun-
dant ; if there are two or three, they will generally be dissimilar from each other, one
partaking more of one parent, another of the other ; it seldom ripens good seed ; it will
never be found where one of the parents grows alone.

Where two supposed species grow together, intermixed with numerous intermediates
bearing good seed, and passing more or less gradually from the one to the other, it
may generally be concluded that the whole are mere varieties of one species. The be-
ginner, however, must be very cautious not to set down a specimen as intermediate
between two species, because it appears to be so in some, even the most striking cha-
racters, such as stature and foliage. Extreme varieties of one species are connected
together by transitions in all their characters, but these transitions are not all observa-
ble in the same specimens. The observation of a single intermediate is therefore of
little value, unless it he one link in a long series of intermediate forms, and, when met
with, should lead to the search for the other connecting links.

2. Accidental aberrations from the ordinary type, that is, those of which the cause
is unknown.

These require the more attention, as they may sometimes lead the beginner far astray
in his search for the genus, whilst the aberrations above-mentioned as reducible more or
less to general laws, affect chiefly the distinction of species.

Almost all species with coloured flowers are liable to occur occasionally with them
all white.

Many may be found even in a wild state with double flowers, that is, with a multi-
plication of petals.

Plants which have usually conspicuous petals will occasionally appear without any
at all, either to the flowers produced at particular seasons, or to all the flowers of in-
dividual plants, or the petals may be reduced to narrow slips.

Flowers usually very irregular, may, on certain individuals, lose more or less of their
irregularity, or appear in some very different shitpe. Spurs, for instance, may disap-
pear, or be produced on all instead of one only of the petals.

One part may be occasionally added to, or subtracted from, the usual number of
parts in each floral whorl, more especially in regular polypetalous flowers.

Plants usually monoecious or dioecious may become occasionally hermaphrodite, or
hermaphrodite plants may produce occasionally unisexual flowers by the abortion of
the stamens or of the pistils.

Leaves cut or divided where they are usually entire, variegated or spotted where they
are usually of one colour, or the reverse, must also be classed amongst those accidental
aberrations which the botanist must always be on his guard against mistaking for
specific distinctions.

XXXY1

INDEX OF TERMS, OR GLOSSARY.

The Figures refer to the Paragraphs of the Outlines.

Aberrations . .

Par.

247

Abortive .

84

Abruptly pinnate

43

Accessory organs

.

16S

Acicular . .

54

Aehene

158

Aculeate . . .

170

Acuminate, acnmen

47

Acute ....

47

Adherent .

140,

145

A dnate

.63,

145

Adnate anther .

114

Adventitious .

. 17

, 19

Aerial = growing in the

air.

Aestivation . .

102

Aggregate fruit .

147

Alabastrum (bud)

214

Alse (wings) . .

37,

155

Alate = having wings.

Albumen, albuminous .

162

Alburnum

198

Alliances . .

182

Alternate .

. 32, 90

Amentum = catkin

76

Amphitropous .

134

Amplexicaul . .

37

Amygdaloid = almond-

like.

Amyloid . . .

192

Anastomose .

40

Anatropous .

134

Androgynous . .

87

Angiospermous .

161

Anisomerous . .

94

Annuals .

12

Anterior . . .

91

Anther . . .

109,

114

Anthesis (flowering pe-
riod) 214

Apetalous 85

Par.

Apex ... 36, 47, 115
Apiculate=with a little
point.

Apocarpous . . . .125

Aquatic = growing in

water 14

Arboreous or arbores-
cent plants ... 12

Aril, arillus . . . .164

Arilate (having an aril) 164

Aristate 47

Article, articulate, arti-
culation .... 54

Artificial divisions and
characters .... 184
Ascending .... 28

Asepalous 85

Assimilation . . . .218

Auricle 49

Auricu'ate = l aving au-
ricles 50

Axil, axillary .... 17

Axile (in the axis) . . 132

Bark 198

Barren .... 85, 110
Base ... 36, 48, 115

Bast-cells 198

Berry 157

Bi- (2 in composition) . 44

Bicarpellary .... 125

Bidentate 44

Biennials 12

Bifid 44

Bifoliolate .... 44

Bijugate 44

Bilabiate (two-lipped) 102,
105

Bilocular 126

Bipiunate 43

Bisexual 85

Par.

Biternate 44

Blade 35

Bracts, bractem 60, 77, 202
Bracteate = having bracts.
Bracteoles .... 62

Bristles, bristly . . .173

Bud 16

Bulb 26

Bush 12

Csespitose = tufted . . 28

Callous = hardened and
usually thickened.
Calycule, calvculate. . 80

Calyx . . . .15, 90, 96

Cambium-region . . .211

Campanulate . . . .104

Campylotropous . . .134

Canescent 173

Capillary = hair-like . 54

Capitate 74

Capsule 158

Carpel 15,123

Carpophore .... 146

Cartilaginous = of the
consistence of carti-
lage or of parchment.
Caruncule, caruncnlate . 164

Caryopsis 160

Catkins 76

Cauline (on the stem) . 38

Caulocarpic . . . . 12

Cells (elementary) . .186

Cells (of anthers') . . 109

Cells (of the ovary) . . 121

Cellular system . . .193

Cellular tissue . . . 1 S8

Cellulose 191

Centrifugal .... 72

Centripetal .... 72

Chaff 82

GLOSSARY OF

TERMS.

xxxvu

Par.

Par.

Par.

Chalaza . . .

133

Cylindrical . .

54

Elaborated sap .

217

Character . . .

183

Cyme, cyvnose

74

Elementary cells and tis-

Chlorophyll . .

152

sues

186

Chromule . . ,

192

Deca- or decern- (10

in

Elliptical

45

Ciliate ....

39

composition) .

44, 92

Emarginate ....

47

Circumseiss . .

153

Deciduous calyx .

152

Embryo . . . 162, 163

Cirrhus = tendril

169

Decompound .

43

Endocarp

157

Class ....

182

Decumbent . .

28

Endogens, endogenous

Claw (of a petal)

107

Decurrent . . .

37

plants

195

Climbing stem

29

Decussate . .

32

Endogenous stem

199

Coats of the ovule

133

Definite .. .

89

Endosmose ....

217

Coats of the seed

163

Definitions

(p- i )

Ennea- (9 in composi-

Coccus ....

159

Dehiscence, dehiscent

tion)

92

Coherent . . .

145

118,

156

Entire

39

Collateral = inserted one

Dentate . . .

39

Epicarp

157

by the side of

the

Depressed . . .

54

Epidermis . . . 173,

193

other.

Descriptive Botany

(p. i.)

Epigynous ....

140

Collection of specimens

224

Determinate .

67

Epigynous disk .

144

Coma ....

163

Determination of plants

245

Epiphyte

14

Common petiole .

39

Dextrine . .

Erect

28

Complete flower .

89

Di- (2 in composition) .

92

Exalbuminous (without

Compound leaf .

39

Diadelphous .

113

albumen) ....

162

Compound flower

74

Diagnosis . . .

246

Examination of plants .

243

Compound fruit .

147

Dialypetalous .

100

Exogens, exogenous

Compound ovary

126

Diaudrous .

93

plants

195

Compound umbel

74

Dichlamydeous .

85

Exogenous stem .

198

Compressed . .

54

Dichotomous . .

33

Exserted

113

Cone ....

160

Diclinous .

86

Extrorse

113

Confluent . .

117

Dicotyledonous plants

167

Conical . . .

54

Didymous .

54

Falcate

45

Connate . . .

145

Didynamous .

113

Families

181

Connective, connectivum 109

Diffuse ....

28

Farinose

173

Conniveut . . .

145

Digitate . .

41

Fascicled, fasciculate

32

Contorted, convolute .

102

Digvnous . . .

. 93

125

Fastigiate

74

Cordate

49

Dimerous . . .

93

Fecula

192

Cordiform.

49

Dimidiate .

117

Female

85

Coriaceous

55

Dioecious . . .

86

Fertile

85

Corky layer . .

198

Dipetalous

93

Fibre

IS

Corm ....

27

Disepalous

93

Fibrous root ....

20

Corolla . . .15, 90, 97

Disk ....

136

Fibro-vascular system .

193

Corrugate (crumpled) .

102

Dissepiment . .

126

Filament

109

Corymb, corymbose

74

Dissected . . .

39

F’ili form = thread-like.

Costate

173

Distichous

32

Fimbriate = fringed.

Cotton, cottony .

173

Distinct

145

Flabelliform = fan-shape(

45

Cotyledons

166

Divaricate .

115

Fleshy

55

Creeping . . .

28

Diverging, divergent 115, 145

Floccose

173

Creuate, crennlate

39

Divided

39

Floral envelope .

To

Cri state = h avi n g a crest-

Dorsal = on the back.

Floral leaves ....

61

like appendage.

Double flowers .

97

Flowers . 15, 84, 213,

219

Crown of the root

24

Down, downy

173

Flowering plants . .

10

Crumpled . . .

102

Drupe ....

Foliaeeous = leaf-like.

Crustaceous . .

55

Dry fruits . . .

158

Follicle

159

Cryptogamous plants .

10

Ducts ....

188

Foramen

133

Culm ....

34

Duramen . . .

198

Forked

Cimeate

45

Foveolate

105

Cupular (cup-shaped) .

136

Ear .......

76

Free . 89,132,140,

145

Cuspidate , , ,

47

. Echmate ,. .. ..

173

Fruit . . .15,. 146,

222

XXX. V1U

GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

Frutescent, fruticose

Par.

12

Function

7

Funicle (funiculus) .

164

Funnel-shaped . . .

104

Furrowed

173

Fusiform = spindle-
shaped

54

Gamopetalous . . .

100

Geminate

32

Genus, genera . . .

180

Germ, germination . .

215

Gibbous

105

Glabrous

173

Glands. . . . 173,

206

Glandular-setose . .

173

Glaucous

173

Globose, globular . .

54

Glocbidiate . . . .

173

Glume

83

Glutinous

173

Grain

160

Gymnospermous .

161

Gynobasis, gynopkore .

143

Habit

183

Hairs . . .171,205

223

Hastate

50

Head

74

Heart-wood . . . .

198

Hepta- (7 in composi-
tion)

92

Herbaceous perennials .

12

Herbarium . . . .

224

Hermaphrodite .

85

Heterogamous . . .

87

Hexa- (6 in composition)

92

Hilum

165

Hirsute

173

Hispid

173

Hoary

173

Hoinogamous

87

Hooks

169

Hvbernaeulum . . .

23

Hybrids

247

Hypocrateriform (salver

shaped)

104

Hypogynous . . . .

140

Imbricate, imbricated 58,102

Imparipinuate

43

Imperfect ....

84

Incomplete

84

Indefinite ....

92

Indehisccnt .

156

Indeterminate . .

67

Indumentum . . .

171

[uduplicate

Par.

. . 102

Inferior

. . 140

Inferior radicle .

. . 167

Inflorescence .

. . 66

tnfuudibuliform (funnel-

shaped) . . .

. . 104

Innate anther

. . 114

Insertion .

. . 140

Internode . . .

. . 31

Interrupted spike or ra-

ceme . .

. . 75

Introrse .

. . 118

Involucre, involucel

. 79

Involute .

. . 102

Irregular . .

. . 95

Isomerous . . .

. . 89

Joint, joining .

. . 54

Jugum, juga = pairs

. . 44

Kernel ....

. . 157

Knob ....

Labellum . . .

. . 105

Laciniate .

. . 39

Lamina

.35, 107

Lanate = woolly .

. . 173

Lanceolate . .

. . 45

Lateral ....

. . 91

Leaf, leaves 15, 35,

200, 218

Leaf- bud . . .

. . 16

Leaflet ....

. . 39

Leaf-opposed .

. . 67

Legume

. . 160

Lepidote . .

. . 172

Liber ....

198, 211

Ligulate = strap-shaped.

Limb ....

. . 104

Linear ....

. 45, 54

Lip, lipped . .

. . 105

Lobe, lobed

. . 39

Loculicidal

. . 158

Lower .....

Lunate = crescent-shaped.

Lyrate ....

. . 41

31 ale ....

Mareescent . .

. . 151

Mealy ....

. . 173

Medullary rays

and

sheath .

. . 198

Membranous .

. . 5 5

Micropyle .

. . 165

Midrib ...

. . 40

Monadelphous

. . 113

Monandrou3 .

. . 112

Moniliform . .

. . 54

Par.

Mono- (1 in composi-

tion) 92

Monocarpellary . . .125

Monocarpic .... 12

Monochlamydeous . . 85

Monocotyledouons plants 167
Monoecious .... 86

Monogynous .... 125
Monopetalous . . .100

Morphology . . . 8, 88

Mucronate .... 47
Multi- {many, or an in-
definite number, in
composition) ... 44

Muricate 173

Naked 85, 1 61

Natural divisions and

characters . . . .184

Natural Order . . . 181

Navicular = boat-shaped.

Nectary 138

Nerve 40

Net-veined .... 40

Neuter 85

Node 31

Novem- (9 in composi-
tion) 44

Nucleus of a cell . . . 191

Nucleus of the ovule . 133
Nut 158

Obcompressed ... 54

Obconical 54

Obcordate 47

Oblate 45

Oblong 45, 54

Obovate 45

Obovoid 54

Obpyramidal .... 54

Obtuse 47

Oct- or oeto- (8 in com-
position) . . . 44, 92

Offset 23

Opposite 32

Orbicular 45

Order 181

Organ 7

Organogenesis . . . 213

Organs of vegetation and
reproduction ... 9

Orthotropous . . . . 134

Oval 45

Ovary 121

Ovate 45

Ovoid 54

Ovule .... 121, 133

GLOSSARY OF

TERMS.

XXXIX

Par.

Par.

Par.

Palate ......

105

Pod ....

. . 158

Rhomboidal ....

45

Palea, palese ....

82

Podocarp . . .

. . 120

Ribs

40

Paleaceous = of a chaffy

Pollen ....

109, 119

Ribbed

173

consistence.

Poly- {many, or an in-

Ringent

105

Palmate .... 41

, 42

definite number, in

Root 15, 18, 196, 207,

216

Palmatifid, palmatisect .

42

composition) .

. . 92

Rootstock .....

24

Panicle, paniculate . .

74

Polyadelphous

. . 113

Rostrate = beaked.

Papillee

122

Polvandrous .

. 92,112

Rosulate

38

Pappus

155

Polygamous . .

. . 86

Rotate

104

Parallel veins ....

40

Polyscynous .

. 92, 125

Rudimentary ....

84

Parasite

14

Polypetalous . .

. . 100

Rugose

173

Parenchyma ....

188

Pome ....

Runcinate

41

Parietal

132

Posterior .

. . 91

Runner

30

Pectinate

41

Prsefoliation .

. . 57

Pedate 41, 42

Preservation of speci-

Saccate

105

Pedatifid, pedatisect

42

mens . . .

. . 224

Sagittate

50

Pedicel

70

Prickles . . .

. . 170

Salver-shaped . . .

104

Pedicellate = on a pedicel.

Primine . . .

. . 133

Samara

158

Peduncle . . . .

68

Procumbent . .

. . 28

Sap .......

192

Pedunculate = on a pe-

Proliferous . .

. . 17

Sapwood

198

duncle.

Prosenchyma .

. . 188

Sarcocarp

157

Peltate

52

Prostrate .

. . 28

Sarmentose . . . .

28

Peuicillate

130

Protoplasm .

. . 191

Scabrous

173

Penta- (5 in composition

92

Pubescent, puberulent . 173

Scales . . 58, 59, 172,

201

Pepo

160

Pulvinate (cushion

Scaly bulb ....

26

Perennials .....

12

shaped) .

. . 136

Scaly surface ....

172

Perfect flower . . .

84

Punctiform = like a

point

Scape

69

Perfoliate

37

or dot.

Scariose, scarious

55

Perianth . 15, 98, 202. 220

Putamen . . .

. . 157

Scattered

32

Pericarp

154

Pyramidal . . .

. . 54

Scion

30

Perigynous . . . .

140

Pyrenes

. . 157

Scorpioid cyme . . .

74

Perispenn

162

Section

182

Persistent

146

Quadri- (4 in composi-

Secund

32

Personate

105

tion) . . .

. . 44

Secundine

133

Petal

90

Quincuncial .

. . 102

Seed

161

Petiole

35

Quinque- (5 in compo-

Segment

39

Petiolule

39

sition) . . .

. . 44

Sepals

90

Piuenogamous, phanero-

Quint uplincrved .

. . 40

Septem- (7 in composi-

gamous

10

tion)

44

Phyllaries

79

Race ....

. . 178

Septicidal

158

Phyllodium — a flat pe-

Raceme, racemose

. . 74

Septum = partition . .

126

tiole with no blade.

Rachis ....

. 39,68

Serrate, serrulate . .

39

Pilose

173

Radical . . .

. . 38

Sessile

37

Pinna

43

Radicle . . .

. . 166

Seta, setae (bristles) . .

173

Pinnate .... 41,42

Raphe ....

. . 134

Setaceous (bristle-like) .

54

Pinnatifid, pinnatisect .

42

Raphides .

. . 192

Setose (bearing bristles) 173

Pistil . 15,90,120,203, 221

Receptacle . .

. 74, 135

Sex- (6 in composition)

44

Pistillate

85

Reduplicate . .

. . 102

Sheathing . , . . .

37

Pith

198

Regular . . .

. . 95

Shrubs

12

Placenta, placentation .

131

Reniform .

. . 51

Silicule, siliqua .

160

Plant

6

Resupinate . .

. . 105

Silver grain . . . .

198

Plicate

102

Reticulate .

. . 40

Simple ......

39

Plumose

172

Refuse ....

. . 47

Sinuate

39

Pumule

166

Revolute . . .

. . 102

Sinus

39

Pluri -—several, in com-

Rhachis . .

. 39, 68

Smooth

173

position.

Bhaphe

. . 134

Spadix

76

Plurilocular . . . ,

126

Rhizome . , .

. 21, 24

Spatha

81

xl

GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

Spathnlate . . .

Par.

. 45

Species

. 177

Specimen ....

. 225

Spherical ....

. 54

Spike, spicate

. 74

Spikelet ....

. 76

Spinous ....

. 170

Spiral vessels .

. 188

Spur, spurred

. 105

Squamse = scales .

. 58

Squarrose ....

. 58

Stamens . 15, 90, 108, 203

Staminate ....

. 85

Staminodia . . .

. 110

Starch

. 192

Stellate ....

. 104

Stellate hairs .

. 172

Stein 15,28, 197,210,217

Stem-clasping . .

. 37

Sterile

. 85

Stigma

. 121

Stipella ....

. 64

Stipes, stipitate .

. 65

Stipules ....

. 63

Stock

16, 22

Stole, stolon . . .

23, 30

Stomates ....

. 194

Stone, stone-fruit .

. 157

Striate

. 173

Strigose, strigillose .

. 173

Stropbiole, strophiolate 164

Style 121

Sub = a /most, or under,
in composition.

Subclass, snborder . . 182

Submerged = under water.

Subulate 54

Succuleut 55

Succulent fruits . . .157

Sucker 30

Suffruteseent, suffruti-

cose 12

Sugar 192

Sulcate 173

Superior 140

Superior radicle . . . 167

Superposed = inserted one
above the other.

Par.

Suture

159

Symmetrical . . .

89

Synandrous .

112

Syncarpous . . . .

125

Syngenesious . . . .

113

Systematic Botany (p. xxiv.)

Taproot

Teeth 39

20

101

Tegmen

163

Tendril . . . .29, 169

Terete

54

Ternate .... 32, 41

Terrestrial = growing on

the earth ....

14

Testa

163

Tetra- (4 in composition)

92

i’etradyuamous .

113

Thorns

170

Throat . . . .

104

Thyrsus, thyrsoid . .

74

Tissues (elementary)

186

Tomentose ....

173

Toothed

39

Torus

135

Trees

12

Tri- (3 in composition) 44, 92

Tribe

182

Trichotomous

33

Trifid

41

Trifoliolate ....

41

Trigonous

54

Tripin uate . . . .

43

Triplinerved ....

40

Triquetrous ....

54

Tristichous ....

32

Truncate

47

Trunk

12

Tube . . '. . 101,104

Tuber, tuberous 20, 25,

204

Tuberculate ....

173

Tubular .

104

Tufted

28

Tunicated bulb . . .

27

Turbinate = top-shaped .

54

1 wiuer

Twisted

102

Type, typical ....

181

Par.

Umbel, umbellate, urn-

bellule . . . .

33, 74

Umbilicate . .

. 173

Umbonate. . .

. 173

Uncinate = hooked.

Undershrubs .

. 12

Undulate . . . .

. 39

Unequally pinnate .

. 43

Unguiculate .

. 107

Unguis (claw)

. 107

Uni- (1 in composition) 44

Unilateral (one-sided)

ra-

cemes .

. 74

Unilocular

. 126

Unisexual ....

. 86

Unsymmetrical . .

. 94

Upper

. 91

Urceolate ....

. 104

Utricle

. 158

Valvate ....

. 102

Valves

. 158

Variety ....

. 178

Vascular tissue .

. 188

Vegetable Anatomy .

8, 186

Vegetable Chemistry

. 8

Vegetable Homologv

or

Metamorphosis .

. 88

Vegetable Physiology

8, 207

Veins, veinlets, venation 40

Vernation ....

Versatile anther . .

. 114

Verticil, vertieillate .

. 32

Vessels

. 188

Virgate = twiggy .

. 28

Viscid, viscous .

. 173

Vitta, vittm . . .

. 175

Viviparous

. 17

Voluble ....

. 29

Wart, warted .

. 173

Wavy

. 39

W i orl, whorled .

. 32

Wing, winged

17, 155

Wood

. 198

Woody tissue.

. 188

Wool, woolly . . .

. 173

CLASSIFICATIONS OF TIIE ORDERS AND GENERA.

I. KEY, CHIEFLY ADAPTED FROM DR. LINDLEY’s ‘ VEGETABLE KINGDOM.’

II. KEY, ACCORDING TO THE LINN.EAN CLASSES.

III. ARRANGEMENT AND CHARACTERS OF THE ORDERS ACCORDING TO

THE NATURAL SYSTEM, AS ADOPTED IN THE PRESENT WORK.

The following Keys are intended to facilitate the student’s endeavours to
determine the names of New Zealand plants. I have tried to make them
as simple as possible, by avoiding the use of more technical terms than ne-
cessary, and by employing' in many cases characters taken from the general
habit of the plants. None of these Keys can, however, be used, without
some previous study of the elements of structural botany ;* for the terms
employed have each an exact meaidng, which cannot safely be guessed at.
The amount of study required depends much upon whether the student’s
powers of observation and of reasoning are good and accurate ; but no. amount
of ability will obviate the absolute necessity of observing the characters of
plants carefully and accurately, and clearly understanding the application of
the terms used in defining these characters ; and I would remind both teachers
and students, that it is now a generally received opinion, that no subject is
so well suited as systematic botany, to quicken the observing powers, and to
improve the reasoning faculties of the young; and I believe that a little
training in the use of these Keys alone, will sharpen the intellect of the
quickest to a remarkable degree, and materially improve that of the dullest.

So many New Zealand plants are variable, have minute or unisexual
flowers, or are otherwise difficult of determination, that by one key alone the
student may fail to find out his plant ; he must then try by means of the
others ; but there are a few New Zealand plants, which, as it appears to me,
no system of keys will enable an uninstructed student to find out ; just as
there are idioms and expressions in languages that no grammar will teach.

All plants are naturally divisible into two great primary groups -Flower-
ing (Pheenogamic) and Flowerless (Cryptogamic). To the first belong all

* These can be obtained from the excellent outlines of Botany by G. Bentham, Esq.,
P.L.S., prefixed to this work.

/

xlii

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

such as have more or less obvious flowers, and in which fertilization is effected
by pollen (shed by the stamens) falling on the stigma of the pistil, which
contains the ovules, or on the ovule itself. The effect of this fertilization is,
that the ovule ripens into a seed, which consists of one or more integuments
enclosing an embryo or rudimentary plant. This embryo, again, consists of
distinct parts, from which in germination the stem and leaves are developed
upwards, and the root downwards. Cryptogamic plants have no such appa-
ratus, no obvious flowers, no stamens nor pistil nor ovule, nor have their
seeds any distinguishable integuments or embryo. Their fertilization is effected
in a very different manner, by most minute organs, extremely difficult to dis-
cover ; and they are propagated chiefly by minute spores, or microscopic glo-
bular or angular bodies, usually without integument, and never containing
an embryo. When the spore germinates, it is by growth from any point of its
surface, As a rule, all commonly recognized trees, shrubs, and herbs belong
to Phsenogams, or flowering plants, whilst Cryptogams include Ferns, Lyco-
pods, Mosses, Hepaticae, Lichens, Fungi, and Algae ; of these the Ferns and
Lycopods have leaves and branches more or less resembling those of Phae-
nogams (but never flowers) ; the remainder are successively less and less
like flowering plants, till we arrive at some of the lowest forms of Fungi and
Algae, which are with difficulty to be distinguished from the lowest forms of
animal life.

The only New Zealand Phaenogam that can be mistaken for a Cryptogam
is Lenina (p. 277); and the Cryptogams which most nearly approach Phae-
nogams are Lycopods, which have much of the habit of miniature Conifers,
and are often furnished with cones also : these resemblances are, however,
mainly in appearance.

The Cryptogams are a special study of great difficulty ; and it will take
time and research, and the collection of many specimens, before the student
can make much progress in a knowledge of any of the Cryptogamic Orders
except Ferns. 1 confess to having found very great difficulty in so describing
the plants of any Cryptogamic Orders that a student shall readily name a
specimen by this book; and with regard to Fungi, and certain divisions of
the other Orders, as the crustaceous Lichens, freshwater, filamentous, unicel-
lular and other Algae, no descriptions alone will suffice either to give the un-
instructed student a general accjuaintance with the subject, or to enable him
to name an isolated species. To understand these plants, good magnified
drawings are essential; and indeed the same may be said for all departments
of Cryptogamic botany after the Lycopods. I would recommend the student
who is disposed to study Mosses, Hepaticae, Lichens, Algae, and Fungi, to
take up one of these Orders at a time, to dissect, magnify,* and draw the
organs of fructification (in all stages) of a good many species, before attempt-
ing to name any by this book. Should he have access to the ‘ Botany of the
Antarctic Voyage,- he will find in all its parts (Antarctic Flora, Flora of New

* For this purpose, a good “simple microscope,” with powers of £ in., ^ in., in., and
U- in. (the 2 latter Coddington lenses), is sufficient ; such may be had of Ross, optician,
Featherstone Buildings, Ilolborn, for about £4. 10,s. Triangular-pointed (glovers’) needles
stuck in a handle, and a small keen-edged knife (such as are used in eye-operations) are the
best instruments for ordinary purposes to dissect with ; they are easily sharpened on a
whetstone.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

xliii

Zealand, and Flora of Tasmania) figures of a vast number of New Zealand
species, for very many of these are widely diffused over the southern hemi-
sphere.

Of New Zealand flowering plants, the following are more or less remarkable
for some peculiarity of habit, habitat, locality, etc.

1. More or less aquatic species will be found in the following genera and
Orders : —

Ranunculus, p. 3.
Montia, p. 27.
Elatine, p. 28.
Myriophyllum, p. G6.
Callitriehe, p. 68.
Hydrocotyle, p. 85.

Limosella, p. 204.
Utricularia, p. 222.
Typhacese, p. 276.
Naiadeee, p. 277.
Scirpus, p. 299.
Eleocharis, p. 300.

Isolepis, p. 301.

Cladium, p. 303.

( Azolla , which somewhat re-
sembles a dowering plant,
is a Cryptogam.)

2. Leafless plants, or plants provided with scale -like or very reduced leaves
only, will be found in the following genera : —

Discaria, p. 43.
Carmichaelia, p. 48.
Iinbus, p. 54.

Viscum, 108.

Cuscnta, p. 199.

Veronica (§ 4, a), p. 205.
Utricularia, p. 222.

Salicornia, p. 233.
Cassytha, p. 239.
Exocarpus, p. 246.
Dactylanthus, p. 255.
Gastrodia, p. 263.
Prasophyllum, p. 272.
Lemna, p. 277.

Juncus, p. 288.
Leptocarpus, p. 294.
Schcenus, p. 297.
Scirpus, p. 299.
Eleocharis, p. 300.
Cladium, p. 301.
Lepidosperma, p. 307.

3. Parasitic plants growing on branches (exclusive of Epiphytes) : —

Lorauthaeese, p. 106. Cuscuta, p. 199. Cassytha, p. 239.

Euphrasia, p. 219 : the English species in germination attaches itself to the roots of
grasses, from which it derives its nourishment. Santalum, p. 247, also should be observed in a
young state, for it belongs to a family of which some species are parasites.

4. Plants with milky
Microseris, p. 164.
Crepis, p. 164.
Taraxacum, p. 165.
Sonchus, p. 165.

Picris, p. 165.

Wahlenbergia, p. 169.
Colensoa, p. 170.
Lobelia, p. 171.
Sapota, p. 185.

Parsonsia, p. 187 (slightly).
Convolvulus, p. 197. (do.)
Euphorbia, p. 247.
Epicarpurus, p. 250.

5. The leaves, etc., of species of the following genera and Orders are aro-
matic, fetid, or otherwise odorous when bruised ; and probably of others with
which I am not acquainted : —

Drimvs, p. 10.
Kutacese, p. 3 8.
Myrtace®, p. 69.
Umbellifer®, p. 84.
Araliace®, p. 99.
Coprosma, p. 110.

Olearia, p. 123.
Brachycome, p. 137-
Cotula, p. 140.
Mentha, p. 225.
Chenopodinm, p. 229.

Laurinese, p. 238.
Moniiniacese, p. 239.
Sautalum, p. 247.
Piper, p. 254.
Conifer®, p. 255.

6. The following are usually sea-side genera or species (to which probably
many others may he added) : —

Lepidium oleraceum, p. 14. Tillasa moschata, p. 61. Apium, p. 89.

Hymenanthera, p. 18. Metrosideros tomentosa, p. 72. Meryta, p. 104.

Spergularia rubra, p. 25. Sicvos, p. 82. Coprosma Baueriana, p. 112.

Linum monogynum, p. 35. Mesembryanthemum, p. 83. C. petiolata, p. 113.
Corvnocarpus, p. 46. Tetragonia, p. 83. Cassinia retorta, p. 145.

/2

xliv

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

Senecio lautus, p. 160.

S. odoratus, p. 160.
Selliera radicans, p. 173.
Scsevola gracilis, p. 173.
Sainolus, p. 185.

Sapota, p. 185.
Convolvulus Soldanella, p.
Vitex, p. 223.

Veronica elliptica, p. 209.
Avicenuia, p. 224.

Myoporum, p. 224.
Plantago Browuii, p. 227.
Pisonia, p. 229.
Cheuopodium, p. 229.
Suseda, p. 231.

Atriplex, p. 231 .

Salsola, p. 232.

Salicornia, p. 233.

Pirnelea arenaria, p. 244.
Euphorbia, p. 247-

Carumbium, p. 248.
Triglochin, p. 278.

Rnppia, p. 279.

Juncus maritimus, p. 289.
Scirpus maritimus, p. 300.
Desuioschoenus, p. 303.
Carex pumila, p. 315.
Spinifex, p. 322.

Zoysia, p. 324.

Eestuca Httoralis, 341.

I. KEY TO THE NATURAL ORDERS, ETC., OF FLOWERING PLANTS.

(Chiefly adapted from Lindley’s ' Vegetable Kingdom?)

Class T. Dicotyledons. Stem, when perennial, with pith, rings of wood,
and separable bark. Leaves with branching netted veins. Leaflets or lobes
of the perianth 4 or 5, or multiples of 4 or 5 (in the third division the
perianth is often absent or imperfect). Embryo with 2 opposite cotyledons;
radicle elongating in germination.

The exceptions to each of the foregoing characters are very numerous, but a little practice,
and the tact and knowledge that practice alone can give, will enable the student to decide at
once whether almost any New Zealand flowering plant belongs to this or the following Class.

Class II. Monocotyledons. Stem, when perennial, without rings of
wood or separable bark ; the wood-bundles being isolated and scattered, ap-
parently promiscuously through the cellular-tissue. Leaves (never opposite in
New Zealand, often sheathing at the base) with parallel veins joined by straight
cross-veinlets. Leaflets or lobes of the perianth 3 or 6, rarely 4 ; in grasses
and sedges the perianth is imperfect or 0, and the flowers enclosed in dry
imbricating scales. Embryo with one cotyledon or two alternate ones ; radicle
not elongating in germination, but giving off root-fibres.

Palms and Cordylines are the only New Zealand trees of this class. Rldpogonum and
Freycinetia the only shrubs. Rhipogonum and Callixene have somewhat netted veins.

Class III. Cryptogamia. See p. lxvi.

CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONS.

I. Flowers having both calyx and corolla, the latter polypetalous.

A. Polyandrous. Stamens more than 20.

§ Ovary inferior. Leaves usually opposite.

Leaves with translucent dots. Shrubs or trees .... My rtacea, p. 69.

Leaves fleshy. Creeping or trailing herbs Ficoidea;, p. 83.

§§ Ovary superior,
f Leaves stipulate.

Carpels free. Anthers 2-celled. Leaves compound . Rosacea:, p. 53.
Carpels free or combined. Anthers 1-celled. Leaves

simple Malvacea, p. 29.

Carpels combined. Anthers 2-celled. Leaves simple . Tiliacea, p. 32.
tt Leaves exstipulate.

Stameus perigynous. Carpels free Rosacea, p. 53.

Stamens hypogynous. Carpels free, many .... Ranunculacea, p. 1.

Stamens hypogynous. Carpels free, few Drimys, p. 10,

Stamens hypogynous. Leaves with transparent dots . IIypericinea, p. 28.

Stamens hypogynous. Leaves without dots .... Tiliacea:, p. 32.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

xlv

B. Oligandrous. Stamens fewer than SO.

§ Ovary inferior (or apparently so),
t Flowers umbelled or capitate.

Herbs. Stamens 5. Fruit of 2 separable carpels . . Umbellifer/e, p. 84.

Shrubs or trees. Fruit of 2 or more combined carpels. Araliace.s:, p. 99.

Herbs. Stamens 1 or 2 Ac^na, p. 55.

ft Flowers not umbelled nor capitate.

Leaves stipulate Rhahne.e, p. 42.

Leaves esstipulate.

a. Style 1 ; stigma simple.

Petals 4, imbricate. Stamens perigynous . . . Onagrarie.®, p. 75.

Petals 4 or 5, valvate. Stamens epipetalous . . Lora nth ace.e, p. 106.

Petals 4 or 5. Stamens alternate with petals.

Cells of fruit 1-seeded Corner, p. 104.

Cells of fruit many-seeded Saxifrages, p. 57.

/8. Styles or stigmas 2 or more, or stigma divided.

Cells of fruiti-seeded. Shrubs. Leaves alternate Griselinia, p. 104.

Cells of fruit 1-seeded. Herbs Halorages, p. 64.

Cells of fruit many-seeded Saxifrages, p. 57.

§§ Ovary superior,
f Leaves stipulate.

1. Carpels solitary, 2- or more seeded. Flowers irregular Leguminoss, p. 47.

2. Carpels several, free, 1-seeded. Flowers regular . Rosaces, p. 53.

3. Carpels combined into a 1- or more celled ovary.
a. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules on its walls (parietal).

Climbing shrubs Passifeors, p. 81.

Viscid, glandular herbs. Flowers regular . . . Dkoseracs, p. 62.

Herbs or shrubs, not glandular nor climbing.

Flowers regular or irregular Violaries, p. 15.

£. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules fixed to its base.

Sepals 4 or 5. Herbs. Leaves opposite . . . Caryophylres, p. 22.

Sepals 2. Herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate . Portulace.®), p. 26.

7. Ovary 2- or more celled.

Stamens hypogyuous. Leaves opposite (water-herbs) ElatiNe, p. 28.
Stamens hypogynous. Leaves alternate. Herbs GERANlACEiE, p. 35.
Stamens 5, perigynous, opposite the petals. Ovules

1 in each cell. Shrubs Rhamne.®, p. 42.

Stamens perigynous, 5 alternate, or 10 opposite

and alternate with the petals. Ovules many . Saxifrages, p. 57.
ft Leaves esstipulate.

1. Carpels several, free.

Herbs. Leaves opposite. Carpels 4 or 5 . . . Tillsa, p. 61.

Herbs. Leaves alternate. Carpels 5 or more . . Ranunculaces, p. 1.

Shrubs or herbs. Leaves opposite, simple. Carpels

5 ; styles very short Coriaries, p. 46.

Tree. Leaves alternate, simple, aromatic .... Drimys, p. 10.

2. Carpel solitary, 1-celled.

Tree. Stamens 5, hypogynous. Ovule 1, pendulous. Pennantia, p. 41.

Tree. Stamens 5, hypogynous. Ovules 2 or more . Drimys, p. 10.

Stamens 5, perigynous, alternating with scales. Ovule 1 Corynocarpus, p. 46.

Stamens 10, perigynous. Ovules 2 or more . . . Leguminos.®:, p. 47.

Stamens 4-5, epipetalous Myrsine, p. 185.

3. Carpels combined into a 1- or more-celled ovary.

Glandular herbs. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled . . Drosera, p. 63.

Herbs, not glandular. Ovary l-eelled, many-ovuled CaryoPhylle®:, p. 22.
Ovary 2- or more celled. Stamens hypogynous.

Herbs. Sepals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary 2-celled . Crucifers, p. 10.
Shrubs and trees. Sepals 5. Stamens 5, free.

Ovary 2-5-celled Pittosporum, p. 18.

xlvi CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

Herbs. Sepals 5. Stameus 5. Ovary 5 -celled . Linum, p. 34.

Herbs. Sepals 5. Stamens 10. Ovary 5-celled Geuaniaceae, p. 35.
Ovary 3- or more celled. Stamens inserted at the
base of a tumid disk, or perigynous.

Shrubs. Leaves with transparent dots. Sepals

4 or 5. Stamens 4, 5, 8 or 10 Rutacea:, p. 38.

Shrubs aud trees. Sepals 4 or 5. Stameus 4

or more. Petals lobed or cut Tiliacea:, p. 32.

Trees; leaves piunate. Sepals 4 or 5. Anthers

8-10, within a fleshy tube Dysoxylum, p. 40.

Tree ; leaves with glandular serratures. Calyx

5-lobed. Stamens 5, equal Ixerba, p. 59.

Small herb. Calyx 5-lobcd. Petals linear. Sta-
mens 5, unequal Stackhousia, p. 42.

II. Flowers having both calyx and corolla, the latter monopetalous.

§ Ovary inferior.

Flowers minute, numerous, in involucrate heads .... Composite, p. 121.
Flowers numerous, iu globose not involucrate heads . . . Aca;na, p. 55.

Flowers not collected into many-flowered heads.

Leaves opposite and stipulate, or whorled Rubiacea;, p. 110.

Leaves alternate, exstipulate.

Stameus 2 ; filaments cohering with the style . . . Stylidiea:, p. 166.
Stameus 5, inserted at the mouth of the corolla, alter-
nate with its lobes Alseuosjiia, p. 109.

Stamens 5, opposite the lobes of the corolla .... Samolus, p. 185.
Stamens 5, epigynous or inserted at the base of the

corolla Campanulaceae, p. 169.

§ § Ovary superior. Corolla regular.

f Ovary and fruit very deeply 2-4-lobed; lobes 1-celled,

1 -seeded.

Leaves alternate. Stamens perigynous. Ovary 3-lobed . Stackhousia, p. 42.
Leaves opposite. Stamens nearly straight, epipetalous.

Ovary 4-lobed Labiate, p. 225.

Leaves alternate. Stamens epipetalous. Ovary 4-lobed . Boragine/E, p. 191.
Leaves alternate. Stamens epipetalous. Ovary 2-lobed . Dichondra, p. 199.
ft Ovary not deeply lobed.

+ Leaves alternate or radical (0 iu Cuscuta of Convolvu-
lacea) .

Ovary 1-celled. Stamens epipetalous.

Herbs. Sepals 2 Portulacea;, p. 26.

Shrubs ; leaves with glandular dots. Sepals 4 or 5 Myrsine, p. 183.

Herbs ; leaves not dotted. Sepals 4 or 5 . . . Sajiolus, p. 185.

Ovary 2- or more celled. Stamens epipetalous.

Minute tufted herbs. Stamens 2 Pyghaea, p. 217.

Herbs. Stamens 4, filaments very long . . . Plantago, p. 226.

Shrub or tree. Leaves alternate Sapota, p. 185.

Leafless climbing herb Cuscuta, p. 199.

Stamens 4 or 5, without alternating scales.

Shrubs or trees. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary 5-

10-celled Ericea:, p. 1 73.

Climbing or trailing herbs. Anthers 2-Celled.

Ovary 2-4-celled Convolvulacea:, p. 197.

Erect shrubs. Corolla- lobes imbricate. Anthers

2-celled. Ovary 2-4-celled Verbenacea:, p. 223.

Erect herbs. Corolla-lobes plaited. Anthers 2-

eelled. Ovary 2-celled Solanea:, p. 200.

Stameus 6 or more. Anthers 1-celled . . . . Malvacea;, p. 29.

Ovary 5-celled. Stamens 10, hypogynous . . . Ericea;, p. 173.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

xlvii

|| Leaves opposite. Stamens epipetalous.

Stamens 5. Climbing shrubs Parsonsia, p. 187.

Stamens 5. Herbs, very bitter Gentianea;, p. 189.

Stamens 5. Erect or prostrate shrubs Loganiacea;, p. 188.

Stamens 2 or 4. Herbs or shrubs Scrophularinea;, p. 200.

Stamens 5. Sepals 2. Herbs ........ Portulacea:, p. 26.

§§§ Ovary superior. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped.

Leaves opposite.

Ovary 4-lobed to the base. Filaments curved downwards.

Herbs Labiata;, p. 225.

Ovary 4-lobed to the base. Filaments curved upwards.

Shrubs or trees Verbenacea:, p. 223.

Ovary not deeply 4-lobed.

Ovary 1-celled, nearly 2-celled from the 2 projecting

placentas Rhabdothamnu9, p. 221.

Ovary 2-celled Scrophularinea;, p. 200i

Leaves alternate, or 0 in some Lentibulariea.

Shrub. Stamens 4. Leaves with pellucid dots . . . Myoporum, p. 224.

Herbs. Stamens 2. Leaves linear capillary or 0 . . TJtricularia, p. 222.

III. Flowers with a single perianth or 0, the calyx or corolla or
both being absent.

§ Perianth single.

f Ovary inferior. These marked * are all provided with a
double perianth, but the calyx has so obscure a limb,
that they may naturally be sought for in this division.
a. Trees or shrubs.

Parasitic shrubs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate . . . *Loranthacea, p. 106.

Tree. Leaves opposite or alternate or 0, exstipulate.

Flowers hermaphrodite Santalum, p. 247.

Tree. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, very large, long-

petioled. Flowers capitate, unisexual ..... Meryta, p. 104.

Trees. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers unisexual Fagus, p. 249.

Shrub. Leaves alternate, small, stipulate . . . . Pomaderris, p. 43.

f}. Herbs (flowers unisexual in all).

Prostrate or climbing, with tendrils *Sicyos, p. 82.

Aquatic. Leaves opposite or whorled Haloragea:, p. 64.

Scapigerous. Leaves radical. Flowers unisexual . . *Gunnera, p. 67.

Tuberous root parasite. Stems or scapes scaly . . . Dactylanthus, p. 255.

ft Ovary superior,
a. Leaves stipulate.

Spiny shrub or tree, often leafless. Calyx valvate . . Discaria, p. 43.

Herbs and shrubs. Stipules membranous, sheathing

the stem Polygonka:, p. 235.

Herbs and shrubs. Stipules free. Flowers unisexual . Urticea:, p. 250.

Tree. Stipules free. Flowers unisexual. Stamens 6

or more Carumbium, p. 248.

/3. Leaves exstipulate.

1. Carpels many, free.

Stamens hypogynous Ranijnculacea:, p. 1.

Stamens perigynous Monimiacea:, p. 239.

2. Carpels solitary or ovary 1-celled.

Leaves 0.

Fleshy, jointed, maritime herb Salicornia, p. 233.

Twining, slender, parasitic herb Cassytha, p. 239.

Small shrub. Branches grooved. Fruit red . . Exocarpus, p. 246.

Leaves opposite.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite and alternate.

Stamens 4 or 5 Santalum, p. 247.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

Herbs. Flowers hermaphrodite, minute, white,

in axillary fascicles Alternanthera, p. 234.

Herbs. Flowers hermaphrodite, minute, green,

in axillary spikelets Chenopodium, p. 229.

Herbs. Flowers unisexual, minute, green. Sta-
mens 4, opposite perianth-lobes Parietaria, p. 252.

Herbs. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens 4 or

5, alternate with perianth-lobes. Ovules many Caryophylleas, p. 22.
Herbs. Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamen 1. Seed 1 Scleranthus, p. 234.

Leaves alternate.

Shrubs or trees.

Leaves large, long petioled. Stamens 6-10,

hypogynous Pisonia, p. 229.

Leaves opposite and alternate. Stamens 4 or

5 at the base of deciduous perianth-lobes . Santalum, p. 247-

Leaves without transparent dots. Stamens 4,

on middle or top of deciduous perianth-lobes . Proteace-e, p. 240.

Leaves with transparent dots. Stamens 4 or 5,

on base of perianth-lobes Myrsine, p. 183.

Bark tough. Stamens 2-4, on top of perianth-

tube Thymeleas, p. 241.

Stamens 6-15, perigynous. Anthers with up-
turned valves Laurinf.ab, p. 238.

Tree. Leaves pinnate. Flowers Unisexual. Sta-
mens 6-8 Alectryon, p. 45.

Flowers minute, green. Perianth 4- or 5-partite Cue nopod [ ace Ai, p. 229.

3. Ovary 2- or 3-celled.

Herb, juice milky. Leaves alternate Euphorbia, p. 247-

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Stamens 2 . . Olea, p. 186.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Stamens 4, on

perianth segments Proteaceas, p. 240.

Spinous shrub or tree. Leaves opposite or 0. Sta-
mens 4 or 5, perigynous Discaria, p. 43.

Rigid shrub. Leaves alternate. Stamens 5, hypo-

Tree. Leaves alternate. Flowers unisexual. Sta-
mens 6-8 Dodonasa, p. 44.

Herbs. Sepals 4. Stamens 6 Crucifer-e, p. 10.

§§ Perianth wholly wanting.

t Leaves opposite, serrate, stipulate Ascarina, p. 253.

Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Stamen 1. Water-herb . Cailitriche, p. 68.
Leaves alternate. Juice milky. Maritime herb . . . Euphorbia, p. 247.

Leaves alternate, very aromatic. Shrub Piper, p. 254.

Leaves alternate, fleshy. Spikes slender. Herb . . . Peperomia, p. 254.

Leaves reduced to scales. Root-parasite Dactylanthus, p. 255.

Leaves various, very coriaceous, or minute imbricating scales.

Trees and shrubs Conifers, p. 255.

CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONS.
§ Perianth superior, of 6 leaflets in 2 rows.

Flowers very irregular. Anther 1, adnate to the style .

Flowers regular. Stamens 3

F'lowers regular. Stamens 6

§§ Perianth inferior ; segments petaloid or herbaceous.

Perianth petaloid. Fruit a 1-3-celled, 3- or more seeded

berry or capsule

Perianth herbaceous. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe

Perianth herbaceous. Fruit of 3, 4, or 6 1-seeded, free or
connate carpels .

Orchidea:, p. 260.
Libertia, p. 274.
Hypoxis, p. 275.

Liliaceae, p. 280.
Areca, p. 288.

Naiadeje, p. 277.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA. xlix

§§§ Perianth inferior, of 6 dry glumaceous leaflets.

Flowers panicled or capitate. Anthers 2-celled. Capsule

3-valved Juncea;, p. 288.

Flowers in the axils of glumes, disposed in spikelets. An-
thers 1-celled. Fruit a nut or 1-3-celled capsular utricle Restiaceje, p. 293.
§§§§ Perianth 0 or incomplete.

a. Flowers in dense heads or cylindric catkins or spikes.

Climbing, shrubby. Leaves long, prickly Fkeycinetia, p. 275.

Erect, water or marsh plants. Heads spherical . . . Sparganium, p. 276.

Erect, water or marsh plants. Catkins cylindric . . . Typha, p. 276.

Floating or submerged water-plants Naiadeas, p. 277-

f). Flowers spiked or axillary and solitary.

Water-herbs of various habit Naiabe.®, p. 277.

Rush-like plants. Anthers 1-celled Restiacea:, p. 293.

y. Flowers in the axils of imbricating glumes, arranged in
spikelets.

Perianth 0, or of 6 small leaflets. Anthers 1-celled . . Restiacea, p. 293.

Perianth 0, or of minute scales or bristles. Anther 2-

celled. Stems solid. Leaf-sheaths closed .... Cyperaceje, p. 296.
Perianth 0, or of 1-3 most minute scales. Stamens
usually 3, 2-celled. Stems hollow, jointed. Leaf-
sheaths split to the base Graminea, p. 317.

CLASS III. CRYPTOGAMS. See p. lxvi.

II. KEY TO THE GENERA OF NEW ZEALAND FLOWERING PLANTS,
ARRANGED UNDER THE LINNA1AN CLASSES.

The Linnsean Classes are : —

1. Mowers perfect, having stamens in the same flower with

Class I.
II.
III.
IY.
Y.
YI.
YII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIY.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.

Monandria . .
Diandria . . .
Triandria . . .
Tetrandria . .
Pentandria . .
Hexandria . .
Heptandria .
OcTANDRIA . .
Enneandria .
Decandria . .
Dodecandria .
Icosandria . .
PoLYANDRIA . .
Didynamia . .
Tetrad ynamia
Monadelphia .
Diadelpiiia . .

XVIII. POLYADELPHIA.

1 Stamen in each flower.

2 stamens, free from one another.

3 stamens, free from one another.

4 stamens, free, equal in height.

5 stamens, free.

6 stamens, free, equal in height.

7 stamens, free.

8 stamens, free.

9 stamens, free.

10 stamens, free.

12 to 19 stamens, free.

20 or more stamens on the calyx (perigynous).

20 or more stamens on the receptacle (hypogynous).
4 stamens, 2 long and 2 short.

6 stamens, 4 long and 2 short.

Filaments united into 1 Set at the base or higher.
Filaments united into 2 sets, usually 9 united and
1 free {Leguminosm) .

Filaments united into 3 or more sets.

1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

XIX. Syngenesia . . Anthers united, but filaments free.

XX. Gynandria . . Stamens and style consolidated.

2. Stamens and pistils usually in different flowers.

XXI. Moncecia . . . Male and female flowers on one plant.

XXII. Dicecia .... Male and female flowers on different plants.

XXIII. Polygamia . . Male and female flowers separate or together, and

flowers sometimes hermaphrodite.

XXIV. Cryptogamia . Fructification concealed.

CLASS I. MONANDRIA.

Tufted herb. Leaves opposite, subulate Scleranthus, p. 234.

Water herb. Leaves opposite Callitriche, p. 68.

Leafless, fleshy, jointed, seaside herb Salicornia, p. 233.

Small alpiue herb. Leaves subulate, alternate Alepyrum, p. 295.

Minute, floating, green, scale-like fronds Lemna, p. 277.

Prostrate herbs. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in a globose head . Acaina, p. 55.

Besides the above, Orchidece (see XX.) are usually monandrous, but the anther is adnate to
the style, and a few Cyperacece and species of Chenopodium have sometimes but one stamen.

CLASS II. DIANDRIA.

§ Perianth inferior, double.

Ovary 1-celled. Flowers irregular Utricularia, p. 222.

Ovary 2-celled. Flowers regular or irregular .... Scrophularinea:, p. 200.
§§ Perianth inferior, single.

Trees. Leaves opposite Olea, p. 186.

Shrubs; bark tough. Leaves alternate Pimelea, p. 242.

Tufted herbs. Leaves subulate Gaimardia, p. 295.

Erect herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite Chenopodium, p. 229.

Prostrate herbs. Leaves pinnate. Flowers capitate . . . AC/Ena, p. 55.

§§§ Perianth 0. Herb. Leaves alternate Peperomia, p. 254.

Perianth 0. Shrub, aromatic. Leaves alternate . . . Piper, p. 254.

Perianth superior.

Tufted herb. Leaves imbricate. Flowers solitary . . . Donatia, p. 58.

Prostrate herbs. Leaves pinnate. Flowers capitate . . . Ac.ena, p.55.

Herb. Leaves simple, radical. Flowers spiked or panicled Gunnera, p. 67.

(See Lemna and Salicornia in I., Forstera and Helophyllunt in XX.)

CLASS III. TRIANDRIA..

§ 1 . Flowers in spikelets. Perianth incomplete or 0. — Grasses,
sedges, etc. Leaves sheathing
Stem terete, hollow. Sheaths split to the base. Anthers 2-

celled, versatile Gramineai, p. 317.

Stem solid, often 3-gonous. Sheaths not split. Anthers 2-

celled, adnate CYperacea:, p. 296.

Stem solid, terete. Sheaths eutii’e. Anthers 1-celled . . Restiacea:, p. 293.

§ 2. Flowers in globose, peduncled heads. Leaves pinnate . . Ac-ena, p. 55.

§ 3. Flowers not in spikelets nor heads. Perianth single.

Herbs. Perianth superior, of 6 spreading pieces .... Libertia, p. 274.

Tree. Perianth superior. Calyx-limb 5-9-lobed . . . Mervta, p. 104.

Herbs. Perianth inferior, of 5 green leaflets Chenopodium, p. 229.

§ 4. Flowers various. Perianth double.

Herb. Leaves opposite. Sepals and petals 3 or 4, inferior Elatine, p. 28.

Herb. Leaves opposite. Sepals 2. Petals 5, inferior . . Montia, p. 27.

Herb. Leaves linear, imbricate. Stamens 2 or 3, epigynous Donatia, p. 58.

Herbs. Leaves radical. Stamens 2 or 3, epigynous . . Gunnera, p. 67.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

li

CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA.

§ 1. Perianth double, inferior. Corolla monopetalous.

Leaves opposite.

Maritime tree. Leaves entire, downy below ....
Marsh or water, minute herbs •

Herb very aromatic, prostrate. Ovary 4-lobed . . .

Herbs. Leaves densely 4-fariously imbricate .

Herbs, bitter. Corolla campanulate or rotate ....
Leaves alternate or radical.

Shrubs. Leaves entire, with transparent dots. Stamens

opposite petals

Tree. Stamens epipetalous, alternating with scales . .

Shrub. Leaves serrate, with transparent dots . . . .

Scapigerous herbs. Flowers spiked or capitate. Filaments

very long, flexuose

§ 2. Perianth double, inferior. Corolla polypetalous.

Leaves opposite.

Small herbs

Shrubs and trees. Petals lobed

Leaves alternate or radical.

Shrubs or herbs. Flowers white, small, racemed .

Shrubs. Leaves with transparent dots

Climbing shrub. Flowers with a fringe inside the petals

Herbs. Leaves with glandular hairs .

§ 3. Perianth double, superior. Corolla monopetalous.

Leaves opposite ; stipules 0. Style 1

Leaves opposite, stipuled. Styles 2

Leaves alternate ; stipules 0. Style 1

Leaves whorled

Leaves 0. Stems jointed. Parasites

§ 4. Perianth double, superior. Corolla polypetalous.

Herbs. Flowers minute

Parasitic shrub

§ 5. Perianth single or 0.

Leaves opposite [or 0 in Liscaria and Viscum).

Herbs. Leaves subulate

Tree or shrub, spiny. Branches opposite

Parasitic Shrubs. Stamens opposite perianth ...

Erect tree. Stamens opposite perianth-lobes ....
Herbs. Leaves broad. Flowers small, green, clustered .
Leaves alternate,
a. Perianth inferior.

Tufted, alpine. Leaves linear. Perianth tubular. Sta-
mens on the tube

Trees and shrubs. Stamens on the 4 lobes of the pe-
rianth

Herbs. Flowers minute, green

Aquatic herbs. Leafes floating or submerged . . .
Tall, grass-like plants. Flowers in spikelets . . .

/8. Perianth superior.

Prostrate herb. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in a glo-
bose head

Fleshy maritime herbs. Leaves simple .....
Erect tree. Flowers cymose

Avicennia, p. 224.
Glossostigma, p. 203.
Limosella, p. 204.
Mentha, p. 225.
Logania, p. 188.
Gemtianeai, p. 189.

Myrsine, p. 183.
Sapota, p. 185.
Myoporum, p. 224.

Plantago, p. 226.

Tillaia, p. 61.
Aristotelia, p. 33.

Lepidium, p. 13.
Myrsine, p. 183.
Passiflora, 81.
Drosera, p. 63.

Loranthacea:, p. 107.
Rubiaceas, p. 110.
Alseuosmia, p. 109.
Asperula, 121.
Galium, 120.

Viscum, p. 103.

Haloragea:, p. 64.
Loranthus, p. 106.

COLOBANTHUS, p. 24.
Discaria, p. 43.
Tupeia, p. 108.
Viscum, p. 108.
Santalum, p. 247.
Chenopobium, p. 229.

Drapetes, p. 245.

Proteaceas, p. 240.
Chenopodium, p. 229.
Naiadeaj, p. 277-
Gahnia, p. 305.

Aca:na, p. 55.
Tetragonia, p. 83.
Santalum, p. 247.

lii

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

CLASS V. PENTANDR1A.

§ 1. Perianth, double, inferior. Corolla monopetalous.

Leaves opposite.

Herbs. Sepals 2. Petals united at the base only . . . Portulace/e, p. 26.

Herbs, bitter. Calyx 4- or 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate Gentianeas, p. 189.
Prostrate small shrubs. Leaves connate or stipulate . . Loganiaceas, p. 188.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves exstipulate ....... Parsonsia, p. 187.

Erect tree. Stamens alternating with scales .... Sapota, p. 185.

Leaves alternate.

Shrubs. Stamens epipetalous, anthers 1-celled. . . . Ericeas, p. 173.

Shrubs. Leaves with transparent dots. Stamens opposite

corolla-lobes Myrsine, p. 183.

Herb. Leaves linear, not dotted. Stamens opposite

corolla-lobes Samolus, p. 185.

Climbing herbs. Corolla plicate. Ovary not lobed, 2-

celled Convolvulacead, p. 197.

Herbs. Peduncles supra-axillary. Berry 2-celled . . Solaneas, p. 200.

Hispid herbs. Ovary 4-lobed. Fruit of 4 little nuts . Boragineas, p. 191.
Minute, glabrous herb. Ovary 2- or 3-lobed .... Stackhousia, p. 42.

Leaves 0. Climbing slender herb Cuscuta, p. 199.

§ 2. Perianth double, inferior. Corolla polypetalous.

Leaves opposite.

Herbs. Sepals 5. Ovary 1-celled Caryophylleas, p. 22.

Herbs. Sepals 2. Ovary 1-celled Portulace/E, p. 26.

Shrub. Sepals 5. Ovary 3-celled Aristotelta, p. 33.

Herb. Sepals 5. Ovary 5-celled Pelargonium, p. 37

Leaves alternate or radical.

Herbs. Leaves radical, glandular. Ovary 1-celled . . Drosera, p. 63.

Herbs. Leaves subulate, glabrous. Ovaries free . . . Myosurus, p. 3.

Herb. Leaves linear, glabrous. Ovary 5-celled . . . Linum, p. 34.

Minute herb. Leaves linear, glabrous. Ovary 3-celled . Stackhousia, p. 42.

Shrubs. Leaves with transparent dots Myrsine, p. 183.

Shrubs and trees. Ovary 2-celled Pittosporum, p. 18.

Shrubs and trees. Stamens short. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules

several Melicytus, p. 17.

Tree. Stamens long, without alternate scales. Ovary

1-celled; ovule 1 Pennantia, p. 41.

Tree. Stamens short, with alternating scales. Ovary

1-celled ; ovule 1 Corynocarpus, p. 46.

Tree. Stamens long. Ovary 5-celled; ovules few . . Ixerba, p. 59.

§ 3. Perianth donble, superior. Corolla monopetalous. (Leaves
always alternate.)

Herb. Corolla regular. Stamens opposite corolla-lobes . Samolus, p. 185.
Herbs. Corolla regular or irregular. Stamens alternate with

corolla-lobes. . Campanulaceae, p. 169.

Shrubs. Corolla regular. Stamens alternate with corolla-

lobes Alseuosmja, p. 109.

§ 4. Perianth double, superior. Corolla polypetalous. (Leaves
always alternate.)

Shrubs or trees. Flowers cymose. Ovary-cells many-ovuled Saxifrage^:, p. 57.
Shrubs or trees. Flowers umbclled. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled . AraliacEjE, p. 99.
Shrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers solitary or few. Ovary-

cells 1-ovuled Corner, p. 104.

Shrubs. Leaves stipulate. Stamens opposite petals. Ovary-

cells 3, 1-ovuled Pomaderris, p. 43.

Herbs. Mowers umbelled. Ovary-cells 2, 1-ovuled . . Umbelliferas, p. 84.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA. liii

§ 5. Perianth single, inferior.

Herbs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate Caryophylle®, p. 22.

Herb. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Flowers small, white Altf.rnanthera, p. 234.

Herb. Leaves subulate, radical Myosukus, p. 3.

Herbs. Leaves cauliue, Flowers small, clustered, green . Chenopqdium, p. 229.

Shrub, spiny. Leaves or branches opposite "Discaria, p. 43.

Shrub. Leaves alternate , . . . , Pittosporum rigidum , p. 20.

§ 6. Perianth single, superior.

Shrub. Leaves stipulates Pomaderris, p. 43.

Tree. Leaves very broad. Flowers capitate Meryta, p. 104.

Tree. Leaves opposite and alternate. Flowers cymose . . Santalum, p. 247-

Herbs. Leaves alternate, fleshy . Tetkagonia, p. 83.

CLASS VI. HEXANDRIA.

§ 1. Perianth double, or, if single, of 6 pieces, inferior.

Herbs or shrubs. Perianth of 6 pieces. Style 1 . . . . Liliace®, p. 280.

Marsh herb. Perianth small, green, of 6 pieces. Styles 3.

or 6 Triglochin, p. 278.

Rushes. Perianth small, of 6 dry leaflets. Stigmas 3 . . Junce®, p. 288.

Climbing shrubs, with opposite compound leaves .... Clematis, p. 1.

Herbs and shrubs. Leaves alternate ; stipules sheathing . Polygone®, p. 235.

Shrub. Leaves opposite. Petals 4, lobed Aristotelia, p. 33.

§ 2. Perianth double, superior Carpodetus, p. 59.

§ 3. Perianth single or 0.

Tree. Leaves large, broad. Flowers capitate .... Meryta, p. 104.

Herb. Leaves radical, linear. Flower small Myosukus, p. 3.

Climbing shrubs, with opposite leaves Clematis, p. 1.

Succulent herbs. Leaves alternate ........ Tetkagonia, p. 83.

Tree. Leaves opposite and alternate. Flowers small, cymose Santalum, p. 247.
Herbs and shrubs. Leaves alternate. Stipules sheathing . Polygone®, p. 235.
Grass-lilce tall sedge, with harsh cutting foliage .... Gahnia, p. 305.

CLASS VII. HEPTANDRIA.

Pisonia (see Class XVI.) is the only usually heptandrous New Zealand plant, but some
few other genera, with indefinite stamens, are occasionally so.

CLASS VIII. OCTANDRIA.

§1- Perianth double, inferior. Corolla polypetalous.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, simple or pinnate . . . Weinmannia, p. 60.

Tree, aromatic. Leaves alternate, simple Drjmys, p. 10.

Shrubs. Leaves with pellucid dots Rutace®, p. 38.

§ 2. Perianth double, superior. Corolla polypetalous.

Ovary 4-celled, many-ovuled Onagrarie®, p. 75.

Ovary 2-4-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ......... Halorage®, p. 64.

§ 3. Perianth single, inferior.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, compound Clematis, p. 1.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate , . Polygone®, p. 235.

Tree. Leaves pinnate . Alectryon, p. 45.

§ 4. Perianth single, superior.

Prostrate or climbing, fleshy herb Tetkagonia, p. 83.

Shrub or tree. Leaves membranous ........ Fuchsia, p. 75.

CLASS IX. ENNEANDRIA.

A very few New Zealand plants, with indefinite stamens, are occasionally enneandrous.

liv

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

CLASS X. DECANDRIA.

Stamens 10, free, in the same flower with the pistil.
§ 1. Perianth double. Corolla monopetalous.

Shrub. Ovary 5-celled

(Perianth inferior in all.)

f G-aui/theria, p. 174.
' ( Pernettya~ p. 176.

§ 2. Perianth double. Corolla polypetalous.

Leaves opposite.

Herbs. Leaves entire, exstipulate. Ovary 1-celled . .

Herbs and shrubs. Leaves entire, exstipulate. Carpels 5.

Herbs. Leaves lobed, stipulate

Shrubs or tree. Leaves compound or simple ....
Leaves alternate or fascicled.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves pinnate. Flowers yellow . .

Herbs, acid. Leaves 3-foliolate

Tree. Leaves oblong, not dotted ; aromatic ....

Shrub. Leaves linear, with pellucid dots

Herbs. Leaves lobed or cut

§ 3. Perianth single, inferior

Caryophyllea, p. 22.
Coriaria, p. 46.
Geraniacea, p. 35.
Saxifragea, p. 57.

Sophora, p. 52.

Ox AL1S, p. 38.

Drimys, p. 10.
Phebalium, p. 39.
Geranium, p. 35.
Clematis, p. 1.

CLASS XI, DODECANDRIA. These will be found in the two following Classes.

CLASS XII. ICOSANDRIA. (Including dodecandrous perigynous plants.)

§ 1. Perianth superior.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves with pellucid dots ...... Myrtacea, p. 69.

Maritime herb. Leaves opposite, very fleshy . . . Mesembryanthemum, p. 83.

§ 2. Perianth inferior.

Leaves compound. Carpels many, distinct ...... Rosacea:, p. 53.

Leaves simple. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled Lauiunea, p. 238.

CLASS XIII. POLYANDRIA. Perianth inferior in all. (Including dodecandrous hypo-

gynous plants.)

Herbs or climbing shrubs. Carpels many, distinct . . . Ranunculacea, p. 1.

Herbs. Carpels 5, cohering. Styles 5 Hypericum, p. 28.

Trees and shrubs. Ovary 3-6-celled Tiliacea, p. 32.

Maritime herb with milky juice Euphorbia, p. 247.

CLASS XIV. DIDYNAMIA. (Perianth inferior and irregular in all.)

Leaves 3-5-foliolate Vitex, p. 223.

Leaves simple.

Ovary not lobed, 2-celled, many-ovuled ..... Scropiiuiarinea, p. 200.
Ovary not lobed, 1-celled, many-ovuled ..... . Rhabdothamnus, p.221.

Ovary 4-lobed. Stamens curved downwards .... Scutellaria, p. 226.

Ovary 4-lobed. Stamens curved upwards Teuciudium, p. 224.

Ovary 4-lobed. Stamens nearly straight Mentha, p. 225.

CLASS XV. TETRADYNAMIA.

Herbs. Leaves alternate or radical Crucifer a, p. 10.

CLASSES XVI.— XVIII. MONAEELPHIA, DIADELPHIA, AND POLY-

ADELPHIA.

§ 1. Perianth double. Corolla polypetalous, or petals united at
the base only. Ovary superior.

Leaves opposite.

Herbs. Leaves quite entire, exstipulate, with pellucid dots Hypericum, p. 28.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA. lv

Herbs. Leaves lobed, stipulate, without dots .... Geranium, p. 35.
Leaves alternate or 0 in Carmichaelia.

Herbs, shrubs, and trees ; bark tough. Anthers 1 -celled . Malvaceae, p. 29.

Herbs, acid. Leaves 3-foliolate Oxalis, p. 38.

Herb or undershrub. Leaves simple, entire Linum, p. 34.

Tree. Leaves pinnate. Flowers regular, racemed . . . Dysoxyxum, p. 40.

Herbs and shrubs. Leaves 0, or pinnate or 3-foliolate.

Flower irregular Leguminose, p. 47.

Herbs. Leaves lobed, stipuled Geraniacee, p. 35.

§ 2. Perianth single.

Spiny maritime undershrub Saxsola, p. 232.

Herb. Leaves opposite, stipulate. Flower small, white . Alternanthera, p. 234.
Tree. Leaves very large Pisonia, p. 229.

CLASS XIX. SYNGENESIA.

Flowers small, collected in involucrate heads Composite, p. 121.

Flowers not collected in involucrate heads.

Shrub. Leaves opposite. Corolla 2-labiate, inferior . . Rhabdothamnus, p. 221.

Twining shrub. Leaves opposite. Corolla regular. Stamens

epipetalous Parsonsia, p. 187.

Shrubs and herbs. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Stamens hypo-

gynous Violariea, p. 15.

Shrubs and herbs. Leaves alternate. Stamens epigynous or

epipetalous Campanulacea, p. 169.

CLASS XX. GYNANDRIA.

Herbs. Perianth irregular, superior. Anther 1 Orchide/E, p. 260.

Herbs. Perianth regular or irregular, superior. Anthers 2 . . Stylidie/e, p. 166.

Shrubs,. twining. Perianth regular, inferior. Anthers 5 . . . Parsonsia, p. 1.87-

CLASSES XXI.— XXIII.

§ 1. Perianth double, inferior. Corolla monopetalons.

Tree. Leaves alternate. Stamens 4 or 5, alternating with

scales Sapota, p. 185.

§ 2. Perianth double, inferior. Corolla polypetalous.

Tree. Leaves opposite, pinnate Ackama, p. 60.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, simple Aristotelia, p. 33.

Climbing prickly shrub. Leaves opposite, 3-5-foliolate . . Rubus, p. 54.

Shrubs and trees. Ovary 2- or 3-celled, many-ovuled . . Pittosporum, p. 19.

Tree. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled Pennantia, p. 41.

§ 3. Perianth double, superior. Corolla monopetalous.

Leaves opposite or whorled.

Leaves opposite, stipuled or whorled (not aquatic) . . . Rubiacead, p. 110.

Leaves opposite or whorled. Aquatic herbs Myriophyllum, p. 66.

Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Parasitic shrubs .... L o r a n t h a c e zE , p. 107.
Leaves alternate.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers umbelled . Araliace/E, p. 99.
Herbs. Leaves alternate or radical. Flowers umbelled . Umbelliferas, p. 84.
Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers not umbelled . . Corneas, p. 104.

Trailing herb with tendrils. Leaves angled Sicyos, p. 82.

Trees and shrubs ; bark tough. Filaments united in a tube Plagianthus, p. 29.
Herbs, scapigerous. Anthers 2 adnate to style .... Stylidieae, p. 166.

§ 4. Perianth single, inferior, regular. Flowers not in the scales
of spikelets
Leaves opposite.

Trees. Calyx 4-lobed, Stamens 2 Olea, p. 186.

lvi

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

Herbs. Stamens 4, opposite 4 perianth lobes ....

Climbing shrubs. Leaves compound

Erect shrubs and trees. Carpels separate, 1-ovuled . .

Herb. Stamen 1. Styles 2 . .

Leaves alternate.

Tree. Leaves simple, exstipulate. Calyx 5-lobed . . .

Tree. Leaves simple, stipuled. Male perianth eampanulate
TJnbranched tree. Leaves very large, pinnate . . . .

Trees. Leaves simple. Anthers with recurved valves
Herbs, shrubs and trees. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite

perianth lobes

Herbs. Male flower 4- or 5-partite. Female 2-partite .
Tree. Perianth of 2 peltate scales. Stamens numerous .
Climbing shrub. Leaves long, sheathing, prickly .

Herbs often large, epiphytic, usually scaly or silky.

Perianth 6-lobed. Stamens 6

Leaves 0.

Small, alpine, rigid, twiggy shrub

Slender twining parasite

§ 6. Perianth single, regular, superior. (The perianth is double in
most, but the calyx-limb being minute or absent it appears
to be single.)

Leaves opposite.

Parasitic shrub. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers green
Shrubs and herbs. Leaves stipulate. Stamens usually 4
Tree. Leaves opposite and alternate, exstipulate . . .

Leaves whorled

Leaves alternate or radical.

Herb. Leaves radical. Flowers small, spiked or racemed
Shrubs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers not nmbelled .
Shrubs and trees. Flowers umbelled or capitate .

Herb. Flowers umbelled or capitate

Parasite shrub. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers green .

Erect tree. Flowers cymose

Trailing herb, with tendrils. Leaves angled ....

§ 5. Perianth very incomplete or 0.

Leaves opposite.

Shrub. Leaves serrate. Flowers spiked

Herb. Leaves entire. Flowers solitary

Leaves alternate or radical.

a. Herbs. Flowers in the axils of scales, arranged in spike-
lets. (Grasses, sedges, etc. Leaves sheathing, long,
slender, or 0.)

Stems hollow, terete, jointed. Leaf-sheaths split to, the

base

Stems solid, flat, angled or 3-gonous. Leaf-sheath entire
Stems solid. Leaf-sheaths usually entire. Anthers

1 -celled

0. Herbs not grassy in foliage, of various habit.

Marsh herbs. Flowers capitate or in large catkins

Water plants. Flowers obscure

Land plants. Flowers in very slender catkins . . .

Land plants. Flowers small, green

Fleshy root-parasite, with tuberous rhizome and stout

scaly peduncles

y. Trees and shrubs.

Stem climbing. Leaves sheathing, long, prickly . .

Shrub. Leaves very aromatic

Urticeas, p. 250.
Ceehatis, p. 1 .
Monimiace/E, p. 239.
Callitriche, p. 68.

Dodonasa, p. 44.
Fagus, p. 248.

Areca, p. 288.
Laurinea:, p. 238.

Urticeae, p. 250.
Atripi.ex, p. 231.
Carumbium, p. 248.
Freycinetia, p. 275.

Astelia, p. 283.

Exocarpus, p. 246.
Cassytha, p. 239.

Tupeia, p. 109.
B.UBIACEA5, p. 110.
Santalum, p. 247.
Myriophyllum, p. 66.

Gunnera, p. 67.
Corneas, p. 104.
Araliacea:, p. 99.
Umbelliferas, p. 84.
Tupeia, p. 109.
Santalum, p. 247.
Sicyos, p. 82.

Ascarina, p. 253.
Callitriche, p. 68.

Gramineas, p. 317.
Cyperacea;, p. 296.

Restiaceal, p. 293.

Typhacea:, p. 276.
Naiadeas, p. 277.
PlPERACEAI, p. 254.
Urticeae, p. 250.

Dactylanthus, p. 255.

Freycinetia, p. 275.
Piper, p. 254.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

lvii

Erect trees. Leaves stipulate. Ovary 3-celled . . . Fagus, p. 248.

Trees or shrubs. Anthers solitary in the scales of a
cone. Ovules solitary or few in the axils of scales,
without ovary or perianth Conifer.®, p. 255.

CLASS XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA.
(See p. lxvi.)

III. CLASSIFICATION OF THE NEW ZEALAND NATURAL ORDERS ACCORD-
ING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM, AS ADOFTED IN THE PRESENT WORK.

The number of New Zealand genera is so small, and many of them are so exceptional in
characters, that they afford but an imperfect idea of the relations that subsist between the
Orders they belong to ; or between these and the same and other Orders in the world at
large. The natural sequence of the Orders of plauts and their relationships being determined
by the characters of the majority of all the known genera which they severally include;
this sequence and these relationships cannot be demonstrated by a small flora, like that
of New Zealand, in which many large Orders and more small ones are unrepresented, or
represented by one or two uncharacteristic genera only.

The following system is not altogether natural, but it is so in the main, and as much so
as any hitherto devised. The primary divisions Phaenogams and Cryptogams are perfectly
natural and well-defined, and the Subclasses and Orders of Cryptogams follow, on the whole,
a very natural sequence. The two Classes of Pham ogams, Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons,
are also natural and well defined, as are, on the whole, the Subclasses and Orders of Mono-
cotyledons. With the Dicotyledons the case is different : the subdivisions Angiosperms and
Gymnosperms are distinct and natural; but no natural arrangement of the Orders of An-
giosperms has yet been devised. The Five Subclasses ( Tlialamifiorce , etc.) are only in so
far natural, that each consists of Orders more or less naturally related to oue another; for
the cross affinities between certain Orders of all the Subclasses are very numerous, and
in some cases so strong that the single technical character of the Subclass aloue keeps
them where they are. In the case of Subclass V., Incomplete , matters are still worse, the
Orders of this Subclass having no common relationship, but consisting of Thalamifloral, or
Calycifloral, plants in which the perianth happens to be incomplete or absent. There-
fore it must be borne in mind, that the Subclasses of Angiosperma are merely artificial de-
vices, to enable us to find our way to the Order we seek ; and that these Orders are con-
nected by so many cross affinities that no one has ever yet been able to arrange them in a
linear series.

For further information the reader is referred to Lindley’s ‘Vegetable Kingdom,’* which
contains an excellent history of this subject, besides being the best Encyclopaedia of all that
relates to the Natural Orders which we possess.

A. Phcenogamic or Flowering Plants.

Class I. DICOTYLEDONS.

Stem, when perennial, furnished with pith, concentric layers of wood and
bark. Leaves usually with netted venation. Organs of the flower generally
4 or 5 each, or multiples of those numbers. Seeds having an embryo with
2 cotyledons. In germination the radicle lengthens, and forks or branches.

The exceptions to one or other of these characters are too numerous to be indicated.

* A work that should be in every naturalist’s library (one thick volume, 8vo, with 500
woodcuts), price 36s., 3rd edition.

9

lviii

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

Subdivision I. JNGI0STERM2E.

Ovules enclosed in an ovary, and the seeds in a seed-vessel.

Subclass I. Thalamiflorse. Flowers with both calyx and corolla.
Petals free, and stamens usually inserted immediately beneath the pistil or
ovaries. Ovary always superior.

Exceptions : Petals 0 in Clematis , Myosurus , Caltha , some species of Cruciferce , Colo-
banthus, and Ste/laria, united at the base in some Portulacece and Malvacea.

Sepals absent in one Pittosporum. ; petaloid in Clematis and Caltlm.

Stamens perigynous in some Stel/aria and Colobanthus.

§ 1. Anthers adnate, opening by lateral slits. Pistil apocarpous.

1. Ranunculaceee. Sepals 3-10, often petaloid. Petals 0, or 5-20.
Stamens indefinite. Fruit of many or few achenes or follicles. — Herbs or
opposite-leaved climbers (p. 1).

Of the four genera, three have petaloid sepals and no petals.

2. Magnoliacese. Sepals and petals forming together three or more
series, imbricate in aestivation. Carpel 1 or more. — Tree with alternate
exstipulate leaves (p. 9).

§ 2. Anthers opening toioards the stigma ( inwards ). Pistil syncarpous. Placentas
parietal (rarely axile in PittosporeseJ.

3. Cruciferae. Sepals and petals 4. Stamens 6, 4 longer than the
others. — Herbs with alternate or rosulate exstipulate leaves (p. 10).

One Lepidium is rather shrubby. 'Nasturtium sometimes wants petals, and two or more
of the stamens.

4. Violarieae. Sepals and petals 5. Anthers 5, their connectives
enlarged or produced upwards, often connate. Placentas usually 3. — Herbs
or shrubs, with alternate, stipulate leaves (p. 15).

5. Pittosporeae. Sepals, petals, and stamens 4 or 5. Placentas
usually 2. Capsule coriaceous or woody, 2-valved. — Shrubs or trees, with usu-
ally opposite, evergreen, exstipulate leaves (p. 18).

Ovary sometimes 2-5 -celled. Calyx apparently absent in one Pittosporum.

§ 3. Pistil syncarpous , 1 -celled. Placenta basal.

6. Caryophyileae. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5 or 0, free. Stamens
4 or 5, 8 or 10, hypogynous or perigynous. — Herbs with opposite, entire
leaves. Flowers white or green (p. 22).

Petals absent in some Stellarice and Colobanthus. Stamens perigynous in Colobanthus ,

7. Portulaceae. Sepals 2. Petals 5, usually united at the base. Sta-
mens 5, usually opposite and adherent to the bases of the petals. — Herbs
with opposite alternate or imbricate leaves. Flowers white (p. 26).

§ 4. Pistil more or less syncarpous, 2- or more-celled. Placentas axile. Pish; 0,

or a raised torus.

8. Elatinese. Sepals and petals 2-5, all free, imbricate. Stamens de-
finite, hypogynous, free. Ovary 2-5-celled; ovules many. — Small, creeping
water-herb. Leaves opposite, stipulate, pellucid-dotted. Flowers minute,
solitary, axillary (p. 28).

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

lix

9. Hypericineae. Sepals and petals 5, hypogynous, free, imbricate.
Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, free of polyadelphous. Ovary 3-5-celled ;
styles 3-5, free or connate ; ovules numerous. — Herbs shrubs or trees, with
opposite, exstipulate pellucid-dotted leaves. Flowers yellow, in 3-chotomous
cymes (p. 28).

10. Malvaceae. Calyx-lobes 5, valvate. Petals 5, usually connate at
the base and adnate to the staminal tube, contorted. Stamens indefinite, fila-
ments monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled. Ovary of 1 or more, free or connate
carpels. — Herbs shrubs and trees, with often stellate down. Leaves alter-
nate, stipulate (p. 29).

11. Tiliaceae. Sepals 4 or 5, valvate. Petals 4 or 5, often lobed or cut,
imbricate. Stamens numerous, on a raised torus, filaments free ; anthers

2- celled, often with terminal pores. Ovary 2-10-celled. — Trees or shrubs.
Leaves alternate or opposite, stipulate (p. 32).

12. Lineae. Sepals 5, free, imbricate. Petals 5, free, contorted. Sta-
mens 5, hypogynous ; filaments united at the base into a cup. Ovary

3- 5-celled; styles 3-5, free or connate. — Herbs. Leaves alternate, small,
exstipulate. Flowers large, usually corymbose (p. 34).

13. Geraniaceae. Sepals 5, free, imbricate. Petals 5, equal or un-
equal, free, imbricate. Stamens 10, hypogynous, all fertile or some without
anthers; filaments free or united at the base. Ovary 3-5-lobed ; cells usually
1-seeded. — Herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, stipulate or exstipulate.
Flowers usually axillary, solitary geminate or umbelled (p. 35).

Subclass IT. Disciflor®. Flowers with both calyx and corolla.
Petals free, and stamens usually inserted upon the surface or at the base of a
thickened hypogynous disk. Ovary rarely inferior.

Exceptions : Petals absent in Dodonaa, in one Pomaderris, Discaria, and Alectryon.

Stamens hypogynous in Pennantia , Coriaria, and Dodonaa.

Ovary inferior in Pomaderris.

14. Rutaceae. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, free, imbricate or Valvate.
Stamens 8 or 10, rising from the outer base of an hypogynous disk. Ovary
of 4 or 5, free or united, 2-ovuled carpels, separating when ripe into as many
1-seeded 2-valved cocci (p. 38).

15. Meliacese. Calyx small, 4- or 5-lobed, imbricate. Petals 4 or 5,
linear, usually valvate and adnate at the base with the staminal tube. Sta-
mens united into a thick tube, usually inserted below an annular or tubular
disk. Ovary 3-5-celled. — Trees. Leaves exstipulate, compound (p. 40).

16. Olacineee. Calyx small, 4- or 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5, free or con-
nate, valvate. Stamens 4 or 5, hypogynous or surrounding an annular disk.
Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2- or 3-celled ; style 1 ; ovules 1-3, pendulous.
— Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate (p. 41).

17. Stackhousieae. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, linear, erect, free or
connate above the base. Stamens 5, 2 shorter. Ovary 2-5-celled. Fruit
of 2-5 globose cocci. — Herbs. Leaves alternate, small, quite entire. Flowers
small, greenish, racemose (p. 42).

lx

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

18. Rhamnese. Calyx superior or inferior, 4- or 5-lobed. Petals 4 or
5, minute or 0. Stamens inserted on the edges of a disk, as many as the petals
and opposite them, small, incurved. Ovary 3-celled ; style 1 ; ovule in each
cell 1, erect. Fruit of 3 cocci. — Shrubs or trees, with often stellate down.
Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, stipulate, or 0. Flowers small (p. 42).

19. Sapindace*. Calyx 2-5-sepalled. Petals 0 in the New Zealand
species. Stamens 5-8, hypogynous or inserted within a disk. Ovary 2- or
3-celled ; style 1 ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, pendulous. — Trees. Leaves
exstipulate, simple or compound. Flowers racemose (p. 44).

20. Anacar diace *. Calyx 3-7-lobed. Petals 5, imbricate. Stamens
5, inserted at the base of a lobed disk. Ovary 1-celled; style 1; ovule 1,
erect or pendulous.. — Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually alternate, exstipulate.
Flowers usually small and panicled (p. 45).

21. Coriariese. Sepals 5. Petals 5, free, becoming fleshy after flower-
ing. Stamens 10, hypogynous, all free, or 5 with the filaments adnate to the
petals. Carpels 5-10, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, whorled round a fleshy disk; styles
5-10. Fruit of dry achenes enclosed in the fleshy petals. — Shrubs or herbs.
Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Flowers racemose (p. 46).

This Order is a very anomalous one, whose affinities have never yet been discovered.

Subclass III. CalyciflortB. Flowers with both calyx and corolla.
Petals usually free, and stamens inserted on the tube of the calyx or top of
the ovary, which is often inferior.

Exceptions : perianth apparently absent in some Haloragea.

Petals absent in Meryta , Fuchsia, Tetragonia and some Haloragece. Petals united at
the base in Acana, obscurely in Tillaa, United into a tubular corolla in some Loranthi.

Stamens hypogynous in some Broserce and Tillcea.

§ 1. Corolla very irregular or regular. Pistil apocarpous. Albumen 0.

22. Leguminosse. Calyx tubular or campanulate. Petals papiliona-
ceous in the New Zealand species. Stamens 10, sheathing the ovary. Ovary
of one 1-celled carpel. Fruit a legume (p. 47).

Carmichalia has a very exceptional pod.

23. Rosace*. Calyx tubular or expanded. Petals regular. Stamens
numerous (free in Accena). Carpels 2 or more. Fruit various (p. 53).

§ 2. Corolla regular. Stamens definite. Pistil syncarpous or apocarpous, inferior
or superior. Albumen fleshy.

24. Saxifrage*. Calyx inferior or superior, 5 -cleft. Stamens 5 or 10.
Pistil syncarpous; placentas axile; ovules numerous. — Herbs shrubs or
trees. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple or compound (p. 57).

Stamens 2 or 3 in Bonatia.

25. Crassulace*. Calyx 3- or 5-sepalled, inferior, free. Petals and
stamens subhypogvnous. Pistil apocarpous. Follicles 1-oo-seeded. — Small
herbs. Leaves opposite, quite entire (p. 61).

26. Droserace*. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior, free. Petals and stamens 4

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

lxi

or 5, usually hypogynous. Ovary 1-celled, with parietal placentas ; ovules
numerous. — Small herbs. Leaves radical or alternate, covered with long glan-
dular hairs (p. 62).

27. Halorageae. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb 4-toothed or 0.
Petals 2, 4, or 0. Stamens 2 or 4, epigynous. Ovary 1- 2- or 4-celled,
with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Fruit small, indehiscent. — Herbs.
Leaves radical or opposite or whorled. Flowers minute, often unisexual
(p. 64).

Callitriche has no perianth, and 1 stamen in the male flower. Myriophyllum has an in-
complete perianth in the male flowers, as have some Gunnera.

§ 3. Corolla regular. Pistil sgncarpous, wholly inferior ; ovules numerous , on axile
placentas. Albumen 0. Petals 0 in one Fuchsia.

28. IVIyrtaceae. Calyx-lobes 4 or 5, valvate or imbricate. Stamens
indefinite. Ovules few or many. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves evergreen, oppo-
site, with pellucid dots (p. 69).

29. Onagrarieae. Calyx-lobes 4, valvate. Stamens 8 ; ovules indefi-
nite.— Flerbs shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or alternate (p. 75).

§ 4. Corolla regular. Pistil sgncarpous, wholly inferior ; ovules few or numerous ,
on parietal placentas. Embryo straight.

Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, in the only New Zealand genus of Cucurbitacece.

30. Passiflorese. Petals persistent with the sepals. Stamens definite,
adnate with the stalk of the ovary ; albumen fleshy. — Climber, with tendrils.
Leaves alternate (p. 81).

31. Cucurbitaceae. Flowers unisexual. Stamens 3 or 5, usually va-
riously combined by their anthers. Ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled in the only
New Zealand genus ; albumen 0. — Climbers or trailers, with tendrils. Leaves
alternate (p. 82).

§ 5. Corolla regular or 0. Pistil sgncarpous , inferior ; ovules few or numerous , on
axile placentas. Albumen fleshy . Embryo cur ved.

32. Ficoidese. Calyx 3-qo -lobed. Petals in the New Zealand genera
numerous or 0. Stamens definite or indefinite. Fruit an indehiscent' drupe,
or fleshy below and bursting at the top by many valves within the calyx. —
Fleshy herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate (p. 83).

§ 6. Petals regular , often small , deciduous. Stamens 4 or 5, epigynous. Pistil syn-
carpous. Ovary wholly inferior, With an epigynous disk; ovules solitary in each cell.
Petals 0 in Meryta.

33. Umbelliferae. Petals 5, usually imbricate. Stamens 5. Styles
always 2. Fruit separating into 2 1-seeded carpels. — Herbs, rarely under-
shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple or compound. Flowers small, umbelled or
capitate (p. 84).

34. Araliaceae. Petals 5, usually valvate. Stamens 5. Styles 2-5.
Fruit not separating, drupaceous or dry, 2-many-eelled. — Shrubs or trees,
rarely herbs. Leaves simple, or 1-7-foliolate (p. 99),

Meryta has no petals and anomalous inflorescence.

lxii

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

35. Cornese. Petals 5, valvate. Stamens 5. Style t. Ovary l-£-
celled. Fruit ovoid, 1-2-celled. — Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple (p. 104).

36. Locanthacese. Petals 4 or 5, often united into a tube. Stamens
4 or 5, inserted on the petals or free. Ovary 1-celled. Style 1. Parasitical
herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate (p. 106).

Tupeia is dioecious, and Viscum leafless.

Subclass IV. Corolliflorse or Monopetalse, Flowers with both
calyx and corolla. Petals combined into a lobed corolla. Stamens inserted
on the tube of the corolla.

Exceptions : Corolla absent in Jasminea.

Petals free or almost free in some Campanulacea and Myrsinea.

Stamens epigynous in Stylidiea, some Campanulacea and Ericea ; hypogynous in some
Jasminea .

§ 1. Corolla epigynous , bearing the stamens. ( See Ericese in § 2.)

37. Caprifoliacese. Flowers panicled or solitary. Anthers free.
Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate (p. 109).

38. Rubiacese. Flowers panicled capitate or solitary. Anthers free.
Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite and stipulate, or vvhorled and exstipulate

(P. no).

39. Composite. Flowers collected in involucrate heads. Anthers
combined. Ovary 1-celled ; ovule erect. — Herbs shrubs or trees. Leaves
usually alternate or radical (p. 121).

§ 2. Corolla epigynous. Stamens epigynous , or inserted at the very base of the

corolla.

Stamens on the tube of the corolla in some Ericece.

40. Stylidiese. Stamens 2, united with the style into one column,
bearing the anthers at its top. — Herbs, usually small (p. 166).

41. Campanulacese. Stamens 5, all free or more or less united in
a tube sheathing the style. Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 slits.— Herbs
(p. 169).

42. Ericese. Stamens 5 or 10, all free, hypogynous or epipetalous. An-
thers 1-celled, or, if 2-celled, opening by terminal pores. — Small shrubs,
rarely trees (p. 173).

§ 3. Corolla hypogynous.

a. Stamens either opposite the corolla-lobes or more than their number. Corolla

regular.

43. Myrsinese. Stamens opposite the corolla lobes, which are almost
free in the New Zealand genus. Ovary and ovules as in Primulacece. Fruit
an indehiscent berry.— Shrubs. Leaves with pellucid dots (p. 183).

44. Primnlaceae. Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes. Ovary 1-celled ;
ovules numerous, on a free central placenta. Fruit capsular. — Herbs. Leaves
without pellucid dots (p. 185).

45. Sapotese. Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes, or more numerous.
Ovary 2- or more celled. — Shrubs or trees. Leaves without pellucid dots
(p. 185).

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

lxiii

(3. Stamens as many as and alternating roith the corolla-lobes {fewer in Jasmine*).

Corolla regular.

Corolla absent in Jasmineat.

46. Jasminese. Corolla absent in the New Zealand genus. Stamens 2.
Ovary 2-celled. — Shrubs and trees. Leaves opposite, exstipulate (p. 186).

47. Apocyneae. Stamens 5, often adhering to the stigma. Carpels 2,
usually distinct. — Climbers, often with milky juice. Leaves usually opposite,
exstipulate (p. 187).

48. Loganiaceae. Stamens 4-5, anthers free. Ovary 2- or more celled ;
placentas axile. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite, often stipulate (p. 188).

49. Gentianese. Stamens 4 or 5, anthers free. Ovary 1-celled ;
placentas parietal. — Herbs, with bitter juice. Leaves opposite, quite entire,
exstipulate (p. 189).

50. Boraginese. Stamens usually 5, anthers free or conniving. Ovary
4-lobed to the base, 4-celled ; cells 1-ovuled. Fruit of 4 small nuts. — Herbs,
often hispid. Leaves alternate, quite entire, exstipulate (p. 191).

51. Convolvnlaceae. Stamens usually 5, anthers free. Ovary entire
or 2-lobed, 2-4-celled ; cells 1- or 2-ovuled. — Herbs, prostrate or climbing.
Leaves alternate, exstipulate, 0 in Cuscuta (p. 197).

52. Solaneae. Stamens 5, anthers often conniving or cohering, opening
by pores or slits. Ovary entire, 2-celled ; ovules many, on axile placentas. —
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate (p. 200).

(See 58, Plantaginece , at the end of 5.)

y. Stamens fewer in number than the lobes of the corolla. Corolla usually very irre-
gular, nearly regular in many Veronicas and in Pygmaea. Ovules numerous.

53. Scrophularineae. Stamens 2-4. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules many,
on axile placentas. — Herbs shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite (p. 200).

54. Gesneriaceae. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules many, on pro-
jecting parietal placentas. — A twiggy shrub. Leaves opposite (p. 221).

55. Lentibularieae. Stamens 2. Ovary 1-celled; ovules many, on
a free central placenta. — Small herbs, often aquatic (p. 222).

5. Stamens as many or fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Corolla regular and
irregular. Ovules few.

56. Verbenaceae. Corolla regular or irregular. Stamens 2, 4, or 5.
Ovary rarely lobed, 2- or 4-celled ; cells 1- or 2-ovuled. — Herbs shrubs or
trees. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple or compound, exstipulate (p.
223).

57. Labiatae. Corolla irregular or nearly regular. Stamens 2 or 4.
Ovary 4-lobed to the base, 4-celled; cells 1-ovuled. Fruit of 4 small nuts.
— Herbs and shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple (p. 225).

58. Plantagineae. Corolla regular, scarious, 4-lobed. Stamens 4,
filaments very long, flexuose. Ovary entire, 2-celled ; ovules on the septum.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

lxiv

Capsule circumsciss. — Herbs. Leaves radical. Flowers capitate or spiked,
green or brownish (p. 226).

Subclass Y. Incomplete. Perianth single or 0.

§ 1. Flower usually hermaphrodite. Perianth single, enclosing the fruit. Stamens
hypogynous or perigynous. Ovary 1-celled, 1 -ovuled (3-ovuled in some Amaran-
tliacese).

59. Wyctaginese. Perianth elongate, tubular. Stamens hypogynous.
Style 1. Ovule erect. Embryo folded; albumen scanty. — Shrubs trees and
herbs (p. 228).

60. Chenopodiaceae. Perianth 2-5-lobed or -partite. Stamens peri-
gynous. Styles 2 or 3, or 2- or 3-fid; ovule 1, pendulous from a basilar
cord. Embryo annular or spiral in mealy albumen. — Usually herbs (p. 229).

61. Amaranthaceae. Perianth of 5 leaflets. Stamens perigynous,
monadelphous. Style usually simple; ovules 1 or more, pendulous from
basilar cords. Embryo annular in mealy albumen. — Usually herbs (p. 233).

62. Paronycbieae. Perianth 4- or 5-lobed or -partite. Stamens 1-
10, perigynous. Style 2- or 3-fid ; ovule 1, erect. Embryo annular in
mealy albumen. — Herbs (p. 234).

63. Polygoneae, Perianth 5- or 6-partite. Stamens 6-9, perigynous.
Styles 2 or 3, very short ; ovule erect. Embryo straight or curved in mealy
albumen. — Herbs (p. 235).

64. Laurineae. Perianth of 4 -8-segments. Stamens 12-15, perigynous ;
anthers opening by recurved valves. Style 1 ; ovule 1, pendulous. Embryo
with thick cotyledons ; albumen 0. — Shrubs and trees, rarely herbs (p. 238).

§ 2. Perianth single. Stamens perigynous. Carpels numerous, 1 -celled, 1-ovuled.

65. Monimiaceae. Perianth 4-1 5-lobed; anthers opening by slits or
recurved valves. Embryo small, in fleshy albumen. — Shrubs and trees. Leaves
opposite (p. 239).

§ 3. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth single, inferior fin forcer at least), usually
tubular. Stamens inserted on its lobes. Ovary 1-celled.

66. Proteaceae. Perianth of 4 narrow deciduous leaflets, often connate
below. Stamens 4. Style 1 ; ovules 1 or more. — Shrubs or trees (p. 240).

67. Thymeleae. Perianth tubular, 4-lobed. Stamens 1-4. Style 1 ;
ovule 1, pendulous. — Shrubs with tough fibrous bark (p. 241).

68. Santalaceae, Perianth 3-5-lobed, valvate. Stamens 3-6. Style
simple or 3-fid ; ovules 3-5, pendulous from a central placenta. Fruit often
inferior, 1-seeded (p. 246).

§ 4. Flowers unisexual. Perianth 0, or of scales ( single in most Urticese). Stamens
hypogynous or perigynous. Ovary 3- celled ( 1-celled in Urticese).

69. Euphorbiaceae. Fruit a 3-celled capsule. — Herbs shrubs or trees
(p. 247).

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

lxv

70. Cupuliferae. Fruit of 3-angled, 1-seeded nuts, contained in a hard
4-lobed involucre. — Trees. Leaves alternate, stipulate (248).

71. Urticeae. Fruit a minute 1-seeded nut, enclosed by the perianth. —
Herbs shrubs or trees (p. 250).

§ 5. Flowers uni- bisexual. Perianth 0. Ovary \-celled.

72. Chloranthaceae. Flowers uni- or bisexual. Stamens 1-3, epi-
gynous. Ovary 1 -celled ; ovule 1, pendulous. — Herbs and shrubs. Leaves
opposite (p. 253).

73. Piperaceae. Flowers bisexual, minute, closely packed in slender
spikes. Stamens usually 2, hypogynous. Ovary 1-celled; ovule 1, erect. —
Herbs and shrubs (p. 254).

74. Balanophoreae. Flowers unisexual. Stamens various. Ovary
1-celled ; ovules solitary, pendulous. — Foot parasites. Leafless or with scales
on the stems (p. 255).

Subdivision II. G YMN08PERM2E.

Ovules naked, not enclosed in an ovary.

75. Coniferae. Anthers in the male, ovules in the female, inserted on
scales, which often form catkins or cones. — Trees and shrubs (p. 255).

Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Stem, when perennial, without pith, bark, or rings of wood, but consisting
of a cellular axis with scattered longitudinal vascular bundles. Veins of the
leaves usually parallel, not netted, or if so, by parallel veinlets. Perianth
when present usually 3- or 6-merous, the leaflets all petaloid ; often absent,
the flowers being contained in the axils of scales arranged in spikelets. Sta-
mens usually 3 or 6. Embryo with 1 cotyledon, the plumule being developed
in a cavity at its side, and the rootlets from its radicular end, which does not
elongate.

Subclass I. PetaloideSB. Perianth, when present, of 6 leaflets in 2
whorls ; obscure or absent in Pandanece, Typhacece, and some Naiadece.

§ 1. Perianth superior, of 6 coloured leaflets.

1. Orchideae. Perianth very irregular. Anthers 1 or 2, sessile in a
stigmatiferous column. Ovary 1-celled (p. 260).

2. Irideae. Perianth regular. Stamens 3. Ovary 3-celled (p. 273).

3. Hypoxideae. Perianth regular. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled (p.
274).

§ 2. Perianth incomplete or 0 ( see Lenina, Ruppia, and Zannichellia in § 3.)

4. Pandaneae. Flowers unisexual, in dense spikes or catkins. Perianth
0, or imperfect. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 1-celled, usually numerous
and connate, truncate; stigmas sessile. — Shrubby. Leaves with sheathing-
bases (p. 275).

h

Ixvi CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

5. Typhaceee. Flowers unisexual, in dense spikes or catkins. Peri-
anth 0, or of slender hairs. Stamens crowded. Ovaries crowded, tapering
into a slender style, stigma lateral. — -Marsh or water plants (p. 276).

§ 3. Perianth of 6 inferior leaflets ( absent in Lemna, Ruppia, and Zannickellia).

6. BJaiadese. Perianth of small green leaflets or 0. Stamens 1-6.
Ovaries 1-6, free, each 1-ovuled.- — Marsh or water plants (p. 277).

7. Lriliaeese. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 petaloid leaflets.
Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled, cells usually 2- or many-ovuled (p. 280).

8. Palme ae. Flowers unisexual. Perianth of 6 coriaceous or fleshy
leaflets. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-celled or ovaries 3, cells 1-ovuled (p. 287).

9. Juncess. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 dry brown lanceo-
late leaflets. Stamens 3 or 6. Ovary 1- or 3-celled (p. 2S8).

Subclass II. Grlumacese. Perianth usually absent or of minute scales
or hairs. Flowers in the axils of concave scales collected into spikelets.

The perianth is regular and evident in some Restiacece.

10. Restiacese. Perianth of 4-6 leaflets, or absent or reduced to scales.
Anthers versatile, 1-celled. Ovary 1-3-celled, or of several free carpels. —
Grass or rush-like plants. Leaves sheathing, sheath split to the base. Flowers
unisexual (p. 293).

11. Oyperaceae. Perianth 0, or of bristles or minute scales. Anthers
terminal, 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Pericarp coriaceous. Embryo
at the base of albumen.— Grass or rush-like herbs. Culms solid. Leaves
sheathing, sheath entire (p. 296).

12. Gramineee. Perianth 0, or of 2 minute scales. Stamens 3. An-
thers versatile. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Pericarp membranous, adhering
firmly to the seed. Embryo at the side of the base of the albumen.— Herbs.
Gulins fistular, jointed. Leaves sheathing; sheaths split to the base (p. 317).

B. Flowerless Plants, answering to
Class III. CHYPTOGAMIA.

Plants cellular or vascular, without true stamen, pistil, or ovules. Organs
of fructification often very minute, giving origin to microscopic spores by which
the species are propagated. Spores germinating by microscopic threads, or
by a prothallium. Fecundation (when known) effected by spermatozoids
(not by pollen grains).

Subclass I. Acrogens. — Plants usually furnished with distinct stem
and leaves, the latter symmetrically arranged. Stems usually dichotomously
branched ; sometimes reduced to simple fronds or membranous green expan-
sions, then furnished with a midrib. Fructification various.

1. Filices. Stems of cellular tissue traversed by spirally marked vessels,
which are often collected into hard woody bundles. Fructification of very

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

lxvii

minute capsules, full of microscopic spores, situated on the under surface of
the frond, or on separate branches of the frond ; rarely of larger capsules,
which are confluent on the under surface of the frond ( Marattia ) or collected
in simple or branched spikes ( Ophioglossum and Botrychium) . — Plants rarely
or never aquatic. Vernation circinate, except in the tribe Ophioglossece
(p. 344).

2. Xiycopodiaceae. Stem elongate, erect creeping or pendulous, its
tissues similar to those' of Filices. Leaves imbricate all round, or distichous
or tetrastichous, usually small, flat or subulate. Fructification of capsules,
which are axillary in the upper leaves or in the scales of a cone, sessile, 1-3-
celled, bursting by 2 or 3 valves, full of microscopic spores, which are
marked by 3 radiating lines. — Plants never aquatic. Vernation somewhat
circinate (p. 387).

Phylloglossum differs from the rest of the Order in its fleshy roots, subulate radical leaves,
and solitary scape, bearing one terminal cone.

3. Marsileacese. Aquatic (freshwater) plants, of various habit, fur-
nished with spiral vessels, creeping or floating. Capsules of 2 kinds, very
various in form and structure, situated on the roots or leaves or stems of the
frond, 1- or many-locular (p. 392).

Azolla, the only New Zealand genus hitherto discovered, consists of floating blight red
pinnate fronds, covered with minute imbricating leaves.

4. Musci. Erect or creeping, small, usually terrestrial plants, with dis-
tinct stem and leaves, without spirally marked vessels (spirally marked cells
are found only in Sphagnum). Leaves always small, usually with a midrib,
membranous or coriaceous. Fructification of two kinds ; 1, more or less
obovoid or ovoid, brown, sessile or stalked, erect or drooping capsules, which
open by a lid, or rarely by 4 lateral slits, or not at all, and contain minute
spores ; 2, minute cylindric membranous sacs (antheridia), which are axillary
or crowded at the tips of the branchlets, and contain spermatozoa.

3. J imger mannie 3e. Plants all cellular, usually with the habit of Musci,
but often forming flat continuous fronds with a stout midrib. Leaves without
a midrib, usually distichous or secund, entire, 2- or more lobed. Fructification
of two kinds, as in Musci, but the capsules are split from the top to the base
into 4 diverging valves, and the spores are mixed with spiral filaments.

6. Marcbaritieae. Leafless, wholly cellular plants, consisting ofbroad,
greeu, rather thick, flat lobed fronds, with or without a midrib, closely appressed
to the ground, and emitting rootlets from the under surface; cuticle porous.
Fructification of two kinds: 1, capsules, usually symmetrically disposed on
the under side of a peltate peduncled receptacle, which rises from the edge of
the frond (rarely solitary and sessile), and contains spores mixed with spiral
filaments ; 2, antheridia, contained in sessile or peduncled peltate or discoid
receptacles.

7. Characese. Freshwater plants. Stems leafless, branched dichotc-
mously, and furnished with whorled branchlets, consisting of long parallel
transparent tubes often coated with an opaque crust of carbonate of lime.

lxviii

CLASSIFICATIONS OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

Fructification of two kinds ; 1, lateral red “ globules” composed of 8 3-angu-
lar scales which enclose a mass of jointed filaments; 2, axillary “nucules”
surrounded by 5 spiral filaments, and filled with starch granules.

Subclass II. Thallogens.— Plants usually without a distinct leafy
stem, forming a flattened or cylindric, dichotomously branched or variously
formed frond or tliallus, or composed of articulated threads or simple cells
variously disposed ; vascular or spiral tissue 0 or extremely rare. Fructifica-
tion imbedded in the substance of the thallus, very various.

8. Lichenes. Perennial, coriaceous, or rigid or crustaceous plants, all
terrestrial, consisting of a thallus which is erect or oppressed to the ground,
or to rocks or trees, often reduced to mere scales or a powdery crust ; sub-
stance always very dense, cellular externally ; filamentous internally. Fructi-
fication of two kinds: 1, septate spores contained in tubes (asci) which are
usually collected into hard peltate disks or shields formed of the upper surface
of the thallus, but sometimes are imbedded in cracks of the thallus ; 2, spermo-
gones, or small sacs containing spermatia, which latter are supposed to be a
form of spermatozoa ; 3, pycnides, obscure organs, giving origin to spore-
like bodies at their tips ; 4, gonidia, or globose spore-like bodies imbedded
in the filamentous substance of the thallus, and sometimes breaking through
the cortical substance, and forming powdery masses called soredia and
cyphella.

9. Fungi. Cellular, terrestrial or epiphytic or parasitic plants, present-
ing an infinite variety of forms, but never forming flat crusts or foliaceous ex-
pansions as the Lichenes and Algce, frequently existing on animal matter and
on living or dead foliage, often ephemeral, variously coloured, rarely green.
Substance consisting of a congeries of cells or cellular filaments, usually soft
or succulent, never containing gonidia. Fructification of microscopic spores
attached to the outer cellular surface, or seated on the top of peculiar cells,
or contained in asci as in Lichenes.

Most delicate spiral filaments have been found in a few genera.

10. Algse. Cellular marine and freshwater plants, consisting of folia-
ceous variously often brightly coloured fronds, which are simple or branched
or pinnatelv divided, with or without midrib, or reduced to cellular fila-
ments, or to simple cells. Fructification of four kinds, free or imbedded
in the tissue of the frond, either promiscuously or in separate sacs or ve-
sicles ; 1, zoospores, or minute bodies moving through the water by the
motion of fine cilia, and requiring very high power of the microscope to
render them visible; 2, spores of various forms, which are fertilized by
antheridia; 3, antheridia, containing spermatozoa; 4, gonidia, or minute
organs corresponding to the buds of higher plants.

HANDBOOK

or THE

NEW ZEALAND FLOKA.

Class I. DICOTYLEDONS.

Order I. RANUNCULACE-ffi.

Herbs, with alternate or radical leaves ( Clematis excepted). Flowers usually
hermaphrodite. — Sepals 3-6, free, often petaloid, usually deciduous. Petals
5-10 or 0, sometimes spurred or deformed, often with a pit or scale towards
the base, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, usually very numerous ; anthers ad-
nate. Carpels numerous, free, on a torus which sometimes elongates. Fruit
of few or many 1-seeded achenes, or many-seeded follicles. Seeds with copious
fleshy albumen, and a minute embryo.

An Order abounding in all temperate climates, rarer in tropical. Many European and
other genera have irregular flowers, and otherwise deviate from the New Zealand types ;
such are the cultivated Aconite, Larkspur, Columbine, etc. All the New Zealand genera
are British.

Climbing shrubs with opposite compound leaves 1. Clematis.

Herb. Leaves radical, linear. Sepals 5. Petals 0 2. Myosurus.

Herbs. Sepals 5. Petals 5-20. Carpels 1-ovuled 3. Ranunculus.

Herb. Leaves radical, sagittate. Sepals petaloid. Petals 0. Carpels

many-ovuled 4. Caltha.

1. CLEMATIS, Linn.

Much branched, slender, climbing shrubs, with opposite compound leaves,
and panicles of white or cream-coloured polygamous flowers. — Sepals 4-8,
petaloid, valvate. Stamens 6 or more. Carpels many, 1-ovuled. Achenes
indehiscent, the styles elongated into long feathered awns.

A large and widely diffused genus, of which some foreign species have blue or purple
flowers, or herbaceous or erect stems, or entire leaves, or minute petals. The New Zealand
species are very variable, passing one into the other; their flowers are almost unisexual,
the males having no carpels, and the females few stamens. The anthers have no appendage
at the tip as most Australian species have, C. parviflora alone having a very minute one.

VOL. I. E

2 i. ranuncttlace.e. [ Clematis .

Leaves simply %-foliolate.

Flowers 1J-4 in. Sepals oblong. Leaflets 2-3 in 1. C. indivisa.

Flowers 1-2 in. Sepals oblong. Leaflets I-I5 in., lobulate . . 2. C. hexasepala.
Flowers f-1 5 in. Sepals linear, with thick tomentum .... 3. C.foetida.

Flowers J-l in. Sepals linear, with silky pubescence 4. C. parviflora.

Leaves usually biternate, or Z-foliolate with 3- partite leaflets.

Flowers 1-11 in. Sepals linear-oblong 5. (7. Colensoi.

1. C. indivisa, Willd. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 6. A large, strong, woody climber,
with trunk often % ft. diam. Leaves 3-foliolate, coriaceous, glabrous or
downy ; leaflets 1-4 in. long, varying from linear-oblong to ovate-cordate, all
petioled, entire, rarely lobed. Flowers 1-4 in. diam., most abundantly pro-
duced, white, sweet-scented. Sepals 6-8, broad- or narrow-oblong. Anthers
obtuse, oblong. Achenes very downy. — Hook. Bot: Mag; t. 4398 (a variety
with leaflets lobed as in C. hexasepala) ; C. integrifolia, Forst.

Abundant throughout the islands, festooning trees, etc., especially on the skirts of forests,
Banks and Solander, etc.

2. C. hexasepala, DC. — C. Colensoi, Hook, fil., FI. N. Z. i. 6. t. 1.
Smaller in all parts than C. indivisa, and best distinguished by its smaller
narrow ovate-cordate, often lobulate leaflets, small flowers, and very narrow
anthers. Leaves glabrous, coriaceous; leaflets 1-1£ in. long, coriaceous,
ovate-lanceolate, serrate or lobulate, rarely entire. Peduncles pubescent.
Flowers white, 1-2 in. diam. Sepals 6, broadly linear, obtuse, downy. An-
thers long, linear, obtuse. Achenes pilose. — C. hexapetala, Forst.

Northern Island : sandy banks on the east coast, Colenso. Middle Island, Forster:
Upper Awatere Valley, Sinclair. I have examined an authentic specimen of this, gathered
and named by Forster, in Mus. Paris, and find that the plant which I formerly called Colensoi
is the true hexasepala.

3. C. foetida, Raoul, Choix, xxiv. t. 22 ; — FI. N. Z. i. 7. Leaves as in
C. parviflora, but coriaceous, larger, and glabrous below. Panicle densely
tomentose, as are the sepals. Flowers small, -|— f in. diam., foetid (Raoul).
Sepals 4-6, linear. Filaments slender; anthers shortly linear-oblong.
Achenes silky.

Var. 0. depauperata, FI. N. Z. 1. c. Leaflets narrow-linear, very small, ^-li in. diam.
Peduncles short, 1-flowered.

Common in the Northern and Middle Islands. Var. 0. Lake Rotoatara, Colenso ;
Canterbury, Travers. The large leaflets and deuse tomentum on the inflorescence distin-
guish this from parviflora and Colensoi, and the small flowers and narrow sepals from
hexasepala.

4. C. parviflora, A. Cunn. ,- — FI. N. Z. i. 7. A slender climber, more
or less covered with fulvous pubescence. Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets ^-1 in.
long, ovate-cordate, usually broad, subacute, entire or lobed, pubescent chiefly
beneath. Flowers -5— 1 in. diam. Sepals covered with silky pubescence,
narrow-linear. Filaments slender, anthers short, broad, with a minute swell-
ing at the apex of the connective. Achenes silky.

Var. 0. depauperata. Leaflets very small. Sepals narrowed into long slender points.
— Perhaps a distinct species.

Northern Island : abundant on skirts of woods, Banks and Solander, etc. Var. 0,
Nelson, Travers.

5. C. Colensoi, Uook. f. — C. hexasepala, FI. N. Z. i. 7 (not DC.). A

Clematis.]

I. RANUNCDLACEj®.

3

slender climber. Leaves generally biternate, or 3-foliolate with the leaflets 3-
lobed or 3-partite. Leaflets small, J— J in. long, more membranous than
in C. fcetida, ovate-cordate, unequally toothed, lobed or almost 3-partite.
Peduncles and pedicels slender. Flowers small, green, very sweet-scented,
1-1 Jin. diam., male polyandrous ; hermaphrodite 6-8-androus. Sepals silky.
Anthers narrow -linear. Achenes glabrous or silky. — C. hexasepala, Lindl.
Bot. Beg. xxxii. t. 44.

Var. R. rutafolia, FI. N. Z. i. 7. Leaves biternate or bipinnate, leaflets 5 in. long.

In various parts of the Northern and Middle Islands. Var. /8, common in the
Middle Island. Allied to C. hexasepala, from which it is easily distinguished by its smaller
size and small green flowers; and from fcetida and parviflora, by the broad sepals and
narrow long anthers : it is certainly not the C. hexapetala of Forster, to which I gave
the name of C. Colensoi in the New Zealand Flora.

2. MYOSTJRUS, Linn.

Small stemless annual herbs, with linear leaves and many 1 -flowered scapes.
— Sepals 5, gibbous or tubular or spurred at the base. Petals 0 in the N. Z.
species. Stamens 5 or more. Carpels 1-ovuled. Achenes small, beaked,
sessile and crowded on the torus, which elongates as they ripen.

A small genus, native of the temperate northern and southern hemispheres.

1. M. aristatus, Bentli. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 8. About 1 in. high. Leaves
2*0 in. broad. Flower minute, greenish, apetalous. Sepals with a spurred
base. Stamens 5 or 6. Fruiting torus J—J in. long, erect.

Northern Island : pebbly beach near Cape Palliser, Colenso ; also a native of Cali-
fornia, and of the Andes of Chili, at 11,500 ft. elevation, but not found in Australia, w'here
the European (and only other known) species takes its place.

3. RANUNCULUS, Linn.

Herbs with petioled radical leaves, and yellow or white flowers. — Sepals
3-5, concave. Petals 5-20, with 1-3 glands or scales near the base.
Achenes numerous, small, with short, straight or hooked styles, and one
ascending ovule.

A very large genus in all temperate countries, rare in tropical ; mauy are acrid and poi-
sonous. Some of the N. Z. species are the finest known ; all are very variable indeed.

1 . Stem erect. Leaves peltate. Blowers white or cream-coloured.

Margin of leaf simply crenate 1. R. Lyallii.

Margin of leaf bicrenate and lobed at the base 2. R. Traversii.

2. Stem erect , without creeping stolons. Leaves not peltate. Flowers yellow ( white in
Bucbanani). Achenes not muricate.
a. Achenes tumid , often angled (not flattened, with thick margins).

Leaves entire, 4-8 in. Petals 5-6. Acbenes hirsute .... 3. 7?. insignis.

Leaves entire, 1-3 in. Petals 5-8. Achenes glabrous . ... 4c. R. ping uis.

Leaves deeply 3-7-lobed. Petals 10-15. Flowers many, 11 in. . 5. R. nivicola.

Leaves 3-5-lobed. Petals 10-12. Flowers few, 1-11 in. . . . 6. R. geraniifolius.

Glabrous. Leaves lobed or partite. Scape 1-flowered. Flowers white 7. R. Buchanani.
Glabrous, fleshy. Leaves multifid, cauline involucrate. Flowers

many 8. R. Haastii.

Glabrous, fleshy. Leaves multifid. Scape naked, short, 1-flowered 9. R. crithmifolius.

Silky, short, stout. Leaves multifid. Scape stout, naked, 1-flowered 10. R. sericophyllus.
Pilose, slender. Leaves multifid. Scape slender, naked, 1-flowered 11. R Sinclairii.

B 2

4

I. RANUNCULACEjE.

[ Ranunculus .

b. Achenes flattened, border thickened ; style short , hooked. Leaves hairy.

Stem branched, leafy. Leaves lobed or pinnate. Peduncle slender,

longer than the leaves. Sepals reflexed 12. 12, plebeius.

Stem 0. Leaves all radical. Scapes slender, longer than the

leaves. Sepals spreading 13. R. lappaceus.

Stem leafy. Scape shorter than the leaves, very stout, l-flowered 14. R. subscaposus.

3. Stem creeping, or with creeping stolons ( unknown in R. gracilipes). Flowers yellow.

Sepals refiexed? Achenes tumid, not muricate. — Marsh or water plants, all gla-
brous except 19. Scapes \-Jlowered.

Leaves 3-5-partite. Flowers ■§— f in. Petals 5-10, narrow . . 15. R. macropus.

Leaves 3-5-partite. Flowers j-f in. Petals 5-8, linear . . .16. R.rivularis.

Leaves 3-foliolate. Flowers in. Petals 5-8, spathulate . . 17. 12- acaulis.

Leaves piunate or 3-5-foliolate. Flowers J-f in. Petals 8-10,

ohovate-cuneate 18. R. gracilipes.

Stem very stout, short. Leaves entire or lobed. Scape very short.

Petals 10-15 19. R. pachyrrhizus.

4. Stem very slender, pilose. Achenes muncate.

Flowers minute, almost sessile, opposite the leaves 20. R. parviflorus.

1. R. Lyallii, Hook, /., n. sp. An erect, very handsome, coriaceous
plant, 2 to 4 ft. high, with paniculately branched many-flowered stem. Leaves
peltate, on long stout petioles, glabrous ; limb orbicular, very concave, thick
and coriaceous, 1 5 in. diam., simply crenate ; veins reticulated ; cauline
sessile, lobed and crenate ; seedling-leaves not peltate, broadly rhomboid, with
cuneate bases. Peduncles very numerous, villous, stout, erect, with linear-
oblong bracts. Plowers waxy -white, 4 in. diam. Sepals 5, broad, pilose.
Petals broadly cuneate, with an obscure oblong basilar gland. Stamens
small, short ; anthers oblong. Torus cylindric, hairy, lengthening after
flowering. Achenes villous, oblique ; style flexuose, subulate ; edges com-
pressed, not margined.

Middle Island : Milford Sound, Lyall ; moist places in the Southern Alps, 2-3000 ft.,
Travers, Sinclair, and Haast ; Otago, alt. 1-4000 ft., Hector and Buchanan. “Water
Lily ” of the shepherds. The most noble species of the genus. This and the following are
the only known Ranunculi with peltate leaves.

2. R. Traversii, Hook.f., n. sp. Very similar to R. Lyallii, but smaller,
the leaves 6 to 7 in. diam. and broadly twice or thrice crenate with deeper
notches, and with two incisions near the base. Flowers cream-coloured.

Middle Island: moist gullies in Wurumui mountains, Travers. I follow Mr. Travers’s
opinion in distinguishing this species, which is certainly closely allied to the former. I
have hut very indifferent specimens.

3. R. insignis, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 8. t. 2. Erect, robust, panicu-
lately branched, villous, often 4 ft. high, fulvous or rufous when dry. Leaves
rounded-cordate, 4-8 in. broad, very coriaceous, crenate and lobed ; petioles
6 in. long. Peduncles veiy numerous, stout, with (often opposite) linear-ob-
long bracts. Flowers golden, 1^ in. diam. Sepals 5-6, oblong, woolly at
the back. Petals 5-6, obcordate, with 3 glands near the base. Achenes
forming a small head upon an oblong pubescent torus, villous, tumid, with
a slender, nearly straight style.

Northern Island: Ruahine range, Tongariro, and Hikurangi, Colenso.

4. R. pinguis, Hook. f. FI. Antarct. i. 3. t. 1. Stout, rather fleshy,

Ranunculus .]

I. RANUNCULACEjE.

5

erect, 4-] 0 in. high ; stem simple, branched, more or less villous with
scattered soft white hairs, or quite glabrous. Eadical leaves on short (2-3
in.) stout petioles, fleshy, rounded reniform, deeply crenate-lobulate, 1-3 in.
diam., veins reticulated, in young plants oblong or cuneate ; cauline more or
less cut. Scapes 1- or many-flowered, very stout or slender. Flowers f-1
in. diam., golden. Sepals linear- oblong, glabrous or hairy. Petals 5-8,
obovate-cuneate, more or less retuse ; glandular depressions 1-3 at the base,
between the veins. Achenes numerous, crowded, forming a globose head,
glabrous, sharply angled ; style subulate, nearly straight.

Var. a. Scapes branched, many-flowered. Petals longer than sepals. Head of fruit small.
— R. Munroi, FI. N. Z. ii. 323.

Var. /8. Much shorter, stouter, and more fleshy. Scapes 1- or few-flowered. Sepals as
long as petals. — R. pinguis , H. f. 1. c.

Middle Island : mountains of Nelson, summit of Macrae’s Run, Tarndale, Discovery
Peaks, and "Wairau Gorge, alt. 4-5500 ft., Muvro, Sinclair; Southern Alps, Haast.
13. Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, J. I). H. Var. j8 is certainly only
an Antarctic form, with a more succulent, stouter habit, 1-flowered scapes, shorter petals, and
larger heads of carpels.

5. R. nivicola, Hook.; — FI. N. Z. i. 8. Erect, paniculately branched,
2-3 ft. high, hirsute with -lax, soft, white hairs, or nearly glabrous. Leaves
long-petioled, rounded cordate or reniform, 3-5 in. diam., deeply 3-7-
lobed ; lobes broadly cuneiform, inciso-crenate ; cauline laciniate ; petioles
8-12 in. Flowers numerous, large, bright yellow, 1| in. diam. Sepals 5,
linear-oblong, hirsute. Petals 10-15, narrow cuneate, notched, with one
gland at the base. Achenes forming a small broadly ovoid or rounded head,
glabrous; style straight, hooked at the tip. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 571-2.

Northern Island : near the perpetual snow on Mount Egmont, Dieffenbach.

6. E. geraniifolius, Hook. FI. N. Z. i. 9. t. 3. Tall, slender, spa-
ringly branched, 1-2 ft., glabrous or villous in parts, especially near the
root, with white, long, silky hairs. Eadical leaves broadly reniform, 2-3 in.
diam., deeply 3-5-lobed ; lobes cuneate, crenate-lobed ; cauline sessile, cut
and lobed ; petioles slender, 6-8 in. Peduncles slender, glabrous or vil-
lous. Flowers J-l^ in. diam. Sepals oblong, glabrous. Petals 10-12,
golden, twice as long as broad, blunt, gland depressed, close to the base.
Achenes turgid, with short flexuose styles, glabrous, collected into a small
globose head.

Northern Island : snow rills on the Ruahine range, Colenso. Middle Island : top of
Gordon’s Nob, Munro. Closely allied to R. nivicola, but smaller in all its parts; the
rhizome may be creeping, but I think not.

7. R. Buchanani, Hook.f., n. sp. Stout, erect, a span and more high,
silky or glabrous. Eoot-stalk as thick as the thumb, full of milky viscid fluid ;
rootlets thick, fibrous. Leaves radical on long thick petioles 1-4 in. long,
reniform in outline, ternatisect, 2-6 in. broad ; divisions petioled, more or
less cut into linear or cuneate, 3-5-fid lobes ; cauline similar, sessile. Flowers
solitary, large, 2J in. broad, white. Sepals 5, reflexed, villous. Petals
15-20, linear-oblong. 'Achenes turgid, pilose ; styles subulate, A— j- in. long,
collected into a globose head.

Middle Island : Otago, Lake district, in large patches, alt. 5-6000 ft., Hector and Bu-
chanan ; ? Macaulay river and Waimakeriri country, alt. 2-5000 ft., Haast (both without

I. KANUNCULACEjE.

6

[ Ranunculus .

flowers). I have a fine coloured drawing of this plant from Mr. Buchanan ; it is a very
beautiful species, described as having the leaves at times almost entire.

8. R. Haastii, Hook. /., n. sp. Very stout, fleshy, glabrous, a span
high. Eadical leaves broadly reniform, 3 in. diam., palmately cut to the
base into 5-7 deeply and irregularly laciniate, fleshy, blunt lobes ; petiole
tapering downwards, 3-4 in. long. Scape as thick as the finger, naked be-
low, with a crowded mass of sessile laciniate cauline leaves, forming a sort of
leafy involucre to the numerous 1-flowered naked peduncles. Flowers absent.
Aclienes forming a globose head as large as a nut, fleshy, very numerous,
large, Jin. long, on a globose swollen torus, glabrous, turgid ; style long,
flattened, subulate.

Middle Island : shingle beds on Mount Torlesse and the Ribbon-wood range, alt. 4500
to 6000 ft., Haast. A most remarkable plant, of which I have but two imperfect specimens ;
it is probably very variable, and other specimens may deviate much from the above description.

9. R. crithmifolius, Hook. /., n. sp. Small, perfectly glabrous, very
fleshy, glaucous, stemless ; rootstock short, stout, horizontal, with thick fleshy
fibres. Leaves all radical, on recurved petioles 1-2 in. long, blade broad, {— 1
in. broad, reniform in outline, biternately multifid ; segments short, linear, T\7
in. long, obtuse. Scape stout, fleshy, erect, shorter than the leaves, single-
flowered. Flowers small. Sepals linear-oblong. Petals not seen. Achenes
in a globose bead, ■§■ in. diam., turgid, keeled ; style sharp, straight, subulate.

Middle Island : Wairau Gorge, on shingle slips, alt. 6000 feet, Travers. A very sin-
gular plant, easily recognized by its glaucous, fleshy habit, finely divided leaves, and single-
flowered, short scapes.

10. R. sericophyllus, Hook.f., n. sp. Short, stout, erect, very silky,
scapigerous, 1-flowered ; root fibrous. Leaves all radical, 1-2 in. long, pe-
tiole stout, blade broadly ovate in outline, tripinnatisect, membranous ; seg-
ments small, linear-oblong, subacute, with a pencil of silky hairs at The tip.
Scape stout, erect, very silky, longer than the leaves, 1-flowered. Flower
1-1£ in. diam. Sepals oblong, membranous, spreading, almost as long as
the petals. Petals 8-10, obovate-cuneate, rounded at the tip, bright yellow ;
glands 3, naked. Achenes not seen.

Middle Island : snow holes on Mount Brewster, and Hopkins river, amongst grass,
alt. 5-6000 feet, Haast. A beautiful little plant, allied to the Tasmanian R. Gannii, and
like it, with 3 glands on the petals, but much more robust and silky, with large golden-
yellow flowers, membranous leaves, with much smaller, shorter, ultimate segments.

11. R. Sinclair!!, Ilook.f, n. sp. Small, 2 to 8 in. high, almost glabrous,
with a few thin long silky hairs at the base of the petioles, and sometimes on
the petioles and scapes ; rootstock stout, prostrate, with stout fibres. Leaves
tufted, 1-4 in. long, ovate-oblong in outline, bipinnatisect or multifid; seg-
ments narrow-linear, short, spreading, primary divisions 2 to 4 pairs, opposite,
ovate in outline. Scape slender, leafless, 1-flowered. Flower •§ in. diam.,
golden-yellow. Sepals 5. Petals 5, linear-obovate, with a deep oblong gland
below the middle. Achenes with subulate, short, straight styles.

Middle Island : mountains above Tarndale, alt. 5000 ft ., Sinclair; Wairau Gorge, alt. '
4-5000 ft. Travers ; Otago, Lake district, 6000 ft.. Hector and Buchanan. A very peculiar
little species, quite unlike any other, easily recognized by its small size and finely-cut leaves.
The rootstock is prostrate, but I do not think the plant belongs to the creeping section of
the genus, which is almost wholly glabrous. It resembles the Andean R. dichotomns more

Ranunculus .]

1. HANUNCULACEiE.

7

than any other. A Ruahine-range plant, of Colenso, with long hairs on scapes and petioles,
and less divided leaves, but without flower, may be a form of this.

12. R. pleheius, Br.; — M. N. Z. i. 9. — R.Mrtus, Banks and Sol. ; PI.
N. Z. i. 9. Short or tall, more or less branched, and covered with long spread-
ing or appressed hairs. Leaves mostly radical, long-petioied, 3-folioIate or pin-
nately biternate ; leaflets usually broadly ovate, lobed and toothed. Scapes or
branches numerous, ascending, slender, leafy, branched, 10-24 in. long, with
few sessile or petioled leaves. Peduncles slender, glabrous or covered with ap-
pressed or patent, rigid or soft hairs. 'Flowers f in. diam. Sepals oblong,
reflexed. Petals twice as long, obovate, rounded at the tip, with a small de-
pressed gland at the base. Achenes glabrous, compressed, forming a rounded
head ; margin thickened ; style short, hooked ; receptacle elongate-ovoid, pi-
lose.— R. acris, A. Kich. Flora, not Linn.

Abundant throughout the islands. Banks and Solander, etc. A common Australian
plant, and probably a form of a South African and European one.

13. R. lappaceus, 8m., var. multiscapus. — R. multiscapus, Hook. f.
FI. N. Z. i. 9. t. 5. Much smaller than R. plebeius, 1-10 in. high, more or
less hairy or hirsute, and differing in the entire or 3 -lobed leaves, slender
single-flowered scapes, and spreading sepals. Leaves ^-1 in. long, cuneate
or ovate or ovate-rotundate, coarsely crenate, entire or 3-lobed, or 3-partite.
Scapes usually longer than the leaves, covered with spreading or appressed
hairs. Petals often large and bright yellow.

Northern and Middle Islands : common in many situations, especially subalpine
ones, ascending to 3000 feet in Otago, A most abundant Tasmanian and Australian plant.

14. R, subscaposus, Hook./. FI. Antarct. i. 5. Erect or decumbent,
very hairy, almost hispid, 6-10 in. high ; root fibrous. Leaves on petioles
4-8 in. long, covered with spreading or appressed hairs ; blade 1-1 ^ in.
long, hairy on both surfaces, either broadly triangular-ovate and 3-lobed to
the base, the lobes cuneate and incised, or entire with a cuneate base, and the
margin above the middle deeply lobed or cut. Scape or stem shorter than
the leaves, hispid or villous, sometimes running. Flowers small, •£— J in.
broad. Sepals 5, spreading, membranous. Petals 5, bright yellow. Pipe
achenes not seen.

Middle Island : Hopkins river, shady gorges near snow, alt. 4-5000 ft., Haast.
Campbell's Island, Lygll. This seems an alpine ally or a form of R. plebeius, remarkable
for the stout hispid or hairy scapes or flowering branches being shorter than the leaves.

15. R. macropus, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 10. Perfectly glabrous.
Stems slender, 2 ft. long and more, fistular prostrate and rooting. Leaves 1-3
in. diam., semicircular in outline, cut to the base into 3-5 leaflets ; leaflets
broad- or narrow- cuneate, irregularly cut and lobed at the apex, lobes obtuse ;
petiole 4-12 in. long, weak. Peduncles solitary, axillary, those near the
ends of the branches short, the rest very long. Flower -J— f in. diam. Sepals 5.
Petals 5-10, longer or shorter than the sepals, narrow obovate-oblong ; gland
depressed, basal. Achenes turgid, glabrous, smooth, collected in a small glo-
bose bead ; style subulate ; receptacle oblong, glabrous. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 634.

Common in pools and marshes, apparently throughout the the islands, from Poverty Bay,
Colenso , to Otago, Lindsay. This differs from R. rivularis chiefly in its very great size,
more lax habit, very long petioles, and the much broader segments of the leaves.

8

I. RANUN CULACEAS.

[ Ranunculus .

16. R. rivularis, Banks and Sol. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 11. Creeping, perfectly
glabrous, slender. Stems tufted, or sending out creeping stolons, or prostrate
and branching at the nodes, or floating and branching irregularly. Leaves
broadly ovate, reniform or semicircular, 1 in. diatn., cut into 3-7 leaflets,
which are linear or narrow-cuneate, deeply lobed and cut at the apex or to
the middle, sometimes ternatisect ; petioles 1-3 in. long. Scapes or pedun-
cles slender, longer than the leaves, 1-flowered. Flower f in. diam. Se-
pals 5. Petals 5-8, linear-oblong ; gland depressed, placed just below the
middle. Achenes as in R. macro-pus.

Var. a. major, Benth. FI. Austral, i. 14. Suberect ; leaves tufted. — 11. incisus, Hook. f.
FI. N. Z. i. 10, t. iv.

Var. (i. subjtuitans, Benth. 1. c. Floating, or prostrate in wet swamps. Leaves alternate.
— R. rivularis, FI. N. Z. i. 11 ; R. inundatus, Banks and Sol.; FI. Tasm. i. 8.

Abundant in watery places throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Also abun-
dant in Australia.

17. R. acaulis, Banks and Sol. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 11. Small, perfectly gla-
brous, rather succulent. Stems with creeping stolons, 4-6 in. long. Leaves
tufted, in. broad, cut into 3, obovate, entire or 2-3-lobed, coriaceous,
broad, obtuse leaflets; petioles 1-3 in. long. Scapes 1-flowered, usually
shorter than the petioles. Flower | in. diam. Sepals 5. Petals 5-8,
spathulate ; gland depressed, near the middle of the petal. Achenes as in R.
macropus.

Northern and Middle Islands: sandy and gravelly places, by rills of water. Bay of
Islands, not rare, but much more so than R. inundatus ; Lord Auckland's group, J. B. H.
Much smaller than either of the foregoing, and at once recognized by the nearly entire broad
leaflets. The Valdiviau R. stenopetalus, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 667, is the same species, I think.

18. R. gracilipes, Hook.f., n. sp. Small, perfectly glabrous, slender.
Stems creeping ? Leaves all radical, variable in size ; petioles slender, 1-4
in. long ; blade pinnately divided, either pinnate, with 2-3 pairs of rounded,
3-4-lobed, sessile leaflets, in. long, or Alternately divided with the leaf-
lets petioled, wedge-shaped, deeply lobed, 1 in. long. Scapes 3-6 in. long,
very slender, 1-flowered. Flowers f in. diam., golden-yellow. Sepals
glabrous, oblong. Petals 8-10, twice as long, obovate-cuneate, retuse; de-
pressed gland small, near the very base.

Middle Island : banks of Lake Okau, Haast. A very distinct but variable species,
with the habit and appearance of R. rivularis , but the leaves are pinnately divided. My
specimens are very imperfect, and I place it in the creeping section from its resemblance to
the preceding.

19. R. pachyrrhizus, Hook.f., n. sp. Small, densely matted, very suc-
culent. Scapes and petioles with long weak hairs. Stem prostrate, cylindri-
cal, creeping, as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves very short, small, all radical ;
petioles stout, fleshy, \ in. long; blade cuneate or obovate-cuneate,

in. long, acutely lobed or cut. Scape short, stout, 1-flowered. Flowers f-1
in. diam. Sepals linear-oblong, membranous. Petals 10-15, obovate-spa-
thulate, bright yellow ; depressed gland near the base. Achenes not seen.

Middle Island : Otago, Lake district, alt. 6-8000 ft., covering large tracts in low
matted patches, Hector and Buchanan. A most curious little species, best known by its
habit and habitat.

20. R. parviflorus, Linn., var. australis, Benth. FI. Austral, i. 15.

Ranunculus .]

I. RANUNCULACEjE.

9

— j R. sessilijlorus, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 11. Slender, hairy, annual. Stem pro-
strate or rarely erect, branching, 1-12 in. long. Leaves few radical and
many cauline, alternate, small, 3— | in. diam., orbicular, 3-5-lobed, the
lobes entire or variously cut, on short slender petioles. Flowers very small,
on the branches opposite the leaves, solitary, almost or quite sessile." Sepals
fugacious. Petals 5, about as long as the sepals. Achenes few, in a small
globular head, compressed with thin edges, pilose, the sides covered with
minute tubercles or hooks ; style short, hooked.

Northern Island, Colenso (perhaps introduced). Common in temperate Australia.
The typical R. parvijtorus is a S. European plant.

4. CALTHA, Linn.

Glabrous, tufted herbs, with most or all of the leaves radical, and 1 -flowered
scapes. — Sepals 5 or more, petaloid, imbricate. Petals 0. Stamens numerous.
Carpels several, with many ovules in two rows on the ventral suture. Fol-
licles splitting along the inner face, several-seeded.

A small genus, found in the temperate and cold regions of both hemispheres.

1. C. novae-Zelandise, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 12. t. 6. Short, stout,
tufted, glabrous, perennial, with a thick rootstock, numerous radical leaves,
and short, thick, 1-flowered scape. Leaves spreading ; blade ovate-oblong,
notched at the apex, deeply cordate and auricled at the base, with the obtuse
auricles turned up and appressed to the surface of the leaf ; petioles 1-6 in.,
dilated at the base into large membranous sheaths. Flowers 1-2 in. diam.
Sepals 5-7, linear-subulate. Stamens short, very numerous. Carpels 5-7,
broadly ovate, gibbous ; style short, hooked.

Northern Island : top of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Middle Island ; Mount
Brewster and Hopkins river, alt. 5-6000 ft., Haast ; Otago, alpine districts, alt. 4-6000 ft.,
Hector and Buchanan. The C. introloba, F. Muell., of Tasmania and Victoria (a plant not
discovered when this was published) is very closely allied to this, differing chiefly in the re-
curved styles.

Order II. MAGNOLIACEiE.

Tribe Wintered.

Aromatic shrubs or trees, with alternate, exstipulate leaves. — Sepals and
petals imbricated in 2, 3, or many series, very deciduous. Stamens numerous ;
hypogynous. Filaments often thick or dilated ; anthers adnate. Carpels
few, in 1 series, with 2 or more ovules attached to the ventral suture.
Stigma sessile and terminal or decurrent along the suture. Ripe carpels of
free, small drupes follicles or berries. Seeds few ; testa shining ; albumen
copious, fleshy ; embryo small.

This description refers only to the tribe IVinterea, which alone is represented in
N. Zealand. This Order contains many genera, in some of which the carpels are very
numerous and spiked, in others combined, and in some the flowers are unisexual ; it abounds in
the southern United States, and the mountainous regions of India and Eastern Asia; its
qualities are aromatic. The genus Brimys contains one S. American, two Australian, one
alpine Bornean, and probably several New Caledonian species.

10

II. MAGNOLIACEJE.

1. DRIMYS, Forst.

Sepals 2 or 3, membranous, combined into an in'egularly lobed calyx. Petals
6 or more, in 2 or more series. Filaments thickened upwards ; anther-cells
diverging. Carpels few.

1. D. axillaris, Forst.; — FI. N. Z. i. 12. A small, slender, evergreen
tree, 10-30 ft. high, with black bark, aromatic and pungent in all its parts.
Leaves 1-6 in. long, elliptical-ovate, blunt, shortly petioled, quite entire,
bright-green above, glaucous below, pellucid-dotted, midrib hairy beneath.
Flowers small, axillary or from scars of fallen leaves, solitary or few to-
gether; pedicels slender. Petals unequal, linear. Stamens 8-10, in several
series. Berries about 3, size of a peppercorn. Seeds several, angled. — D. co-
lorata, Raoul, Choix, t. 23 ; Wintera axillaris, Forst. Prodr.

Abundant in forests throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. “Pepper-tree” of
the colonists. "Wood makes pretty veneers, Buchanan.

Order III. CRUCIFERS.

Herbs, usually with small racemose flowers. — Sepals 4, free. Petals 4, free,
placed crosswise. Stamens 6 (rarely 1, 2, or 4), hypogynous, 2 longer
than the others. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 or more ovules. Capsule 2- (rarely
1-) celled, bursting longitudinally by 2 valves, which fall away from the
seed-bearing placentas. Seeds exalbuminous, with the radicle turned up
toward the edges (accumbent) or back of the cotyledons (incumbent).

A large Order, abounding in all temperate countries, especially of Europe and Asia.
Most of the New Zealand genera are British. Properties stimulant and antiscorbutic. The
Mustard, Shepherd’s-purse, Radish, Turnip, Cabbage, etc., all belong to this Order, and are
found as escapes from cultivation.

* Pod long and narrow ( often short in Nasturtium).

Pod terete, stout, curved. Seeds in 2 rows. Flowers yellow ... 1. Nasturtium.

Pod somewhat 4-gouous. Seeds in 1 row. Flowers yellow .... 2. Barbarea.

Pod terete, slender. Seeds in 1 row 3. Sisymbrium.

Pod flat. Valves elastic. Seeds in 1 row. Flowers white .... 4. Cardamine.

** Pod short and broad.

Pod with convex or keeled valves 5. Braya.

Pod with much-flattened, "often winged, 1-seeded valves 6. Lepidium.

Pod with much-flattened, often winged, many-seeded valves .... 7. Notothlaspi.

1. NASTURTIUM, Br.

Branching herbs, with usually yellow flowers and cut leaves. — Sepals
spreading. Petals with short claws, yellow, sometimes 0. Stamens 6 or fewer.
Pod subcylindric, usually curved , valves membranous, concave, many-seeded.
Seeds in 2 series in each valve, minute, turgid ; cotyledons accumbent.

A large British genus, of which the Watercress (N. officinale) is a white-flowered species,
abuudantly naturalized in rivers, etc.

1. N. palustre, DC.—N. terrestre, Br. ; FI. N. Z. i. 14. A suberect,
glabrous or pilose, branching herb, with entire or pinnatifid leaves, auricled
at the base, the lobes sinuate-toothed. Flowers on slender pedicels, small.

Nasturtium .]

III. CRUCIFERS.

11

Petals hardly longer than the calyx. Pods turgid, oblong, as long as or
shorter than their pedicels, curved.

Northern and Middle Islands, not uncommon in moist places. I have adopted the
name palustre for this plant, because it is that used in most Continental works, and in
Bentham’s Australian Flora, hut that of terrestre has equal claims to be retained. A very
widely distributed plant in both the Old and New World; a state with almost entire leaves,
N. semipinnatifidum , Hook., sometimes occurs.

2. BARBAEEA, Br.

Stout or slender, erect, leafy, glabrous herbs, usually with angled stems,
and pinnate or pinnatifid leaves. — Sepals suberect. Petals clawed, yellow.
Pods erect, elongate, compressed, 4-gonous, with keeled or costate, straight,
coriaceous, many-seeded valves. Seeds oblong, in one series ; cotyledons
accumbent.

A common European genus, of which one species was cultivated in former times in
Britain as a pot-herb. The New Zealand species, which is also Australian, seems to be
quite the same as the British, which is very variable.

1. B. vulgaris, Linn. — B. australis, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 14. Erect,
rather rigid, stout, leafy, 1-2 ft. high, with green, furrowed stems. Lower
leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; lobes obovate-oblong, terminal ovate and sinuate.
Upper leaves entire, sinuate or pinnatifid. Flowers rather large. Pods stout,
1|- in. long, Jg— in. broad, erecto-patent, broader than their terete pedicels ;
valves veined ; style short, straight.

Northern Island, Colenso. This, the “Toi” of the natives, was formerly used by
them as food.

3. SISYMBRIUM, Linn.

Herbs, usually leafy with slender stems and small white or yellow flowers. —
Sepals suberect or spreading. Petals clawed. Pod slender, terete or slightly
compressed ; valves concave, many-seeded. Seeds in one series in each cell,
oblong.

A British genus, abundant in the north temperate zone, rare in the south.

1. S. novae-Zelandise, Hook. /., n. sp. Tall, very slender, 1-2 ft.
high, glabrous or covered with minute stellate pubescence. Leaves chiefly
radical, spreading, 1-2 in. long, few or many and crowded, narrow-obovate
or linear- oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid ; lobes blunt. Flowering stems very
slender, sparingly branched, with few entire or toothed linear leaves. Flowers
small, w'hite. Petals narrow. Sepals erect. Pods £—2 in. long, in.
broad, very narrow, linear, obtuse, glabrous, on slender pedicels; valves convex,
1-nerved. Seeds small. Cotyledons obliquely incumbent.

Middle Island: mountains of Nelson, Hough; Shingle slips, Wairau Gorge, alt. 4500
ft., Travers.

4. CARD AMINE, Linn.

Generally slender or small herbs, with entire or pinnate leaves, and small
white flowers. — Sepals erect or spreading. Petals clawed or spathulate. Pod
long, linear, compressed ; valves flat, usually separating elastically and curving

12 hi. crucifeile. [ Cardamine .

backwards. Seeds numerous, forming one series in each cell, flattened ; coty-
ledons accumbent.

A very extensive genus, especially in temperate regions. Common in England.

Stems slender. Leaves pinnate 1. C. hirsuta.

Stem 0. Leaves spathulate 2. 6’. depressa.

Stem stout, tall. Leaves sinuate-lobed 3. C. stylosa.

Stem very short and stout. Leaves long, deeply toothed 4. C.fastigiata.

1. C. hirsuta, Linn. ; — Fl.N.Z. i. 13. Avery variable, slender, branched,
rarely simple, glabrous or slightly hairy annual, 12-18 in. high, erect or de-
cumbent, sometimes assuming a perennial rootstock, especially near the sea.
Leaves pinnate ; leaflets few, opposite or alternate, entire or lobed, orbicular
oblong ovate or cordate, usually on slender petioles, sometimes reduced to
one. Flowering branches sometimes reduced to capillary 1 -flowered scapes.
Flowers small, white (sometimes 4-androus in Europe). Pods f-l| in.
long, slender, on slender pedicels, obtuse or produced into acuminate styles.
Seeds small, pale yellow-red.

Var. a. debilis. Erect or generally decumbent, much branched. Leaflets in several pairs,
rounded or cordate. Pods very slender, with long slender styles. — C. debilis, Banks ;
Sisymbrium heterophyllum, Forst.

Var. f). corymbosa. Smaller in all its parts, with few-flowered corymbs. Leaflets 2 pairs.
Pods with short styles. — C. corymbosa, FI. Antarct. i. 6 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 686.

Var. y. subcarnosa, FI. Antarct. i. 5. Erect, rather fleshy, with stout branches and pe-
tioles. Leaflets in several pail's, obovate or oblong. Flowers numerous, larger, in a dense
corymb. Styles very short, stout.

Var. S. uniflora. Very small, the leaves reduced to 1 pinnule, and the stem to a 1-
flowered scape.

Abundant throughout the islands, in all situations, especially moist or shady, Banks and
Solander, etc. Var. a, the most frequent; var. /3, in woods ; var. y, a southern succulent
form, found in Campbell’s Island, and probably also in the Southern Island, and elsewhere ;
var. 5, rather a reduced state than a distinct race. A very common plant in all temperate
and cold, and many warm parts of the world ; the succulent forms are an excellent cress.
In Britain and elsewhere in the northern hemisphere, this plant is an annual, in the more
equable climate of the southern usually a perennial.

2. C. depressa, Hook. f. FI. Antarct. i. 6. A glabrous or pilose

stemless perennial. Leaves crowded, rosulate, 1-2 in. long, spathulate,
entire or crenate, sinuate or lobulate, obtuse or retuse, narrowed into long
or short petioles. Flowering stems ^-4 in. high, erect or ascending, few-
flowered. Flowers small, white. Pods in. long, erect, rather stout;

styles short, stout.

Var. a. depressa. Glabrous, larger. Leaves entire or lobulate. — C. depressa, FI. Antarct.
i. 6. t. 8 and 4 B.

Var. 0. stellata. Pilose, smaller. Leaves nearly quite entire. — C. stellata, Hook. f. ; FI.
Antarct. i. 7. t. 4 A.

Middle Island : var. a, Lake Tennyson and Wairau mountains, alt. 4-5000 ft., Travers ;
Hopkins river, Lake Okau, etc ,,Haast ; Otago, wet places in the Lake district, Hector and
Buchanan. Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Islands, a and /3, abundant, J.
I). H. I suspect that this will prove a reduced form of C. hirsuta, a Tasmanian variety
of which plant approaches it iu foliage.

3. C. stylosa, DC. — C. divaricata, FI. N. Z. i. 19. Perennial ?, tall, 2
to 3 ft. high, glabrous, stout, branched, leafy. Leaves 3 to 5 in. long, linear-
spathulate or oblong, sagittate at the base, quite entire or toothed, or sinuate
or lobed or almost pinnatifid at the base. Kacemes elongated. Flowers

Cardamine.']

III. CRUCIFERiE.

13

rather small, white. Pods stout, 1-1|- in. long, on horizontally spreading
stout pedicels ; valves concave ; style stout, -g-*in. long. Seeds brown, with
impressed dots. — Arabis gigantea, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 259.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, R. Cunningham ; near Auckland, Lyall, Sinclair.
Seeds rather smaller and paler than in the Australian and Tasmanian plant ; leaves in one
specimen almost pinnatifid ; but clearly, I think, the same species.

4. C. fastigiata, Hook. f. — Arabis fastigiata, PI. N. Z. ii. 324. A
glabrous perennial ; rootstock a span long, perpendicular, tapering, fusiform,
as thick as the little finger, densely clothed towards the apex with the recurved
bases of the old leaves ; branches ascending from the top of the rootstock
amongst the leaves, 6-18 in. long, rather stout, leafy, simple or branched.
Leaves densely rosulate at the apex of the rootstock, 2-3 in. long, narrow,
lanceolate-spathulate, acute, coarsely inciso-serrate, very coriaceous ; cauline
less spathulate, narrower, with narrower serratures. Flowers very numerous,
white, about -§■ in. diam., on slender pedicels. Petals with narrow claws.
Pods suberect, curved, narrow-linear, 1^-2 in. long, in. broad, with acute
ends and very short styles. Seeds (unripe) oblong, compressed, red-brown.

Middle Island : highest part of Macrae’s run, Munro ; river-bed of the Macaulay, alt.
3500 ft., Haast. In the New Zealand Flora, I referred this to Arabis, and it has equal claims
to this genus and Cardamine ; but its close affinity with C. radicata, of Tasmania, determines
me to transfer it here.

5. BE AY A, Sternberg.

Alpine, densely tufted, perennial herbs, with long tap-roots, rosulate radical
leaves, and scape's bearing short few-flowered racemes or corymbs. — Flowers
white pink or purplish. Sepals short, equal. Petals obovate. Stamens 6.
Pod short, thick, ovate or oblong; valves convex, with a stout costa, or
keeled ; septum entire or open ; style very short ; stigma capitate. Seeds
in 1 or 2 series; funicles very short; cotyledons incumbent.

An Arctic genus, also found, but rarely, in the loftiest alps of Europe, N. Asia, and N.
and S. America.

1. B. novse-Zelandiae, Hook. /., n. sp. A very short, depressed, al-
pine herb, covered with stellate pubescence ; root long, tap-shaped, as thick
as the finger, bearing one or several equally thick, erect or ascending cylindric
branches, covered with scars of old leaves and surmounted by a head of small
imbricating leaves that spread out horizontally. Leaves £ in. long, oblong,
pinnatifidly lobed, narrowed into flat short petioles ; those on the scapes with
longer petioles, and a minute obovate blade, which is digitately lobed at the
top. Scapes or peduncles very numerous, rising from the root below the
leaves, shorter than these, and spreading horizontally, 3-5-flowered. Flowers
not seen. Pods L in. long, about half as broad, laterally compressed;
septum incomplete. Seeds 3-5 in each valve, obovoid.

Middle Island : Lake district, debris of schist on Mount Alta, alt. 5000 ft., Hector and
Buchanan. A most remarkable plant ; the pod is rather too much compressed for Braga,
and approaches that of Lepidium.

6. LEPIDIUM, Linn.

Herbs, sometimes with an almost woody stem, toothed or pinnatifid leaves,
and white, sometimes unisexual flowers. — Stamens 4 or 6. Pods broad,

14 hi. ckuciferjE. \_Lepidium.

much flattened laterally, obtuse, winged or keeled at the back ; cells 1-seeded.
Cotyledons incumbent.

A large genus, common in England, and the N. and S. temperate zones generally. To this
genus the garden “ Cress” belongs, also L. ruderale, a common slender Australian and Euro-
pean much-branched annual, with linear leaves, which will probably soon be introduced into
New Zealand.

Erect. Leaves more or less toothed or serrate 1. L. oleraceum.

Erect. Leaves pinnatifid • 2. L. sisymbrioides.

Procumbent. Leaves pinnatifid 3 . L. incisum.

1 . L. oleraceum, Ford. ; — FI. N.Z. i. 15. Suberect, perennial, glabrous,
10-18 in. high; stem stout, woody, scarred, branched, smelling disagree-
ably when bruised. Leaves obovate-cuneate or oblong-spathulate, 1-3 in.
long, lower serrate, upper more entire. Flowers numerous, small, 4-androus.
Pods on slender spreading pedicels, ovate, subacute, L in. long, not winged
at the back. — A. Rich. Flora, t. 35.

Abundant ou the shores throughout the islands, Banks and Solander ; Otago, Lake
district, Waitaki valley, Hector and Buchanan , a small-leaved form. Lord Auckland's
group, Bolton. Not found in other countries.

2. L. sisymbrioid.es, Ilook.f., n. sp. Erect, glabrous, slender, a span
high ; root woody, spindle-shaped, branching out into several heads at the
top. Steins very numerous, slender, flexuose, sparingly branched, leafy.
Leaves small, L- f in. long, linear, pinnatifid ; segments small, short, — in.
long, entire toothed or lobulate. Flowers small, in terminal racemes ; petals
white ; pedicels slender. Pods on spreading curved slender pedicels, i in.
long, broadly subquadrate-ovate, acute at both ends, not winged at the back,
notched at the apex.

Middle Island: Dry Grass flats, Lake Okau, alt. 2000 ft., Haast ; Otago, grassy plains,
Waitaki valley, Hector and Buchanan ; possibly a form of L. incisum.

3. L. incisum. Banks and Sol. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 15. Glabrous or pilose,
much branched, prostrate ; root stout, perennial, woody ; branches sparingly
leafy, a span long, ascending at the tips. Lower leaves on long petioles, 2-3
in. long, pinnatifid, with 4-6 pairs of spreading or recurved blunt.ly-toothed
lobes, the upper entire or toothed at the tip, broadly cuneate. Flowers in
small, axillary or terminal, few-flowered racemes. Petals 0 in my specimens.
Stamens 4, glands of the disk 6 or 8, elongated. Pods ovate-cordate, notched
at the apex, -J- in. long, half as long as the slender pedicels.

Northern Island. Opuraga, on the beach, rare, Banks and Solander ; Port Nicholson,
on rocks near the sea, Colenso. Middle Island. Limestone rocks in the subalpine
region of Waimakeriri, alt. 2000 ft., Haast. I have described the habit, foliage, inflores-
cence, etc., of this plant, from Banks and Solander’s specimen and drawing ; Mr. Haast’s
being very young and apparently dwarfed.

7. NOTOTHLASPI, Hook. f.

Herbs, with numerous spatliulate, thick, radical leaves. — Flowers "rather
large, white. Sepals erect. Pods very much flattened ; valves winged ; cells
very many-seeded. Seeds on very slender funicles ; radicle incumbent, some-

times very long.

A genus confined to New Zealand.

Scape very stout. Style very short 1. A rosulatum.

Stem usually much branched at the base. Style long 2 . N. australe.

Notothlaspi.)

III. CRUCIFERS.

15

1. N. rosulatum, Rook. /., n. sp. A very stout, erect, densely
leafy, pyramidal, fleshy herb. Stem 0, or very short. Leaves very nu-
merous and most densely crowded, imbricated, forming a rosette, spathulate,
petioled, crenate, when young covered with weak cellular hairs, glabrous when
old. Scape often thicker than the finger, a span high, bearing a profusion of
white sweet-scented flowers. Pods 1 in. long, obovate, with a very short
style. Seeds rather large, with a thin pitted testa ; radicle very long, often
twice folded, first upwards, then downwards and backwards over the back of
the cotyledons.

Middle Island : alt. 3500 to 6500 ft. ; shingle beds on the Ribbon range, Mount Tor-
lesse and Waimakeriri valley, Sinclair and Haas/ ; Wairau valley, Maling, Travers ; Lake
Tennyson, Hough. A most singular plant.

2. N. australe, Hook. f. — Thlaspi (?) australe, FI. N. Z. ii. 325. A
small, perennial, densely tufted, much branched (rarely simple), glabrous
plant, with short leafy branches, and very numerous white corymbose flowers ;
roots slender, fusiform, descending deeply ; branches 1-2 in. long. Leaves
cauline and radical, petiolate, J-l^ in. long, spathulate-oblong or linear-

- spathulate, subacute, entire or crenate, coriaceous or fleshy, often recurved.
Flowers white, scentless, in many-flowered corymbs, almost involucrate by
the numerous cauline leaves, about J in. diam., on pedicels 1 in. long.
Young pods obovate, refuse, with long stout styles ; valves winged. Seeds
excessively numerous.

Middle Island : top of Gordon’s Nob, Upper Wairau river, and elsewhere iu the Nelson
Province, alt. 4-5000 ft., Munro, Sinclair, Travers, Haast.

The most frequent naturalized Crucifera known to me in New Zealand are all common
British weeds, except Alyssum maritimum, mentioned by A. Cunningham, but which is not
fully naturalized.

Capsella Bv.rsa-pastoris, Linn. (Shepherd’s-purse) . An annual, with spreading rosulate
pinnatilobed radical leaves, simple or branched scapes, many small white flowers, an ob-
cuneate or obcordate retuse flat pod, the valves not winged, and cells many-seeded.

Senebiera pinnatifida, DC. A much branched, prostrate, glabrous, leafy annual, with
bipinnatifid irregularly-cut leaves, short leaf-opposed racemes of very small, white flowers,
succeeded by very small, didymous, wrinkled, indehiscent, 2-celled, 2-seeded pods. S. Coro-
nopvs, Poir., with subacute, crested pods, is also found.

Watercress, Nasturtium officinale, Linn., is a pest in the rivers about Canterbury, at-
taining a size never seen in Europe, and is found also abundantly elsewhere.

The Cabbage, Brassica oleracea, Linn., Turnip, B. campestris, Linn., Cress, Lepidium
sativum, Linn., Charlock, B. Sinapistrum, Boiss., Horseradish, Cochlearia Armoracia, Linn.,
Radish, Baphanus sativus, and probably various others, occur as escapes from fields and gar-
dens. —

I have an indifferent specimen of a Cruciferous (?) plant, gathered by Haast, on terraces
near Lake Okau, which 1 am unable to refer to any genus ; it is a slender branched herb,
pubescent, with simple hairs ; small pinnate leaves ; leaflets in 1 to 2 pairs, rounded, entire
or lobed ; and minute white flowers, that seem to be in an imperfect condition.

Order IY. VIOLABXEiE.

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves. Flowers regular or irre-
gular.— Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, imbricate. Stamens 5, hypogynous ;
anthers sessile or on short filaments, often united, the connective usually ex-
panded upwards or provided with an appendage at the back, or both. Ovary

16

IV. VIOLARlEAf.

with 2 to 5, parietal placentas, and one style. Fruit a capsule or berry.
Embryo axile in fleshy albumen.

A large Order, widely distributed through tropical aud temperate regions.

Petals spreading. Anthers united. Capsule 3-valved 1. Viola.

Petals small. Anthers free. Berry with 3 or 6 placentas ... 2. Melicytus.

Petals small. Anthers connate. Berry with 2 placentas .... 3. Hymenanthera.

1. VIOLA, Linn.

Herbs, with trailing stems or short woody stocks. Leaves alternate, petioled,
stipulate. Flowers irregular. — Sepals 5, produced at the base. Petals un-
equal, spreading, lowermost often larger, spurred or gibbous at the base.
Anthers 5, connective flat, produced into a thin membrane, the lower often
spurred. Style capitate. Capsule 3-valved, with a parietal placenta on each
valve.

A large British and widely-diffused genus in all temperate climates, of which several
species produce two forms of flowers ; the larger peduneled, with large petals, that often
ripen few seeds ; and minute ones lower down, apparently imperfect, with reduced petals or

0, that ripen abundance of seed.

Stems slender. Leaves cordate." Stipules and bracts lacerate . . . 1. V. filicaulis.

Stems slender. Leaves cordate. Bracts entire 2. V. Lyallii.

Stems short. Leaves ovate. Bracts entire 3. V. Cunninghamii.

1. V. filicaulis, TTook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 16. Very slender, perfectly gla-
brous. Stems filiform, prostrate or creeping. Leaves alternate, orbicular-
cordate or broadly ovate-cordate, obtuse or acute, obtusely crenate ; petioles
1-3 in. long ; stipules lacerate, the teeth filiform, tipped with a gland. Pe-
duncles very slender, 1-flovvered ; bracts subulate, more or less lacerate like
the stipules. Flowers very pale blue, i— J in. diam. Sepals linear-lanceolate,
acuminate. Spur very short.

Northern aud Middle Islands: as far south as Otago, in various localities, abundant.
Very near the V. serpens of India.

2. V. Lyallii, Hook. /., n. sp. — V. Cunninghamii, var. y, FI. N. Z. i. 16.
Entirely similar in most respects to V. filicaulis, but the stipules and bracts
are generally more green, and always entire, usually obtuse, and the flowers
are smaller.

Northern Island : in various places, Sinclair, Colenso. Middle Island : Nelson,
Travers ; Canterbury, Lyall. In the N. Z. Flora I regarded this as a cordate-leaved variety
of V. Cunninghamii, but more specimens have convinced me of its distinctness. Closely allied
to the Australian V. Caleyana, but smaller iu all its parts, and with less deeply cordate leaves.

3. V. Cunninghamii, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 16. Very variable in size,
glabrous. Stem short, much branched, often thickened into a short woody
stock. Leaves tufted on the top of the root or stem, or on very short
branches from it, ovate ovate-oblong or triangular-ovate, narrowed into the
petiole, obtuse, obscurely crenate ; petioles often 4 in. long ; stipules broadly
adnate to the base of the petiole, slightly lacerate or entire. Peduncles slen-
der ; bracts linear, obtuse, quite entire. Flowers -|— | in. diam., pale blue.
Sepals linear-oblong, obtuse. — Erpetion spathulatum, A. Cunn., not Don.

Very common in moist places, from the middle of the Northern Island southwards,
ascending to 50 00 ft. Middle Island : Hopkins river and Lake Okau, Haast ; Wairau
mountains, Travers ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Also found in Tasmania.

Melicytus .]

IV. VIOLARIEiE.

17

2. MELICYTUS, Forst.

Shrubs, with short-petioled, toothed, minute-stipuled leaves. Flowers
axillary, fascicled, small, regular, almost unisexual or polygamous. Sepals 5.
Petals 5, short, spathulate, spreading. Anthers 5, free ; connective produced
into a membrane, and furnished with a scale at the back. Style 3-6-fid, or
with a discoid stigma. Berry with few or many angled seeds, on 3 to 6 pla-
centas.

This genus is confined to New Zealand and Norfolk Island.

leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, serrate 1 . M. ramiflorus.

Leaves large, obovate, sinuate-serrate 2. M.macrophyllus.

Leaves long, linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate 3. M. lanceolatus.

Leaves small, orbicular-ovate, sinuate 4 . M. micranthus.

1. M. ramiflorus, Ford. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 18. A glabrous, white-barked,
small tree or large shrub, 20-30 ft. high; trunk often angular, and 7 ft. in
girth ( Buchanan ) ; branches brittle. Leaves alternate, 4-5 in. long, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate with small obtuse teeth, sometimes obscurely
so; petioles slender; stipules deciduous. Flowers small, in fascicles on the
branches ; peduncles slender, | in. long, with 2 minute bracts. Flowers
minute, in. diam. Calyx-lobes obtuse, spreading, green. Anthers obtuse ;
stigma almost sessile, 6-lobed. Berry small, i in. diam.

Abundant throughout the islands, as far south as Otago, Banks and Solander , etc. Leaves
eaten greedily by cattle; wood soft, useless ( Buchanan ). Also found in Norfolk Island.

2. M. macrophyllus, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 19. A large glabrous
bush, 4-7 ft. high ; bark pale-brown. Leaves 3-4 in. long, obovate or ellip-
tical-oblong, acute, coarsely and distantly (rarely closely) sinuate-serrate,
more coriaceous and broader than in M. ramiflorus ; stipules deciduous.
Flowers twice as large as in the former, in fascicles of 4 or 6 on the branches ;
peduncles stout, | in. long, much decurved, with small, broad, opposite
bracts close to the flower. Calyx-lobes short, broad, rounded. Anthers
apiculate. Stigma broad, nearly sessile, discoid, lobed. Berries £ in. diam.

Northern Island : about the Bay of Islands only, so far as is hitherto known, A. Cun-
ningham, etc. Easily distinguished from M. ramijlorus by the coarser habit, broader, more
obovate, coriaceous leaves, fewer stout, decurved pedicels, with bracts at the apex, and
larger flowers and berries.

3. M. lanceolatus, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 18. t. 8. A slender shrub
or small tree, 10-12 ft. high ; branches brittle ; bark dark-brown. Leaves
4-7 in. long, narrow linear-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply erose-dentate, ra-
ther membranous. Flowers small, 2 or 3 together ; pedicels short, decurved,
bracteate above the middle. Calyx-lobes oblong. Petals erect, with spread-
ing limb. Connective produced into a subulate point. Style long, 3-fid.
Berry oblong, ~ in. diam.

Northern Island : forests at Patea on the east coast, Colenso.

4. M. micranthus. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 18. A small, rigid shrub;
branches tortuous, covered with grey or brown bark, the youngest pubescent
at the tips. Leaves small and scattered, •§— ■ £ in. long, orbicular-obovate,
obtusely sinuate, the youngest often obovate-oblong and pinnatilobed ; petioles
very short, puberulous. Flowers unisexual, very minute, axillary ; pedicels

VOL. I. C

18

IV. VIOLARIEiE.

[Melicytus.

very short, curved, bracteate at the base. Calyx obtusely and shortly 4-lobed ;
lobes broad, ciliated. Petals small, orbicular. Anthers rounded, didymous,
sessile. Ovary flagon-shaped ; style short ; stigma 4-lobed. Berry minute,
as small as a mustard-seed, about 3-seeded. — Elceodendron micranthus. Hook. f.
in Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 228. t. 8.

Northern Island : east coast and interior, Colenso. Middle Island : Nelson, Bidwill.
A plant of very different habit and appearance from the preceding species.

3. HYMENANTHEEA, Br.

Woody shrubs, with alternate or fascicled, entire or toothed, minutely
stipuled leaves, and small axillary, solitary, fascicled, sometimes unisexual
flowers. — Sepals 5. Petals 5, short. Anthers sessile, connate; connective
produced into a membrane, and furnished with a scale at the back. Style
short, with a 2-lobed stigma. Berry small, with 2 or few globose seeds on
2 placentas.

A small genus, native also of Norfolk Island, Tasmania, and South-eastern Australia, the
species are very variable in foliage.

1. H. crassifolia, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 17. t. 7. A small shrub, 2-4
ft. high, with rigid, stout, tortuous branches, rarely sending out straight
shoots ; branchlets pubescent ; bark white. Leaves very variable, thickly
coriaceous, common form linear-spathulate, 2-3 in. long, but on young shoots
often larger, broader, sinuate or toothed, and in older shorter, obtuse, veined
when dry ; petioles short ; stipules very minute and deciduous. Flowers
very small, solitary or few together, axillary ; pedicels short, stout, curved,
with one concave appressed bract. Sepals orbicular, erose or ciliolate. Pe-
tals linear-oblong. Anthers recurved, connate into a membranous lobed tube,
the lobes ciliolate. Berries £ in. diam., blue-purple.

Northern Island : maritime rocks opposite the Cavallos Islands, A. Cunningham ; Cape
Palliser, Colenso. Middle Island : Nelson, Bidwill, Travers.

Order y. PITTOSPORE^l.

Shrubs or trees, with alternate or whorled, exstipulate, evergreen leaves and
regular flowers. — Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, with long, erect claws and
spreading limbs, imbricate. Stamens 5, free, hypogynous, erect, with oblong
or sagittate anthers. Ovary 1 or 2, rarely 3-5-celled (often imperfectly), with
a short or long style ; ovules many, placentas attached to the septa. Capsule
usually bursting by woody valves, which bear the placentas on the middle.
Seeds with a minute embryo in hard albumen.

Rather a small Order, abounding in Australia ; represented only by Piltosporum in India
and its islands, the Pacific, and Africa : absent in America.

1. PITTOSPORUM, Linn.

Plowers often polygamous. Sepals free. Petals usually recurved. Fila-
ments subulate. Ovary perfectly or imperfectly 2-5-celled. Capsule woody
or coriaceous. Seeds immersed in a transparent gluten.

Pittospornm. ]

V. VITTOSPORE45.

] 9

Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or 2-nate, axillary.

Leaves 1-2 in., oblong, entire. Peduncles as long as calyx, pubes-
cent 1. P. tenuifolium.

Leaves 1-2 in., oblong, entire. Peduncles very short, glabrous . 2. P. Colensoi.

Leaves 1-1 J- in., linear-obovate, serrate, bluut, very coriaceous . . 3 . P. patulum.

Leaves 1 in., narrow, linear-lanceolate, entire 4. P. rejtexum.

Leaves ^ in., linear- or obovate-oblong, very coriaceous 5. P. rigidum.

Leaves x in., broadly rounded-obovate or obcordate 6 . P. obcordatum.

Leaves alternate. Flowers fascicled or corymbose or panicled.

Leaves glabrous. Flowers in axillary and terminal dense fascicles . 7. P . fasciculatum.

Leaves tomentose below. Flowers in terminal umbels 8. P. crassifolium.

Leaves glabrous. Flowers in terminal umbels 9. P. umbellatum.

Leaves glabrous. Flowers in terminal branched panicles . . . . 10. P. eugenioides.

Leaves whorled.

Leaves 1-2 in., elliptic-lanceolate 11. P . cornifolium.

Leaves J-l in., linear-oblong . 12. P. pimeleoides.

1/ P. tenuifolium, Banks and Sol. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 21. A busli or
small tree, 20-40 ft. high, with slender trunk ; young shoots and leaves
often pubescent. Leaves 1-2 in. long, broadly oblong or elliptic-obovate,
obtuse, acute or acuminate, quite entire, undulate, rather membranous, gla-
brous or pubescent on the midrib ; petiole short. Flowers axillary, solitary,
on curved pubescent peduncles as long or longer than the calyx, variable in
size, | in. long. Sepals very variable in form and shape, from broadly
ovate to linear-oblong, silky or glabrous. Petals dark-purple. Ovary pubes-
cent. Capsule size of a small nut, usually 3-valved, broadly obovoid, downy
when young, glabrous and rugose w’hen old .—Trichilia monopliylla, A. Rich.
Flora, t. 34 bis.

Abundant throughout the east coasts of the islands, as far south as Otago, Banks and
Solander, etc. “ Wood worthless for any purpose,” Buchanan.

2. P. Colensoi, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 22. A small tree, very closely
allied to P. tenuifolium, if not a variety of it, but the leaves are smaller, more
acute and coriaceous, and not undulated ; the peduncles shorter than the
sepals, both of which are always glabrous ; and the scarious bracts at the base
of the peduncle are very persistent. The fruit also is smaller and rounder.

Northern Island : east coast and interior, Dieffenbach, Colsnso. More specimens
are much wanted to clear up this species, of which some specimens have almost the undulate,
obtuse leaves of P. tenuifolium. Dr. Lyall’s Chalky Bay specimens, in fruit only, referred
here in the FI. N. Z., I now think are more probably P . fasciculatum.

3. P. patulum, Hook. /., n. sp. Branches stout, glabrous ; branchlets
puberulous. Leaves patent or recurved, 1-1| in. long, in. broad, very
narrow, linear-oblong, narrowed at the base, obtuse, crenate-serrate, very
coriaceous and shining Fruit globose or broader than long, woody, in.
diam., compressed, on a short, stout, axillary peduncle.

Middle Island : Wairau mountains, alt. 5000 ft., Sinclair. I have but one, and that a
fruiting specimen, of this most distinct-looking species.

4. P. reflexum, R. Cunn. — P . pimelioides y, FI. N. Z. i. 25. A small,
slender, much-branched shrub, 2-3 ft. high, with almost filiform, silky-pu-
bescent twigs. Leaves numerous, patent or recurved, very slender, linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, quite entire, in. long, i in. broad.

c 2

20

V. PITTOSPOREAi.

[ Pittosporum .

Flowers not seen. Peduncles solitary, terminal} short, curved, pilose, 1-2-
llowered. Ovary hirsute. Capsule ovoid, acuminate, % in. long, compressed,
2-valved ; valves with the tips recurved. — P. radicans, li. Cunn.

Northern Island: thickets at FVangaroa, 11. Cunningham ; Bay of Islauds, J. D. H. ;
east coast ?, Edgerley. In the N. Z. Flora I regarded this as a variety of P. pimeleoides, from,
which it differs in the much narrower, acuminate, not whorled leaves ; but more specimens are
requisite to describe it fully.

5. P. rigidum, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 22. t. 10. A rigid, much-branched
shrub; branches tortuous, woody, stout, spreading. Leaves small, shining, in
young branches sinuate-dentate or pinnatilobed, in the older narrow-obovate,
cuneate, elliptical or oblong, \ in. long, shortly petioled, very thick and coria-
ceous, margin recurved. Flowers axillary, solitary ; pedicels short, downy.
Calyx P Petals dingy-purple, nearly as long as the leaves. Capsules small,

| in. long, broadly ovoid, acute, compressed, pilose, 2-valved, many-
seeded.

Northern Island : mountains, near the Waikare lake and Ruahine mountains, Colenso.
Middle Island : mountains of Nelson, Bidwill. The calyx is absent in all my specimens.

6. P. obcordatum, Raoul, Clioix , 25. t. 26 ; — FI. N. Z. i. 23. A shrub
or small tree, glabrous, with divaricating, rather slender branches , bark pale.
Leaves small, in. long, remote, or 2 or 3 together, rounded or obcordate,
sinuate, creriate or quite entire, suddenly contracted into a very short pe-
tiole, rather coriaceous ; nerves obscure. Flowers £ in. long, solitary or two
together, on short puberulous peduncles, white. Sepals veiy slender, subu-
late. Petals narrow-linear. Ovary pubescent. Fruit unknown.

Middle Island : shady woods, near Akaroa, Raoul.

7. P. fasciculatum, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 24. A branching bush,
with glabrous leaves and branches, and inflorescence tomentose. Leaves alter-
nate, coriaceous, obovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, quite entire, pale
beneath ; petioles ^ in. long. Flowers densely fascicled, axillary and terminal,
sometimes collected at the base into a short cyme, together with the linear
bracts and calyx densely tomentose ; peduncles 1 in. long, Sepals ovate-
lanceolate. Petals linear-oblong, deep purple, •§ in. long. Capsule on a
curved pedicel, £-■ f in. long, like that of P. tenuifolium, 2-3-valved.

Northern Island : Lake Taupo, Colenso. Middle Island : Chalky Bay, Lyall ; Otago,
Lake district, not common. Hector and Buchanan. Very closely allied to P. tenuifolium,
but the flowers are densely fascicled, almost villous, and the leaves rather longer and more
like those of P. Colensoi. Dr. Lyall’s and Hector’s specimens, which are in fruit only,
have the foliage more like P. tenuifolium.

8. P. crassifolium. Banks and Sol. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 23. A shrub or
small tree ; branches erect ; twigs, leaves below, petioles and inflorescence
densely clothed with a thick white or buff tomentum. Leaves alternate,
narrow-obovate or linear-obovate or oblong, obtuse, quite entire, 2-3 in.
long, very coriaceous, margins recurved. Inflorescence terminal, usually a
peduncled, simple umbel, sometimes reduced to a fascicle or a single flower ;
bracts broadly ovate, ciliate, imbricate. Flower nearly \ in. long. Sepals
linear-oblong, with white tomentum. Petals narrow, deep-purple. Capsule
very variable in size, nearly globose, 2-4-lobed and -valved, downy.

Northern Island: not uncommon, Banks and So lander, etc.

Pittosporum.~\

V. PITTOSPOREiE.

21

9. P. umhellatum, Banks and Sol.; — FI. N. Z. i. 24. A small tree,
20-30 ft. high, everywhere glabrous, except the under sides and petioles of
the young leaves, peduncles, and calyces, which are covered with silky fulvous
hairs; branches whorled. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, blight green, 2-3 in.
long, obovate- or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or acute, quite entire, narrowed
into petioles \ in. long. Flowers numerous, rather large, nearly ^ in. long,
in terminal umbels or corymbs. Peduncles slender, 1 in. long. Sepals ovate-
lanceolate. Petals linear-oblong, obtuse. Ovary pubescent. Capsule
rounded, 4-lobed, size of a hazel-nut, 2-valved ; valves woody, granulated on
the surface.

Northern Island: common about the Bay of Islands and elsewhere, Banks and
Solander, etc.

10. P. eugenioid.es, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 23. A small, branching
tree, 20-30 feet high, everywhere quite glabrous, except the inflorescence
and at times the youngest leaves, which may have a few scattered silky hairs ;
branches often whorled. Leaves 2-4 in. long, usually elliptical, acute, nar-
rowed into long petioles, rarely broader and obovate, quite entire, undu-
lated or crisped, rather coriaceous, with numerous fine veins. Flowers
4— §• in. diam., fragrant, dioecious (more or less), males with large anthers
and longer filaments, collected in branched, many-flowered corymbs, with
diverging, slender peduncles and pedicels ; bracteoles setaceous. Sepals very
variable, ovate, acuminate, glabrous. Petals narrow and spreading, recurved.
Capsules numerous, small, | in. long, ovoid, acute, glabrous, 2-3-valved. —
P. elegans, Raoul, Choix, 25 ; P. microcarpum , Putterlich.

Common on the east coast throughout the islands, as far south as Otago, Banks and So-
lander, etc. “ Bark white, resinous ; wood white, soft, worthless, even for firewood,”
Buchanan.

11. P. cornifolium, A. Cunn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 23. A small slender shrub,
2-4 ft. high, with forked or whorled branches, everywhere glabrous, except
the young shoots and inflorescence, w'hich present a few long silky hairs.
Leaves 1-2 in. long, whorled, obovate or elliptic-lanceolate, shortly petioled,
quite entire and glabrous, coriaceous. Flowers polygamous, on very slender,
terminal, 1-2-flowered peduncles, dingy red, in. long; peduncles pilose,
of the males 1 in., female in. long. Sepals very narrow, subulate.
Petals as narrow, with slender tips. Capsule -J- in. long, broadly oblong or
obcordate, compressed ; valves yellow inside, coriaceous. Seeds large. — Bot.
Mag. t. 3161.

Northern Island: eastern and southern coasts, common, Banks and Solander, etc.:
always (?) growing epiphytically on trunks of forest-trees.

12. P. pimeleoid.es, R. Cunn.; — Fl.N.Z. i. 25. A very slender, branched
shrub, 3-5 ft. high ; branches, young leaves, and inflorescence loosely pilose.
Leaves spreading, whorled, 1 in. long, -i— | in. wide, rather membranous,
linear-oblong, obtuse or acute, quite entire. Flowers small, terminal, solitary
or few ; peduncles 1-flowered, veiy slender, j— 1 in. long. Sepals subulate.
Petals very slender, yellow-red. Capsule small, quite like that of P. reflexum.
— P. crenulatum, Putterlich, Synops. Pittosp. 15.

Northern Island : on dry hills at the Bay of Islands. I have restored the var. rejlexum

22 v. pittosporEjE. [Pittosporum.

of FI. N. Z., as a different species, but with some doubts ; better specimens are wanted of
both.

Order VI. CARY OPH YLLE2E.

Herbs, with opposite, quite entire or minutely serrulate leaves. Flowers
hermaphrodite. Sepals 4 or 5, free or connate, imbricate. Petals 4 or 5 or
0, hypogynous or perigynous. Stamens 4, 5, 8, or 10, inserted with the
petals, sometimes seated on or between the lobes of an annular disk. Ovary
1-celled, bearing many (rarely few) ovules on a free central or basal placenta ;
styles 2-5, free or connate, stigmatose at the apex or inner face. Capsule
many-seeded, splitting into as many, or twice as many, valves as styles.
Seeds with farinaceous albumen, and a usually curved terete embryo.

A very large Order, abounding in temperate and cold climates, of which a few foreign
species are shrubby.

Tribe I. Silenese. — Sepals connate into a tubular calyx.

Calyx turbinate or campauulate. Stamens 10. Styles 2 1. Gypsophila.

Tribe II. Alsinese. — Sepals free.

Petals bifid. Styles 3. Stipules 0 2. Stellaria.

Petals 0. Styles 4 to 5. Stipules 0 3. Colobanthus.

Petals entire. Styles 3. Stipules scarious 4. Spergularia.

1. GYPSOPHILA, Linn.

Annual (or perennial) herbs, with small paniculate flowers. — Calyx more or
less campanulate, 5-fid, usually 5-nerved. Petals 5, with a narrow claw, and
entire or emarginate blade. Stamens 10, at the base of a small torus. Ovary
many-ovuled ; styles 2. Capsules ovoid or globose, 4-5-valved. Seeds
laterally attached.

A large S. European genus, of which the following is the only representative in the
southern hemisphere.

1. G. tubulosa, Boiss.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 325. A small, much dichoto-
mously-branched, glandular- pubescent annual, 4-5 in. high ; stems slender,
terete, erect. Leaves subulate, hardly acute, rigid. Peduncles slender, axil-
lary, 1 -flowered, ■§— | in. long, diverging in fruit. Flowers small, £ in. long.
Calyx tubular-campanulate, with 5 green ribs, 5-toothed. Petals narrow,
linear, retuse or bifid, longer than the calyx. Capsule 5-valved at the tip,
exserted. Seeds transversely rugose, with deep impressions.

Northern Island: east coast, Ahuriri, Raukawa, Cape Palliser, and Hawke’s Bay, Colenso.
Middle Island : Rangitata valley, Sinclair and Haast. Tarudale plain, 4000 ft., Travers.
Moraines round Lake Ckau, amongst grass, Haast ; Otago, abundant everywhere in grassy
plains, Hector and Buchanan. Not uncommon in South Australia, where it was discovered
by Brown. Originally described from Asia Minor, and found nowhere but in that country,
Australia, and New Zealand; it is worth observing whether it is rapidly increasing, for if so
it is probably an importation.

2. STELLARIA, Linn.

Erect or decumbent herbs, annual (or perennial), with flat or acerose leaves,
and axillary or fascicled white flowers. Sepals 5, spreading. Petals 5, bifid,
or 0. Stamens 10 or fewer, hypogynous, or seated on an annular disk. Styles

Stellar ia.~\

vi. caryophvllea:.

23

3 ; ovules few or many. Capsule globose oblong or ovoid, splitting into 3
bifid or 6 valves. Seeds often muricate.

A very large genus in Britain, and the temperate and cold regions of both hemispheres

generally.

Creeping. Leaves suborbicular. Sepals subulate 1 . S. parviflora.

Minute, creeping or ascending. Leaves oblong or linear 2. S. elatinoides.

Decumbent. Leaves ovate or obovate. Sepals blunt 3. S. decipiens.

Erect. Sepals very large. Leaves linear 4. S. Roughii.

Erect, rigid. Leaves acerose, with recurved margins 5. S. gradient a.

1. S. parviflora, Banks and Sol. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 25. A very slender,
pale green, flaccid herb, with prostrate, wiry, creeping stems and branches, a
span long and upwards, wholly glabrous except a few hairs on the petioles.
Leaves £— §■ in. long, nearly orbicular, acute, rarely cordate at the base,
longer than the petioles. Peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves, 1-
2-flowered, 2-bracteolate about the middle. Flowers minute, y1^ in. diam.
Sepals 5, subulate-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, with white scarious mar-
gins. Petals 0 or 5, shorter than the petals. Stamens 5 or 10. Capsule as
long or longer than the sepals, 6-valved to the middle. Seeds about 8, pale
brown, deeply pitted and reticulated.

Northern and Middle Islands : not uncommon in woods, Banks and Solander, etc. ;
and ascending to 5000 ft. on the Wairau mountains, Travers. Allied to the Tasmanian
S. flaccida.

2. S. elatinoides, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 25. A very small, glabrous,
tufted, pale-green herb. Steins 1 in. long, erect or creeping, very slen-
der or rather stout. Leaves Tly~i in. long, oblong or linear, subacute, nar-
rowed into a short petiole. Flowers yy in. diam., axillary, solitary, sessile
or on short peduncles, large for the size of the plant. Sepals ovate-lanceo-
late or subulate, acuminate, with white scarious margins. Petals 0. Sta-
mens 5 or 10. Capsule globose, as long as the sepals, 6-valved to the
middle. Seeds 2-6, large, grossly tubercled.

Northern Island : grassy banks on the east coast, Cape Kidnapper, Hawke’s Bay, Lake
Rotoatara, etc., Colenso. Closely allied to the Tasmanian S. multiflora. Hook., but much
smaller in all its parts, and with flowers sessile or almost so.

3. S. decipiens, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 27. A glabrous, laxly tufted,
weak, decumbent, pale green, branching herb. Leaves y— J in. long, ovate
or obovate, acuminate, narrowed into a broad, somewhat ciliate petiole.
Peduncles axillary, 1-3-flowered, 2-bracteolate in the middle, shorter or
longer than the leaves. Flowers larger than in S. parviflora and elatinoides.
Sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse or subacute, quite glabrous. Petals 0 or 5, small.
Stamens variable.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island. The Northern Island plant without
flower, referred here in El. N. Z., is more probably a form of S. parviflora. Closely allied
to the S. media of Europe, which is naturalized abundantly in some parts of New Zealand,
but differing in the axillary 1-flowered peduncles, and absence of a pubescent line on the
branches. Also allied to the Tasmanian S. flaccida, but the flowers ai'c much smaller, pe-
duncles short, and sepals glabrous and not acuminate.

4. S. Roughii, Hook.f., n. sp. A short, much-branched, glabrous, suc-
culent, erect or straggling green herb, 2-4 in. high. Leaves | in. long,
fleshy, linear, acuminate, 1 -nerved. Flowers large, y-f in. diam., terminal,

24

VI. CARYOPHYLLEiE.

[Slellaria.

solitary, on short, stout peduncles. Sepals very large, lanceolate, acuminate,
with 3 thick nerves. Petals much smaller than the sepals. Capsule sub-
globose, much shorter than the sepals, 6-valved to the base. Seeds about 6,
very large, pale brown, covered densely with long papillae.

Middle Island : Nelson mountains, Rough ; Mount Torlesse, on shingle beds, alt. 4-6000
ft., Haast ; shingle slips, Wairau Gorge, alt. 4-6500 ft., Travers. A very singular species,
easily recognized by its large green flowers, quite uulike any other in habit.

5. S. gracilenta, IIoolc. f. FI. N. Z. ii. 326. A wiry, rigid, loosely-
tufted species, with suberect, nodose, scabrid stems, 2-4 in. high, and very
long peduncles. Leaves opposite, each node bearing also a small fascicle of
leaves, d in. long, subulate or linear, curved, obtuse or acute, glabrous, shining,
the margins revolute to the midrib, leaving a deep furrow between them.
Peduncles axillary in the upper leaves, solitary, 1 -flowered, 1-4 in. long,
erect, wiry, 2-bracteolate in the middle. Flower i in. diam. Sepals linear-
oblong, obtuse, with white, very broad, scarious margins. Petals 5. Capsule
cylindric-oblong, much longer than the sepals, 6-valved to the base. Seeds
8 to 10, yellow-brown, densely covered with long papillose hairs.

Middle Island : Nelson, Bidwill ; Tarndale, Sinclair, Travers-, Kowai valley , Haast ;
Mauuka Island, Munro ; Lake Tennyson, alt. 4400 ft., Travers ; Otago, alt. 2000 ft.,
Hector and Buchanan. A very peculiar species, at once recognized by its rigid, wiry habit,
narrow leaves, and very long, erect, slender peduncles.

<S. media, Sm., the common English “ Chickweed,” is naturalized in many parts of New
Zealand, aud in Lord Auckland’s Island. It may be distinguished from its very near con-
gener, 6’. decipiens, by the pubescent line on the stem and more panicled inflorescence. The
seeds are black and tubercled.

3. COLOBANTHUS, Bartling.

Usually densely-tufted, rigid, green herbs, with subulate, opposite leaves,
and solitary green flowers on short or long terminal scapes or peduncles. — Se-
pals 4 or 5, coriaceous, erect. Petals 0. Stamens 4 or 5, perigynous, alter-
nate with the sepals. Styles 4 or 5, opposite the sepals. Capsule ovoid,
many-seeded.

A southern genus, found only in Australia, New Zealand, the Andes of South America,

and Antarctic regions.

Leaves hardly rigid, in. with acute tips. Flower 4-merous . . 1. C. quitensis.

Leaves rigid, long, 5-I J in. with aeicular tips. Flower 5 -merous . . 2. C.Billardieri,

Leaves very short, ^ in., subulate, with acicular tips 3. 6'. subulatns.

Leaves x in., polished, subulate, with very long acicular points . . . 4. C. acicularis.

Leaves very short, in., linear, with obtuse tips 5. C. muscoides.

1. C. quitensis, Bartl. A small, glabrous, perennial, much-branched,
tufted, green herb, 1—2 in. high. Leaves chiefly radical, J in. long, subu-
late, acute but not acicular (or very rarely so) at the tips, concave above,
convex on the back, quite entire. Scapes longer- or shorter than the leaves,
usually very short. Flowers 4-merous, y in. long. Sepals ovate, blunt,
rarely acicular at the tip.

Middle Island: Nelson mountains, Travers; clefts of rocks on the Kowai river, alt.
1500 ft., Haast. Except in the rather smaller leaves, I can find no distinction between
this and the S. American plant, which is found along the Andes from Mexico to Cape Horn,
aud also iu Amsterdam Island in the S. Indian Ocean. It is very nearly allied to C. Bit-

Colobanthus .]

VI. CARYOPHYLLEjE.

25

lardieri, but that is a more rigid plaut, with 5-merous flowers and acicular tips to the leaves
and sepals. I have an alpine Tasmanian state of C. Billardieri , with foliage and sepals of
C. quitensis, but pentamerous flowers. I suspect all are varieties of one plant.

2. C. Billardieri, Fenzl ; — FI. N. Z. i. 27. A small, quite glabrous,
often tufted plant, with numerous subulate, spreading or r.ecurved radical
leaves and long peduncles ; rarely low, densely tufted, with shorter leaves and
scapes. Leaves usually in. long, like those of C. quitensis, but with
acicular tips. Peduncles often 2 in. long. Flowers £— £ in. long, green,
usually 5-merous. Sepals ovate, with acicular apices, longer or shorter than
the capsule. — Spergula affinis, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 266; S. apetala, Labill. FI.
Nov. Holl. t. 142.

Common throughout the islands, especially in alpine or hilly districts, Colenso, etc.
Campbell’s Island, J. 1). H. Small varieties closely resemble the preceding. Abundant in
Victoria and Tasmania.

3. C. subulatus, Hook.f. FI. Antarct. i. 13 and 247. t. 93. A small,
moss-like, densely csespitose, perfectly glabrous plant, with subulate, rigid,
shining leaves, forming tufts about 1 in. high. Leaves densely imbricated,
about ~ in. long, with acicular points, grooved above, convex on the back.
Peduncles very short. Flowers hidden amongst the leaves. Sepals 4 or 5,
ovate-subulate, with acicular apices, rigid.

Middle Island : Awatere valley, and rocky places, Sinclair' range, alt. 4000 ft., Sinclair
vnd Haast ; Otago, Lake district, Hector and Buchanan ; Campbell’s Island, J. B. H.
Also found in the alps of Victoria, and abundantly in Antarctic America.

4. C. acicularis, Hook.f., n. sp. A small, moss-like, densely csespitose,
shining, rigid, glabrous plant, forming tufts 1-2 in. high. Leaves densely
imbricated all round, £ in. long, like those of C. subulatus, but paler, more
shining, much larger, and with much longer acicular points. Flowers almost
sessile, shorter than the leaves. Sepals 5, like the leaves, longer than the
capsule.

Middle Island : dry rocky places, Wairau Gorge, alt. 4-5S00 ft, Travers ; Otago, Lake
district, abundant, Hector and Buchanan.

5. C. nmscoid.es. Hook. f. FI. Antarct. i. 14. A perfectly glabrous,
moss-like, densely tufted, bright green plant, soft and rather flaccid in texture,
forming large patches. Stems most densely matted. Leaves densely imbri-
cated, patent, about £ in. long, linear, obtuse, rather dilated at the base, green,
soft. Peduncles extremely short. Flowers minute, sunk amongst the leaves,
4-merous. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, concave, green.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : rocks near the sea, J. B. H.

4. SPERGUIiAMA, Persoon.

Spreading, dichotomously- branched, perennial herbs, with linear leaves,
scarious stipules, and white or rose-coloured peduncled flowers. — Sepals 5,
spreading. Petals 5, obtuse, or 0. Stamens 5 or 10, hypogynous. Ovary
subglobose ; styles 3. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds compressed, often winged.

A small British genus, of which species are scattered over many temperate and warm parts
of the globe, especially near the sea, and in waste places.

1. S. rubra, Pers., var. marina. — Arenaria media , Linn. ; FI. N. Z.
i. 26. A rather succulent, excessively-branched, prostrate or suberect, annual

26

VI. CARYOPHTLLEJE.

[ Spergularia .

herb, with perennial root, more or less pubescent with viscid down. Stems
and branches terete, 1 in. to a span long. Leaves linear, -|-1 in. long,
quite entire. Flowers numerous, axillary and terminal, on long, slender pe-
duncles, J-l in. long, which are often patent or refiexed. Flowers very
variable in size, ^ in. long. Sepals green with a white membranous
border. Petals shorter than the sepals, sessile, often very pale. Stamens
5. Seeds with a broad membranous wing.

Common on the shore throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Also found
tinder various forms in all temperate and many tropical localities.

There are several Caryophylleous weeds introduced into New Zealand, especially from
Europe, besides the S/ellaria media , mentioned under that genus ; the chief of these are : —

Polycarpon tetraphyllum, Linn. A small, tufted annual, with opposite and 4-nate obovate
or oblong leaves, small green flowers, 5 sepals, small entire petals, 3 stamens, a short 3-fid
style, and 3-valved capsule. — Bay of Islands, Auckland, etc., introduced probably from Aus-
tralia, where it is common, as it is in many other parts of the world.

Cerastium. A genus of very common, erect or straggling, hairy European weeds, having
small, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate leaves and white flowers, 5 sepals, 5 notched or 2-fid
petals, 10 stamens, 5 styles, and a tubular membranous capsule, opening at the top by 10
teeth ; two species C. viscosum, Linn., and C. glomeratum, are abundant weeds of cultivation.

■ Spergula arvensis , Linn. An annual weed, with slender stems, bearing whorls of linear
leaves and cymes of white flowers, 5 sepals petals and styles, 10 stamens and a 5-valved
capsule.

Order VII. POKTULACEiE.

Herbs, usually glabrous, often succulent, with opposite (rarely alternate)
exstipulate (rarely stipulate) leaves and hermaphrodite flowers. — Sepals 2 or
3, imbricate. Petals 4 or 5, free or connate at the base, hypogynous, imbri-
cated. Stamens 5 or fewer, often adnate to the base of the petals. Ovary 1-
celled ; style more or less deeply 2-3-fid, the arms stigmatose on the
inner face ; ovules several or many, in the base of the cell. Capsule mem-
branous, with as many valves as styles, and one or many seeds. Seeds with
a crustaceous testa, farinaceous albumen, and terete curved embryo.

A considerable Order, most abundant in America. The typical genus Portulaca (culti-
vated for salad) has a half-inferior ovary.

Leaves opposite or in pairs. Stamens 5, opposite the petals. Capsule 3-

or many-seeded ....1. Ci.aytonia.

Leaves opposite. Stamens 3-5, opposite the petals. Capsule 1-3-

seeded . . 2. Montia.

Leaves densely imbricate. Stamens 5, alternate with petals . ; . „ 3. Hectoeella.

1. CLAYTONIA, Linn.

Herbs with opposite alternate or fasciculate leaves, and racemose or soli-
tary flowers. — Sepals 2, herbaceous. Petals 5, united at the very base, or
free. Stamens 5, adnate to and opposite to the petals. Ovary many-ovuled.
Capsule 3-valved, 3- or more seeded.

A large North American genus, of which the following is the only Old World or south
hemisphere species, abounding in temperate Australia.

1. C. australasica, Kook. f. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 73. A glabrous, slender.

Claytonia. ]

VII. POBTULACEiE.

27

creeping, rather succulent, tender herb, extremely variable in size. Leaves
solitary or in distant pairs, narrow-linear or linear-spathulate, £-2 in. long,
quite entire, pale green, obtuse, nerveless, the petioles dilating into mem-
branous stipules at the base. Scapes axillary, solitary, 1 -flowered, erect,
usually shorter than the leaves. Mowers pure white, very variable in size,

i in. diam. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 293.

Middle Island: boggy places, probably common; Milford Sound, Lyall ; Otago,
Lindsay; near Lake Tennyson, Mating ; Southern Alps, JIaast ; Mount Alta, ascending
to 5000 feet, Hector and Buchanan.

2, MONTIA, Linn.

A small, annual, branched or simple, usually tufted, glabrous herb, with
opposite, rather fleshy, spathulate leaves, and small, white, axillary, peduncled
flowers. — Sepals 2 (rarely 3). Petals 5, connate at the base. Stamens
usually 3 or 5, opposite the petals and adnate to them. Ovary and capsule
as in Claytonia , but only 1—3 -seeded.

A British genus, found in many parts of the north and south temperate zone.

1. M. fontana, Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 74. A glabrous, slender, branching,
weak, bright green marsh or water plant, very variable in size. Stems 1-12
in. high. Leaves J-l in. long, from elliptical ovate to linear-lanceolate, sub-
acute, quite entire. Flowers about ■§■ in. broad.

Common in watery places throughout the alpine parts of the northern and the Middle
Islands, and in Campbell’s Island; also found in Tasmania, Kerguelen’s Laud, and
throughout temperate Western North America and South America, etc. ; Europe, Labrador,
and Greenland, but not in eastern temperate North America, central Asia, nor in the Hima-
laya.

3. HECTOBELLA, Hook, f., n. g.

A small, densely tufted, glabrous, moss-like plant. Leaves most densely
imbricated all round the stem, coriaceous, entire. Flowers almost sessile
amongst the uppermost leaves, white.— -Sepals 2, short,' concave, truncate,
continuous with the very short, broad, flat pedicel. Petals 5, united at the
very base, erect, veined, obtuse, thickened below the tip. Stamens 5, inserted
on the tube of the corolla, alternate with its petals ; filaments as long as the
petals ; anthers linear-oblong, 2-celled. Ovary ovoid, membranous, veined,
narrowed into an erect style ; stigmas 1-3, linear, thickened, papillose in-
ternally ; ovules 4-5, erect from the base of the cell, amphitropous, funicle
slender. Fruit unknown.

A remarkable genus, allied to no other, hut approaching in habit Lyallia of Kerguelen’s
Land. Named in compliment to Dr. Hector, F.G.S., during whose adventurous expedition
to the Otago alps it was discovered.

1. H. csespitosa, HooJc.f. Stems 1-1^ in. high, most densely tufted,
and with the leaves on them nearly as thick as the little finger. Leaves ex-
cessively numerous and closely imbricate, spreading, broadly triangular-ovate,
| in. long, much dilated and membranous below the middle, coriaceous above
with thickened margins and keel ; veins reticulated. Flowers several from
amongst the leaves at the tips of the stems, nearly | in. long, white.

Middle Island : Otago, Lake district, alt. 4-6000 feet, Hector and Buchanan.

28

VIII. ELATINEiE.

Order VIII. ELATINEiE.

Small water-plants, rarely shrubs, mostly prostrate, with usually opposite
stipulate leaves. Flowers small or minute, hermaphrodite, regular. — Sepals
2-5, free, imbricate. Petals 2-5, free, hypogynous, imbricate. Disk 0.
Stamens as many as the petals or twice as many, hypogynous, free. Ovary
free, 2-5-celled ; styles 2-5, stigmas capitate ; ovules numerous in the
angles of the cells. Capsule septicidal, the valves falling away and leaving
the seeds attached to a central column. Seeds straight or curved, with terete
embryo and no albumen.

A small Order, scattered over various parts of the world, as is the only New Zealand
genus.

1. ELATINE, Linn.

Aquatic, creeping, glabrous, small herbs, with pellucid-dotted leaves,
and minute, axillary, solitary flowers. — Sepals membranous, obtuse. Ovary
globose. Capsule membranous, the septa either disappearing or persistent on
the axis. Seeds oblong or cylindrical, longitudinally striated and transversely
wrinkled.

The species are found in ponds, lakes, etc., in various parts of the world, including
Britain.

1. E. americana, Arnott ; — FI. N. Z. i. 27. A minute, glabrous,
prostrate, matted aquatic. Stem rather succulent, creeping, sometimes elon-
gated, and 1-8 in. long. Leaves small, ^ in. long, obovate-oblong, obtuse,
quite entire, shortly petioled. Flowers minute, sessile, 3-merous. Calyx
persistent. Capsule with the septa disappearing. Seeds slightly curved.
— E. gratioloides, A. Cunn.

Dior them Island, probably common : hogs at Hokianga, R. Cunningham; also found in
Tasmania and Australia, the Feejee Islands and North and South America.

Order IX. HYPERICINEiE.

Herbs shrubs or trees, with opposite, simple, quite entire or glandular-
toothed, often pellucid-dotted, exstipulate leaves. Flowers regular, herma-
phrodite.— Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricate. Disk 0.
Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, free or polyadelphous, filaments filiform.
Ovary 3-5-celled, or 1-celled with inflexed margins to the carpels; styles as
many as carpels, filiform, free or connate, stigmas terminal ; ovules nu-
merous, in 2 series in the axis of the cells, or on the inflexed edges of the car-
pels. Fruit usually capsular. Seeds exalbuminous.

A large Order, widely distributed, as is the only New Zealand genus, which is also. -a
British one.

1. HYPERICUM, Linn.

Sepals and petals 5. Stamens very numerous, all free or connected into
bundles. Ovary 1- or 3-5-celled. Capsule septicidal. Seeds not winged,
with a straight embryo.

Erect. Leaves snhcordate, with revolute margins 1. H. graminenm.

Procumbent. Leaves oblong or obovate 2. H. Japonic urn.

Hypericum .]

IX. HYPERICIN^.®.

29

1. H. gramineum, Horst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 36. An erect or ascending,
rather wiry, quite glabrous, perennial-rooted herb, branching from the root,
with 4-anglecl branches, 6 to 12 in. high, slender and sparingly leafy. Leaves
small, i to 1 in. long, sessile, cordate, oblong, obtuse, quite entire, black-
dotted, margins usually revolute. Flowers subsolitary or in 3-chotomous
terminal cymes, £ to | in. across, on rather stout, erect, rigid peduncles.
Sepals oblong or ovate, obtuse or acute, black-dotted, quite entire. Petals
longer than the calyx, golden-yellow, curling inwards as they wither. Stamens
nearly free. Capsule ovoid, acute, longer or shorter than the sepals. — Labill.
FI. Austr. Caled. t. 53. — Brathys Forsteri, Spach.

Common in grassy places throughout the islands, Banks and Solander , etc. ; also fre-
quent in temperate Australia, New Caledonia, and the hilly country of Tndia.

2. H. japonicum, Thunb. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 37. A much smaller plant
than H. gramineum , with prostrate branches, broader, flat leaves, smaller,
often sessile flowers, having broader, more obtuse sepals, and shorter, rounder
capsules ; but apparently intermediate forms occur both in New Zealand,
Australia, and India, in all which countries both occur, and I suspect they are
the extreme forms of one variable species. — H. pusillum, Choisy ; A. Cunn.
Prodr.; Ascyrum humifusum, Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. ii. t. 175.

Abundant in moist, grassy places, etc., throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
Also found in many parts of temperate and subtropical Asia. A very similar and perhaps
identical plant, inhabits the west coasts of temperate North and South America.

Order X. MALVACEAE.

Herbs shrubs or trees, with (usually) tough fibrous inner bark, alter-
nate stipulate leaves, and stellate hairs. Flowers usually hermaphrodite,
regular and large. — Calyx 5-lobed, lobes valvate. Petals 5, hypogynous,
usually connate at the base, adnate to the staminal tube, imbricate. Disk 0
or a small torus. Stamens very numerous, their filaments united into a tube ;
anthers often reniform, 1-celled. Ovary of 1 or more free or connate 1- or
many-ovuled carpels, whorled round and adnate with the torus ; styles as
many as carpels, connate below, filiform above. Fruit of one or more inde-
hiscent or 2-valved cocci, or capsular. Seeds often hairy ; albumen little or
none ; cotyledons large, folded.

A very large Order, abundant both in the tropics and temperate zones, to which the Mal-
lov •), Lavatera, Hollyhock, Cotton, and many other well-known cultivated New Zealand garden

plants belong.

* Bracts 0 or small. Stigmas longitudinal. Ovules solitary .... 1. Plagianthus.

Bracts 0 or small. Stigmas capitate. Ovules solitary 2. Hoheria.

Bracts large. Stigmas capitate. Ovules 2 to many 3. Hibiscus.

1. PLAGIANTHUS, Forst.

Shrubs or small trees, with very tough inner bark. Flowers uni- or bi-
sexual.— Bracts 0, or small and distant from the calyx. Calyx 5-tootlied or
5 -fid. Staminal tube divided above into many short or long filaments.
Ovary of 1 free, or many more or less united, 1-ovuled carpels ; styles filiform
or club-shaped, combined below, stigmatiferous towards the apex along the

30 X. malvace.®. [Plagianthus.

inner face. Fruit of 1 in dehiscent or irregularly bursting carpel, or of many
whorled round an axis. Seed pendulous.

A genus confined to Australia and New Zealand.

Leaves small, linear. Peduncles 1 -flowered. Carpels 1 or 2 . . . 1 . P. divaricatus.
Leaves ovate, serrate. Panicles many-flowered. Carpel solitary . . 2. P. betuliniis.
Leaves ovate-cordate, serrate. Peduncles 1-flowered. Carpels many . 3. P. Lyalin.

1. P. divaricatus, Forst. ; — FI. N.Z.i. 29. A rigid, glabrous, much-
branched shrub, with slender spreading- tough branches, small fascicled leaves,
and minute white flowers, succeeded by small globose capsules. Leaves -J— f
in. long, narrow-linear or subcuneate, obtuse, quite entire, 1-nerved. Flowers
in axillary fascicles or 1-flowered peduncles, shorter than the leaves, minutely
bracteolate near the base. Calyx hemispherical, glabrous. Petals concave,
oblong, small. Stamina! tube with 6-10 large sessile anthers. Capsules
size of a peppercorn, globose, rarely didvmous, oblique, downy, bursting ir-
regularly .—Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3271.

Abundant in salt marshes throughout the islands as far south as Akaroa, Panics and So-
lander, etc.

2. P. betulinus, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 29. A lofty tree, attaining
40-70 ft., when young a straggling bush with variable leaves. Leaves of
young plants J in. long, ovate-rounded, variously crenate and lobed, in
full-grown 1-2 in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or
cuneate at the base, coarsely crenate-serrate, or obtusely doubly serrate, mem-
branous, covered on both surfaces with small stellate hairs and reticulate
venation ; petiole slender. Panicles terminal, much branched, very many
flowered, stellate-tomentose. Flowers small, i in. broad, white, on slender
ebracteolate pedicels. Calyx campanulate. Petals linear-oblong, narrower
in the male flowers. Staminal tube long, slender, exsertcd in the male, bear-
ing many shortly-pedicelled anthers. Carpel 1. Capsule small, ovoid,
acuminate, splitting down one side, 1-seeded. — P. betulinus and urticinus,
A. Cunn. ; Fhilippodendron regium, Poit. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. ii. 8. t. 3.

Abundant in forests throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc., as far south as
Otago. “ Kibbon-tree of Otago, wood worthless,” Buchanan.

3. P. Lyallii, JPook. f. — Hoheria Lyallii, FI. N. Z. i. 81. 1. 11. A small

branching tree, 20-30 ft. high, with the young branches, inflorescence, and
leaves below covered with white stellate down. Leaves 2-4 in. long, ovate-
cordate, acuminate, deeply doubly crenate, glabrous above ; petioles 1|-
in. Flowers large, f in. broad, white, axillary ; peduncles 1-flowered, soli-
tary or fascicled, 'ebracteolate, about as long as the petioles. Calyx broadly
campanulate. Petals obliquely obovate-cuneate, obscurely notched on one side
towards the apex. Staminal tube short, with many long Aliform filaments.
Ovary about 10-celled; style slender, divided into as many filiform branches,
stigmatose on the inner surface towards the apex. Fruit a depressed sphere,
breaking up into 10 compressed reniform membranous carpels. Seed much
compressed. /

In mountain districts throughout the Middle Island, from Nelson to Milford Sound ;
western districts of Otago, fringing the Fagus forest, Hector and Buchanan. Mr. Haast
informs me that Ibis forms a deciduous tree at and above 3000 ft., hut is evergreen below

P lag ian lints.]

X. MALVACEAE.

31

that level ; in autumn its naked branches and yellow foliage give a peculiar colour to the
landscape at the higher elevation.

2. HOHERIA, A. Cunn.

Small trees, with alternate, petioled, excessively variable, pellucid-dotted
foliage, and fascicled, axillary, white, hermaphrodite flowers. Peduncles jointed
in the middle. Bracts 0. — Calyx with a broad cup-shaped tube and 5 teeth.
Petals linear-oblong, obtuse, oblique. Stamens 5-adelphous. Ovary 5 -celled ;
styles 5, filiform, stigmas capitate. Carpels (unknown in H. Sinclairii)
laterally quite flat, whorled round a central axis, from which they fall away
when ripe, indehiscent, crested at the back with a membranous wing. Seed

pendulous.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate or linear-oblong, sharply toothed 1. II. populnea.

Leaves broadly ovate, bluntly serrate 2. II. Sinclairii.

1. H. populnea, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 30. Tree 10-30 ft. high,
branches hoary. Leaves glabrous, excessively variable in size, shape and
toothing, 2-5 in. long, ovate or lanceolate, generally sharply or coarsely
double-toothed or serrate. Flowers abundantly produced, snow-white, gla-
brous or hoary, in. diam. Carpels produced backwards and upwards
into a wing. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 565, 566.

Var. a. vulgaris. Leaves ovate, with large sharp teeth.

Var. 0. lanceolata.. Leaves linear or oblong-lanceolate, toothed or serrate.

Var. y. angustifolia. Leaves small, linear-oblong, spinulose-toothed. Flowers small.
II. angustifolia, Raoul, Choix, 48. t. 26.

Var. 8. cratcegifolia. Leaves ovate, variously lobed and toothed.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. The bark affords a demul-
cent drink, and is also used for cordage, etc.

2. H. Sinclairii, Hook./., n. sp. Larger in all its parts than H. populnea,
and readily distinguished by its broadly ovate, acute, obtusely serrate, cori-
aceous, glabrous leaves. The peduncles are usually binate, and shorter than
the petioles. It much resembles Plagianthus Lyallii, but the leaves are not
cordate, more serrate, the peduncles jointed in the middle, stigmas capitate,
and carpels 5.

Northern Island : near Auckland ?, Sinclair. I find this fine species amongst some
Auckland plants, sent without localities by Dr. Sinclair.

3. HIBISCUS, Linn.

Usually erect herbs, with often lobed leaves and handsome hermaphrodite
flowers. Bracts numerous (or few) below the calyx, free or connate. — Calyx
5-fid or 5-toothed. Petals usually cuneate, oblique, soon withering. Sta-
minal tube long, 5 -toothed at the mouth, below which the filaments are in-
serted. Ovary 5 -celled, with 5 spreading styles and terminal stigmas ; cells
3- or many-ovuled. Capsule 5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds glabrous or woolly.

A very large tropical genus, containing many very handsome plants, some, as the Ochra
(II. esculent us), yielding an esculent fruit, others (H. cannabinus), cordage; a few are trees,
some climb.

1 . H. Trionum, Linn. ; — FI. N.Z.i.28. A hispid annual, often branched ;
stem almost woody below, erect or with spreading branches, 1-2 ft. high.

32

X. MALVACEAE.

[Hibiscus.

Leaves petioled, cordate, palmately 3- 5 -lobed, lobes linear, often serrate or
sinuate, the middle one longest. Bracts numerous, setaceous. Blowers -§-1
in. diam., yellow with a purple eye. Calyx membranous, hispid, veined.
Stamens few or many. Seeds dark-brown, wrinkled, glabrous. Capsule
hispid. — Bot. Mag. t. 209 ; H. vesicarius, Cav. ; A. Cunn. Prodr.

Scattered over the islands, and possibly introduced {A. Cunningham) . Most common in
the northern parts of the Northern Island, and certainly indigenous ( Colenso ). Middle
Island : South Wanganui, Lyall. A very common Australian, Asiatic, and S. African plant,
also found in S. Europe and elsewhere in the Old World.

Order XI. TILIACEJE.

{Including Elaocarpea.)

Trees or shrubs (rarely herbs) with often tough bark, alternate or opposite,
often stipulate leaves. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual. —
Sepals 4 or 5, free or connate, usually valvate. Petals 4 or 5, free, entire,
lobed or cut. Torus generally conspicuous. Stamens usually numerous, free,
inserted on the torus ; filaments filiform ; anthers 2-celled, often opening
by terminal pores. Ovary sessile on the torus, 2-10-celled ; style simple,
usually divided at the apex into as many divisions as cells ; ovules few or
many, attached to the axis of the cells. Fruit very variable. Seeds generally
with fleshy albumen, and broad, flat, thin cotyledons.

A very large tropical and subtropical Order of plants, to which the English Lime-tree
{Tilia) belongs, together with the Indian Jute ( Corchorus ), valued for its fibre.

Leaves alternate. Petals entire. Capsule echinate 1. Entelea.

Leaves opposite. Petals crenate or lacerate. Berry 2-4-celled ... 2. Aristot!' lia.

Leaves alternate. Petals lacerate. Drupe 1-celled 3. Elaocarpus.

1. ENTELEA, Br.

A small branching light-wooded tree, covered with stellate down, having
large, alternate, 5-7-nerved, cordate, toothed stipulate leaves, and umbellate
cymes of white flowers. — Sepals 4 or 5, free. Petals 4 or 5, undulate. Sta-
mens very numerous, free, on a low torus, with filiform filaments and versatile
anthers. Ovary 4-6-celled ; style simple, stigmatiferous at the toothed apex ;
cells many-ovuled. Capsule globose, echinate with long rigid bristles, 4-6-
valved, loculicidal.

1. E. arborescens, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 33. Leaves 4-8 in. long, on
long petioles, oblique, often lobed irregularly and acutely, doubly or trebly
crenate or serrate ; stipules persistent. Flowers white, abundant, in erect
cymes, bracteate at the axils, f-1 in. diam., drooping. Sepals acuminate.
Ovary hispid. Capsule the size of a hazel-nut, spines nearly 1 in. long.
Seeds in two rows, albumen oily. — Bot. Mag. t. 2480 ; Apeiba australis, A.
llich. Flor. t. 34.

Not rare throughout the Northern Island, Banks and Solander, etc. The genus is con-
fined to New Zealand.

XI. T1LIACEA:.

33

2. AMSTOTELIA, L’Hentier.

Shrubs or trees, with opposite or subopposite, exstipulate leaves. Flowers
usually unisexual. — Sepals 4 or 5, valvate or subimbricate. Petals 4 or 5,
lobed or crenate, rarely entire, sometimes minute. Stamens 4 or 5 or nume-
rous, inserted on the glandular torus ; filaments short ; anthers with short
terminal slits. Ovary 2-4-celled ; style subulate, eutire ; cells 2-ovuled.
Berry 2-4-celled, few- or many-seeded. Seeds often fleshy on the outside
of the hard testa.

A small genus, with two Australian and Tasmanian, one Chilian, and the three following

New Zealand species.

Leaves large, membranous, pubescent. Racemes many- flowered ... 1. A. racemosa.
Leaves large, membranous, glabrous. Racemes many-flowered . . . 2. A. Colensoi.
Leaves small, coriaceous. Flowers few 3. A.frulicosa.

1. A. racemosa, Hook. f. Ft. N. Z. i. 33. A small handsome tree,
6-20 ft. high, with blackish bark and pubescent twigs. Leaves on long
petioles, membranous, pubescent, variable in form, 3-5 in. long, ovate cor-
date or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, deeply irregularly and acutely serrate,
often red or purple beneath. Bacemes panicled, axillary, manv-flowered,
peduncles and pedicels slender. Flowers dioecious, small, the males largest,
•i—- 3- in. diam., nodding. Petals 4, 3-lobed, rosy, of the female flower very
small. Stamens numerous, yellow, minutely hairy ; anthers longer than the
filaments. Ovary usually 4-celled. Berry size of a pea, eaten by the natives.
— Friesia racemosa, A. Cunn. Prodr. ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 601.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. “ Wood white, very light,
makes veneers,” Buchanan.

2. A. Colensoi, Hoo/c.f., n. sp. Very similar in most respects to A. ra-
cemosa, but differing in the much narrower, perfectly glabrous leaves, which are
ovate-lanceolate, narrowed into a long acuminate point, deeply irregularly
serrate ; and the small fruit, which is no bigger than a peppercorn. The
seeds are as in A. racemosa. I have seen no flowers.

Northern Island : woods in the Wairarapa valley, Colenso.

3. A. fruticosa, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 34. A small, rigid, erect or
decumbent shrub, with woody tortuous branches, and erect or spreading
downy shoots, with red-brown bark. Leaves very variable, on short, downy
or glabrous petioles, coriaceous, 5— 1 in. long, ovate obovate or linear-ob-
long, obtuse, entire crenate toothed serrate or lobed. Flowers minute,
usually solitary and axillary, rarely racemose ; peduncles usually short. Petals
4, very short or as long as the calyx, entire or lobed, pink, shorter in the
female. Stamens 4-6 ; filaments short ; anthers downy. Ovary 2-4-celled.
Berry globose, small, 4-6-seeded. Seed with a bony, rugged testa, covered
with a thin pulp.

Common in mountain districts, alt. 2-4000 ft., throughout the islands, and varying greatly, -
Colenso, etc. 1 have made four varieties iu the New Zealand flora, but they seem to be
states determined by age and exposure, rather thau hereditary races ; of these the var. /3 is
possibly a very small form of A. racemosa.

3. ELJEOCAR.PTJS, Linn.

Trees, generally hard-wooded, with the branches leafy at the extremity.

VOL. I. i)

34

XI. TILIACEiE.

[ Elceocarpus .

Leaves generally alternate, exstipulate. — Flowers racemose, usually herma-
phrodite, pendulous. Sepals 4 or 5, valvate. Petals 4 or 5, laciniate, indu-
plicate-valvate. Stamens numerous, seated on a glandular torus ; filaments
short, anthers long, awned, pubescent, opening by a short, terminal slit.
Ovary 2-5 -celled ; style subulate, stigma simple; ovules 2 or more, pendu-
lous. Drupe with one bony, 1- or several-celled nut, which is often tuber-
cled or wrinkled. Seed pendulous.

A very large tropical Asiatic, Australian, and Polynesian genus.

Twigs silky. Leaves with recurved margins 1. E. dentatus.

Twigs glabrous. Leaves flat 2. E. Honkerianus.

1. E. dentatus, Vahl ; — E. Hinau, A. Cunn. ; FI. N. Z. i. 32. A small
tree, with brown bark, which yields a permanent dye ; branches fastigiate at
the top of the naked trank, silky when young. Leaves erect, petioled, 2-3
in. long, very coriaceous and variable, linear-oblong obovate or lanceolate, ob-
tuse or acuminate, margins recurved, sinuate-serrate, below often white with
silky down, and with hollows where the veins meet the midrib. Eacemes
glabrous or silky, of many white pendulous flowers in. diam. Petals lobed
or lacerate. Anthers with a flat recurved tip. Drupe -J— \ in. long, ovoid,
pulp astringent but eatable; stone deeply furrowed. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 602;
E. Cunninghamii, Eaoul, Clioix, 25 ; Dicer a dentata, Forst. ; Erioslemon den-
tatum, Colla, Hort. Eip. lii. t. 30.

Common throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc.

2. E. Hookerianus, Raoul , Clioix, t. xxv. ; — El. N. Z. i. 32. A small,
quite glabrous tree, 30-40 ft. high, like E. dentatus in habit, but smaller
in all its parts. Leaves coriaceous, elliptical or linear-oblong, obtuse, 1£- 2
in. long, margins flat, crenate or sinuate-serrate, those of young plants linear
and pinnatifid ; petioles in. long. Racemes erect, shorter than the leaves,
with small, drooping, whitish flowers. Sepals lanceolate. Petals rather
longer, unequally cleft into obtuse lobes. Anthers obtuser than in E. dentatus.
Drape small, blue, -§• in., with a furrowed rugose nut.

Hilly and other parts of the Northern Island ; and common on the Middle Island,
Colenso, Raoul, etc.

Order XII. LINEiE.

Herbs or undershrubs, usually with entire, alternate leaves, and subrace-
mose, handsome, hermaphrodite, regular flowers. — Sepals 5, free, imbricate.
Petals 5, free, fugacious, contorted. Stamens 5, hypogynous ; filaments united
below into a cup, which has usually 5 minute glands at its base ; anthers ver-
satile. Ovary 3-5 -celled ; styles 3-5, stigmas terminal; cells 1-2-ovuled.
Capsule splitting septicidally into indehiscent or dehiscent 1-2-seeded cocci.
Seeds with scanty albumen or 0.

A rather large Order, in temperate and tropical countries, of which the tribe Eulinece is
chiefly temperate, 'the Flax, L. usitatissimum , belongs to the only N. Z. genus, which is a
large European one.

1. LimJM, Linn.

Glabrous herbs, with narrow, quite entire leaves, fibrous bark, and usually

Linum.'}

XII. LINEAI.

35

large flowers. — Sepals 5, entire. Stamens alternating with 5 setifonn pro-
cesses of the staminal tube. Ovary 5-celled ; cells imperfectly divided by
a longitudinal septum. Cocci 5, septate, 2-seeded, or 10, by each splitting
along the septum.

1. L. monogynum, Forst. ,—Fl. N. Z. i. 28. A perennial, variable
herb, sometimes woody at the base, simple or branched, 6-12 in. high, erect
or decumbent. Leaves ^-1 in. long, oblong linear or linear-subulate, 1-3-
nerved. Flowers numerous, white or pale-blue, very variable in size. Se-
pals ovate-lanceolate, acute. Styles united, their free tips recurved. Capsule
globose, of 10 cocci. — Bot. Mag. t. 3574.

Var. a. grandiflorum. Erect, branched; flowers numerous | to 1. in.

Var. 0. diffusum. Decumbent ; flowers few, 1 to 1 in.

Common, especially on rocky coasts throughout the islands. Banks and Solander, etc.
ascends 2000 ft. in the mountains of Canterbury, Haast. Chatham Island, var. a, Bieffenbach.

Order XIII. GERANIACE2E.

{Including Oxalide/E.)

Herbs (the New Zealand species), with alternate, stipulate or exstipulate
leaves, and regular or irregular hermaphrodite flowers. — Sepals 5, free, im-
bricate, one sometimes spurred. Petals 5, rarely fewer, imbricated. Disk
inconspicuous or glandular. Stamens 10, hypogynous, the alternate ones often
smaller, or imperfect, or without anthers ; filaments often connate below ;
anthers versatile. Ovary 3-5-lobed, or of 3-5 carpels combined in the axis,
produced into as many free or connate styles, with capitate or longitudinal
stigmas; cells 1- or more ovuled. Fruit capsular, 3~5-lobed, 3-5-valved,
variously dehiscing. Seeds with little or no albumen.

A very large Order, containing many genera absent in New Zealand, differing a good deal
in structure, to some of which the above character does not altogether apply.

Flowers regular. Styles combined. Carpels caudate 1. Geranium.

Flowers irregular. Calyx with a spur adnate.to the pedicel .... 2. Pelargonium.

Flowers regular. Styles free. Leaves 3-foliolate ....... 3. Oxalis.

1. GERANIUM, Linn.

Stemless or branching herbs, with, stipulate leaves, and axillary, 1-2-
flowered, 2-bracteolate peduncles. — Flowers regular. Torus with 5 glands
alternating with the petals. Stamens 10, all perfect (rarely 5 imperfect),
free or united at the base. Ovary 5-celled, beaked; beak terminated by 5
short styles, which are longitudinally stigmatose ; cells 2-ovuled. Capsule
of 5, tailed, 1-seeded cocci, elastically curling up and separating from the axis,
to which their tails remain attached. Cotyledons plicate or convolute.

A large genus in Britain, and all temperate regions of the world. The roots are astrin-
gent. All the New Zealand species are biennial- or perennial-rooted. The species are most
puzzling to discriminate.

Peduncles 2-flowered. Sepals awned. Carpels hairy. Seeds pitted 1. G. dissectum.
Peduncles 1-flowered. Sepals hardly awned. Carpels hairy. Seeds

scarcely dotted 2. G. miornphgllum.

D 2

36 xiii. geraniace^e. [ Geranium .

Peduncles 2-floweved. Sepals awned. Carpels hairy. Seeds quite

eveu. (Stemless.) 3. G. sessilijlorum.

Peduncles 2-flowered. Sepals not awned. Carpels glabrous. Seeds

smooth 4. G. molle.

1. G. dissectum, Linn., var. caroiinianum, FI. N. Z. i. 39. Stem
1-2 ft. high, stout, erect or decumbent, branched, more or less covered with
spreading, usually retrorse hairs. Leaves 1-2 in. diam., on long petioles, or-
bicular, deeply cut into few or many, broad or narrow, obtuse or acute lobes ;
stipules broad, scarious. Peduncles slender, 2-liowered, with ovate, subulate
bracts. Flowers very variable in size, in. diam. Sepals hairy, awned.
Petals notched or retuse, pink. Carpels and their beaks hairy, even. Seeds
deeply and coarsely pitted.

Var. a. pilosum. Covered with spreading hairs. Petals often rather large. — G. pilosum,
Forst. ; G. patagonicum , Hook, f., FI. Antarct. ii. 252.

Var. patuhim. Leaves covered with spreading and retrorse hairs. Petals usually
small. — G. retrorsum , DC. Prodr. ; G. patutum, Forst. Prodr.

Var. y. glabraium. More glabrous, the leaves 3-5-lobed, with the lobes broader.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. A most puzzling plant, oc-
curring in S. America from Canada to Cape Horn. It is described in the N. American Floras
as annual or biennial ; the roots seem annual in Canadian and United States specimens, but
perennial in West N. America, ltocky Mountain, and Chilian ones ; the petals also, which
are as short as the sepals in the United States form, become larger in the AVest American.
The New Zealand form differs from the European G. dissectum, chiefly in the petals being
often large, always less deeply notched, and the root always more than annual ; but I do not
find these distinctions to be constant. The amount and depth of pitting of the seed varies
much in different specimens. The species ranges through temperate Australia, and North and
South America, in which latter country it has several names.

2. G. microphyllum, Hook. f. FI. Antarct. i. 8. < t. v. — G. potentilloides,
L’Heritier ; FI. N. Z. i. 40. A very slender, prostrate, straggling-, branched
plant, 12-15 in. long, more or less covered with silky white, appressed or
spreading hairs, often retrorse on the peduncles and pedicels. Leaves orbicular,
£-1 in. broad, usually cut to or below the middle into 5-7 broad, obcuneate,
toothed, obtuse lobes; petioles slender ; stipules small. Peduncles rarely 2-
flowered. Flowers smaller than in G. dissectum /3, excepting in fine specimens,
the sepals with very short awns, and the petals larger in proportion, white
or pale-pink, retuse. Carpels even, with short hairs. Seeds minutely dotted.

Mountainous or hilly situations in all the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Lord Auck-
land’s group, J.L.H. In the N. Z. Flora I referred this to the Tasmanian G. potentilloides,
which is how-ever referred by Bentham, Mueller, and Archer to G. pilosum, Forst. ( dissec-
tum, Linn.), from which this differs in the much more slender habit, smaller less-lobed leaves,
smaller less-pointed sepals, and very obscurely pitted seeds. The varieties debile and micro-
phyllum of Fl. N. Z. are only forms, connected by too many intermediates to be retained as
varieties.

3. G. sessiliflorum, Cav. ; — G. brevicaule , Hook.; Fl. N. Z. i. 40.
Stemless, or nearly so ; root stout ; branches, if present, very short, and leaves
more or less covered with silky hairs, which are spreading or retrorse on the
petioles, pedicels, and sepals. Leaves mostly radical, very numerous, on
long, slender petioles, 3-6 in. long, orbicular, cut to or below the middle into
cuneate 5-7-fid lobes ; stipules broad, membranous. Peduncles short, from
the root, or from branches which are rarely longer than the leaves. Flowers
between those of G. dissectum fi, and microphyllum. Sepals awned, very hairy.

Geranium.']

XIII. GEKANIACEiE.

37

Petals refuse, longer Ilian the sepals. Carpels even, pilose. Seeds quite even
or minutely punctulate, not pitted. — FI. Antarct. ii. 252.

Mountain regions in the Middle Island. Terraces on the Kowai river, Sinclair and
Ilaast j Chalky Bay, Lyall ; Otago, Rector and Buchanan. Also found in Tasmania, on
the Australian alps, in i'uegia, and South Chili ; it scarcely differs from G. dissectum a, ex-
cept in habit and the even seeds. Colenso’s Ruahine mountain specimens are, I think, re-
ferable to G. microphyllum.

4. G. molle, Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 40. A procumbent, much-branched,
slender plant, covered everywhere with soft spreading hairs. Leaves 1 in.
broad, orbicular or reniform, more or less 5-9-lobed, the segments 3-5-fid ;
petioles long ; stipules very broad and membranous. Peduncles 2 -flowered,
with broad membranous bracts. Flowers i-j in. broad. Sepals broadly
ovate, not awned. Petals bifid, longer than the sepals, pink. Carpels
wrinkled, quite glabrous. Seeds even, not dotted.

Var. j8 ? Carpels not at all wrinkled.

Northern and Middle Islands, Lyall (without habitat) ; /3, Hawke’s Bay, Colenso.

I am much puzzled with this plant, which is not a native of any part of Australia or of America,
though common in Europe, and extending east to the Himalaya. Lyall’s specimens are
identical with the European, and quite characteristic of the commonest state of G. molle in
every particular ; but all Coleuso’s have quite even carpels, as in the European G. pusillum,
Linn., and G:rotundifolium, Linn., from both of which they differ in their glabrous carpels,
and from the latter also in the bifid petals.

2. PELARGONIUM, L’Heritier.

Herbs (rarely shrubs), with opposite, simple lobed or dissected, stipulate
leaves, and 1- or many-flowered axillary peduncles. — Flowers slightly irregular.
Sepals 5, the upper produced into a spur which is adnate with the pedicel.
Petals 5 or fewer, the upper often dissimilar. Torus with 5 glands. Sta-
mens 10, of which 7 only or fewer are antheriferous. Ovary and fruit as in
Geranium.

A very large South African genus, rare elsewhere, and almost absent in Europe, Asia, and
America ; a few are Australian.

1. P. australe, Willd.,v ar. clandestinum j — P. clandestiuum, L’Her. ;
FI. N. Z. i. 41. A more or less hairy, perennial herb; stem erect, simple
or branched, 4 in. -2 feet high. Leaves orbicular or ovate, deeply cordate at
the base, 3-5 -lobed, lobes coarsely or finely toothed or serrate ; petioles
slender, 2-6 in. long. Peduncles axillary, longer than the leaves, pubescent,
many-flowered. Flowers small, \ in. broad, in 10-12-flowered umbels, with
whorled, ovate, acuminate bracts at the base ; pedicels in. long, pubes-
cent with scattered white hairs. Sepals unequal, ovate, acuminate ; spur
short, gibbous, or 0. Petals unequal, TV~ i in. long, deep pink, longer than
the sepals, spathulate, notched. Stamens about 5 fertile, the rest reduced
to membranous scales. Carpels very hairy, their tails lined on the inner face
with white silky hairs. Seeds minutely dotted. — P. acugnaticum, Thouars ;
P. grossularioides, Aiton ; Harv. and Sond. Flor. Cap. i. 289.

Northern and Middle Islands : abundant, especially near the sea, Banks and So-
lander, etc. A lotion of bruised leaves of this is applied by the natives to scalds and burns.
Also found in Tristan d’Acunha, South Africa and Australia.

38

XIII. GERANIACEiE.

3. OXALIS, Linn.

Stemless or branching, usually slender, perennial, acid herbs, with alter-
nate or tufted, usually stipulate, 3-foliolate or pinnate leaves, and obcordate
leaflets. — Flowers regular. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, contorted. Disk
and glands 0. Stamens 10, all fertile. Ovary 5-lobed, 5 -celled ; styles 5 ;
cells 1- or more ovuled. Capsule loeulicidal ; valves more or less cohering
together and by the septa to the axis. Seeds with an arilliform, fleshy coat,
that bursts elastically ; albumen fleshy.

A very large genus, abounding in South Africa, of which a few species are British, and very
widely diffused in both tropical and temperate countries. The foliage affords a grateful acid.
Stems elongate, branching. Stipules 0 or small. Flowers yellow . . 1. 0. corniculata.

Stems short or 0. Stipules large. Flowers white 2. 0. magellanica.

1. O. corniculata, Linn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 43. An erect or decumbent,
branched, slender, glabrous or pubescent herb, usually with a perennial root ;
branches 1-10 in. long, erect, ascending, or more usually prostrate, some-
times matted together. Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets deeply obcordate, ^-1
in. long, glaucous below ; stipules small or 0 ; petioles slender, very variable.
Peduncles axillary, 1-6-flovvered, variable in length. Flowers most vari-
able in size. Petals yellow, notched. Capsules oblong or linear.

Var. a. Decumbent. Leaves stipulate.

Var. £1 . strict a. Erect or suberect. Leaves exstipulate. — O. slricta, Linn.; 0. Urvillei,
lacicola, propinqaa, and divergens, A. Cunn. Prodr. ; 0. ambigua, A. Bich. Flor.

Var. y. micropliylla. Stems procumbent. Branches creeping. Leaflet^very minute.
Capsule oblong. — 0. micropliylla and 0. exilis, A. Cunn. Prodr.

Var. 5. ciliifera. Stems procumbent, filiform. Leaflets membranous, ciliated. — 0. cilii-
fera and tenuicaulis, A. Cunn. Prodr.

Var. e. crassifolia. Stems rigid, matted together. Leaflets small, thick, pilose. — 0.
crassifolia, A. Cunn. Prodr.

Abundant, especially on the east coasts, throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
One of the commonest and most variable weeds of warm climates.

2. O. magellanica, Ford. ,—Fl. N. Z. i. 43. t. 13. A small, glabrous,
or pubescent, stemless, rather succulent species, 3-4 in. high. Khizome
creeping, perennial, covered with imbricate scales (old stipules). Leaves
3-foliolate ; leaflets broadly obcordate, glabrous, glaucous below. Petioles
usually hairy. Peduncles radical, 1-flowered, 2-bracteolate, often longer than
the leaves. Sepals ovate, obtuse. Petals pure white, | in. long, oblong-
obovate or obcordate, often oblique and ciliated. Capsules globose. — 0. Ca-
taractcB, A. Cunn. Prodr. ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 418.

Throughout the islands, in damp, shady, alpine, and subalpine regions. Common in simi-
lar situations in Tasmania, Fuegia, and S. Chili, very nearly allied to the European Wood
Sorrel ( 0 . Acetosella, Linn.).

Brodium cicutarium, Linn., a common European hairy pinnate-leaved geranium-like
plant, seems now to be naturalized throughout the islands (as in Australia) ; it has regular
flowers, 5 anthers, and the tails of the carpels bearded inside.

Order XIY. RUTACE^.

Shrubs and trees. Leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate, pellucid-
dotted, usually fragrant, simple or compound. Flowers regular, hermaphro-

XIV. RUTACEjE.

39

dite. — Sepals and petals 4 or 5, spreading, imbricate or valvate. Stamens
usually 8 or 10, free, inserted at the base of a tttmid disk; anthers versatile.
Ovary of 4 or 5, more or less united carpels ; styles 4 or 5, wholly combined,
or by a capitate stigma only ; cells 2-ovuled. Fruit capsular, of 4 or 5 coria-
ceous, 2-valved, 1-seeded cocci ; outer coat separating from the inner, which
is chartaceous, dry, and elastic. Seeds oblong, testa crustaceous ; albumen
copious or 0.

A very large Natural Order, now including the Rue, Orange, Cape Diosmas, Australian
Boronias, and many other plants differing in certain points from the above ordinal character,
abounding in the temperate regions of the southern hemispheres, especially in South Africa

and Australia, rarer elsewhere.

Flowers pentamerous. Leaves simple : 1. Phebaliuji

Flowers tetramerous. Leaves compound 2. Melicope.

1. PHEBALIUM, Yentenat.

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, pellucid-dotted. Flowers in axillary or termi-
nal corymbs, white. — Calyx small, 4 or 5-lobed or -parted. Petals 4 -or 5, im-
bricate or valvate. Stamens 8 or 10; filaments filiform, glabrous. Ovary 2-5-
parted, almost to the base ; style simple, rising from between the lobes,
stigma capitate ; cells 2-ovuled. Qocci 2-5, truncate or rostrate; endocarp
separating. Testa smooth, black, shining.

A very large Australian genus, not found elsewhere.

1. P. nudum. Hook. Ic. PI. t. 568 ; — FI' N. Z. i. 44. A shrub or small
tree, 12-15 ft. high, everywhere glabrous; branches very slender. Leaves
alternate, l-l^in. long, spreading, linear-oblong or narrow oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse, obscurely'firenate, narrowed below into very short petioles, coria-
ceous, paler and dotted below. Flowers in terminal many-flowered corymbs,
whitish, i— | in. diam., on pedicels -}—} in. long. Calyx very small, 5-lobed.
Petals 5, lineal-, obtuse, with narrowly overlapping margins. Cocci -g- in.
long, obtusely rhomboidal, compressed, wrinkled, often only one ripens, split-
ting down the front and back into 2 valves.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, A. Cunningham ; east coast, Edgerley, Cohns o ;
Auckland, Sinclair. Exceedingly closely allied to the Queensland P. elatius, F. Muell.,
hut the flowers are larger, the petals longer, the corymbs more flattened, and the leaves taper
less to the base ; they may prove to be local forms of one species.

2. MELICOPE, Foist.

Glabrous shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple or compound, pel-
lucid-dotted. Flowers in axillary many- or few-flowered cymes, more or less
unisexual. — Sepals 4, deciduous or persistent. Petals 4, sessile, spreading,
valvate or imbricate, with inflexed tips. Stamens 8 ; filaments subulate.
Ovary 4-lobed, 4 -celled ; style 1, or 4 coalescing into 1, from between the
lobes, stigma capitate ; cells 2-ovuled. Cocci 1—4, spreading, free ; endocarp
separating. Testa shining; albumen abundant; embryo slightly curved.

A Pacific Island genus, very variable in habit, which does not extend westward into Aus-
tralia. The two New Zealand species are extremely dissimilar in habit.

Leaves opposite, 3-foliolate . . . . , 1. M ternata.

Leaves alternate or fascicled, 1-foliolate 2. M. simplex.

40

XIV. RUTACEA?.

[ Melicope .

1. M. ternata, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 43. A glabrous, small tree, 12-
15 ft. high; branches rather stout. Leaves opposite, 3-foliolate ; leaflets
3-4 in. long, ovate or linear-oblong, acute, quite entire, longer than the
petioles. Flowers in. diam., greenish-white, in peduncled, trichotomous,
axillary cymes ; bracts deciduous. Petals ovate, longer than the stamens,
margins imbricate. Ovary quite glabrous ; style short. Carpels 4, spread-
ing, coriaceous, strongly wrinkled ; seed small, black, projecting from the
fissure, attached bv a slender funicle. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. C03.

Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander , etc. : not uncommon as far
South as the Nelson Province.

2. M. simplex, A. Cum. ; — -FI. N. Z. i. 43. A glabrous shrub, 6-8 ft;
high; branches slender. Leaves alternate, scattered or fascicled, small, of 1
(very rarely 3, of which the lateral are minute), orbicular obovate or ovate,
obtuse, doubly cremate leaflet, -|-f in. long, jointed on the top of a flattened
almost winged petiole, \ in. long, which is broader towards the leaflet and
channelled above. Pedicels several together, axillary, slender, longer than
the petioles, 1-4-flowered, bracteolate at the forks. Flowers very small,
greenish-white. Petals linear-oblong, shorter in the male flowers than the
stamens, valvate, or with the edges a little overlapping. Ovary oblong, hir-
sute ; style in the female flowers slender ; stigma capitate. Fruit as in M. ter-
nata, but much smaller. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 585.

Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander , etc. : not uncommon along the
whole coasts to Otago. A very different-looking plant from M. ternata.

Order XV. MELIACEiE.

Trees (rarely shrubs). Leaves usually pinnate, alternate, exstipulate.
Flowers regular, generally hermaphrodite. — Calyx small, 4 or 5-lobed or
-parted, imbricate. Petals 4 or 5, contorted valvate or imbricate, often long,
sometimes united to the staminal tube. Disk free or wanting, sometimes
tubular within the stamens. Stamens usually 8 or 10, more or less united into
a tube, bearing the sessile anthers within its mouth, which is often toothed or
split. Ovary free, 3-5 -celled ; style single, terminal, stigma capitate; cells
2-ovuled. Fruit a drupe berry or capsule, usually the latter, coriaceous, 3-
celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds generally solitary in the cells, mostly
arillate and ex albuminous.

A very large Order of tropical forest-trees, of which various genera present characters of
the flower and fruit at variance with the above description. The Mahogany ( Swietenia ),
Satin-wood ( Chloroxylon ), and Pride-of-India ( Melia ), all belong to it.

1. DYSOXYLTJM, Blume.

Large forest-trees, often fetid or with a garlicky smell. Leaves alternate,
pinnate. Flowers rather small, in axillary panicles. — Calyx short, 4 or 5-lobed
-toothed or -parted, imbricate. Petals 4 or 5, linear-oblong, valvate, some-
times united at the base and with the staminal tube, which is cylindric, 8 or 10-
toothed ; anthers 8 or 10, included. Disk tubular, sheathing the 3-5-celled
ovary. Capsule coriaceous, globose or pyriform, 1-5-celled, 2-5-valved,

Dysoxylum .]

XV. MELIACEiE.

41

splitting down the middle of the cells ; valves with the septa on their faces.
Seeds large, arillate or naked, oblong; hilum broad, ventral; testa brown,
shining ; cotyledons very large ; plumule included or exserted.

A large tropical Asiatic, Australian, and Pacific Island genus of timber and forest trees.

1. D. spectabile, Iiook.f.; — Hartighsia spectabilis, A. Juss. ; — FI. N. Z.
i. 39. A large tree, 40-50 ft. high. Leaves 1 ft. or more long, pinnate;
leaflets about 4 pairs, alternate, petioled, oblong-obovate, acute, 3-6 in. long,
quite glabrous, entire, oblique at the base, narrowed into the terete petiole.
Panicles 8-12 in. long, usually growing from the trunk, sparingly branched,
ebracteate. Flowers shortly pedicelled, \ in. broad. Calyx lobes very small,
ciliate. Petals linear, patent, obtuse. Staminal tube cylindric, fleshy, cre-
nate ; anthers quite included, sessile on thickened prominences. Style very
slender ; stigma disciform. Capsule obovate, pendulous, 1 in. long. Aril
scarlet. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 616 and 617.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, A. Cunningham, etc.; east coast, Banks and So-
lander. Middle Island, Forster. Mr. Bidwill observes that the leaves are bitter, and
used for hops, and to make a stomachic infusion.

Order XVI. OLACINE.®.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, alternate, rarely opposite, exstipulate.
Flowers regular, axillary or terminal, hermaphrodite or unisexual. — Calyx
small, 4 or 5-toothed -lobed or -parted. Petals 4 or 5, free or coalescing into a
tube, valvate? Stamens 4 or 5, hypogynous (or at the base of a disk). Ovary
free, 1- or imperfectly 3-5 -celled ; style long or short, stigma often lobed ;
ovules 1-3 collaterally pendulous from below the top of the cell, or from the
top of a central erect free placenta. Fruit usually a 1-celled, 1-seeded, dry
or fleshy drupe. Seed pendulous, testa very thin ; albumen copious, fleshy;
embryo minute, terete.

A large tropical Order, containing many genera of very various characters not included in
the above description, often extremely difficult of determination, on account of their minute
flowers, and almost microscopic ovaries and ovules. The only New Zealand genus is also a
native of Norfolk Island.

1. PENNANTIA, Forst.

Trees. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed. Cymes many-flowered. Flowers
polygamous. — Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals 5, valvate. Stamens 5, hypo-
gynous ; filaments filiform, free, flattened at the base ; anthers versatile.
Ovary oblong, obscurely trigonous, 1-celled; stigma almost sessile, discoid,
3-lobed; ovule 1, pendulous below the top of the cell. Drupe small, fleshy;
stone crustaceous, obtusely 3-gonous, grooved on one face, and perforated on
that face below the apex ; a flattened cord passes up the groove, enters the
cell by the foramen, and bears the pendulous seed at its tip.

1. P. corymbosa, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 35. t. 12. A small, very grace-
ful tree, covered with white sweet-smelling flowers, 20-30 ft. high ; bark
whitish ; wood brittle ; twigs and young cymes pubescent. Leaves on short
petioles, 1-3 in. long, ovate obovate or oblong, obtuse, sinuate or toothed.

42

XVI. 0LACINEA5.

[. Pennantia .

rarely entire, often turning black in drying. Male flowers largest, filaments
longer than the petals; ovary reduced to a papilla; pedicels jointed be-
low the calyx. Berries ovoid, black, fleshy, with purple juice, -j in. long.

Northern Island : chiefly in mountain woods ; more abundant throughout the Middle
Island, Banks and Solander, etc. Wood used by the natives for kindling fires by friction.
Development of the fruit very curious, and well worth an attentive study. The only other
species (P. Endlicheri) is a native of Norfolk Island.

Order XVII. STACKHOUSIE.E.

Herbs, perennial-rooted. Leaves narrow, alternate, almost exstipulate.
Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, greenish white or yellow, hermaphro-
dite, regular. — Calyx with a small hemispherical tube, and 5 small imbricate
lobes. Petals 5, inserted at the edge of a disk which lines the calyx tube,
erect, linear or spathulate, free or united by their edges above the base only,
their tips imbricate, reflexed. Stamens 5, free, erect; filaments slender, 2
shorter than the others. Ovary sessile, free, subglobose, 2-5 -celled and -lobed
or -parted; styles 2-5, connate or free, stigma simple or 2-5 -lobed ; ovules
solitary and erect in the cells. Fruit of 2-5 indehiscent, globose, angled
or winged cocci, attached to a central column. Testa membranous ; albumen
fleshy ; embryo straight.

The only genus is abundant in Australia, and contains also a Philippine Island species.

1. STACKHOUSIA, Smith.

1. S. minima, HooJc. f. FI. N. Z. i. 47. A minute, slender, glabrous
herb, with slender, running rhizomes, sending up erect, leafy branches, 1-2
inches high. Leaves i— j in. long, scattered, linear or obovate, acute, fleshy,
quite entire. Flowers very minute, in few-flowered spikes. Calyx lobes 5,
spreading. Petals united at the middle. Anthers pubescent. Ovary 3-lobed ;
style 3-cleft. Cocci, usually 1 only ripens.

Northern Island : open downs on the east coast, Colenso. Middle Island : clefts of
rocks. Ribbon Wood range, Haast.

Order XVIII. RHAMNEiE.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, stipulate. Flowers
regular, hermaphrodite. — Calyx superior or inferior, 4 or 5 -toothed or -lobed;
lobes triangular, valvate, often having a raised ridge down the centre, and an
incurved thickened tip. Petals 0, or 4 or 5, minute, scale-like, very con-
cave, placed between the teeth of the calyx, and often smaller than them.
Stamens 4 or 5, very small, inserted with the petals, opposite to, and often
hooded by them. Disk hypogynous or epigynous. Ovary superior or in-
ferior, 3 - celled ; style 1, stigma capitate or 3-fid; ovule solitary and erect
in each cell. Fruit of 3 cocci, either free and subtended by the calyx, or
more or less immersed in or adnate to the calyx ; cocci often crustaceous, len-
ticular, dehiscing down the inner face. Seed erect ; albumen fleshy ; embryo
large, cotyledons orbicular, radicle straight, terete.

A large temperate and tropical Order, of which the New Zealand genera are Australian.

XVIII. RHAMNE-®.

43

Ovary inferior. Tomentose shrubs. Leaves alternate 1. Pomaderris.

Ovary superior. Spiny, glabrous bush. Leaves 0 or opposite .... 2. Discaria.

1. POMADERRIS, Labill.

Shrubs, more or less covered with stellate down. Leaves persistent, alter-
nate. Flowers small, in umbellate cymes, usually pedicelled ; bracts decidu-
ous.— Calyx tube adnate with the ovary, limb 5-lobed, deciduous or reflexed.
Petals 5 or 0. Stamens 5, filaments longer than the petals; anthers free.
Disk epigynous. Ovary more or less inferior ; style short, trifid. Capsule
small, its 3-valved tip free, containing 3 plano-convex cocci, which split down
the face, or open by the falling away of an oblong lid.

A considerable genus in Australia, but not found elsewhere, except in New Zealand.

Leaves 2-3 in., elliptic. Cymes many-flowered 1. P. elliptica.

Leaves | in., oblong. Raceme many-flowered 2. P. Edgerleyi.

Leaves f— J in., linear. Cymes few-flowered 3. P. phylicifolia.

1. P. elliptica, Labill.; — FI. N. Z. i. 46. A branching shrub or small
tree, covered, except on the upper surface of the leaf, with stellate, white or
grey down. Leaves 2-3 in. long, elliptic-oblong, obtuse at both ends, or
acute at the tip, quite entire, white below ; petioles ^ in. long. Cymes ter-
minal, much branched, very many-flowered, 2-6 in. diam. Flowers fragrant.
Calyx tomentose, and covered with silky hairs. Petals with crisped margins. —
P. Kumeraho, A. Cunn. Prodr.

Northern Island : abundant on dry hills, Panics and Sol under, etc. The same plant
is very common in temperate eastern Australia and Tasmania.

2. P. Edgerleyi, Hook./., n. sp. A small bush, more or less covered with
yellow stellate pubescence, and ferruginous flocculent tomentum, especially
on the young branches. Leaves f- in. long, shortly petioled, oblong, obtuse
at both ends, above smooth or scabrid, and covered with deeply impressed
veins, below with soft, white or red tomentum, and very prominent veins.
Eacemes lax, few-flowered, flowers imperfect in my specimens. — Pomaderris,
n. sp. ?, FI. N. Z. i. 46.

Northern Island: hills south of Wangarei harbour, and Coromandel harbour, Edgerley,
Sinclair, Jolliffe. Apparently a very rare and local plant, extremely nearly allied to the
Australian P. betulina.

3. P. phylicifolia, Lodd. ; — P. erici folia, Hook. ; FI. N. Z. i. 46. A
small, erect, fastigiately-branched, heath-like downy shrub, the branches vil-
lous. Leaves small, 1 in. long, spreading, linear-oblong, coriaceous, the
margins rolled back to the midrib, obtuse, grooved down the middle above,
rather scabrid above with short white hairs. Flowers numerous, in axillary
few-flowered cymes, scarcely longer than the leaves, apetalous. — Lodd. Bot.
Cab. t. 120.

Northern Island: abundant on dry hills, Banks and Solander, etc. A common plant
in Tasmania.

2. DISCARIA, Hook.

Very much branched, glabrous, usually rigid, tortuous, spiny shrubs or small
trees, often leafless. Branches decussately opposite, terete, green, transversely

44

XVIII. RHAMNEA3.

[Disc aria.

grooved or articulate at the nodes. Flowers axillary, pedicelled, nodding, small,
green. — Calyx membranous, interior or adnate at the base with the ovary,
with obeonic or campanulate limb and 4 or 5 recurved lobes. Petals 0 or
4 or 5. Stamens 4 or 5. Disk adnate to the base of the calyx, annular, en-
tire or lobed. Ovary free or sunk in the base of the calyx, subglobose, 3-
lobed ; style slender, stigma 3-lobed. Drupe dry, coriaceous, of 3 cocci, cap-
sular when ripe, the cocci separating and splitting down their faces.

A considerable genus in South America, of which one species is a native of Australia, and
another of New Zealand.

1. D. Toumatou, Raoul , Ckoix, 29. t. 29 ; — D. australis. Hook., var.
apetala, FI. N. Z. i. 47. A thorny bush in dry places, becoming a small
tree in damper localities, with spreading branches and branchlets reduced to
spines 1-2 in. long. Leaves small, ■£— | in. long, fascicled in the axils of the
spines, absentin old plants, linear or obovate-oblong, obtuse or retuse, smooth
or pubescent, quite entire or serrate.- Flower ^ in. diam., apetalous, white ;
pedicels and calyx minutely downy. Calyx-tube short, obscure ; lobes 4
or 5, broadly ovate. Disk broad, with a narrow upturned edge. Capsule size
of a peppercorn. — Notophcena Toumatou, Miers, Contrib. 272.

East coast and interior of the southern part of the Northern, and throughout the Middle
Island. I have retained this as a distinct species from the Australian plant, relying on the
absence of petals and the minute pubescence on the pedicels and flowers. The spiues were
used in tatooing {Raoul). “ Wild Irishman ” of settlers.

Order XIX. SAPINDACE^J.

Trees, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or com-
pound, exstipulate. Flowers regular or irregular, uni- or bi-sexual.- — Sepals
3-5, imbricate or valvate. Petals 0 or 3-5, generally small, often with a
scale on their inner face. Disk 0, or complete or incomplete. Stamens 5-8,
hypogynous or inserted within the disk. Ovary entire or lobed, usually 2-
3-celled ; style simple, stigma 2-3-lobed ; ovides 1-2 in each cell, fixed to
its axis. Fruit very various. Seeds usually exalbuminous, with large, solid,
or spirally-twisted cotyledons and incurved radicle.

A very large and complicated Order of tropical and temperate plants, of which some
genera present characters not noticed in the above description.

Leaves simple (iu the New Zealand species). Disk 0 1. Dodonasa.

Leaves pinnate. Disk 8-lobed 2. Alectryon.

1. DODON.ZEA, Linn.

Shrubs or trees, often covered with a viscid exudation. Leaves simple (or
pinnate), exstipulate. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, apetalous, regular.
— Sepals 3-5, imbricate or valvate. Male fl. : Disk 0. Stamens 5-8; fila-
ments very short ; anthers linear-oblong, 4-angled. Female fl. : Ovary ses-
sile, 3-6-angled ; cells 2-ovuled. Capsule membranous or coriaceous, septi-
cidally 3-6-valved ; valves broadly winged at the back. Cotyledons spiral.

A very large Australian genus, of which a very few species (including the New Zealand
one) are scattered widely over the warmer regions of the globe.

Dodonaa.~\

XIX. SAPINDACE^E.

45

1. D. viscosa, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 88. A small glabrous tree, 6-
12 ft. high, with very hard wood, variegated black and white, and compressed,
viscid young shoots. Leaves 2-3 in. long, on short petioles, linear-obovate,
obtuse acute or refuse, quite entire, membranous, veined. Flowers small,
in terminal, erect, few-flowered panicles. Sepals ovate, subacute. Anthers
large, almost sessile. Fruit \ in. long, orbicular, 2-lobed at both ends, on
slender pedicels, 2-3-valved ; valves with broad, oblong, membranous veined
wings. Seeds with dark red-brown testa. — D. spathulata , Smith.

Abundant in dry woods, etc., Banks and Solander, etc. Wood used for native clubs ;
also a native of Australia, the Pacific, and the tropics of the Old and New World.

2. ALECTKYON, Gartner.

A lofty tree, with tomentose branchlets. Leaves alternate, unequally pin-
nate, exstipulate. Panicles branched, axillary and terminal, many-flowered.
Flowers small, almost regular, unisexual. — Calyx 4 or 5-lobed; lobes villous
within, rather unequal, imbricate. Petals 0. Disk small, 8-lobed. Stamens
5-8, inserted between the lobes of the disk ; anthers large, almost sessile.
Ovary obliquely obcordate, compressed, 1 -celled ; style short, stigma simple
or 2-3-fid ; cell 1-ovuled. Fruit gibbous, pubescent, tumid or globose, with
a compressed prominence on one side, rather woody, indehiscent. Seed sub-
globose, arillate ; cotyledons spirally twisted.

1. A. excels urn, DC.; — FI. N. Z. i. 37. Leaves 4-10 in. long;
leaflets alternate, the young ones lobed and cut, serrate in young plants, petio-
late, 2-3 in. long, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, obscurely crenate,
tomentose below, as are the petioles. Panicles 6-8 in. long, much-branched,
branches stout and spreading, densely tomentose, as are the flowers. Calyx
pilose. Anthers deep-red. Ovary hairy, hidden by the copious hairs at the
base of the calyx. Capsule -§• in. long. Seed globose, in a large scarlet
aril. — FTook. Ic. PI. t. 570.

Northern and Middle Islands : in forests not uncommon. Banks and Solander, etc.
The only species of the genus, and confined to New Zealand. The oil of the seeds was used
for anointing the person, according to Cunningham.

Order XX. ANACARDIACE2E.

Trees. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, exstipulate. Flowers re-
gular, usually small, unisexual or hermaphrodite. — Calyx 3-7-fid or -partite.
Petals 3-7 or 0. Disk usually annular. Stamens as many as the petals,
alternating with staminodia, or twice as many, inserted on or at the base of
the disk ; filaments free ; anthers versatile. Ovary free, in the female flower
1- or 2-5-celled; in the male often of 4 imperfect carpels; styles 1-3;
ovule solitary, pendulous from a basal funicle, or from the wall or top of
the cell. Fruit superior, usually 1-5-celled; drupe with hard putamen.
Seed exalbuminous ; cotyledons thick, fleshy ; radicle short.

A very large tropical Order, rarer in temperate climates. The only New Zealand genus is
endemic, and allied to the Mango.

46

XX. ANACARDIACEJE.

1. CORYNOCARPUS, Forst.

A small, perfectly glabrous tree. Leaves alternate, broad, bright-green,
entire, coriaceous. Flowers in branched terminal panicles, small, green. — Calyx
5-lobed ; lobes rounded, imbricate. Petals 5, perigynous, rounded, concave,
erect, imbricate, jagged. Disk fleshy, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted between
the lobes of the disk, alternating with 5 petaloid jagged scales. Ovary sessile,
ovoid, 1-celled, narrowed into an erect style, stigma capitate ; ovule pendu-
lous below the top of the cell. Drupe obovoid, fleshy ; endocarp coriaceous
and fibrous. Seed pendulous ; testa membranous, adherent to the cell ; coty-
ledons plano-convex, radicle minute.

1. C. laevigata, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 48. A leafy tree, 40 ft. high.
Leaves 4-7 in. long, oblong or lanceolate, subacute, shining, on short, stout
petioles. Panicles erect, thyrsoid, spreading, 4 in. long. Flowers small,
globose, -J- in. diam., greenish-white, inodorous, on short, stout pedicels.
Petals as long as the calyx-lobes, concave. Filaments stout, subulate. Ovary
small, glabrous. Drupe 1 in. long, oblong. — Bot. Mag. t. 4379.

Northern and northern part of the Middle Islands : abundant near the sea, Banks
and Solander, etc. ; Chatham Island, Bieffenbach. Pulp of the drupe eatable ; embryo
considered poisonous till steeped in salt water.

Order XXI. CORIAEIE.®.

Sarmentose, glabrous, leafy undershrubs, with angular branches. Leaves
opposite or rarely 3-nate, exstipulate, entire. Flowers hermaphrodite, soli-
tary or racemed, axillary, regular. — Sepals 5, triangular-ovate, imbricate, per-
sistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, triangular, shorter than the sepals, after
flowering becoming fleshy and closely appressed to the carpels. Stamens 10,
hypogynous, all free, or 5 of them adnate to the petals ; filaments short ;
anthers large, rough. Carpels 5 or 10, whorled round and adnate to a fleshy
torus, 1-celled; styles 5 or 10, free, flexuose, stigmatiferous all over; ovules
solitary, pendulous. Fruit of 5-8, small, indehiscent, compressed, oblong,
cmstaceous achenes, keeled on the back and sides, enclosed in the fleshy petals .
Testa membranous ; albumen thin ; cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle very
short, superior.

The only genus (of dubious affinity) is a native of southern Europe, the Himalaya, and the
South American Andes ; the New Zealand species and their forms are all similar to what
are found in the latter couutry. The root of the European species is extensively used for
tanning leather in Russia.

1. CORIARIA, Linn.

Stems perennial, shrubby. Leaves 1-3 in. long 1. C. ruscifolia.

Stems annual? Leaves ovate or lanceolate, A-l in. long .... 2. C. tliymifolia.

Stems annual. Leaves narrow-linear, lanceolate, j in 3. C. anyustissima.

1. C. ruscifolia, Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 45. A perennial shrub 1 0-18 ft.

high ; trank 6-8 in. diam. ; branches often long and flexuose. Leaves oblong
or obovate, acuminate or acute, 3-5 -nerved, sessile or shortly petioled.
Racemes 8-12 in. long, drooping, many-flowered, pubescent; pedicels -5 in.,

Coriaria.']

XXI. COSIARIEJi.

47

slender, bracteolate at the base. Flowers •§— % in. diam., green ; anthers in
some flowers imperfect. Petals full of purple juice when the fruit is ripe.— -
C. sarmentosa, Forst. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2470.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Kermadec Island, M‘Gil-
livray. The so-called berries (fleshy petals) of this and the following species vary much in
succulence, the less juicy bearing seeds which, according to Colenso, are not poisonous. The
juice is purple, and affords a grateful beverage to the natives ; and a wine, like elderberry
wine, has been made from it. The seeds alone are said by some (the whole plant by others)
to produce convulsions, delirium, and death, like those of the European C. myrtifolia. This
species is abundant in Chili. The Tua-tutu of Otago.

2. C. thymifolia, Humb. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 45. A much smaller, annual ?,
usually more pubescent plant than C. ruscifolia, sometimes only a foot or so
high, with small, ovate-lanceolate leaves, shorter racemes, and smaller flowers ;
large forms of it however seem to be connected with smaller ones of the
former, both in New Zealand and America.

ComVnon in various dry places throughout the islands, ascending to 5000 ft : Kermadec
Island, M‘ Gillivray. In America it ranges from Mexico to Peru, at elevations of 4-12,000 ft.
The small ground Tutu of Otago.

3. C. angustissima, Hoofc. f. n. sp. A small bright green annual spe-
cies, 6-18 in. high, with the habit of C. thymifolia, but the branches are gla-
brous, very slender, more dense, and the leaves are very narrow linear-lanceo-
late or subulate, f in. long.

Northern Island: Mount Egmont, Bieffenbach ; top of the Ruahine range, Colenso.
Middle Island : abundant in subalpine localities from Nelson, Sinclair, to Otago, Hector
and Buchanan. I think this certainly passes into C. thymifolia, but all my New Zealand
correspondents regard it as a distinct species. The annual herbaceous Tutu of Otago.

Order XXII. LEGUMIN0S2E.

Tribe Papilionacete.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite), stipulate,
mostly compound ; leaflets usually entire. Flowers irregular, hermaphrodite.
— Calyx 5-toothed or -cleft, or 4-toothed by the union of the upper lobes.
Corolla papilionaceous, i. e. of 5 petals, the upper (standard) broadest, outside
in bud, often reflexed ; the 2 next lateral (wings), vertical and parallel ; the
2 lowest also vertical and parallel within the wings (forming the keel), often
combined by their lower edges. Stamens 10, 9 usually united into a mem-
branous tube sheathing the ovary, the upper free, rarely all free. Ovary ses-
sile or stipitate, generally long, flattened, 1-celled, tapering into a straight or
upturned style ; stigma small, simple, lateral or capitate. Fruit a 1- or more
seeded Legume, splitting into 2 valves in all the N. Z. genera, except Carmi-
chcelia. Seeds exalbuminous ; cotyledons thick, plano-convex ; radicle short.

A very large tribe, belonging to one of the largest Natural Orders on the globe, which in-
cludes the Pea, Bean, and all Legumes proper. The Order abounds in Australia, forming
there a great proportion of the indigenous -vegetation, herbaceous shrubby and arboreous, but
is less developed in New Zealand than in any other part of. the world, temperate or tropical.
Shrubs. Leafless, or leaflets in 1-3 pairs. Flowers small ... 1. Cakhichaclia.
Tree, with pendulous chord-like branchlets, leafless. Flowers pink . 2. Nqtospartium.

48

XXII. LEGIJMINOSiE.

/

Herb, with leaflets in several pairs. Flowers blue 3. Swainsonia.

Herbaceous. Leaflets in many pairs. Flowers large, scarlet ... 4. Clianthus.

Shrubs or trees. Leaflets in many pairs. Flowers large, yellow . 5. Edwakdsia.

1. CARMICHJELIA, Br.

Shrubs or small trees, usually quite leafless, or leafy in a young state only ;
branches terete or more often flattened, grooved or striate, green. Leaflets
in 1-3 pairs, obcordate. Flowers small, pink bluish or white, in small la-
teral fascicles or racemes, inserted in notches on the edges of the branchlets.
— Calyx short, cup-shaped or campanulate, truncate, 5-toothed. Standard
orbicular, usually reflexed. Wings more or less falcate, obtuse, auricled at the
base. Keel oblong, incurved, obtuse. Upper stamen more or less free from
the others. Ovary narrowed into a slender curved style, beardless, stigma-
tiferous at the very tip ; ovules numerous, 2-seriate. Pod small, oblong or
orbicular, straight or oblique, with a short or long rigid subulate beak, thick,
very coriaceous ; valves opening at the tip only, or with the centre falling
away from their persistent consolidated edges. Seeds 1-3, oblong or reni-
form ; funicle not thickened, radicle with a double flexure.

A most singular genus, confined to New Zealand, unique as regards the structure of the
pod, in which the edges of the valves become consolidated, and their faces either open towards
the tip as valves, or fall altogether away. Besides the species here described (which are
very difficult of discrimination), I have apparently several others, especially from the Middle
Island, which may be new, but not having seen fruit, I hesitate to describe them. Inter-
mediates will probably be found between several of the following.

* Flowers -j to J in. long.

Branches cylindric, grooved. Flowers subcapitate. Calyx woolly . . 1 . C. crassicaulis.

Branches compressed. Flowers in 3-5-flowered, lax, pubescent racemes 2. C. Munroi.
Dwarf ; branches flat. Flowers in lax, 1-3-tlowered, nearly glabrous ra-
cemes, with long peduncles .... 3. C. nana.

Branchlets flat or terete, grooved. Flowers 6-8, subcapitate, glabrous. 4. C. grandijlora.
** Flowers less than ^ in. long.

+ Ooary pubescent.

Branchlets flat, grooved. Flowers 8-12, in erect, silky racemes . . 5. C. pilosa.

ft Ovary quite glabrous.

Branchlets flat, striate. Flowers in lax, 5-8-flowered, glabrous or

slightly pilose racemes. Pod J in., with usually a very short beak. 6. C. australis.
Branchlets flat or terete. Flowers in erect, 8-12-flowered, very pu-

bescent racemes. Pod 1 in., with a long, subulate beak .... 7. C. odorala.

Branchlets very slender, flat. Flowers in lax, 3-6-flowered, pilose racemes

or fascicles, on slender pedicels. Pods | in., with long straight beak 8. C.JIagellformis.
Branchlets very slender, terete or flat. F'lowers in small, 2-6-flowered,

pilose spreading racemes. Pod minute, TVy-| in 9. C.juncea.

1. C. crassicaulis. Hook. /., n. sp. Branchlets very robust, cylindric,
j- in. diam., with many deep, parallel, tomentose grooves. Leaves not seen.
Flowers in rounded fascicles of 6-12, -J— | in. long, shortly pedicelled. Calyx
and pedicels densely woolly, lobes of the former ovate obtuse ; bracteoles at
its base minute. Standard large, reflexed. Ovary densely villous, with white
silky hairs. Pod unknown.

Middle Island: Mount Torlesse range, alt. 3500 to 5000 ft., and old moraines round
Lake Okau, Haast ; Otago, Lindis Pass, Hector and Buchanan. A very fine species, at

XXII. LEGU1IIN0S/E.

49

Carmichalia. ]

once known by its stout deeply-grooved branches, capitate inflorescence, large flowers, woolly
calyx with large lobes, and villous ovary.

2. C. Munroi, Hook. /., n. sp. Brauchlets stout, slightly or much com-
pressed, £ in. diam., striated, not grooved, quite glabrous. Leaves not seen.
Blowers in. long, in few lax-flowered racemes. Pedicels very slender,
as long as or longer than the calyx, hoary. Calyx hoary, with rather large
blunt teeth ; bracteoles at the base minute. Standard shorter than, or as long
as the wings. Ovary glabrous. Pod unknown.

Middle Island : from halfway up to the summit of Macrae’s Run, Munro. The very
stout habit, and lax, large-flowered racemes, best distinguish this.

3. C. nana, Col. ; — C. australis, var. /3. nana, Benth. in PI. N. Z. i. 50.
A very dwarf, glabrous, rigid shrub, 2 to 4 in. high, witli fascicled, leaf-
less, much compressed, minutely striated, erect branchlets, TV~i in. diam.
Flowers J in. long; peduncles long, slender, glabrous, 1-5-flowered, some-
times 1 in. long. Calyx shorter than the slender pedicels, glabrous or sparsely
pilose, lobes rather large and obtuse ; bracteoles at the base minute. Standard
about as long as the wings. Ovary quite glabrous. Pod linear-oblong, -j- ^
in. long, with a short straight beak like the pod of C. australis.

Northern Island : dry mountainous country at the base of Tongariro, Colenso ; Mid-
dle Island ; Upper Motucka valley, Munro; Southern Alps, Sinclair and Haast ; Otago,
Lindis Pass and YVaitaki river. Hector and Buchanan. Though very unlike C. grandiflora,
I should not be surprised if this were proved to be a state of that plant. It keeps its charac-
ters in both islands.

4. C. grandiflora, Ilook.f. — C. australis, var. y. grandiflora, Benth. in
PI. N. Z. i. 50. A much branched, glabrous shrub; branchlets terete or
compressed, TV— in. broad, deeply grooved, often leafy. Leaflets 3, nar-
rowly or broadly obcordate-cuneate, glabrous. Flowers ^ in. long, in pe-
duncled, lax, broad, obtuse, loose, 6-8-flowered, glabrous racemes, on slender
pedicels half as long as the calyx. Calyx glabrous, with large, obtuse, cilio-
late lobes, and minute bracteoles at its base. Standard much larger than
the wings. Ovary glabrous. Pods in nodding racemes, narrow oblong,
in. long, gradually narrowed into a subulate beak •§■ in. long. Seeds 2, pale
brown.

Middle Island : Milford Sound, Lyall ; river beds, Mount Cook, and elsewhere in the
Southern Alps, alt. 2500 to 4500 ft., Haast ; Otago, lake district, alt. 1500 ft., Hector and
Buchanan. A very distinct looking species, best knowu by the large flowers, glabrous
racemes, deeply grooved branches, 3-foliolute leaves, large calyx-lobes, and small pod with a
long beak.

5. C. pilosa, Col. in Ft. N. Z. i. 50. A much distichously branched
shrub ; branchlets more or less silky-pubescent at the tips, notched alternately
on either side, much compressed, T\— | in. broad, flexuose, deeply grooved.
Leaves not seen. Flowers minute, {- in. long, in small, erect, dense, 10-15-
flowered, silky racemes, suberect; pedicels very short. Calyx nearly gla-
brous; teeth very short; bracteoles minute, at its base or on the pedicel.
Standard much larger than the upturned wings. Ovary silky. Pods small,
in pendulous racemes, ^ in. long, tapering into a subulate straight beak ^ in.
long. Seeds not seen.

Northern Island : east coast, Colenso. This has the grooved branchlets of C. grandi-

VOL. T. E

XXII. LEGUMINOSdi.

50

[CarmicJuelia.

flora and others, and the racemes of C. odorata, hut the silky ovary distinguishes it from
these and all its congeners, except C. crassicaulis.

6. C. australis, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 50, excl. var. An erect, much
branched shrub or small tree ; branclilets elongated, quite flat, straight, T\—
y in. broad, finely striated, with distant alternate notches. Leaflets 1 or 2
pairs, membranous, broadly or narrowly obovate-cordate or obcuneate, quite
glabrous. Flowers small, y in. long-, in small, 5-8-flowered, erect or spread-
ing, glabrous or slightly pilose racemes; pedicels about as long as the calyx.
Calyx nearly glabrous, with very small obtuse teeth. Standard broad, longer
than the wings. Ovary quite glabrous. Pod oblong, spreading, i in. long,
suddenly narrowed to a short or rather long acute beak; valves not wrinkled.
Seeds 1-4, dull red. — Bot. Beg. t. 912; C. CunningJiamii, Baou'i, Choix, t.
28 B ; C. stricta, Lehm. ; Boss'uea Scolopenctra, A. Bich. ; Lotus (?) arbor eus,
Forst.

Common along the east coasts and interior of the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks
and Solander, etc. The branchlets are sometimes upwards of i in. broad, hut this appears
to be rather an anomalous than a normal state of the plant. The pod has rarely a subu-
late beak, as in C. flagelliformis ; it is so in authentic specimens of Lehmann’s C. stricta,
however.

7. G. odorata. Col. in FI. N. Z. i. 50. A much-branched shrub ;
branchlets distichous, terete compressed or plano-convex, T-’— Ty in. broad,
deeply grooved, pubescent towards the tips. Leaves small, silky-pubescent
on both sides ; leaflets in 2 pairs, very small, i— §• in. long, narrow oblong,
obcuneate, 2-lobed at the tip. Flowers minute, Ty— j in. long, in nume-
rous, small, erect, many-flowered, pubescent racemes, very shortly pedicelled ;
bracteoles minute, on the pedicel. Calyx-teeth rather long, acute. Pods in
pendidous racemes, exactly like those of C. pilosa.

Northern and Middle Islands : east coast, Colenso ; Nelson , Travers, Munro ; Otago,
lake district, Hector and Buchanan. Very similar indeed to C. pilosa, from which the
glabrous ovary at once distinguishes it.

8. C. flagelliformis. Col. in FI. N. Z. i. 51. A much branched shrub,
with almost fastigiate, numerous, very slender, compressed, rarely plano-con-
vex grooved branchlets, ^-g— To in- broad. Leaves not seen. Flowers minute,
yL— in. long, in pubescent, lax, 3-6-flowered fascicles or open racemes; pe-
dicels very slender ; bracteoles above the middle, or below the calyx. Pods
oblong or obliquely orbicular, about i in. long, with a stout, subulate, straight
beak T’T in. long. Seeds mottled with yellow or red, brown and black.- —
C. australis, Baoul, Choix, t. 28 A.

Northern and Middle Islands: east coast, Colenso ; Milford Sound, By all ; Nelson,
Bidwill ; Otago, Lindsay; Akaroa, Baoul. This is possibly the true Lotus (?) arbor eus,
Torst., hut it differs from C. australis, Br. in the narrow grooved branchlets, pubescent
racemes, and in the pod.

9. C. juncea. Col. in FI. N. Z. i. 51. A small, slender shrub, a foot
or less high, with very slender, compressed, often curved, grooved branches
and branchlets, less than yy in. broad. Leaves not seen. Flowers minute,
Tly— in. long, in loose, small, nearly glabrous or puberulous 4-8-flowered
fascicles ; pedicels curved, about as long as the calyx or longer, bracteolate
below it. Calyx small, rather membranous ; lobes small, rather acute. Ovary

Carmic7icelia.~\

XXII. LEGUMINOS2E.

51

quite glabrous ; style hooked. Pod very minute, Ty~iV in. long, turgid, ovoid-
oblong, with a slender, curved, subulate beak. Seeds not seen.

Northern Island: East Cape, Sinclair ; east coast, Hawke’s Bay and Taupo, Co/ensc
Middle Island : Akaroa , Raoul ; Canterbury plains, Travers.

2. NOTOSPARTXTJM, Hook. f.

A shrub or small tree, with slender branches and pendulous branchlets like
whipcord. Leaves not seen. Flowers rather small. — (Jalyx campanulate,
truncate; teeth 5, short. Standard obovate-obcordate, not auricled at the
base. Wings oblong, with an incurved auricle at the base, shorter than the
hatchet-shaped keel. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary nearly sessile, linear,
tapering into a curved style, which is ciliated on the inner margin ; ovules
8-10. Pod shortly stipitate, linear-elongate, with a slender style, curved,
torulose, compressed, membranous, indehiscent, many -jointed, many-seeded.
Seeds solitary in the cells, oblong, with a doubly-bent and twisted club-
shaped radicle.

A most curions genus, allied in habit, and many other respects, to Carmichrelia, but
widely differing from it, and from all others known to me.

1. IV. Carmichselise, Rook. f. in Kew Journ. Bot. ix. 176. t. 3. A
small tree, with weeping branches and pink flowers. Branchlets 1 ft. or
more long, compressed, grooved, Ty in. broad, remotely toothed, giving oil'
at the teeth many-flowered racemes 1-ljr in. long. Peduncle and short
pedicels pubescent. Flowers a in. long. Pods 1 in. long, Ty broad.

Middle Island : Canterbury province, Waitls ; sandy and rocky places on the "VVaihopai
river, Munro ; Upper Awatere, Sinclair , "Pink Broom.”

3. SWAINSONIA, Salisbury.

I Herbs ; stems prostrate erect or climbing, sometimes woody at the base.
Leaves unequally-pinnate, stipulate; leaflets many. Flowers in axillary
peduncled racemes. — Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Standard broad, open
or reflexed, orbicular. Wings narrow, auricled at the base, as long as or
shorter than the obtuse keel. Style slender, bearded on the upper or inner
edge ; ovules many. Pod ovate oblong or terete, inflated or turgid, acute.
Seeds rather small.

A large Australian genns, representing Astragalus of other parts of the world, from which
it is distinguished chiefly by the broader, more expanded standard.

1. S. novae-Zelandise, Rook. /., n. sp. A small, low, sparingly-
branched herb, covered with minute silky pubescence ; branches 2-4 in. long.
Leaves 1-2 in. long; leaflets opposite, £ in. long, sessile, obovate-oblong,
obtuse or refuse; stipules ovate, obtuse. Peduncle 1 in. long, bearing 5-8
racemed flowers. Flowers purple, -j in. long; pedicels rather shorter than
the calyx, bracteate at the base. Calyx with rather long teeth, villous within
and on the edges, 2-bracteolate. Standard without callosities ; keel and
wings nearly equal, straight. Pod large, nearly 1 in. long, broad, acute at
both ends, puberulous ; valves thin, coriaceous. Seeds small.

Middle Island : sources of the Kowai, in shingly river-beds, alt. 2000-2500 ft., Raasf.
Very nearly allied to the Tasmanian S. IcssertiaJ’olia, which is a larger plant, with many-

E 2

52 xxii. leguminosau [ Swainsonia .

flowered racemes, more obtuse shorter calyx-teeth, less villous within, usually more abundant
blackish hairs on the inflorescence, and more curved keel.

4. CLIANTHUS, Solander.

Herbs ; stems woody below, branches often trailing. Leaves pinnate,
stipuled; leaflets many pairs. Flowers large, red, in pendulous racemes.
— Calyx campanulate, 5 -toothed. Standard ovate, reflexed, about as long
as the keel. Wings oblong or lanceolate, auricled at the base, shorter
than the boat-shaped keel. Ovary stipitate ; style ciliated below the apex ;
ovules numerous. Pod stipitate, terete, narrow-oblong, turgid, rostrate,
many-seeded.

A genus of most beautiful plants, consisting of an Australian (Sturt’s Pea) and a New
Zealand species.

1. C. puniceus, San/cs and Sol.; — FI. N. Z. i. 49. A branching, her-
baceous undershrub, with prostrate or reclining branches, more or less covered
with silky appressed hairs. Leaves 4-6 in. long, unequally pinnate. Leaflets
in 10-14 pairs, alternate, sessile, 1 in. long, linear-oblong, obtuse ; stipules
triangular. Flowers 6-15 in a raceme, scarlet, pendulous, 2 in. long. Calyx
■J— j in. long. Standard ovate, acuminate, reflexed when fully expanded.
Wings falcate, acute or obtuse, half as long as the standard. Keel very large,
boat-shaped, falcate, narrowed into a long beak. — Bot. Reg. t. 1775.

Northern Island: east coast, Banks and Solander , etc., and various other localities,
especially near native dwellings, etc. One of the most beautiful plants known ; often culti-
vated in European greenhouses ; variable in depth of colour of flower.

5. SOPHORA, Linn.

Small trees or twiggy shrubs. Leaflets in many pairs. Flowers pendu-
lous, large, yellow in the N. Z. species. — Calyx rather inflated, urceolate
hemispherical or campanulate ; mouth oblique, obscurely 5-tootlied. Stan-
dard obovate, very broad, shortly clawed. Wings oblong, stipitate, shorter
than the straight obtuse keel. Stamens 10, all free. Ovary stipitate, linear;
style slender, slightly curved, glabrous, stigma minute ; ovules numerous.
Pod stipitate, elongate, moniliform terete angled or 4-winged, indehiscent
or 2-valved, few- or many-seeded. Seeds oblong ; funicle not thickened.

A very large genus of tropical, subtropical, and Central Asiatic trees, of which the species
with 4-winged pods were separated as Eduiardsia, before it was discovered that the genus
presents pods of all intermediate forms between terete, 4-angled, and 4-winged.

1. S. tetraptera, Alton ; — Edwardsia grandiflora, Salisb. ; FI. N. Z.
i. 52. A small or middling-sized tree, variable in habit, foliage, and size of
flower; branches in young plants slender, flexuose, in old straight, densely
covered with fulvous silky tomentum. Leaves exstipulate, 1-6 in. long, pe-
tiole slender or stout, covered with silky or ferruginous hairs; leaflets 6-40
pairs, very variable, from broadly obcordate to linear-oblong, i f in. long,
rounded refuse or 2-lobed at the tip, on young plants smaller broader gla-
brous and membranous, in old silky or densely villous on one or both sur-
faces. Flowers 1-2 in. long, yellow, in axillary, pendulous, 4-8-flowered
racemes ; peduncles short, pedicels i-l| in. long, flexuose, and calyx densely

Sophora.']

XXII. LEGUMINOS.E.

53

silky. Calyx rather gibbous, 5— | in. long, hemispherical or urceoiate, mouth
very oblique. Standard hardly reflected, always short obtuse. Wings linear-
oblong. Keel nearly straight. Pods 1-5 in. long, the joints oblong, 4-angled,
with 4 membranous wings, the outer walls separating from the coriaceous
inner ; valves hardly dehiscent. Seeds oblong, pale yellow-brown ; cotyle-
dons almost consolidated.

Var. a. grandijlora. Larger and more robust. Trunk sometimes 1-3 feet diam. Leaflets
iu 10-30 pairs, usually narrow. Flowers 2 in. long, narrower. Standard j shorter than the
wings. — S. telraptera , Bot. Mag. t. 167 ; Edwardsia grandijlora, Salisb.

Var. ,8. microphylla. Smaller ; young branches very slender and flexuose, with few obcor-
date membranous leaflets. Leaflets of old plants in 30-40 pairs, oblong-obcordate. Flowers
1-1 i in. long, broader. Standard little shorter than the wings. — S. microphylla, Jacq. Hort.
Schaenb. t. 269 ; Edwardsia microphylla , and Macnabiana, Bot. Mag. t. 1442 and 3735.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. I am quite unable to lind
permanent characters whereby to distinguish the two varieties, the wild specimens presenting
intermediate ones ; the extreme forms are very distinct, and remain so under cultivation.
The var. /3, and forms approaching a, are both common in South Chili and Juan Fernandez.
Wood of var. a valuable for fencing and veneers ; heartwood red, Buchanan.

Amongst the many cultivated Leguminosce, several have run wild in New Zealand, and the
number of colouists will annually increase ; the only one known to me, however, as being
generally diffused, is the common White Clover ( Trifolium repens, Linn.).

Eutaxia Stranyeana, Turczaniuow (Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc. 1853, vol. ii. p. 270), is stated
by its author to have been discovered in New Zealand, no doubt through some blunder ; the
genus is exclusively a West Australian one.

Guilandina Bonduc, Linn., a tropical, prickly, climbing, pinnate-leaved shrub, is stated by
Forster to be a native of New Zealand, but erroneously.

Order XXIII. ROSACEA.

Herbs shrubs or trees, erect or climbing ; stems sometimes prickly or spinose.
Leaves alternate, simple or compound, stipulate. Flowers regular, usually her-
maphrodite.— Calyx-tube short and open, or urceoiate and enclosing the carpels ;
lobes 4 or 5 or 0, often valvate. Petals 4 or 5, rarely 0, spreading, imbri-
cate. Stamens numerous, few in Acoena, free, inserted on a perigynous ring
or on the mouth of the calyx-tube ; filaments subulate ; anthers short, didy-
mous. Carpels 1 or more, 1 -celled, small, enclosed in the calyx-tube, or free and
clustered on a torus ; style lateral basal or terminal, stigma capitate ; ovules
1 or 2. Fruit of 1 or more small achenes, free or enclosed in the calyx-tube,
or of many small free succulent drupes. Seeds exalbuminous ; testa mem-
branous ; cotyledons plano-convex, radicle short.

The above description applies chiefly to the New Zealand genera of this very extensive
and universally-distributed Order, which embraces several tribes (including those of the
Apple, Rose, Peach, Cherry, Strawberry, etc., in some of which the calyx is apparently in-
ferior) that do not occur in these islands, and differ in some respects from the character above

given.

Shrub, with climbing prickly stems. Fruit of many small drupes . . 1. Rubus.

Herb, with pinnate leaves. Achenes many, with short styles .... 2. Potentilla.

Herbs, with simple or pinnate leaves. Achenes many, with elongated

bent styles 3. Geum.

Herbs, with pinnate leaves. Achenes 1 or 2, enclosed in the calyx-tube . 4. Ac/ena.

54

XXIII. ROSACE.E.

1. RUBUS, Linn.

Climbing shrubs (rarely erect or herbaceous) ; stems usually prickly. Leaves
simple or compound. Flowers panicled (rarely solitary). — Calyx-tube open;
lobes 5, large, persistent. Petals 5, rarely more, orbicular or obovate. Sta-
mens numerous. Carpels numerous, small, crowded on a small torus ; style
lateral or subterminal, short, stigma capitate; ovules 2, pendulous. Fruit of
small, globose, fleshy drupes.

A very large genus (to which the Bramble, Raspberry, and Dewberry belong), especially
in the west of Europe and Himalaya mountains, found also iu almost all other parts of the
world, except the hottest and driest.

1. R. australis, Ford. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 53. t. 14. A lofty climber, armed
with scattered recurved prickles ; branches very slender, pendulous. Leaves
coriaceous, 3-5-nate, or pinnate with 2 pairs of leaflets and a terminal one;
leaflets on long petioles, very variable in shape, ovate cordate oblong lanceo-
late or reduced to prickly midribs, 2-5 in. long, coarsely serrate or toothed,
sinning above, glabrous pubescent or tomentose beneath. Flowers very
numerous, in branched, prickly, downy panicles, in. diarn., fragrant.
Calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse. Petals linear-oblong, pink or whitish. Stamens
numerous. Female flowers rarer. Drupes numerous, with short, subterminal
styles, when ripe yellowish, juicy, austere.

Var. a. glaber, FI. N. Z. 1. c. Leaflets 3-5-nate or pinnate, ovate-cordate, glabrous.

Var. /3. schmidelioides , FI. N. Z. he. Leaflets 3-5-uate or pinnate, ovate or cordate,
pubescent or tomentose below. — R. schmidelioides , A. Cunn.

Var. y. cissoides, FI. N. Z. 1. c. Leaflets 3-5-uate, quite glabrous, linear or elliptical-
lanceolate, sometimes reduced to midribs. — R. cissoides, A. Cunn.

Abundant in the skirts of woods throughout the islauds, Banks and Solander ; aud all the
varieties found as far south as Otago. Probably the same as au Australian species of which
I have seen incomplete specimens only. These varieties, though united by every interme-
diate form, keep their characters under cultivation.

2. POTE3STTILLA, Linn.

Herbs (or rarely small shrubs), often silky woolly or pubescent, with com-
pound (rarely simple) leaves, and 1- or more flowered leafy scapes or pedun-
cles. Flowers hermaphrodite. — Calvx-tube open ; lobes 4 or 5, alternating
with 4 or 5 smaller outer lobes or bracteoles, persistent, valvate. Petals 4
or 5, orbicular or obcordate. Stamens numerous. Ovaries numerous, small,
crowded on a small torus; styles lateral or basal, stigmas capitate; ovule 1,
pendulous. Achenes numerous, dry, with small styles.

A very large genus in the northern temperate and arctic zones, very rare in the southern.

1. P. ansermas Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 54. A small stemless plant, every-
where covered with silvery hairs ; root emitting slender runners. Leaves 3-
6 in. long, unequally pinnate ; leaflets 5-20 pairs, the alternate ones some-
times very small, ovate oblong or rounded, deeply incised. Scapes erect,
villous, 1 -flowered, as long as the leaves. Flowers 1 in. diam. Calyx
very silky and villous. Petals obovate, goldeu-yellow. Achenes and recep-
tacle villous.

Var. (3. Leaflets small, rounded, sessile or petioled. — P. ansermoides, Raoul.

Potentilla.]

XXIII. KOSACEiE.

55

Abundant on the east side of all the islands. Var. f3, most common. Banks and Solander,
etc. This is a cosmopolite plant, being found almost throughout temperate aud arctic
Europe, Asia and America, also in Tasmania, but the var. /3 is confined to New Zealand.

3. GEUM, Linn.

Herbs with perennial rootstocks, more or less pilose ; stems erect, leafy,
1- or more flowered. Eadical leaves pinnate, often reduced to one large
lobed leaflet. — Calyx-tube open; lobes 5, alternating with 5 smaller outer
lobes or bracteoles. Petals 5, orbicular or obovate. Stamens numerous.
Ovaries numerous, small, crowded on a small torus ; style terminal, elongating-
after flowering, and then jointed bent or twisted at the middle ; ovule soli-
tary, ascending. Achenes dry, hairy, with very long, slender, hairy styles.
Seed ascending.

A considerable genus, common in temperate regions, both of the north and south hemi-
sphere. The root of one species is an astringent, and used in medicine.

Two to three feet high. Leaves interruptedly pinnate 1. G.urbanum.

Six inches to one foot high. Leaves with a large terminal leaflet . . 2. G. parvijlorum.

1. G. urbanum, Linn., var. strictumj — G. magellanicunt, Commerson ;
FI. N. Z. i. 55. A strict, rigid, leafy, erect, hairy silky or villous herb, 2-3 ft.
high, with woody, stout rhizome. Leaves alternate, 3-6 in. long, pinnate;
leaflets 3-6 pairs, 1-5 in. long, subsessile, very variable, ovate obovate or ob-
cuneate, crenate toothed lobed or pinuatifid, alternate pairs often smaller, ter-
minal much larger, lobed and cut; stipules large and leafy. Flowers 1 in.
across. Calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, and peduncles pubescent. Petals obo-
vate, bright yellow, longer than the calyx. Carpels very numerous, densely
villous, collected in a globose or oblong head ; styles slender, deflexed, ab-
ruptly bent or twisted once towards the nearly glabrous apex, the portion
beyond the bend is often broken off, when the style appears hooked at the
top.

Common in the central and southern subalpine parts of the Northern Island, and through-
out the Middle Island, Banks and Solander , etc. Also found in Tasmania, South and North
temperate America, along the Andes to Fuegia, and in central and eastern Asia. It differs
from the European G. urbanum chiefly in the stronger habit and larger petals.

2. G. parvi&ormxi, Commerson ; — FI. N. Z. i. 56. — A small, silky or
villous herb, 4-18 in. high, rhizome stout woody. Leaves 3-5 in. long,
pinnate; leaflets 6-8 pairs, all very small, sessile, lobed and toothed; ter-
minal very large, rounded-reniform, 1-2 in. broad, crenate. Flowers rather

II crowded towards the ends of the stems, about \ in. across. Calyx-lobes broadly

ovate, obtuse. Petals yellow (sometimes white ?), longer than the calyx.
Styles subulate, tips hooked, villous with long hairs. — Sieversia albiflora , FI.
Autarct. i. 9. t. 7.

Northern Island : Ruahine Mountains, Colenso. Middle Island: common in subal-
piue localities, 2-5000 ft. alt., from Nelson, Sinclair, to Otago, Hector, liord Auck-
land’s group, J. jD. H. Also found iu S. Chili and Fuegia.

4. ACiENA, Vahl.

Perennial herbs, stemless, or with prostrate, branching stems. Leaves
radical, numerous, pinnate. Scapes slender, bearing dense, globose heads

56

XXXII. KOSACEiE.

[. Accena .

or spikes of minute hermaphrodite flowers. — Calyx-tube urceolate or ob-
conic, with very contracted mouth, terete compressed or 4-angled, smooth
or hispid with simple or barbed bristles, angles often bearing stiff spines
barbed at the tip ; limb 0. Petals 4 or 5 small, deciduous, sometimes con-
nate at the base. Stamens 1-5 ; filaments short, subulate. Ovaries 1 or 2,
wholly immersed in the calyx-tube ; style subterminal, short, exserted, stigma
capitate, plumose or fimbriate ; ovule pendulous. Achene enclosed in the
indurated, often armed calyx-tube ; pericarp membranous, bony or coriaceous.

A remarkable gemis, almost confined to the southern temperate and antarctic regions, the
exceptions being a few Polynesian and Mexican species, and one Chilian, which is also found
in California. The barbed calyces of various species form burrs, which in some pastures in

Australia adhere to the sheep in such quantities as seriously

to injure the fleece.

Fruiting calyx with 4 barbed spines. Leaves very silky . A. Sangidsorbce.

Fruiting calyx with 4 barbed spines. Leaves glabrous 2. A. adscendens.

Fruiting calyx glabresceut, with 4 usually simple red spines ... 3. A. microphylla.

Fruiting calyx villous, with 4 usually simple yellow spines .... 4. A. Bachanani.

Fruiting calyx without spines. Leaflets minute 5. A. inermis.

1. A. Sanguis orb se, Vahl ; — FI. N. Z. i. 54. A much branched,
prostrate herb ; branches rather woody at the base, tips ascending, leafy, more
or less silky, especially on the leaves below, variable in size. Leaves 2-6 in.
long; leaflets 8-10 pairs, very variable in shape, oblong orbicular or obovate,
membranous, coarsely serrate, | in. long, the upper pairs rather larger
than the lower. Scapes slender, 1-2-leaved. Heads globose, i-j- in. diam.
Calyx 4-angled ; angles produced into purple bristles \ in. long, barbed at
the tip. Petals 4, united at the base. Stamens 2. Stigma dilated, feathery.
— A. anserinafolium, Forst. Prodr. ; Ancistnun diandrum, Forst. Char. Gen.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc., from Kermadec Islands,
as far south as Lord Auckland’s group, Campbell’s and Macquarrie Islands.
Leaves used medicinally and as tea by the natives of the Middle Island, Lyall. Also a native
of Tristau d’Acunha, Australia, and Tasmania, where the heads called burrs are pests to the
flocks, aud the plant itself is a troublesome weed in gardens.

2. A. adscendens, Vahl; — FI. Autarct.\. 10; ii. 268. t. 96. A
prostrate, glabrous or slightly hairy herb, with rather stout, leafy stems.
Leaves 2-4 in. long ; leaflets 4-6 pairs, coriaceous, iu. long, coarsely
deeply cut towards the obtuse tip, cuneate at the base, teeth obtuse, often
tipped with silky hairs. Scape almost leafless, glabrous. Heads ^ in. across.
Flowers greenish, calyx-tube silky or glabrous, 4-angled, the angles produced
into purple bristles barbed at the tip. Petals 4, broad, greenish. Stamens
1-4 ; filaments long. Stigma linear.

Middle Island: Mountain districts, alt. 4-7000 ft., Nelson, Munro and Sinclair ; Can-
terbury, Haast and Travers; Otago, lake district, Haast and Buchanan. Macquarrie
Island, Fraser, in Herb. Hook. Also found iu Fuegia and the Falkland Islands.

3, A. microphylla. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 55. Small, tufted, procum-
bent, much branched, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 1 in. long ; leaflets 2-6
pairs, suborbicular, inciso-serrate or cremate, ^ in. long. Scapes short, 1-3
in. long, leafless. Heads large for the size of the plant, globose. Calyx
4-angled, the angles thickened or produced into rigid, divaricating red spines,
that are rarely hispid at the apex. Petals green, united at the base, nearly

Acccna.']

xxui. ROSACEA.

57

glabrous. Stamens 1 or 2. Achenes usually two, bony, with subclavate,
fimbriate stigmas.

Northern Island : Tongariro, Bidwi/l, Colenso. Middle Island : Ashburton range,
alt. 2000 ft., Sinclair ; Otago, Lake district, Hector and Buchanan.

4. A. Buchanani, Hook. /., n. sp. Habit and size of A. microphylla ,
but the young branches petioles and calyx are villous with silky hairs : flowers
much fewer in a head, spines of the calyx curved, yellow, usually with a few
bristles at the tip. Stigma elongate, dilated upwards, fimbriate. Stamen 1.
Achenes bony.

Middle Island : Otago, lake district, Hector and Buchanan. Foliage very pale. As
iu A. microphylla , the fruiting calyx is sometimes not spiuescent.

5. A. inermis, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 54. Small, prostrate, slightly
silky, tufted, much-branched below. Leaves 1-4 in. long ; leaflets 4-6 pairs,
orbicular, very small, | in. long, deeply crenate, rather coriaceous. Scapes
leafless, or with a small bract or solitary leaf, 2-3 in. long, silky or glabrous.
Heads in. diam., globose. Calyx silky or pubescent, 4-angled, the angles
thickened in fruit, not spinescent. Petals united at the base, green. Sta-
mens 2 ; filaments short. Achenes 2 ; stigma dilated, fimbriate on one side.

Middle Island : mountainous districts, Nelson, Bidwill ; Lake Rotuiti, etc., Munro ;
Kovvai river and eastern hills, alt. 1500-3000 ft., Haast.

Several European Rosacea have beeu introduced into New Zealand, of which some, as the
Briar-rose, are said to be naturalized.

Alchemilla ( Aphanes ) arvensis, Linn., a procumbent, much branched annual, with small
cut leaves, and very minute green flowers, is sent by Mr. Travers, from Tarndale plain,
alt. 4000 ft. ; though stated by Brown to be indigenous to Australia, I thiuk there can be no
doubt of its beiug introduced there, and into New Zealand also.

Slaphylorhodos Cotoneaster, Turczaninow, in Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc. 1802, ii. 321, — a
plant referred to Rosacea, but if correctly, certainly a very anomalous member, is stated
by its author to be a native of New Zealand, sent by Sir Everard Home, II. N., to It. Brown
(n. 563 and 579), at the sale of some of whose collections it was purchased. There is, how-
ever, no such plant nor number in the original collection of Sir E. Home, preserved in the
British Museum, nor any New Zealand plant at all agreeing with the characters of this.

Order XXIV. SAXIFRAGES.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple or compound,
stipulate or exstipulate. Flowers usually hermaphrodite and regular.- — Calyx
free or adnate to the ovary, lobes 4 or 5, valvate or imbricate. Petals 4 or
5, valvate or imbricate, usually small and coriaceous. Disk perigynous or epi-
gynous. Stamens usually as many or twice as many as the petals, in
Donatia fewer. Ovary 2-5-celled ; styles 2-5, stigmas usually capitate ;
ovules numerous, on axile or rarely parietal placentas. Fruit generally a cap-
sule with many seeds, almost a berry in Carpodetus , unknown in Donatia.
Seeds usually small; albumen copious ; embryo terete (large, with scanty
albumen, in Ixerba).

A large Order, containing very many different forms, so that it is impossible to define it
tersely. The immense herbaceous tribe of Saxifrages proper is represented by Doualia
alone iu New Zealand.

58

XXIV. SAXIFRAGES.

Tufted, alpine, mos3-like herb, with terminal, sessile, white flowers . 1. Donatia.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate. Petals imbricate. Ovary inferior 2. Quintinia.

Shrub or tree. Leaves alternate and opposite, exstipulate. Ovary

superior 3. Ixerba.

Shrub or tree. Leaves alternate. Petals valvate. Ovary inferior . 4. Carpodetus.

Tree. Leaves opposite, pinnate. Calyx valvate. Ovary superior . 5. Ackama.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite ; leaflets 1-3 or pinnate. Calyx

imbricate. Ovary superior 6. Weinmannia.

1. DONATIA, Forst.

Densely tufted, moss-like, alpine herbs, with very numerous leaves, densely
imbricating all round the brandies. Flowers terminal, sessile, solitary, white.
— Calyx-tube obconic, adnate with the ovary ; lobes 4 or 5, equal or unequal.
Petals 5-10, linear or ovate. Stamens 2 or 3, inserted on an epigynous
disk ; filaments cohering at their bases with the bases of the styles ; anthers
didymous, bursting outwardly. Ovary inferior, 2 or 3-celled; styles 2 or 3,
subulate, recurved, stigmas simple or capitate ; ovules numerous, on pla-
centas which are pendulous from the top of the cells. Fruit unknown.

A genus of but two species, one Fuegian, the other a native of the summits of the Tas-
manian and New Zealand mountains.

1. D. novae-Zelandiae, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 81. t. 20. Stems very
short, including the leaves as thick as the little finger, densely clothed with
leaves, of which the upper are bright green, the lower brown. Leaves erect,
oppressed, -3- in. long, coriaceous, linear-subulate, obtuse, villous at the base,
nerveless, punctate. Calyx-lobes and petals 5, the latter thick, ovate-oblong,
blunt, -jL- in. long. Stamens 2, filaments short. Styles 2.

middle Island : mountains near Port Preservation, Lyall.

2. QUINTINIA, A. DC.

Glabrous shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, persistent, exstipulate. Flowers
small, white, in axillary or terminal many-flowered racemes. — Calyx-tube ob-
conic, adnate to the ovary; teeth 5, persistent. Petals 5, oblong, obtuse,
deciduous, imbricate. Stamens 5 ; filaments short, subulate. Ovary infe-
rior, 3-5-celled, its free conical top narrowed into a conical, persistent, fur-
rowed style ; stigma capitate, 3-5-lobed ; ovules very numerous. Capsule
small, inferior or half superior, coriaceous, obovoid, 3-5 -ribbed, 1-celled,
many-seeded, dehiscing at the tip between the styles. Seeds elongate, imbri-
cating ; testa winged.

A small Australian and New Zealand genus. The New Zealand species are covered with
lepidote scales, beneath which a viscid exudation is secreted.

Leaves 3-6 in., remotely serrate 1. Q. serrata.

Leaves 2 in., obscurely sinuate-serrate 2. Q. elliptica.

I. Q. serrata, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 78. A small, erect tree ; branch-
lets, leaves, and racemes covered with lepidote scales. Young parts viscid.
Leaves petioled, 3-6 in. long, narrow linear-lanceolate or -oblong, rather ob-
tuse, remotely irregularly and obtusely serrate, margins undulate, when dry

XXIV. SAXIFUAGEjE.

59

coriaceous, yellow-brown above, red-brown below. Eacemes shorter than the
leaves. Mowers f in. diam. Capsules a in. long. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 558.

Var. /3. Leaves broader, very viscid, oblong-lanceolate, 3 in. long, 1 broad.

Northern Island : not uncommon in forests. Var. (3. Middle Island : A orere valley,
alt. 1400 ft., Travers.

2. Q. eiliptica, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 78. Very similar to Q. serrata,
but smaller. Leaves 2 in. long, on rather longer petioles, very obtuse,
broader, and very obscurely sinuate-serrate.

Wort hern Island : east coast, Colenso. Probably a variety of Q. serrata.

8. IXERBA, A. Cunn.

A small, evergreen, glabrous shrub or tree. Leaves exstipulate, opposite
alternate or whorled, glandular-serrated. Plowers large, white, panicled. —
Calyx-tube adnate with the base of the ovary; lobes 5, deciduous, imbricate.
Petals 5, inserted beneath a 5-lobed disk, obovate, acute, clawed, coriaceous, im-
bricate. Stamens 5; filaments filiform; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary superior,
conical, 5-lobed, 5-celled, narrowed into a subulate, acute, 5-furrowed, twisted
style, stigmas acute ; ovules 2 in each cell, collaterally suspended. Capsule very
coriaceous, shortly ovoid, 5-celled, dehiscing through the style loculicidally ;
valves cohering below, 2-partite above. Seeds oblong, compressed, with a
thick funicle and shining clouded or black testa, large embryo, and little
albumen.

1. I. bresdoides, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 82. A small tree, 20 ft.
high. Leaves coriaceous, linear or linear-lanceolate, 4 in. long by broad,
but very variable. Mowers lf-lf in. diam. Capsule f in. broad. Seed
J-J- in. long. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 577-588.

Northern Island : in woods, from the Bay of Islands to Wellington, but not very
common.

4. CAHPODETUS, Forst.

A shrub or tree. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, evergreen. Flowers pani-
cled.— Calyx-tube turbinate, connate with the ovary ; lobes 5 or 6, short, de-
ciduous. Petals 5 or 6, inserted under an epigynous disk, spreading, valvate.
Stamens 5 or 6 ; filaments short, subulate ; anthers oblong. Ovary inferior,
with a swollen top, 3-5-celled ; style slender, stigma capitate ; ovules very
numerous. Fruit almost fleshy, globose, indeliiscent, girt at the middle by
the calyx-limb, 3-5-celled, many-seeded. Seeds small, pendulous, ovoid ;
testa coriaceous, pitted ; embryo minute, in the base of fleshy albumen.

1. C. serratus, Forst.; — FI. N. Z. i. 78. A shrub or small tree,
10-30 ft. high; trunk usually slender; branches spreading in a fan-shaped
manner ; all parts more or less pilose. Leaves petioled, ovate-oblong, obtuse,
1-lf in., much smaller on young plants, rather membranous, acutely serrate.
Panicle cymose, shorter than the leaves. Flowers I- in. diam., white. Fruit
size of a peppercorn. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 564.

Northern and Middle Islands : frequent by the banks of rivers, Banks and Solander ,
etc. Wood soft, tough, used for axe-handles. Hector.

60

XXIV. SAXIFRAGES.

5. ACKAMA, A. Cunn.

A small tree. Leaves opposite, pinnate, stipulate. Flowers small, pa-
nicled, unisexual. — Calyx interior, 5-partite ; lobes valvate. Petals 5, liuear-
spathulate, inserted beneath a 10-lobed disk, about as long as the calyx.
Stamens 10 ; filaments filiform, the alternate longer ; anthers didymous.
Ovary free, hirsute, 2-celled ; styles 2, filiform, persistent ; ovules very nu-
merous, on parietal placentas. Capsule small, coriaceous, turgid, 2-celled,
septicidally 2-valved, valves gaping inwardly. Seeds turgid, ovoid, apiculate ;
testa smooth, lax, pilose; embryo cylindric, albumen scanty.

1. A. rossefolia, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 79. ii. 329. Tree 30-40
ft. high. Leaves pubescent, imparipinnate, 3-10 in. long. Leaflets in 3—6
pairs, subsessile, linear-oblong, acute, acutely serrate, 1-2 in. long, rather
membranous, the upper larger; stipules deciduous, leafy, toothed. Flowers
small, A- in. diam., in spreading, branched panicles, sessile on the branchlets.
Capsule very small.

Northern parts of the Northern Island. Woods at the Bay of Islands, not uncommon,
A. Cunningham, etc. A. Gray (Bot. U. S. Expl. Exped. i. 672) regards this as a subgenns
of Weinmannia , but I think erroneously.

6. WEINMANNIA, Linn.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, stipulate, 1-3-foliolate or pinnate.
Flowers racemose, small. — Calyx inferior, tube short; limb 4-5 -partite, im-
bricate. Petals 4 or 5, inserted under the edges of a lobed disk, imbricate.
Stamens 8 or 10; filaments filiform; anthers didymous. Ovary free, ovoid or
conical, 2-celled, narrowed into two beaks ; styles filiform ; ovules few or
many, placentas inserted above the middle in the axes of the cells. Capsule
small, coriaceous, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved, valves gaping inwardly. Seeds
oblong reniform or subglobose ; testa membranous, often pilose ; embryo
terete ; albumen fleshy.

A large Indiau, Pacific Island, Australian, and S. American genus.

Branchlets, peduucles, and petioles pubescent. Leaves 3-foliolate or pinnate 1. W. silvicola.
Branchlets, peduncles, and petioles glabrous. Leaves 1-foliolate ... 2. W. racemosa.

1. W. silvicola, Bunks and Sol.; — FI. N. Z. i. 79. A small tree,
20-30 ft. high, with dark bark, the young leaves, branchlets, inflorescence,
and costa of leaf below all pubescent or glabrescent. Leaves opposite, 1-3-
foliolate or imparipinnate (on the same specimen), 1—3 in. long; leaflets
variable, 1-2 in. long, obovate-oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
coarsely serrate, coriaceous, punctate beneath, young ones membranous,
glabrous or pubescent below, usually narrowed into the petiole; stipules leafy,
oblong, entire or toothed. Racemes 2-4 in., slender, many-flowered. Flowers
TV in. diain., pedicelled, white. Capsule glabrous or minutely hairy, in.
long. — IF. fuchsioides and IF. betulina, A. Cunn.

Abundant in woods throughout the Northern Island, and in the northern part of the
Middle Island, Banks and. Solander, etc. An exceedingly variable plant, of which L made
three varieties in the New Zealand Flora, but find that these do not hold good: the most
marked forms are a larger, often pinualcd-leaved oue, with almost tomentose branchlets.

Weinmannia ]

XXIV. SAXIFRAGES.

61

petioles, and peduncle, and a much smaller, nearly glabrous one, with more coriaceous,
usually 3-foliolate leaves. The species is apparently identical with a New Caledonian one.

2. W. racemosa, Ford. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 80. A larger leaved, more coria-
ceous plant than the preceding, glabrous, except the raceme ; flowers large ;
leaves broader, 1-foliolate. Leaflets 1-3 in., oblong-ovate or -lanceolate or
orbicular-ovate, obtuse, sinuate-serrate, very coriaceous, punctate beneath.
Racemes numerous, stout, erect, very many-flowered. Flowers i in. diam.
Capsules g in. long, sometimes 3-valved. — Leiospermum racemosum , Don.

Middle and southern parts of the Northern Island, and throughout the Middle
Island, Banks and Solander, etc. Very nearly allied to the preceding, and I once supposed
a variety of it, but I now think them distinct.

Order XXV. CRASSULACE.®.

Succulent plants; the New Zealand species all very small, inconspicuous
herbs. Leaves usually opposite, exstipulate. — Sepals 3 or more. Petals as
many as the sepals. Stamens perigynous or almost liypogynous, as many as
the petals or a multiple of them. Carpels as many as the sepals, free, each
often with a scale at its outer base, 1 -celled ; style very short, or stigma
sessile; ovules few or many, attached to the suture of the carpel. Seeds
minute, albuminous ; embryo terete.

A very large Order, to which Sedum and Crassula belong, especially abounding in South
Africa and the southern parts of Europe.

1. TILLiEA, Micheli.

Small or minute, tufted, erect or procumbent herbs. Leaves small, opposite.
Flowers axillary. — Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels 3-5, the latter with
or without scales at the base. Fruit of 3-5 follicles, with few or many
seeds.

An inconsiderable genus, scattered over Europe and various parts of the world.

* A scale at the base of each carpel.

Leaves in. Flowers in. diam 1. T.moschata.

Leaves tj— g in. Flowers fg in. diam 2. T. Sinclairii.

** No scales.

Stems erect. Flowers very numerous. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel . 3. T. verticillaris.

Stems prostrate. Flowers few. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel . . . . 4 . T. debi/is.
Stems erect or prostrate. Flowers few. Seeds numerous . ... 5. T. purpurata.

1. T. moschata, DC.; — FI. N. Z. i. 76. A tufted, rather succulent,
red-brown herb, 3-5 in. high, sparingly branched, rooting at the axils of the
leaves. Leaves small, ln. long, oblong spathulate or obovate-oblong,
obtuse, thick, quite entire. Flowers L— £ in. diam., white, axillary, shortly
peduncled. Sepals 4, obtuse, half as long as the oblong obtuse petals.
Stamens 4. Scales linear-cuneate. Carpels turgid, with short recurved
styles, many-seeded. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 535 (scales omitted) ; Crassula moscliata,
Forst.

Moist rocks, etc., most frequent near the sea. East coast of the Northern Island, Co-

62

XXV. CRASSULACE7E.

\Tillcoa.

lenso. Middle Island more common, Foist. ; Otago, Lyall , etc. Jjord Auckland’s
group and Campbell’s Island, abundant, J. I). H. Also a native of S. Chili, Fuegia, the
Falkland Islands, and Kerguelen’s Land. One of the largest species of the genus.

2. T. Sinclair!!, Hook./., n. sp. A small, delicate, tufted, pale-green
plant, 1-2 in. high, with very slender stems. Leaves minute, oblong, -yL. in.
long. Flowers axillary, solitary, shortly pedicelled, white, -Jg- in. diam. Sepals
4, ovate-oblong, obtuse. Petals 4, twice as long as the sepals, obtuse. Scales
and carpels as in T. moschata.

Middle Island : Rangitata river, alt. 2000 ft., Sinclair and Iiaast.

3. T. verticillaris, DC.; — FI. N. Z. i. 75. A small, erect, pale red-
brown, succulent herb ; stems 2-4 in. long, simple or branched from the
base. Leaves very small, Tk— L in., linear- or ovate-oblong. Flowers very
numerous, densely crowded in the axils of the leaves, very minute, some
sessile, some on slender peduncles. Sepals 4, ovate-subulate. Petals subu-
late, smaller than the sepals. Scales 0. Carpels 1-2-seeded, lanceolate;
styles rather slender. — T. muscosa , Forst.

Common on dry, rocky, sunny places, Banks and Solander, etc. Common in Australia
and Tasmania, also found in Chili (T. minima, Miers). A. Gray mentions this as gathered
at the Auckland Islands by Wilkes’ Expedition, “ except the tickets be misplaced.”

4. T. debilis, Col. in FI. N. Z. i. 75. A very small, delicate species;
stems intricate, filiform or capillary, prostrate, 2-3 in. long. Leaves in
scattered pairs, minute, Jg — rV bi. l°nn, ovate-oblong or linear-oblong.
Flowers minute, 1 or 2 in the axils of the leaves, sessile or on slender peduncles.
Sepals 4, oblong, subacute. Petals ovate-acuminate, shorter than the sepals.
Scales 0. Carpels ovate-lanceolate, 1- or 2-seeded.

Northern Island: east coast, Colenso.

5. T. purpurata, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 75. A small, delicate, tufted,
pale red-brown species, with slender, prostrate or erect stems, sparingly
branched, 1-3 in. long. Leaves linear, acuminate, |_i in. long. Flowers
solitary, axillary, on capillary peduncles much longer than the leaves. Flowers

in. diam. Sepals 4, ovate, subacute. Petals smaller than the sepals,
acuminate. Scales 0. Carpels broadly oblong, turgid, many-seeded.

Northern Island: east coast, Cape Palliser, etc., Colenso. Also a native of Tasmania
and Southern Australia.

Order XXVI. DRGSERACEiE.

All the New Zealand species but one are scapigerous herbs. Leaves
covered on the upper surface or margins, or both, with copious glandular
hairs. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. — Calyx 4- or 5-partite, imbricate, per-
sistent. Petals 4 or 5, hypogynous, rarely perigynous, generally persistent.
Disk 0. Stamens 4 or 5, usually hypogynous, filaments subulate or filiform;
anthers short, often bursting outwardly. Ovary superior, ovoid or globose,
1-celled; styles 3-5, filiform or clavate, simple bipartite or multifid ; ovules
numerous, on parietal placentas. Capsule membranous, 1-celled, loculieidally
3-5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds small; testa lax, reticulate; albumen
fleshy, copious ; embryo rather large or minute, cylindrical.

XXVI. DROSERACEA:.

63

A remarkable but small Order, of which the prevalent characters alone are given above,
and these apply to all the New Zealand species ; a few northern and Cape genera present
some remarkable exceptions, as shrubby habit, petals connate at the base, epipetalous
stamens, 3-celled few-ovuled ovary, and minute embryo.

1. DROSERA, Linn.

Stamens 4-8. Styles 2 or 3, bipartite or multifid.

Au extensive genus (Sundew) found in all parts of the world, but most abundaut in

Australia.

Scape 1 -flowered. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Styles 3, multifid . 1. D. stenopetala .

Scape 1 -flowered. Leaves linear. Styles 3 or 4, stigmas capitate . . 2. _D. Arcturi.

Scape 1-flowered. Leaves orbicular. Styles 4, stigmas subclavate . . 3. D. pyt/mata.

Scape many-flowered. Leaves spathulate. Styles 3, bipartite . 4. B. spathulata.

Scape many-flowered. Leaves bipartite 5. 1). binata.

Scape many-flowered. Leaves lunate. Styles 3, peuicillate .... 6. D. auriculata.

1. D. stenopetala, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 19. t. ix. Stemless.

Leaves with the slender glabrous petiole 1-4 in. long ; blade spathulate,
•§— f in. long, densely clothed with long, glandular hairs. Scape slender,
longer than the leaves, 1-flowered. Flowers -§• in. diam. Calyx campanu-
late, 5-lobed, glabrous. Petals very narrow, linear-spathulate. Styles 3, mul-
tifid to the base.

Middle Island : Port Preservation, Lyall. Lord Auckland’s group, J. I). II.,
Bolton. Very nearly indeed allied to the Fuegian D. unijlora.

2. D. Arcturi, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 56 ; — FI. N. Z. i. 20. Stemless ; rhi-
zome long, slender. Leaves 2-3 in. long, linear-ligulate or linear-spathulate,
covered with long glandular hairs ; petiole almost as broad as the blade.
Scape about as long as the leaves, 1-flowered. Flowers nearly in. diam.
Petals obovate, as long as the calyx. Styles 3 or 4, short ; stigmas capitate.

Northern Island: Buahine mountains, near the snow, Colenso. Middle Island:
common in wet places on the mountains, alt. 3500-5000 ft. Also a native of the Tasmanian
and the Australian alps.

3. D. pygmsea, DC. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 20. A very small, stemless species.
Leaves densely crowded, rosulate, shortly petioled, orbicular, concave, sub-
peltate, L in. diam. ; stipules very large, scarious, forming a beautiful silvery
star round the base of the scape. Scape filiform, 1 in. high. Flower solitary,
minute. Sepals 4, oblong, obtuse, glabrous, shorter than the white petals.
Styles 4, filiform, subclavate.

Northern Island : in marshes at Cape Maria Van Diemen, Colenso. Also a native of
the south coast of Australia and Tasmania.

4. D. spathulata, Labill. ; — FI. N. Z.i.20. Stemless. Leaves rosu-
late, densely crowded, in. long, spathulate, covered with glandular hairs.
Scapes 1 or several, slender, simple or bifid, 8-15- (rarely 1-2-) flowered.
Flowers shortly pedicelled, secund, 4 in. broad. Sepals united at the base.
Petals spathulate, pink red or white, twice as long as the calyx. Styles 3,
2-partite. — Bot. Mag. t. 5240; D. propinqua, A. Cunn.

Wet places throughout the islands, but not very common, Banks and Solander, etc. ;
ascending to 5000 ft. on the shingly banks of Lake Wanaka and Hawea, Uaasl'. A common
Australian plant, also found in the Philippine Islands.

64

XXVI. DROSERACEAU

[. Drosera .

5. D. binata, Labill. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 20. Stemless. Leaves on slender
petioles 2-4 in. long ; blade divided into two linear, strap-shaped, simple or
2-fid, divaricating lobes 2-4 in. long, covered with glandular hairs. Scapes
8-12 in. high, very slender, glabrous, bearing a branched, 6-8-flowered cyme.
Flowers white, in. diam., on slender pedicels. Petals membranous, ob-
cordate, twice as long as the glabrous or ciliate sepals. Styles 3, penicillate.
— Bot. Mag. t. 3082 ; D. intermedia, A. Gunn. ; D. Cunninghamii, Walpers.

Common in clay bogs, etc., throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Abundant
in Tasmania and Australia. A very handsome plant.

6. D. auriculata, Backhouse ; — FI. N. Z. i. 21. Stem erect, simple or
sparingly branched, 6-18 in. high, flexuose, glabrous, leafy, arising from a
small coated tuber. Leaves peltate, lowest rosulate, orbicular, £ in. diam., on
short flattened petioles ; upper alternate, rather larger, lunate, on filiform pe-
tioles -j-1 in. long ; all copiously studded towards the margin with very
long glandular hairs. Flowers 3 -8, on slender pedicels, white or lilac, |
in. diam. Sepals oblong, obtuse, often jagged. Petals three times longer than
the sepals, obovate or obcordate. Styles 3, penicillate below the middle.

Northern and Middle Islands : not uncommon, often climbing by its glandular leaves
amongst grass. Banks and Solander, etc. A common Australian and Tasmanian plaut ;
also found in Norfolk Island.

Order XXVII. HALORAGrEiE.

Herbaceous, terrestrial or aquatic plants. Leaves opposite alternate or
whorled, exstipulate. Flowers small, often very inconspicuous, variously
arranged, hermaphrodite or unisexual, usually regular. — Calyx-tube adnate
with the ovary ; limb 0 or 2-4-lobed or -toothed. Stamens 2-4 (rarely
1), epigynous. Ovary inferior, usually 4- (rarely 1-) celled, with 2-4 (rarely
1) short conical styles, or as many sessile, plumose or papillose stigmas, or
with 1-4 long subulate stigmatiferous styles ; ovules solitary, pendulous in
each cell. Fruit small, indehiscent, 4-celled and -seeded, or breaking up into
2-4 carpels, or a 1-celled small drupe. Seeds pendulous; testa membra-
nous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo minute, ovoid, or long and terete.

A small Order of dissimilar plants, scattered over the world. The genus Callitriche, in-
cluded here, is a very doubtful member. Balanoplwrea;, an Order closely allied to Haloragcce,
will he fouud amongst Incomplete.

Terrestrial. Calyx-lobes 4, evident. Fruit 4-8-gonous .... 1. IIaloragis.

Aquatic. Calyx-lobes 0 or inconspicuous. Fruit 4-lobed. Stigmas

4, very short 2. Myriophyllun.

Marsh. Calyx-lobes 2 or 3. Petals 2 or 0. Fruit drupaceous, 1 -celled 3. Gunnkra.
Marsh and aquatic. Calyx-lobes 0. Fruit 4-lobed. Styles 2, very

long 4. Callitriche.

1. HALORAGIS, Forst.

Erect procumbent or creeping, herbaceous plants. Leaves opposite or
rarely alternate, toothed, rarely lobed or pinnatifid. Flowers axillary, minute,
hermaphrodite or unisexual, sometimes racemose at the ends of the branches,

Haloragis .]

XXVII. HALORAGEiE.

65

pendulous. — Calvx-tube terete, 4-8-angled or winged ; lobes 4, erect, acute,
persistent, val\ ate. Petals 4, small, concave, deciduous, coriaceous. Stamens
4 or 8, usually with short filaments and large linear or oblong anthers, burst-
ing laterally. Ovary 2 or 4-celled; stigmas 2 or 4, sessile, plumose or simple.
Fruit a dry, coriaceous or somewhat drupaceous, 4—8-angled or -winged, 2- or
4-celled nut. Seeds pendulous ; embryo terete.

A genus almost confined to the south temperate zone, most frequent in Australia, found
also in subtropical India, China, and Japan. One NewZealaud species is also found in Juan

Fernandez.

Glabrous. Leaves i-lj in. Fruit with 4 narrow wings 1. II. alata.

Scabrid. Leaves i-J in. Flowersaxillary. Fruit 8-costate, muricate. 2. H. tetragyna.
Slightly scabrid. Leaves i-A in. Flowersaxillary. Fruit 4-8-costate 3. H. depressa.
Very slender, quite glabrous. Leaves f-A in. Flowers in naked racemes.

Fruit 8-costate 4. IT. micrantha.

1. H. alata, Jacq. ; — Ft. N. Z. i. 63. Stem herbaceous, erect or pro-
cumbent at the base, branched, 4-angled, 1-3 ft. high ; branches suberect,
slightly scabrid. Leaves opposite, sessile or petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute
or obtuse, very coarsely deeply serrate, coriaceous, slightly rough to the
touch, |-1^ long. Flowers minute, green, in leafy slender terminal racemes,
solitary or whorled, on short curved pedicels, drooping, T\ in. long. Calyx
4-angled, with 4 small lobes. Petals twice as long as the calyx-lobes.
Nut small, with 4 narrow wings, green; sides smooth or wrinkled. Stigmas
conical, not plumose. — Cercodia erecta, Murr. ; C. allernifolia, A. Cunn.

Abundant ou dry hills in various localities throughout the islands, Banks and Solander,
etc. ; ascending to 2000 ft. Also found in Juan Fernandez.

2. H. tetragyna, Labill.; — FI. N. Z. i. 62. A suberect or prostrate,
slender, branched herb, everywhere scabrid with short, hispid pubescence;
branches slender, 2-8 in. long. Leaves all opposite, shortly petioled i in.
long, ovate or lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, rigidly coriaceous, scabrid
on both surfaces. Flowers minute, sessile, solitary in the axils of the upper
leaves. Nut ovoid, ^ bi. long, 8-angled, muricate. Stigmas plumose. —
Goniocarpus tetragyna, Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. i. t. 53; Cercodia incana, A.
Cunn.

Var. a. Branches suberect. Leaves |-J in. long, many-toothed.

Var. j8. diffusa. Branches diffuse, prostrate. Leaves 5-5 iu. long, broader, obtuser, with
fewer teeth.

Northern Island : on dry hills ; a, Bay of Islands ; /9, common there and at Auckland.
I have seen no Middle Island specimens. Var. a is a native of Tasmania and Southern Aus-
tralia, also of China ( G.scaber , Koenig), Borneo, and the mountains of East Bengal.

3. H. depressa, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 63. A very slender, prostrate,
branched herb, slightly scabrid with short white hairs; branches 1-12 in.
long, wiry, almost filiform. Leaves sessile, broadly ovate, subacute, | in.
long, with 3-5 deep close serratures on each side, slightly scabrid on both
surfaces, coriaceous. Flowers solitary, axillary or subterminal, sessile. Nut
■§• in. long, 4-angled, or obscurely 4-8-costate, smooth or wrinkled, but not
muricate. Stigmas plumose.— Goniocarpus depresses, A. Cunn.

Common on dry hills, throughout the islands. Readily distinguished from G. tetragyna
by being almost glabrous and very slender. In the New Zealand Flora I considered this as
the same with the Tasmanian II. (Goniocarpus) serpyltifolius. Hook. Ic. PI. t. 290, and it

VOL. I. F

XXVII. IIAL0RAGEA5.

66

[Haloragis.

is certainly most closely allied to it ; but the fruit is very much larger in the New Zealand
plant.

4. H. micrantha, Br. ; — Id. tenella, Brongn. ; FI. N. Z. i. 63. Small,
slender, tufted, perfectly glabrous ; stems and branches filiform, ascending
or erect, 2-6 in. high, running out into leafless racemes. Leaves few, i— |
in. long, all opposite, subsessile, broadly ovate, subacute, with very few shal-
low crenatures on each side, glabrous. Flowers few, very minute, scattered
along the naked filiform tips of the branches ; pedicels very short. Nut
minute, oblong, 8-ribbed. Stigmas plumose. — Goniocarpus citriodorus, A.
Cunn. — G. tenellus, Brongn.

Common in rather moist and dry places in various parts of the Northern Island.
Sdiddle Island : Aglionby plains, Munro. Common in Tasmania, Southern Australia, the
Eastern Himalaya, hilly parts of East Bengal, and in Japan. This is the Goniocarpus citrio-
dorus of A. Cunningham, but I have never perceived any smell of lemons ; possibly he dried
it with Micromeria.

2. MYRIOPHYLLUM, Vaillant.

Water or marsh plants, with slender, terete, sparingly branched stems.
Leaves usually whorled, entire toothed or pinnatifid, the submerged often
capillaceo-multifid, the uppermost more entire, often opposite or alternate.
Flowers small, in the axils of the upper leaves, almost sessile, uni- or bisexual.
— Calyx-tube in the male 0, in the female ovoid or 4-gonous, limb 4-toothed
or truncate. Petals 0 in the female flower, in the male 4, membranous, deci-
duous. Stamens 4 or 8, filaments short ; anthers linear. Ovary 4-celled ;
styles 4, very short, or 0 ; stigmas often plumose. Fruit usually separating
into 4 small, hard, indehiscent, 1-seeded nuts ; testa membranous ; albumen
fleshy ; embryo terete.

A very widely-diffused genus in both tropical and temperate regions. The species have
wide ranges in their several zones, but those of the southern regions are hardly the same
with the northern. The foliage is very variable ; the upper leaves in the two first New Zea-
and species are sometimes as much divided as the lower.

Upper leaves whorled, short and broad, serrate 1. M. elatinoides.

Upper leaves whorled, narrow-linear, nearly entire 2. 31. vuriafolium.

All the leaves pectinate-pinnatifid. Fruit large 3 .31. robustum.

All the leaves opposite, linear, narrow, entire 4. M. pedunculatvm.

1. M. elatinoides, Gaudicliand ; — FI. N. Z. i. 63. Stems 6 in.-3 ft.
long, depending on the depth of the water. Leaves whorled, usually 4-nate,
the lower pectinately pinnatifid, 1-2 in. long, the upper much smaller, sessile,
oblong, obtuse, serrate. Flowers small, white ; female with two linear entire
or serrate bracts. Stigmas plumose. Fruit of 4 minute, oblong, terete,
smooth nuts. — M. propinquum, A. Cunn.

Still waters throughout the islands, ascending to 3000 ft. Abundant in Tasmania, Aus-
tralia, and the lakes of the Cordillera from the equator to Chili and the Falkland Islands.

2. M. variaefolium, Hook. f. in Ic. VI. t. 289 ; — FI. N. Z. i. 65. Habit
of the last, but leaves in whorls of 5-7, the lower multifid or pectinate-pin-
natifid, the upper very narrow linear, ^-1^ in. long, quite entire or serrate.
Flowers and fruit very small, like those of M. elatinoides , but the bracts are
much shorter than the nuts.

Myriophyllum .]

XXVII. HALORAGEAi.

67

Common in still water throughout the islands, as far south as Canterbury. Also found
iu Tasmania, Australia, and South Ameriea.

3. M. robustum, Ilook.f., n.sp.; — M. varupfolium , /3, FI. N. Z. i. 64.
Stems robust. Leaves 1-2 in. long, 5-7 in a whorl, all pectinately-pinnatifid.
Flowers and nuts much larger than in the preceding species, the latter nearly
i in. long, tumid, short, rounded at the back, smooth or obscurely tubercled,
bracts very short.

Northern Island, Colenso. A robust species, of which I have imperfect specimens,
full of fruit, which is as large as in the Indian M. tuberculatum, but the nuts are more
rounded, and the foliage is coarse and more crowded. It much resembles some states of the
European M. verticillatum. I do not recognize it amongst the Australian and American
species.

4. M. pedunculatum, IIoolc. f. FL Tasm. i. 123. t. 23 B. Small,
tufted, erect, slender, simple or sparingly branched, 2-4 in. high. Leaves oppo-
site, narrow linear, quite entire or obscurely toothed, | in. long. Flowers
minute, sessile or shortly pedicelled. Stamens 8. Styles recurved ; stigmas
plumose. Nuts ovoid, somewhat wrinkled.

Middle Island : moist places, Canterbury plains, Sinclair and Haast. Found also in
Tasmania and Victoria, where the leaves sometimes become broad and flat.

3. GUNNEEA, Linn.

Stemless herbs, usually growing in swamps or boggy places, with stout or
slender creeping or subterranean rhizomes. Leaves petioled, radical. Scapes
bearing small, racemose or panicled, unisexual, rarely bisexual, flowers. — Male
fl. : Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 2 or 3 or 0. Stamens 2 or 3, opposite the petals, fila-
ments slender ; anthers large, often tetragonous. Female fl. : Calyx-tube
ovoid, lobes 2 or 3, often toothed. Petals 2 or 3 or 0. Stamens 0. Ovary
1-celled ; styles usually 2, linear subulate or filiform, covered with stigmatic
papilla1 * * * 5 ; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit a small, rather fleshy drupe.
Seed filling the cavity of the drupe, to the walls of which the membranous
testa often adheres ; albumen fleshy and oily ; embryo very minute, broadly
pyriform or cordate.

An almost exclusively southern genus, scattered over the Australian, Malayan, New Zealand,
Pacific, and South American islands, also found in South Africa and in the Andes, as far
north as the Gulf of Mexico. The Chilian species is noted for its immense leaves, some-
times 6 ft. across. The New Zealand species have long filiform styles, and no petals.

Leaves orbicular-reniform. Flowers lax, subpanicled. Drupe very

small, ovoid 1. G. monoica.

Leaves reniform or cordate. Flowers in a dense spike. Drupe oblong. 2. G. densiflora.
Leaves oblong- or ovate-oblong. Flowers spicate. Drupe much larger,

obovoid 3. G. prorepens.

1. G. monoica, Raoul , Choix xv. t. 8 ; — Fl. N. Z. i. 65. Glabrous or
minutely hairy ; rhizome creeping, tufted, forming matted patches. Leaves

reniform or orbicular, ■§— J in. diam., lobed and crenate, or crenate only, both

surfaces glabrous or covered with scattered small hairs, petiole 2 in. long,
pilose, rarely glabrous. Panicle longer or shorter than the leaves, very slender,

branched, rarely simple. Flowers sparse, males with long filaments ; bracts

F 2

68 xxvii. HALORAGiiJE. [Gunnera.

and calyx-lobes ciliate, rarely entire. Drupes very small, ovoid, about T'^ in.
ong.

Moist shady places throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc.

2. G. densiflora, Hook. /., n. sp. Bhizome creeping, tufted. Leaves
orbicular cordate or broadly ovate-cordate, glabrous, minutely toothed, i-1 in.
diam. ; petioles 1-1 k in., villous or glabrescent. Spike on a stout, erect,
villous or glabrescent peduncle. Flowers crowded, males with short filaments ;
bracts and calyx-teeth small, subulate. Drupes crowded, small, pendulous,
j-’o in. long, oblong.

Middle Island : Acheron and Clarence rivers, alt. 4000 ft., Travers. Similar to Q.
monoiea, but the leaves are never lobed, though minutely and sharply toothed, the peduncles
stout, flowers spiked, crowded, filaments short, and drupes larger, oblong, and pendulous.

3. G. prorepens, Hoolc. f. Fl. N. Z. i. 66. Usually much larger than
the two preceding species, often 1 ft. high, but sometimes small. Leaves ovate
or oblong, rounded at the top, rounded or cordate at the base, crenulate,
^—2 in. long ; petiole 1-8 in. long, glabrous or more or less hairy. Peduncle
stout, as long as the petiole. Flowers spicate. Drupes sessile, large,

in. long, obovoid.

V ar. ? /3. Smaller, leaves ovate-oblong, narrowed into the petiole, deeply toothed ; proba-
bly a distinct species.

Northern Island : in subalpine wet localities, Colenso. Middle Island : west coast,
LyaH. Var. ? /3. Northern Island, Colenso. Middle Island : mountains of Nelson,
Rough; Clarence valley, 3000 ft., Travers; alps of Canterbury, Haast ; and of Otago,
Hector and Buchanan.

I have what appears to be a fourth species of Gunnera, from the base of Tongariro, Co-
lenso, etc. ; and the Middle Island, Lyall; with the leaves of G. densijlora, and fruit of
G. monoiea, but too imperfect for description.

4. CALLITRICHE, Linn.

Small, branched, glabrous, delicate aquatic or marsh plants. Leaves oppo-
site, linear or spathulate, membranous, quite entire. — Flowers minute, solitary,
rarely 2 together, axillary, sessile, or very shortly peduncled. Male 11. : Bracts
0 or 2, deciduous, narrow-oblong, membranous, curved. Perianth 0. Sta-
men 1 ; filament capillary; anther 2-celled, bursting by lateral slits, which
becoming confluent above, assume a horse-shoe form. Female fl. : Bracts as
in the male or 0. Perianth (if any) adherent to the ovary, which consists of
4 laterally compressed 1-celled carpels ; styles 2, filiform, papillose all over ;
ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous. Fruit 4 minute, flattened, keeled or winged
carpels. Seed oblong or cylindric ; testa membranous ; albumen fleshy ;
embryo small, terete.

A small geuus of doubtful affinity, found in all parts of the temperate w'orld.

1. C. verna, Linn. ', — Fl. N. Z. i. 64. Stems 5-10 in. long in water,
shorter when growing on damp soil. Leaves in. long, obtuse, 3-nerved,
orbicular spathulate or linear-obovate. Male and female flowers sometimes
collateral on the same pedicel. Carpels narrowly winged at the back.

Common in wet soil and watery places throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
Lord Auckland’s group, and Campbell’s Island, J. L. H. Abundant in the antarctic
and northern and southern temperate regions.

XXVIII. MYRTACE.E.

69

Order XXVIII. MYRTACE^J.

Shrubs or trees, sometimes subscandent. Leaves opposite or alternate,
exstipulate, quite entire, furnished with pellucid glands full of volatile, fragrant
oil. Flowers hermaphrodite, regular, solitary or in axillary or terminal racemes
or cymose panicles, often showy. — Calyx-tube adnate with the ovary, ovoid
oblong or obconic, sometimes produced beyond the ovary, limb 4- or 5-cleft,
deciduous or persistent. Petals 4 or 5, orbicular, concave, sessile, imbricate.
Stamens very numerous in the New Zealand genera, filaments short or long,
incurved in bud ; anthers small, didymous. Ovary inferior, usually 4-5-
celled ; style slender or short, simple, stigma simple or capitate ; ovules
numerous, on projecting placentas. Fruit dry or succulent, indehiscent or
capsular, 1- or more celled, 1- or more seeded. Seeds very various, exalbu-
minous ; embryo straight or curved.

A very large Order, especially in the tropics, rare in the north temperate zone, represented
in Europe by the Myrtle alone, but common in the south temperate zone, where one species

advauces to Cape Horn, and another to Campbell’s Island.

Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or fascicled 1. Leptospermum.

Leaves opposite.

Flowers cymose or racemed. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds linear . 2. Metrosideros.

Flowers usually solitary. Berry many- or few-seeded. Seeds with

bony testa 3. Mybtus.

Flowers cymose. Berry 1- or few-seeded. Seeds large, angular . 4. Eugenia.

1. LEPTOSPERMUM, Foist.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, small, evergreen, coriaceous. Flowers
solitary or fascicled, shortly peduncled, white or pink. — Calyx-tube turbinate,
lobes 5, often persistent, valvate. Petals 5, rounded, concave. Stamens
numerous, filaments short. Ovary 4- or 5-celled ; style straight ; ovules very
numerous. Capsule coriaceous or woody, broadly hemispherical, bursting
within the calyx-border by 4 or 5 valves. Seeds very numerous, small, linear,
pendulous from the inner upper angle of the cell ; testa membranous.

A very large subtropical and temperate Australian genus, extending northwards to the

Malayan islands.

Leaves pungent. Flowers solitary, sessile. Calyx-lobes deciduous . . 1. L. scoparium.

Leaves not pungent. Flowers fascicled, peduncled. Calyx-lobes per-
sistent 2. L. ericoides.

1 . L. scoparium, Foi’st. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 70. A large bush or small tree ;
trunk erect ; branches fastigiate, prostrate in alpine localities ; young branches
and leaves silky. Leaves very variable, f- in. long, sessile, from linear-
lanceolate to orbicular, acuminate, rigid, pungent, concave, veinless, dotted,
patent or recurved. Flowers sessile, solitary, axillary or terminal, i-f in.
diam. Calyx-tube broadly turbinate, lobes orbicular, deciduous. Petals or-
bicular, clawed, crumpled. Capsule woody, turbinate, half sunk in the
calyx-tube; the free portion 5-valved.

Var. a. FI. N. Z. 1. c. Erect, leaves lanceolate.

Var. j8. Un folium, l.c. Erect, leaves narrow, linear-lanceolate.

Far. y. myrtifolium, 1. c. Erect, leaves ovate, spreading or recurved.

70 xxviu. myrtace.e. \Leptospermum.

Yar. 8. prostration, 1. c. Prostrate, branches ascending. Leaves ovate or oibicular, re-
curved.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Wood hard. Leaves used
as tea in Tasmania and Australia, where the plant is equally abundant and variable.

2. L. ericoid.es, A. Rich.; — FI. N. Z. i. 70. A large, erect shrub or
tree, 10-40 ft. high, similar to the L. scoparium, but with more slender, gla-
brous branches ; narrower, less coriaceous, acute, not pungent leaves, which
are fascicled and erect or recurved ; pedicelled, smaller flowers, and the smaller
capsule immersed in the calyx-tube.

Abundant throughout the islands. Banks and Solander, etc.

2. METROSIDEROS, Br.

Erect or subscandent trees or large shrubs, often embracing the trunks of
forest trees and strangling them. Leaves opposite, sometimes distichous,
coriaceous. Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes or cymes, white pink
or scarlet. — Calyx-tube globose oblong or turbinate, sometimes produced into
a tubular or campanulate limb, lobes 5, concave, imbricate. Petals 5. Sta-
mens very numerous; filaments filiform. Ovary 3-celled ; style slender;
ovules very numerous, linear, radiating outwards from tumid axile placentas.
Capsule coriaceous, sunk deeply in the calyx, or its tip free, 3-celled, 3-
valved, bursting usually loculicidally, rarely irregularly. Seeds very numerous,
densely packed, linear ; testa membranous.

A comparatively small genus, consisting of several Pacific Island species, 10 New Zealand,
an Indian, and a South African one. Its total absence ill Australia is a most remarkable fact.
Capsule coriaceous or woody, wholly enclosed in the calyx-tube, which is produced beyond
it, not dehiscent to the base ; bursting irregularly, or by 3 valves within the calyx.

Scaudent. Leaves obtuse. Calyx glabrous 1. M.florida.

Erect. Leaves acuminate. Calyx silky 2 . M. lucida.

Capsule rather membranous, wholly enclosed in the calyx-tube, which is produced far
beyond it, dehiscent to the base.

Leaves decussate, very acuminate. Petals white 3. II/. albiflora.

Leaves decussate, f-1 i in., oblong, obtuse. Petals scarlet ... 4. M. diffusa.

Leaves distichous, J-f in., oblong-ovate, subacute. Branches glabrescent 5. M. hypericifolia.
Leaves distichous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Branches tomentose 6. M. Colensoi.

Capsule girt below the middle by the calyx-tube, the upper half exposed, 3-valved.

Erect. Leaves 1-1£ in., decussate, glabrous, obtuse 7 . M. robusta.

Erect. Leaves 1 -3 in., decussate, downy below 8. M. tomentosa.

Erect. Leaves f-1? in., decussate, obovate, downy below . ... 9. M. po/ymorpha.

Scandent. 1, eaves j-i in., distichous, glabrous, 3-nerved .... 10. M. scandens.

1. M.florida, 8m.; — FI. N. Z. i. 67. t. 15. A lofty climber, often
clothing the tall forest-trees. Trunk very stout ; branches and brauchlets
terete, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves 1-3 in., on short petioles, elliptic-ob-
long, obtuse, coriaceous, glabrous ; midrib stout ; nerves numerous, slender,
parallel, nearly horizontal. Flowers with the stamens 1 in. long, collected
into terminal, branching, few- or many-flowered cymes; peduncles and pedicels
short and thick. Calyx obcouic or turbinate, costate, glabrous, produced be-
yond the ovary into an obcouic cup. Petals orbicular, pale pink. Stamens
scarlet, numerous, and style stout. Ovary wholly adnate with the base of the

Metrosideros .]

XXVIII. MYKTACEj®.

71

calyx- tube. Capsule thick, almost woody, urceolate, with 5 stout ribs, the
lobes finally deciduous. — Melaleuca florida, Forst. Prod.; Leptospermu m scan-
dens, Forst. Gen.

Common in forests throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Lord Auck-
land’s group, Bolton.

2. M. lucida, Menzies ; — FI. N. Z. i. 67. A small, erect, branching-
evergreen tree ; bark pale, papery ; branches obscurely tetragonous ; twigs
and very young leaves silky. Leaves 1-3 1 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, acu-
minate at both ends, shortly petioled, very coriaceous, shining above, quite
glabrous, midrib stout, lateral nerves faint, oblique ; under surface with
large glands. Flowers 3 or more together, sessile or shortly pedicelled at the
ends of the branches. Calyx broadly obconic, -§■ in. long ; tube silky ; lobes
ovate, obtuse, persistent. Petals small, oblong or linear, scarlet. Stamens
scarlet, very numerous and style very stout, nearly 1 in. long. Ovary free
above the middle. Capsule broadly urceolate with 5 stout ribs., the upper-
free 3-valved part enclosed in the coriaceous calyx-limb. — M. umbellata,
Cavanilles; Melaleuca lucida, Forst.; Agalmanthus umbellatus, Homb.and Jacq.

Mountainous districts of the Northern Island, Colenso. Abundant in the Middle
Island, and iormiug the greater part of the wood on Lord Auckland’s group.

3. M. albifiora, Banks and Sol. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 67. A lofty climber;
trunk stout; branches perfectly glabrous ; branchlets terete. Leaves decus-
sate, l-j-3 in. long, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, shining above,
very coriaceous, shortly petioled ; margins recurved when dry ; midrib stout,
lateral veins numerous, delicate, leaving the costa at an acute angle. Flowers
in terminal, leafless, many-flowered, branched, glabrous cymes ; peduncles
and pedicels rather slender. Calyx scarcely in. long, campanulate ; lobes
shortly ovate, obtuse, persistent. Petals small, white, orbicular. Stamens
and style very slender. Ovary wholly adnate to the base of the calyx-tube.
Capsule -§• in. long, urceolate, turgid, 3-lobed, bursting loculici dally, crowned
by the much narrower tubular calyx, which is terminated by the reflexed
persistent lobes. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 569 ; M. diffusa, A. Cunn., not Smith.

Northern Island : dense forests in the Bay of Islands, and east coast, Banks and So-
lander, etc.

4. M, diffusa. Smith; — FI. N. Z. i. 67. A large, scaudent, glabrous
shrub, with pale, ragged bark, and slender, obscurely 4-gonous branches.
Leaves somewhat distichous, f— 15 in., shortly petioled, elliptic-oblong, ob-
tuse ; midrib and oblique lateral veins prominent. Flowers in terminal and
lateral many-flowered, puberulous, often leafy cymes. Calyx in. long, narrow-
oblong, suddenly expanding into a cup-shaped limb, with orbicular deciduous
lobes. Petals orbicular, scarlet, shortly clawed, jagged. Stamens and style f
in. long, slender. Ovary wholly adherent to the lower part of the calyx-tube.
Fruit shortly pyriform, turgid, 5 -ribbed, rather membranous, bursting loculici-
dally, crowned with the short calyx-limb. — M. myrtifolia, Gaertner ; M. lu-
cida, Linn. f. ; M. Homeana, Turczaninow.

Northern Island : frequent in forests, Banks and Solander, etc.

5. M. hypericifolia, A. Cunn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 67. t. 16. A large,
rambling, climbing shrub, with ragged bark, and slender, divaricating, 4-angled

72

xxviii. myrtacea:.

[. Metrosideros .

branches, glabrous or minutely pubescent. Leaves distichous, sessile, -g— f in.,
ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or apiculate, glabrous on both sur-
faces, rather membranous ; midrib and lateral nerves delicate. Flowers small,
with the stamens •§—- | in. long, in short, lateral, few-flowered, glabrous or pu-
bescent racemes ; peduncles and pedicels slender. Calyx-tube pyriform, sud-
denly dilating into a short campanulate or cup-shaped spreading limb ; lobes
triangular-ovate. Petals orbicular, scarlet, shortly clawed. Stamens and
style slender. Ovary wholly adherent with the base of the calyx-tube. Cap-
sule small, short, in. long, globose or turgid, 3-lobed, bursting loculicidally,
crowned with narrower short tubular calyx-limb,

Humid forests throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, from Bay of Islands, A. Cun-
ningham, to Chalky Bay, Lyall.

6. M. Colensoi, Iloolc. f. FI. N. Z. i. 68. A slender, twiggy, climb-
ing shrub ; branches very slender (and young leaves tomentose), terete, tetra-
gonous at the tips. Leaves distichous, scarcely petioled, g-f in., ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rather membranous when old, glabrous on both
surfaces ; midrib and veins delicate. Flowers small, in axillary, rarely terminal,
branched, many-flowered cymes, 1-2 in. long; peduncles and pedicels slender.
Flowers with the stamens \ in. long, puberulous. Calyx narrow fuuuel-
shaped, slightly swollen at the base, produced far beyond the ovary ; lobes
small, broadly ovate, obtuse. Petals orbicular, scarlet. Stamens and style
very slender. Ovary wholly adherent to the base of the calyx-tube. Capsule
i in. long, globular, 3-lobed, bursting loculicidally, crowned by the longer
narrower tubular calyx-limb.

Northern Island : forests of the Bay of Islands and east coast, Edgerley, Colenso, etc.
Closely allied to M. hypericifolia, but at ouce distinguished by the slender habit, glabrous,
not divaricating, branches, and acuminate leaves.

7. M. robusta, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 68. 1. 17. A tall, erect (never?
climbing), glabrous tree, 50-60 ft. high; bark smooth, pale; branches robust,
terete, the ultimate 4-gonous. Leaves ' decussate, petioled, 1-1 \ in. long,
elliptic- or ovate-oblong, obtuse or retuse at the tip, very coriaceous, glabrous
on both surfaces, reticulated with numerous very fine close-set veins. Flowers
with the stamens 1 in. long, in dense, many-flowered, terminal, pubescent
cymes ; peduncles and pedicels short and thick. Calyx-tube short, obconic,
scarcely produced beyond the ovary ; lobes triangular, short. Petals orbicular,
scarlet, shortly clawed. Stamens and style rather stout. Ovary adnate below
the middle with the calyx-tube. Capsule urceolate, small, | in., girt round
the middle by the calyx-tube, the upper part free and loculicidally 3-valved. —
M. Jlorula, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4471, not Smith.

Northern Island : abundant in forests. Banks and Solander, etc. "Wood hard, close-
grained, good for uaval purposes.

8. M. tomentosa, A. Cunn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 68. A short, stout, much-
branched tree, 30-40 ft. high ; branches very stout, terete, densely tomentose.
Leaves decussate, petioled, 1-3 in. long, variable in shape, from linear-lanceo-
late to oblong or orbicular-oblong, rounded or narrowed at the tip, very coria-
ceous, margins recurved, glabrous, finely reticulated above, densely or laxly
clothed with snow-white tomentum below, rarely glabrous. Flowers large,
with the stamens lg in. long, in terminal many-flowered lax or dense cymes,

Metrosideros.']

XXVIII. MVRTACEJE.

73

densely clothed with white tomentura ; peduncles and pedicels very stout.
Calyx-tube obconic ; lobes short, triangular-ovate. Petals orbicular, scarlet,
clawed, toinentose on the back. Stamens and style very long and stout.
Ovary adnate below the middle with the base of the calyx-tube. Capsule

in. long, woody, girt round the middle by the calyx-tube, bursting loculici-
dally. — A. Rich. Flor. t. 37.

Northern Bland : common on the rocky shores, Banks and Solander, etc.

9. M. polymorpha, Forst. A small, branching tree, excessively variable
in foliage and in being woolly downy or glabrous ; the variety from Kermadec
Island has downy branches, coriaceous, petioled, decussate leaves, f-li in.
long, obovate, rounded at the tip ; veins finely reticulated ; margins recurved.
Flowers in terminal, many-flowered cymes ; peduncles and calyx white, woolly.
Calyx i in. long, hemispherical ; lobes triangular, persistent, often tipped at
the back with a black gland. Petals white or scarlet. Stamens -g— f in.
long. Ovary woolly at the top. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-valved, sessile in the
broad calyx-tube, which is attached to its middle.

Kermadec Islands, where it is the prevailing tree, and reaches 60 ft. high, M‘ Gillivray .
One of the most variable trees in the world, abundant throughout all the Pacific islands and
New Caledonia, but not found in Australia.

10. M. scandens, Banks and Sol. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 69. A large climb-
ing shrub or small tree, with spreading, terete, tomentose branches. Leaves
distichous, -§■ — in., sessile, broadly ovate oblong or orbicular, obtuse, glabrous,
the younger pubescent, very coriaceous, below covered with large glandular
dots, 3-nerved ; margins recurved. Flowers with the stamens in. long, in
short, few-flowered, subglobose, terminal, rarely lateral, pubescent cymes ; pe-
duncles and pedicels rather slender. Calyx-tube very broadly obconic ; lobes
short, obtuse, deciduous. Petals orbicular, whitish. Stamens and style rather
slender. Ovary adnate below its middle with the base of the calyx-tube.
Capsule small, globose, \ in. diam., girt at the middle by the calyx-tube,
the free portion looulicidally 3-valved. — M. perjorata , A. Rich. ; M. buxifolia ,
A. Cunn. ; Melaleuca perforata, Forst. Prod. ; Leptospermum perforutum,
Forst. Gen.

Common in forests of the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
Lord Auckland’s group, Bolton. Wood hard and heavy.

3. MYRTUS, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves evergreen, opposite, often coriaceous, pellucid-
dotted. Flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered cymes. — Calyx-tube
globose; limb 4- or 5-lobed, imbricate. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens very nume-
rous, longer than the petals. Berry globose, crowned with the persistent
calyx-lobes, 2- or 3-celled ; cells many- or few-seeded. Seeds reniform or an-
gular ; testa bony ; embryo terete curved, cotyledons small.

A genus scattered over the temperate and warmer countries of the glohe, of which the
common Myrtle is the only European example, hut of which many species inhabit the south
temperate zone, one extending to Cape Horn, and two to Akaroa. The genus is absent in Tas-

mania.

1. eaves 1-2 in., tumid between the veins 1. M. bullata.

Leaves §-l in., flat . . 2. M. Ratphii.

74 XXVIII. MYRTACE7E. [Myrtus.

Leaves obcordate, small 3 . M. obcordata.

Leaves obovate 4. M. pedunculata.

1. M. bullata, Banks and Sol.; — FI. N. Z. i. 70. An erect shrub or
small tree, 10-15 ft. high ; branches terete, tomentose, as are the young leaves,
peduncles, and calyx. Leaves shortly petioled, 1-2 in. long, broadly elliptic-
ovate or orbicular-ovate, obtuse acute or apiculate, coriaceous, often red-
brown when living, the surface tumid between the veins. Peduncles axillary,
■|-1|- in., 1-flowered. Calyx-tube turbinate, 2-bracteolate at the base; lobes
4, broadly ovate, obtuse. Petals 4, orbicular, pale pink. Stamens numerous,
white ; filaments and style slender. Berry urceolate, \ in. long, turgid,
black, 2-celled, with several flat reniform seeds in each cell ; testa very thick
and bony; embryo very slender, curved. — Hook. 1c. PI. t. 557.

Northern Island : frequent in forests, Banks and Solander, etc.

2. M. Ralphii, Ilook. f. FI. N. Z. ii. 329. Very similar in habit, form of
the foliage, and flowers to il. bullata, but the leaves are smaller and quite
plane, the branchlets more slender, scarcely tomentose.

Northern Island: forests near Wellington, Ralph; east coast, Colenso. This may be
a variety of M. bullata. I have seen no fruit.

3. M. obcordata, Hootc.f. FI. N. Z. i. 71. A small, much-branched,
erect or decumbent shrub, with slender pubescent branches. Leaves small,

in. long, obcordate, narrowed into a short petiole, coriaceous, glabrous on
both surfaces. Peduncles solitary, slender, about as long as the leaves, 1-
flowered, pubescent. Plowers small, about i in. long. Fruit oblong, ^ in.
long, black or violet, with 1 or 2 bony reniform seeds. — Euyenia obcordata,
liaoul, in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. iii. p. 123.

Northern Island : mountainous localities in the east coast and interior, Colenso.
Middle Island : Nelson, Bidwill: Lake Wainaka, Uaast ; Akaroa, Raoul.

4. M. pedunculata, Hootc.f. in Ic. PI. t. 629 ; — FI. N. Z. i. 71. A
straggling shrub, 10-12 ft. high, glabrous, much resembling M. obcordata,
but the branchlets are 4-gonous and perfectly glabrous, the leaves obovate or
oblong-obovate, and rounded at the tip, rarely acute, and the peduncles and
calyx perfectly glabrous. Berry small, very few-seeded, orange-yellow. — Eu-
genia Vitis-Idcea, Baoul, in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. iii. 2. p. 122.

Northern Island : hilly districts on the east coast and interior, Colenso. Middle
Island: Nelson, Bidwill; Akaroa , Raoul.

4. EUGENIA, Linn.

Characters almost identical with those of Myrtus, except that the seeds are
few, large, with a thick embryo, often presenting no traces of cotyledons.
The New Zealand species of Myrtus further differ from Eugenia Maire, in
wanting the corymbose inflorescence.

A tropical genus, abounding in Asia and America, and extending into New Zealand and
Chili ; it is absent in Tasmania.

1. E. Maire, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 71. A small tree, with the habit
of a Metrosideros, 30-50 ft. high, everywhere glabrous ; bark white; branches
slender ; twigs 4-angled. Leaves* petioled, 1-2 in. long, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, membranous, with delicate veius. Flowers almost unisexual,

Eugenia .]

XXIX. ONAGRARIE/E.

75

in terminal, branched, many-flowered corymbs 2-3 in. diam., white; pedun-
cles and pedicels very slender, the latter often in threes. Calyx-tube broadly
obcouic ; lobes very short, broad, deciduous. Petals orbicular, often falling
before expanding. Stamens and style very slender, f in. long. Ovary wholly
adnate with the base of the calyx-tube, 2'-celled, with many ovules on the sep-
tum of each cell. Berry ■§ in. long, urceolate or broadly pyriform, crowned
with the narrower cup-shaped calyx-limb, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed large ;
testa coriaceous ; cotyledons large, amygdaloid.

Northern parts of the Northern Island : in swampy ground, Cunningham, etc.

Order XXIX. ONAGRARIEiE.

Herbs shrubs or rarely trees. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple, ex-
stipidate. Flowers usually regular, hermaphrodite. — Calyx-tube often elon-
gate, adherent to the ovary, and sometimes produced beyond it ; limb 4- (rarely
2-5-) lobed, valvate. Petals as many as lobes of calyx, or 0, inserted on the
calyx, spreading or convolute. Stamens as many or twice as many as the
petals, inserted with them, free. Ovary inferior, 2-4-celled ; style straight,
stigma capitate or clavate ; ovules usually very numerous in the angles of the
cells. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds small, exalbuminous, sometimes pro-
vided with a tuft of hairs ; embryo straight.

A large Order in all temperate and many tropical parts of the world, to which the CEno-
thera, Clarlcia, and various other garden plants now cultivated in New Zealand belong.

Ovary oblong, terete. Fruit a berry 1. Fuchsia.

Ovary linear, 4-angled. Fruit a capsule 2. Epilobium.

1. FUCHSIA, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate or opposite or whorled. Flowers
pendulous, long-pedicelled.— Calyx-tube ovoid, produced into a tubular or
catnpanulate, deciduous, 4-lobed limb, the lobes large, spreading, acuminate.
Petals 0 or 4, concave or convolute. Stamens 8, much longer than the petals.
Ovary crowned with an urceolate disk, 4-celled; style slender, stigma capitate
or clavate ; ovules very numerous. Berry ovoid, fleshy, 4-celled, many-seeded.

A very large South American, and especially Andean genus of most beautiful plants, found
nowhere in the Old World but in New Zealand.

Stem erect, subarboreous. Leaves 2-3 in. Petals small . . . . 1. F. excorticata.

Stem prostrate. Leaves slender. Petals 0, or small 2. F. procumbens.

1. F. excorticata, Linn.f. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 56. A large bush or small
tree, 10-30 ft. high, with the trunk sometimes 3 ft. diam., covered with
ragged, papery bark ; branches brittle. Leaves alternate, twice as long as their
slender petioles, very variable in length, 1^-3^- in. long, lanceolate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, obscurely toothed, membranous, green above, silvery below.
Flowers axillary, solitary, on long, slender, drooping peduncles, shorter than
the petioles, f— 1 in. long. Calyx dingy-purple, globular above the ovary,
then contracted and lengthened into a funnel-shaped 4-cleft tube ; lobes
lanceolate, very acuminate. Petals much smaller than the calyx-lobes, lan-
ceolate, red-purple. Stamens exserted ; anthers oblong. Ovary linear-oblong ;

76 XXIX. ON AGRAHIEiE. [ Fuchsia .

stigma globose. Berry oblong, fleshy. — Bot. Beg. t. 857.; Skinnera excor-
ticata, Forst.

Damp wood3 throughout the islands, abundant, Hanks and Solander, etc. The wood,
which is soft and useless, contains much tannic and gallic acids, Buchanan. A small form,
found at Otago by Lindsay and Hector, has much smaller and broader leaves, approaching
F. procumbens.

2. P. procumbens, JR. Cimn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 57. A procumbent,
scarcely shrubby plant, with prostrate, slender branches. Leaves small, l
in. long, as long as or shorter than the very slender petioles, broadly ovate or
orbicular, cordate or rounded at the base, acute, very obscurely toothed.
Flowers as in F. excorticata , but usually smaller. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 421.

Damp forests iu the Ifforthern Island, from the east coast southward. Middle Island :
Canterbury plains, Travers. The extreme forms of this and the former differ greatly, but I
have apparently intermediate states.

2. EPILOBIUM, Linn.

Perennial herbs. Stem sometimes woody below, creeping prostrate or
erect from a decumbent base. Leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate, usually
toothed. Flowers often drooping in bud, then erect, white pink rosy or
purplish, axillary or subterminal. — Calyx-tube very long, adnate with the
tetragonous ovary ; limb of 4 deciduous lobes. Petals 4, spreading, obovate
or obcordate. Stamens 8, perigynous. Ovary 4-celled ; style short, stigma
obliquely clavate (4-cleft in some European species) ; ovules very numerous.
Capsule very long, linear, splitting into 4 recurved, slender valves, very
many-seeded. Seeds small, with a pencil of white hairs at the tip.

A very large genus in almost all temperate climates, rare in the tropics, especially abound-
ing in New Zealand. The species are, without exception of locality or country, extremely
variable, and probably hybridize. I have repeatedly studied the New Zealand ones, many of
which completely puzzle me. The following descriptions represent in .many cases perhaps
prevalent forms rather than species ; and the student will certainly find intermediates between
most of them. J t is useless attempting to name many species, till copious suites of specimens
are collected, the characters being to a great extent comparative.

* Small, glabrous species, 1-0 in. long. Branches prostrate and creeping, their tips only
ascending. Leaves all opposite, uniform in size. Flowers few, chief y from the
axils of leaves remote from, the ends of the branches.

Leaves y in., subsessile, scarcely toothed 1 . F. nummularifolium.

Leaves -j in., oblong or orbicular, coriaceous, purple below . . 2. E. purpuratum.

Leaves 4 in., petioled, orbicular, sharply toothed 3. E. linnaoides.

Leaves | in., oblong, obscurely toothed 4. E. macropus.

** Small alpine and subalpine, glabrous, glossy species. Branches creeping, ascending at
the tips, rarely suberect. Leaves all opposite, nearly uniform, obtuse, coriaceous, nerve-
less. Floioers few , usually small, from towards the tips of the branches.

Leaves 3—3 in., oblong, sinuate-toothed. Flowers small . . 5. E. confertifolium.

Leaves 1 in., subsessile, spathulate-oblong. Flowers rather large 6. E. crassum.
Leaves 1 in., petioled, narrow oblong, subacute 7. E. brevipes.

*** Small, slender, usually prostrate, lowland species. Branches ascending or suberect.
Leaves opposite or upper alternate (not glossy), A-l in. long. Flowers towards the
ends of the branches, usually numerous and small.

Leaves -g—y in., petioled. Flowers very small. Peduncles of
fruit long

8. E. alsinoides.

Epilobmm. ]

XXIX. ONAGRARIEJE.

77

Stem rigid, black. Leaves J-i in., sessile. Flowers very small.

Peduncles of fruit short t ... 9. E. microphyllum.

Leaves £-} in., broad, sharply toothed. Flowers larger. Pe-
duncles of fruit long 10. E. rotundifolium.

**** Stem erect or decumbent at the very base, 6-24 in. high. Leaves opposite or alter-
nate. Flowers subterminal.

+ Flowers usually less than A in. diam.

Glabrous. Leaves opposite, narrowed at base, in scattered pairs,

coriaceous ^ ■ . . . . 11. E. glabellum.

Glabrous. Stems rigid, black. Leaves opposite, narrowed at

base, crowded, linear 12. E. melanocaulon.

Glabrous. Leaves opposite, broad at base, sessile or amplexi-

caul 13. E. tetragonum.

Pubescent. Leaves opposite and alternate, sessile ..... 14. E. junceum.

ft Flowers usually 1 in. diam.

Pubescent. Leaves most alternate, all petioled, broad. Flowers

numerous 15. E.pubens.

Glabrous. Leaves mostly opposite, sessile, narrow at base,

linear-oblong 16. E. Billardierianum.

Tall, puberulous above. Leaves opposite, sessile, 2-3 in., linear 17. E. patlidiflorum.

1. E. nummularifolirun, A. Cunn. ; — FI. TV. Z. i. 57. Small, pro-
strate, branched, slender; branches 2-6 in. long, glabrous or bifariously
pubescent. Leaves ^~§- in. long, sessile or petioled, numerous, opposite,
rather crowded, uniform in size, orbicular or oblong, obtuse, entire or waved
at the margin, coriaceous or thin, fiat or convex, usually with the under sur-
face lying flat on the soil. Peduncles axillary, slender, ^-4 in. long.
Flowers very small, pink or whitish. Ovary and capsule generally hoary.

Var. a. pedunculare, FI. N. Z. i. 58. Leaves membranous ; peduncles long and slender ;
capsule glabrous. — E. pedunculare, A. Cunu. ; E. pendulum, Banks and Sol.

Var. .8? nerteroides, FI. N. Z. 1. c. Leaves thick, with recurved margins ; peduncles long ;
capsule glabrous. — E. nerteroides, A. Cunn.

Var. 7. brevipes, FI. N. Z. 1. c. Leaves thick, coriaceous, with recurved margins ; pedun-
cles very short ; capsule puberulous.

Abundant in wet places, var. a and jS, throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, var.
ft extending to Lord Auckland’s group ; var. 7, dry places, Cape Palliser, Colenso. A
very common and variable plant, best known by its small size, creeping stems, small, crowded,
rounded, and scarcely toothed leaves, which are uniform in size throughout the plants, and
flowers axillary and distant from the ends of the branches. States with ascending branches
approach very closely E. alsinoides.

2. E. purpuratum, Hook, f., n. sp. Small, glabrous, creeping ; branches
short, black, leafy, 2-3 in. long. Leaves spreading horizontally, shortly pe-
tioled, i in. long, thickly coriaceous, orbicular or ovate-oblong, obtuse, almost
entire, under surface and edges dark-purple ; veins obscure. Peduncles from
the axils distant from the ends of the branches, stout, black, 1-2 in. long.
Capsules 1-^-2 in. long, black, quite glabrous.

Middle Island : alps of Otago, alt. 6000 ft., Hector. Closely allied to E. nummula-
rfolium, hut much larger, with stout black stems and peduncles and long capsules.

3. E. linnseoides. Hook. f. FI. Antarct. i. 9. t. 6 ; — FI. N. Z. i. 58.
Slender, prostrate, branched, creeping, everywhere quite glabrous. Leaves all
opposite, petioled, orbicular, sharply toothed, uniform in size, very mem-
branous, in. long. Peduncles very slender, fruiting ones 3-5 in. long.

73 xxix. onagrauie.33. [Epilobium.

Flowers pale rose-coloured, petals cleft nearly to the middle. Capsules 2-3
in. long, glabrous.

Mountainous districts throughout the islands, in wet places. Banks and Solander, etc. ;
most abundant in Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, J.D.H. The slender
creeping habit, uniform, membranous, orbicular, sharply-toothed, opposite leaves, and few
axillary flowers, well distinguish this species, which is one of the best characterized of the
genus. It most nearly approaches E. rotund* folium, but differs in all the leaves being
opposite, and branches creeping.

4. E. macropus, Rook. Ic. PL t. 812 ; — FI. N. Z. i. 58. Glabrous
throughout, branching from the base ; branches slender, creeping below, then
ascending or erect, 4-8 in. long, often purplish-green or blackish. Leaves
almost all opposite, petioled, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, very obscurely
toothed, rather thick, -|— | in. long, uniform in size. Flowers few, distant
from the ends of the branches, almost i in. diam., on slender long peduncles.
Capsules quite smooth.

Middle Island : marshy places in the mountains from Nelson to Otago, alt. 2500-5000
ft. The narrower, uniformly opposite, almost entire leaves, and large flowers distinguish
this at once from E. rotundifolium ; the less crowded leaves and large flowers from E. con-
fert folium ; and the habit, and fewer flowers usually distant from the ends of the branches
from various species of the following sections, especially E. Billardierianum.

5. E. confertifolium, Hook. f. FI. Antarct. i. p. 10. Small, almost
glabrous, sparingly branched, prostrate ; branches stout, 1-4 in. long, densely
leafy, their tops erect or almost wholly erect. Leaves all opposite, i— | in.
long, oblong linear-oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, shining,
obscurely toothed, nearly uniform, or the uppermost rather smaller. Flowers
in the axils of the upper leaves, on rather short peduncles, small, in. diam.
Capsules glabrous or puberulous. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 685.

Var. a. Stems short. Leaves crowded, scarcely toothed. Peduncles very short.

Var. 0. temdpes. Leaves linear-oblong, more conspicuously toothed. Peduncles in fruit
very slender. — E. tenuipes, II. f. Pl. N. Z. i. 59.

Mountain swamps, var. a, in the Middle Island ; Canterbury and Otago mountains,
alt. 3-5000 ft. ; abundant in Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell's Islands.
Var. 0. Northern Island: head of the Wairarapa valley, Colenso. Also found in the
Tasmanian alps, and a very similar plant occurs in the Chilian Andes (E. nivale, Meyen).
A very variable species, differing chiefly in habit from E. Billardierianum.

6. E. crassum, TIook.f. FI. N. Z. ii. 328. Glabrous, prostrate, creep-
ing, glossy ; branches short, thick, red, densely leafy, 2-4 in. long. Leaves
ascending, opposite, f~l} in. long, obovate- or spalhulate-oblong, obtuse, very
obscurely toothed, narrowed into a broad red petiole, very coriaceous, bright
and glossy. Flowers few, from towards the ends of the branches. Peduncles
short and stout, lengthening in fruit. Flowers large, nearly ^ in. across.
Capsules glabrous, stout, 1^ in. long.

Middle Island: in alpine localities. Top of Macrae’s Run, alt. 4000 feet, Munro ;
AVairau mountains, alt. 4-5000 ft., Travers. A very fine species, allied to the following,
and not readily distinguished except by the more creeping habit, and leaves broadest towards
the tips, larger flowers, and long pedicels of the capsules.

7. E. brevipes. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. ii. 328. Glabrous, stout, branching,
coriaceous, glossy ; branches all prostrate, red, almost woody below, leafy,
4-6 in. long. Leaves all opposite, spreading, f~l in. long, narrow oblong,
subacute, minutely remotely toothed, very coriaceous, glossy, the lower red-

Epilubium .]

XXIX. 0NAGKAIUEA5.

79

dish, nerveless, petioles slender red. Flowers numerous towards the ends of
the branches, nearly ■§■ in. across, on very short peduncles that do not elongate
after flowering. Capsules slender, glabrous, about 1 in. long.

Middle Island : Macrae’s Run, alt. 4000 ft., Munro ; Kaikora mountains, M' Donald.
A remarkable species, of which I have fine specimens, but from Dr. Munro only, by whose
shepherd it was collected : it may be a luxuriant form of E. crassum.

8. E. alsinoides, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 59. Very slender, branched,
prostrate, pubescent, small-leaved; branches green or reddish, 2-8 in. long.
Leaves all opposite, in scattered or crowded ■ pairs, A- i in. long, oblong-orbi-
cular or ovate- or linear-oblong, obtuse, obscurely toothed, sessile or shortly
petioled. Flowers few, very small, towards the very ends of the branches,
on short peduncles which lengthen much after flowering. Capsule very slen-
der, pubescent. — E. thymifolium and atriplicifolium, A. Cunn.

Abundant in lowland marshes and wet ground throughout the islands, Ban/cs and Colander,
etc. The very slender habit, less coriaceous leaves, and pubescence distinguish this at once
from E. conf ertifolium , the terminal inflorescence from E. nummularifolium, the small ses-
sile leaves from E. rotundifolium, and the habit and pale stems from E. microphyllum.

9. E, microphyllum, A. Rich. Flor. 325. t. 36 ; — FI. N. Z. i. 59.
Rigid, strict, erect, wiry, generally much branched at the base ; branches stout,
simple, black, 4-6 in. long, glabrous or bifariously pubescent. Leaves all
opposite, very uniform, small, V-i in. long, sessile or very shortly petioled,
ovate oblong or orbicular, obtuse, obscurely toothed, coriaceous. Flowers
few, towards the ends of the branches, very small, on short peduncles which
elongate but little in fruit. Capsules glabrous or pubescent, 1 in. long.

Northern and Middle Islands : not uncommon in moist places, Banks and Solander, etc.

10. E. rotundifolium, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 58. Erect or decumbent;
stems weak, terete, 6-12 in. high, pubescent or glabrous. Leaves uniform
throughout the plant, all opposite or more often the upper alternate, ^— | in.,
shortly petioled, orbicular or oblong, unequally toothed, rarely ovate or oblong
and entire, glabrous or pubemlous. Flowers in the axils of the uppermost
leaves, small, pink, } in. diam. ; peduncles very short, in fruit long and
slender. Capsule glabrous or pubescent, 1 \ in. long, very slender.

Abundant in moist places throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Very distinct
in its usual form ; distinguished from E. alsinoides by its greater size, from E. Hnnceoides,
by the more or less erect habit, subterminal inflorescence, and smaller flowers.

11. E. glabellum, Forst. ,—Fl. N. Z. i. 59. Stem erect or decumbent
at the base, often much-branched below, terete, 6-12 in. high, glabrous or
bifariously pubescent. Leaves in rather scattered pairs, sessile or shortly pe-
tioled, | in. long, oblong ovate- or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, obtusely
sinuate-toothed, rather coriaceous, sometimes shining. Flowers in the axils
of the upper leaves, variable in size, pink, E— | in. diam. ; peduncles very
short, when fruiting rarely longer than the leaves. Capsules 1-1 1 in. long,
slender, glabrous or puberulous.

Abundant in upland districts in the Northern Island and throughout the Middle
Island, Banks and Solander, etc. Abundant in temperate South America and Tasmania, where
it becomes very large and the leaves very membranous. Nearly allied to E. Billardieria-

80

XXIX. onagkariea:.

[ Epilobium .

num, which differs only in its large flowers ; extremely near E. covfertifolium, which creeps
and has crowded leaves. Small states pass into E. alsinoides, and others into E. tetragonum.

12. E. melanocaulon. Hook. 1c. PI. t. 813 ; — FI. N. Z. i. 60. Erect,
6-12 in., rigid ; branches simple from a decumbent woody stem, terete, shining,
black or dark-red, glabrous. Leaves crowded, mostly opposite, in. long,
subpetioled, linear-oblong, obtuse, deeply lobed or sinuate-toothed, coriaceous,
glabrous, often shining, yellow-red when dry. Flowers small, A- i in. diam.,
pink, sessile in the upper leaves ; ovaries short ; peduncles very short, rarely
exceeding the leaves when fruiting. Capsules ^-1 in. long.

Common in mountainous districts of the Northern and throughout the Middle Island :
alt. 2-5000 ft. A very well-marked species, readily known, in its usual form, by its erect,
rigid habit, dark stem and branches, very numerous, crowded, small, coriaceous leaves and
short, sessile ovaries. States of it are difficult to separate from E. confertfolium, glabellum,
and brevipes.

13. E. tetragonum, Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 60. Stems robust, erect or
with a very short decumbent base, 12-18 in. high, stout, terete or 4-gonous,
glabrous or puberulous. Leaves opposite, 1-2 in. long, sessile or semiamplexi-
caul, broadly oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse, irregularly toothed, glabrous,
rather membranous, never shining, green. Flowers rather small, in. diam.,
pink, very numerous towards the ends of the branches ; peduncles shorter
than the leaves, scarcely lengthening in fruit. Capsules 1-2 in. long, hoary.

Northern and Middle Islands: not uncommon in moist places. A common plant in
the temperate regions of both hemispheres, very variable, distinguished by the small flowers
and sessile or semiamplexieaul leaves, but states of it are difficult to distinguish from E. Bil-
lardierianum , junceum, and pubens.

14. E. junceum, Font. ; — FI. N. Z i. 60. Erect, very pubescent or to -
mentose, rather rigid, leafy ; stem stout, decumbent and rather woody at the
base ; branches stout or slender, 4-24 in. high, terete, often proliferous at
the axils of the leaves. Leaves narrow, very variable, 1-3 in. long, alter-
nate and opposite, sessile, the upper gradually smaller, linear-oblong, sinuate-
toothed or nearly entire, narrowed or not at the base, usually pubescent on
both surfaces. Flowers copiously produced towards the ends of the branches,
rather small, A_i in. diam., purple ; peduncles generally shorter than the
leaves, lengthening in fruit. Capsules pubescent, 1-3 in. long. — E. cinereym,
A. llich. ; E. virgatum, confertum, hirtigerum, and incanum , A. Cunn.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and Solander , etc. Abundant in Tasmania, Aus-
tralia, and South Chili, passing into E. tetragonum aud glabellum.

15. E. pubens, A. Rich. Flor. 329. t. 36; — FI. N. Z. i. 61. Stems
erect from a woody decumbent base, 6-24 in. high, simple or branched ;
branches terete, pubescent, leafy, often proliferous at the axils. Leaves almost
always alternate, long-petioled, ovate-oblong, obtuse, rather sharply toothed,
membranous, pubescent on both surfaces, the upper gradually smaller.
Flowers numerous towards the ends of the branches, | in. diam., white
pink or purplish ; peduncles of both flower and fruit always shorter than the
leaves. Capsules pubescent, 1-2 in. long. — E. liulorugifolium, A. Cunn.

Abundant on dry hills, etc., throughout the islands. Banks and Solander, etc. One of the
most distinct species of the genus, at once known by its erect stems, slender petioles, and
usually alternate, ovate-oblong, obtuse leaves, etc. ; it is allied to the Europeau E. roseum.

Epilobium .]

XXIX. ONAGRARIEAL

81

16. E. 3illardierianum, Seringe ; — FI. N. Z. i. 61. Slender, simple
or sparingly branched, glabrous or puberulous ; stems decumbent at the
base; branches 6-18 in. high, terete, sparingly leafy. Leaves opposite and
alternate, -|-1 in. long, sessile or very shortly petioled, linear-oblong or narrow
ovate-oblong, obtuse, toothed, membranous, the upper gradually smaller.
Flowers few towards the ends of the branches, rather large, f- in. diam.,
white or rosy ; peduncles usually longer than the leaves. Capsules 1^-3 in.
long, pubescent.

Mountainous parts of the Northern Island, Colenso. More common in the Middle
Island, Lyall, etc. A most puzzling plant, and one of which I am almost incliued to refer
the various forms to large-flowered states of telragonum, glabelium, atsinoides, junceum ,
and perhaps others. None of the New' Zealand specimens have leaves so sessile and semi-
amplexicaul as those figured in the Tasmanian Flora : nor am I certain that either is the
true plant of Seringe, which is very imperfectly described.

17. E. pallidiflorum, Sol. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 61. The largest New Zea-
land species. Stems erect, 1-3 ft. high, terete, as thick as a goose-quill,
leafy, simple or branched, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves opposite, 2-4 in.
long, sessile, semiainplexicaul, linear-lanceolate or -oblong, acute, jagged or
toothed, glabrous. Flowers large, f-1 iu. diam., white or pale-pink, nume-
rous towards the ends of the branches ; peduncles always shorter than the
leaves. Capsule 2-3 in., hoary. — E. macranthum, Hook. f. Ic. PI. t. 297.

Abundant in wet places throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. A very distinct
species, also common in Tasmania, at once recognized by its great size, long, sessile, narrow
leaves and large flow'ers.

Order XXX. PASSIFLOHE.®.

Climbers (rarely erect shrubs), with lateral tendrils or 0. Leaves alternate,
stipuled, entire or lobed. Flowers axillary, solitary or rarely racemose, usually
hermaphrodite, often showy. — Calyx free ; tube short ; lobes 4 or 5 (rarely 3)
long, imbricate. Petals 3-5, inserted at the base of the calyx, usually per-
sistent (rarely 0), sometimes with a crown of filaments at their base. Stamens
generally as many as the petals ; filaments often adnate to the stalk of the
ovary. Ovary often stalked, 1-celled; styles 3-5 ; ovules many on 3-5-pa-
rietal placentas. Fruit coriaceous or succulent, indehiscent or splitting be-
tween the placentas. Seeds often arilled, exalbuminous ; cotyledons flat.

A large tropical family, abounding in America, rarer in Asia.

1. PASSIFLOHA, Linn.

Flowers unisexual or hermaphrodite. — Calyx-lobes 4 or 5. Petals as many,
with a ring of filaments at their base. Stamens 4 or 5 ; filaments quite adnate
with the stalk of the ovary ; anthers versatile, those of the female flower,
imperfect. Styles 2 or 3, with capitate stigmas. Fruit an indehiscent berry.

A very large American genus, of which the few Old-World representatives are more or
less dioecious and tetramerous.

1. P. tetrandra. Banks and Sol. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 73. A lofty, glabrous
climber, with slender, terete branches. Leaves 1^-4 in., petioled, lanceolate,
acuminate, quite entire, eglandular; tendrils long and slender. Flowers | in.

VOL. I. G

82

XXX. PASSIFLOUEiE.

[Passiflora.

diam., green, in 2-4-flowered cymes ; peduncles and pedicels slender, the
latter jointed below the middle, ebracteate. Sepals 4, oblong, obtuse. Petals
like the sepals. Filaments of corona slender, shorter than the petals. Sta-
mens with very slender filaments. Fruit nearly globular, orange-coloured,
1-1£ in. diam., many-seeded. Seeds fiat ; testa wrinkled. — Tdrapatluea aus-
tralis, Raoul, Choix, t. 27.

Northern and Middle Islands : not uncommon in skirts of woods, as far south as
Akaroa, Banks and Solander, etc.

Order XXXI. CUCURBITACEiE.

Climbing or prostrate, weak, straggling herbs, rarely stout and woody, with
tendrils from the sides of the stem near the petioles. Leaves alternate, ex-
stipulate, usually palmately veined and lobed. Flowers mostly unisexual. —
Calyx superior (or adherent at the base) and produced above the ovary, usually
campanulate, 5-toothed or -lobed. Petals 5, free or united into a 5-lobed
corolla, often continuous and confluent below with the calyx-tube. Male
fl. : Stamens 3 or 5, free or more or less combined; anthers often confluent
into a waved or curved mass. Female fl. : Ovary inferior, usually 1-celled
when very young, placentae becoming thick and meeting together in the axis
of the ovary, which they divide into 3-6 cells; styles 3-fid or 3-partite, stig-
mas entire or lobed ; cells 1- or more ovuled. Fruit succulent or coriaceous,
indehiscent or bursting irregularly, few- or many-seeded. Seeds usually flat ;
testa coriaceous or bony ; albumen 0 ; cotyledons large, flattish.

A large Order, abundant in the tropics, rare in the temperate zone, to which the Cucumber,
Melon, and whole family of Gourds, Pumpkins, etc., belong. All are bitter and poisonous in
a wild state.

1. SICYOS, Linn.

Prostrate or climbing herbs. — Male flowers racemed. Calyx campanulate,
5-toothed. Corolla continuous with the calyx, 5-lobed. Anthers 3-5, on the
summit of a short dilated column ; cells confluent. Female flowers capitate
on an axillary peduncle, solitary or umbelled. Calyx-tube adnate with the
ovary ; limb campanulate, free, 5-toothed. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, with a
trifid style. Fruit a small coriaceous spinous nut.

A small, not uncommon, tropical and subtropical genus.

1. S. angulatus, Linn. ; — Fl. N. Z. i. 72; ii. 329. Stems climbing
and trailing, often several feet long, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves petioled,
2-5 in. diam., broadly reniform with a deep sinus, palmately 5-7 -lobed,
toothed, glabrous or scabrid above and pubescent beneath. Tendrils palmately
divided at the apex of a long petiole. Male and female inflorescences often
from the same axil; male peduncle often several in. long. Flowers green,
in. diam., pedicelled. Corolla-lobes obtuse. Anthers 3, convolute on the cir-
cumference of a very short, broad, dilated column. Female flower on shorter
peduncles. Ovary hispid with stiff bristles. Nuts 5-7 together, ovate,
sessile, compressed, 1-seeded, densely clothed with barbed spines.

Northern and northern parts of the Middle Islands : on the coast abundant in many

Sicyos.']

XXXI. CUCURBITACEJE.

83

places. Banks and Solander , etc. Kermadec group, M‘Gillivray. Also a native of Aus-
tralia, Tasmania, and both shores of America. A. Gray (Bot. U. S. Expl. Exped. i. 648)
keeps this distinct from S. angulatus, as S. australis , Endl., but I find no characters.

Order XXXII. FICOIDE^].

The New Zealand species are succulent herbs, with opposite or alternate
exstipulate leaves, but the habit of the Order is very various. Flowers uni-
or bi-sexual, regular. — Calyx superior or inferior, 4- or many-cleft, persistent.
Petals perigynous or epigynous, 4 or 5 or very numerous. Stamens 4 or 5 or
very numerous ; filaments free; anthers oblong. Ovary inferior or superior,
2- or more celled ; styles as many as the ovary cells ; ovules solitary or nume-
rous in the cells. Fruit very various, capsular drupaceous or baccate. Seeds
usually with farinaceous albumen and terete curved or annular embryo.

A considerable Order, scattered over the temperate and tropical regions of the globe.
Petals numerous. Capsule dehiscent at the top .... 1. Mesembryanthemum.

Petals 0. Drupes 3-8-celled 2# Tetbagonia.

1. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, Linn.

Succulent, usually creeping plants. — Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, limb
5-parted. Petals very numerous, linear. Stamens very numerous. Ovary
inferior, 4- or more celled ; styles free or connate ; ovules very numerous,
attached to the bases of the cells by long funicles. Capsule bursting by valves
at the exposed top, the rest included in the calyx-tube. Seeds numerous,
subglobose or pyriform.

An immense South African genus, rare elsewhere.

1. M. australe, Soland. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 76. Stems woody, terete, creep-
ing, 1-2 ft. long, rooting at the nodes. Leaves opposite, 1-3 in. long, fleshy,
linear, triquetrous, acute, glaucous, punctate, variable in thickness. Pedun-
cles axillary, solitary, very thick, shorter or longer than the leaves. Flowers
f-1 in. diam., pink or white, unisexual. Calyx-tube fleshy, obconic, lobes 5,
unequal, the inner smaller. Petals 50-60, linear. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved.
Seeds minute, with a dark-brown, smooth testa.

Common on rocky and sandy shores throughout the islands, Banks and Solander , etc.
Fruit full of red colouring-matter, Buchanan. Also abundant in Australia aud Tasmania,
and is, I suspect, not very different from the Cape of Good Hope M. crassifolium, Linn.

2. TETRAGONIA, Linn.

Scandent or trailing (or erect), succulent herbs. Leaves alternate, petioled.
Flowers axillary, peduncled. — Calyx-tube adnate with the ovaiy, limb 3- or 4-
cleft. Petals 0. Stamens 1 or more, perigynous, filaments filiform. Ovary
inferior, 3-8-celled; styles 3-8 ; ovules solitaiy. Fruit a drape or bony nut,
globose or obconic and 4-angled with the angles produced and sometimes pro-
liferous. Testa membranous.

A large South African genus, containing also a few Japan, Australian, New Zealand, and
American species.

G 2

84 xxxii. ficoideje. [ Tetragonia .

Leaves 1-3 in. long. Fruit 4-sided, turbinate . . . 1. T. expansa.

Leaves 1 in. long. Fruit globose, red 2. T. trigyna.

1. T. exp ansa, Murray ; — FI. N. Z. i. 77 ; ii. 329. A trailing or sub-
scandent herbaceous plant, glabrous or sparsely puberulous, glistening with
cellular papillae. Leaves petioled, 1-3 in. long, ovate or rhomboid, obtuse,
entire or sinuate. Flowers on short peduncles, I in. long. Calyx urceolate,
4-lobed. Stamens 4-8, irregularly inserted. Styles 3-8, recurved. Fruit
about If in. long, turbinate or obpyramidal with the angles produced, 3-8-
celled. — Bot. Mag. t. 2362 ; T. halimifoUa, Forst.

Abundant near the sea, in many parts of both the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Has
been cultivated in Europe as New Zealand Spinach. Also a native of Japan, Australia,
Tasmania, and South America.

2. T. trigyna. Banks and Sol. Smaller than T. expansa ; leaves broader.
Flowers smaller; styles 3. Drupe small, globose, fleshy, bright-red, \ in.
diam.

Northern Island: east coast, Banks and Solander. Sand-hills, Cape Turuagain,
Colenso. Auckland, Sinclair. In the dried state it is difficult to distinguish this from
T. expansa, but the figure in the Banksian collection represents a very different plant, of
smaller size, with rounder leaves, and with unarmed and fleshy drupes.

Order XXXIII. UMBELLIFERiE.

Herbs, rarely shrubs, often aromatic or rank-smelling when bruised. Leaves
.chiefly radical, usually much divided ; petioles sheathing at the base. Flowers
small, in lateral or -terminal umbels (capitate in Eryngium and sometimes in
Hydrocotyle), which are simple or compound ; bracts when present forming
involucres. — Calyx-tube adnate with the ovary, limb truncate or 5-toothed.
Petals 5, inserted round an epigynous disk, their tips often indexed, valvate or
imbricate. Stamens 5 ; filaments incurved. Ovary inferior, 2-celled; styles
2, stigmas terminal ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous. Fruit separating into
2 dry carpels, each often with prominent ribs or wings, the pericarp ofteii
traversed with longitudinal oil-canals (vittse). Seed linear ; embryo minute ;
albumen horny.

A very large Order, especially in the northern temperate zone, rarer in the southern, to
which the Celery, Carrot, Parsnip, etc., belong. Distinguished from Araliacece chiefly by
habit.

Stems rhizomes or scions creeping. Umbels simple or capitate. Leaves

never pinnate.

Stems usually slender and creeping. Leaves broad, simple or 3-
foliolate , not spiny. Flowers capitate.

Fruit flat, much laterally compressed 1. Hydrocotyle.

Fruit 4-gonous, dorsally rounded or compressed 2. Pozoa.

Stems creeping. Leaves terete, fistular, septate. Umbel simple . 3. Ciiantzia.

Stems creeping. Leaves spinescent. Umbels crowded into a very

dense ovoid head 4. Eryngium.

Stems erect, rarely scandent, without creeping rhizomes or scious.

Umbels simple. Leaves pinnate or 2 -A -pinnate 5. Oreomyrrhis.

Umbels compound.

Stems prostrate. Umbels lateral. Involucre 0 6. Apium.

Stems rigid, spinescent. Umbels spiked or panicled .... 7. Acithylla.

XXXIII. UMBELLIFER.ZE.

85

Aromatic herbs. Umbels terminal. Carpels with 3-5 equal, nar-

row wings 8. Ligusticum.

Herbs or climbing shrubs. Leaves simple or compound. Carpels

with 2 broad, lateral wings 9. Angelica.

Herbs. Leaves compound. Carpels prickly 10. Daucus.

1. HYDROCOTYLE, Linn.

Herbs, with long, slender, creeping, often tufted stems. Leaves alternate,
rarely fascicled, reniform or orbicular, petioles slender, dilated and membra-
nous at the base. Umbels or heads small, simple. Involucral leaves few or
0. Flowers very minute. — -Calyx-limb obsolete. Petals valvate, flat or in-
curved, but tips not inflexed. Fruit orbicular, much laterally flattened. Car-
pels placed edge to edge, each with one or few (sometimes obsolete) ribs on
each face.

A rather extensive genus, found in all moist temperate regions. Some of the species are
very widely diffused; the New Zealand ones numbered 8, 9, 10, are not satisfactorily distin-

guished.

Umbels on long peduncles. Fruits on very slender pedicels . . 1. H. elongate. i.

Umbels sessile in the axils of the leaves. Fruits sessile . . . 2. II. americana.

Umbels more or less peduncled. Fruits nearly sessile, capitate.

Leaves tufted. Involucre 2-leaved. Fruits 2 or 3, large . . 3. H. asiatica.

Leaves 3-6-partite. Peduncles slender. Umbels 3-6-flowered 4. H. muscosa.

Leaves 5-7 -partite. Peduncles slender. Umbels 40-50-flowered 5. H. dissecta.

Leaves more or less deeply 5-7-lobed. Peduncles short, slender.

Umbels 3-5-flowered. Fruit hispid 6. II. heteromeria.

Peduncles long, slender. Umbels 3-5-fiowered. Carpels very

flat, broadly winged I. II. pterocarpa.

Lobes very obscure, obscurely crenate. Peduncles short, slen-
der. Umbels loosely 5-10-flowered 8. II. novce-Zelandice.

Hairy or tomentose. Lobes distinct, toothed. Umbels densely

many-flowered 9. H. moschata.

Nearly glabrous, small. Peduncles slender. Umbels many-

flowered, very small 10. H. microphylla.

1. H. elongata, A. Cunn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 84. Slender, very pilose or
almost glabrous ; stems 8-10 in. long. Leaves 1 in. diam,, orbicular-
reniform, deeply 5-7-lobed, lobes sharply toothed; petioles 1-2 in. long,
slender ; stipules small. Peduncles very slender, longer than the leaves.
Umbels 20-50-flowered. Flowers very minute, on slender strict pedicels,
yU— i in. long. Fruit very small. Carpels with 1 rib on each face, brown.

"Wet places in the Northern and Middle Islands, not uncommon. Very near indeed
to the Chilian H. geranioides, but that is a much more robust plant.

2. H. americana, Linn.; — -FI. N. Z. i, 82. Perfectly glabrous, slen-
der, creeping, shining. Leaves in. diam., orbicular-reniform, 5-7-lobed,
lobes shallow crenate ; stipules small. Umbels very small, 3-5-flowered,
sessile in the axils of the leaves. Flowers sessile. Fruit minute, pale-yel-
lowish. Carpels with 1 rib on each face, glabrous, one often seedless and
hispid.

Northern Island : marshy ground, not unfrequent. A Canadian, United States, and
Brazilian plant, not hitherto found elsewhere in the Old World. The American specimens
have sometimes pedicelled flowers.

86

XXXIII. UMBELLIFEB.JE.

[Hydrocotyle.

8. H. asiatica, Jinn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 82. Stems creeping, rather robust.
Leaves fascicled, cordate-oblong or oblong-reniform, obtuse, sinuate-toothed or
entire, usually glabrous, in. long; stipules membranous. Umbels 2-3-
flowered, on short peduncles. Involucral leaves 2 or 3, large, pilose. Flowers
shortly pedicelled. Fruit large, often pilose. Carpels with 2 or 3 stout ribs
on each face, reticulated. — II. cordifolia, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 303.

Common in marshy places throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Found also
in Australia, Tasmania, and in the warmer parts of Asia, Africa, and America.

4. H. muscosa, Jr. ; — H. tripartita, Br. ?, FI. N. Z. i. 83. Stems
glabrous or pilose, tufted. Leaves £ in. diam., 3-5-partite to the base, the
lobes obcuneate, 2-3-toolhed at the tip, coriaceous, stipules rather large.
Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Umbels 3-6-flowered. Flowers almost
sessile. Fruit glabrous. Carpels rather turgid, with 1 slender rib on each face.

Northern Island: swamps at the foot of Tongariro, Colenso. Middle Island:
abundant, Hector and Buchanan, etc. Also a native of Tasmania and Southern Australia.

5. H. dissecta, Ilootc.f. FI. N. Z. i. 84. Small, slender, hispid-pilose.
Leaves alternate and fascicled, 1 in. diam., cut nearly to the base into 5-7
obovate-cuneate, acute, deeply toothed or laciniate segments, deep green, hairy
on both surfaces, teeth rather diverging. Peduncles slender. Umbels very
many-flowered. Flowers densely capitate. Fruit small, glabrous. Carpels
rather turgid, with 1 obscure rib on each face.

Northern Island, Colenso. A most distinct species, of which I have very imperfect
specimens.

6. H. heteromeria, DC.; — FI. N. Z. i. 82. Glabrous or sparsely pi-
lose. Stems very slender. Leaves f- in. diam., reniform with a deep
sinus, obtusely crenate and obscurely lobed, shining, membranous ; petioles
very slender; stipules membranous. Peduncles slender, half the length of
the petioles, or shorter. Umbels 3-5-flowered. Flowers very shortly pedi-
celled. Fruit very small, pale-coloured. Carpels with 1 evident rib on each
face, one often hispid.

Northern Island : in marshes, Bay of Islands, Auckland, etc. Very near II. ameri-
cana, and perhaps a peduncled form of that plant.

7. H. pterocarpa, F. Muell. Perfectly glabrous; stems very long,
slender. Leaves 1-2 in. diam., orbicular-reniform with a narrow deep sinus,
obscurely broadly crenate-lobed, very membranous ; petioles a span long ;
stipides small, membranous. Peduncles long, slender, shorter than the leaves.
Umbels 3-5-flowered. Flowers small, shortly pedicelled. Fruit larger than
in any other New Zealand species, very flat. Carpels with 1 rib on each face,
glabrous, mottled with brown. — FI. Tasm. i. 153. t. 33.

Northern Island, Colenso. A native of Tasmania and Victoria, where the peduncles
are shorter.

8. H. novoe-Z elan disc, I)C. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 83. Glabrous or pilose ;
stems very slender, 5-10 in. long. Leaves -§— | in. diam., reniform, with
usually an open sinus, very obscurely 5-7-lobed, lobes obscurely and obtusely
crenate, membranous ; petioles slender ; stipules rather large. Peduncles
slender, much shorter than the leaves. Umbels 5-10-flowered. Flowers very

Hydrocotyle .]

xxxiri. umbellifera:.

87

shortly pedicelled. Fruit glabrous, in. diam., rather turgid, pale brown.
Carpels rounded on the back, with 1 obscure rib on each face.

Abundant throughout the islands in wet places, Banlcs and Solander, etc. Very near the
Indian If. rotundifolia, Roxb., the Australian H. vagans , H. f., and the American H. Bon-
plandi , Rich., but the leaves are less deeply lobed.

9. H. moschata, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 83. Hispidly pilose tomentose
or glabrescent ; stems rather slender, tufted, 2-6 in. long. Leaves % in.
diam., reniform or orbicular with usually an open sinus, 5-7-lobed, generally
very distinctly, but never to the middle, lobes acutely toothed, rather coria-
ceous, and generally hispid on both surfaces ; petioles short, i-1 in. long ;
stipules large, membranous. Peduncles very variable, as long as the petioles
or shorter or 0. Umbels few- or many-flowered. Fruit minute, in. diam.,
generally crowded, glabrous, turgid. Carpels with 1 rib on each face, acute
at the back.

Abundant in moist places throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. I suspect
the Tasmanian //. hirta, Br., to be one form of this, the Tristan d’Acunha H. capitata,
Thouars, and the Chilian IT. Bonplandi, Rich., others. In some New Zealand specimens the
leaves are scarcely lobed, and the teeth obtuse.

10. H. microphylla, A. Gunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 84. Glabrous or sparingly
hairy ; stems almost filiform, often stout at the very base, 1-4 in. long. Leaves
i— in. diam., orbicular-reniform, with a closed sinus, 5-7-lobed, lobes shallow,
obtusely 3-4-crenate; petioles J in. long ; stipules rather large. Peduncles
as long as or shorter than the petioles, slender. Umbels very small, 3-5-
flowered. Flowers almost sessile. Fruit very minute, brown, glabrous, ^ in.
diam. Carpels rather turgid, with an indistinct rib on each face, obtuse at
the back.

Not uncommon in moist places, from the Ray of Islands to Nelson, Travers ; but easily
overlooked, from its small size.

2. POZOA, Lagasca.

Small herbs, with radical leaves and scapes, or, like Hydrocotyle , with
creeping stems and fascicled simple or 3-5-foliolate leaves. Umbels simple.
Involucral leaves free or connate, forming a toothed or lobed cup. Flowers
small, sometimes unisexual. — Calyx 5-toothed. Petals valvate, without in-
flexed tips. Fruit almost tetragonous, the carpels dorsally compressed rounded
flat or concave, more or less evidently 5-ribbed.

A small temperate South American, Tasmanian, and New Zealand genus ; the species have

often a rank odour when bruised.

Very minute, stemless. Leaves nearly orbicular, obscurely lobed . 1. P.exigv.a.

Rhizome stout. Leaves orbicular. Stipules ciliate. Fruit shorter

than its pedicel 2. P. Haastii.

Rhizome creeping. Leaves orbicular. Stipules entire. Fruit longer

than its pedicel 3. P. reniformis.

Stems creeping, slender. Leaves 3-foliolate. Leaflets petioled . 4. P. trifoUolata.

Stems creeping, stout. Leaves 3-5-foliolate. Leaflets sessile,

coriaceous 5. P. hydrocotyloides .

Rhizome stout. Leaves 3-5-foliolate. Leaflets sessile, coriaceous . 6. P. Rough'd.

1. P. exigua, Ilook.f., n. sp. A very minuteplant, \-\ in. high. Rhi-
zome stout; blanches 0. Leaves numerous from rhizome, orbicular-ovate

88

XXXIII. UMBELLIFERiE.

[Pozoa.

cordate at the base, \ in. diam., obscurely 3-5-lobed, coriaceous, glabrous ;
stipules obsolete ; petiole very stout. Scape short, stout ; involucral leaves
linear-oblong, connate at the base. Calyx-teeth very unequal. Fruit not
seen.

Middle Island : Otago, lake district, alpine, Hector and Buchanan.

2. P. Haastii, Hook./., n. sp. Very variable in size. Rhizome stout
or slender, sometimes as thick as the little finger, often sending out creeping-
suckers, or prostrate leafing and flowering branches 6-10 in. long. Leaves
1-1£ in. broad, coriaceous, bright-green and glossy, reniform or orbicular,
rounded or deeply lobed at the base ; margin almost cartilaginous, crenate-
lobed; lobes very broad, shallow; petioles stout, 1-3 in. long; stipules
ciliate or laciniate. Umbels many-flowered, rising from the suckers in the
axils of shortly petioled, 3-4-lobed leaves, shortly peduncled. Involucral
leaves broadly linear, obtuse, longer than the pedicels. Pedicels | in. long,
generally 4 times as long as the shortly oblong fruit.

Middle Island: Hopkins river, 4000 ft.; Mount Darwin, "Waitaki river, and Hunter
river, on shingle, alt. 3500-4500 ft., Haast. The leaves vary in being sometimes deeply
lobed, at others rounded and not lobed at all at the base.

3. P. reniformis. Hook. f. PI. Antarct. i. 15. t. 11. Small, per-
fectly glabrous, shining, bright green. Rhizome slender, creeping or sending-
out stolons. Leaves | — § in. diam., coriaceous, reniform or orbicular with a
rather open sinus, crenate-lobate ; petioles stout, 1-2 in. long ; stipules acu-
minate, quite entire. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Involucral leaves
linear, obtuse, membranous, with a green nerve. Umbels 6-10-flowered.
Flowers very small, shortly pedicelled. Fruit glabrous, linear-oblong, longer
than its pedicel, in. long.

Xford Auckland’s group : in clefts of rocks, J. T). H. Very near indeed to P. Fra -
ffosia, P. Muell., of the "Victoria Alps, which has ciliate stipules.

4. P. trifoliolata. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 85. t. 18. Very slender,
glabrous. Stem 2-6 in. long, filiform, creeping. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets
with the slender petioles |in. long, obovate-cuneate, unequally 3-4-lobed;
lobes obtuse, apiculate, narrowed into a petiole 1-3 in. long ; stipules very
obscure, ciliate. Peduncles shorter than the petioles, slender. Umbels 3-6-
flowered; involucral leaves subulate, small, 2-5 -fid. Flowers minute, almost
sessile ; petals acute. Fruit very small, Dg in. long, dark-brown or pale-
yellow. Carpels almost terete at the back.

Var. j8. tripartita ; very small, with a few bristly hairs here and there ; leaflets sessile,
more coriaceous, 1 in. long.

I'fforthern Island: Totara-nui, Banks and So/ander ; stony and rocky places on the
east coast and Euahine range, Co/enso. Var. /3. Crags on Titiokura, Colenso.

5. P. hydrocotyloid.es. Hook. /., n. sp. Glabrous, stout, tufted.
Stems creeping and rooting by stout runners 3-5 in. long. Leaves in.
diam., orbicular-reniform, coriaceous, 3-5-foliolate ; leaflets sessile, broadly
obovate-cuneate, 3-5-lobed or -crenate at the tip ; petioles f-1 in. long, stout ;
stipules subulate, entire or ciliate. Peduncles as long as the leaves, solitary
from the nodes of the stem, or several at the apex of a leaf-bearing scion.
Umbels as in P. Rough'd , but much smaller.

PozOa .]

XXXIII. UMBELLIFER.E.

89

Middle Island : grassy plains, Rangitata river, Sinclair ; moist ground, near the sources
of the Kowai, alt. 2-3000 ft., Haast. This approaches the var. /3 of P. trifoliolata, hut the
whole plant is much more robust and the umbels are many-flowered ; it differs from
P. Roughii in its small size, creeping stems, and habit, hut considering how variable alpine
plants are, it may prove a var. of it. It is nearly allied to the Falkland Island P. Ranun-
culus, Hook. f. ( Azorella Ranunculus, D’Urv.).

6. P. Roughii, Hook.f., n. sp. Glabrous, coriaceous, shining. Rhizome
often as stout as the little finger, crowned with numerous leaves, and with
prostrate slender leafy scions bearing umbels and leaves. Leaves f in.
diam., orbicular, very coriaceous, 5-foliolate ; leaflets sessile, broadly obcu-
neate, 5-lobed at the end; lobes rounded, obtuse; petioles 1-2 in. long, very
stout ; stipules laciniate or toothed. Flowering-scions longer than the leaves,
bearing 1 sessile and 2 or more peduncled umbels, rising from the axils of
small, simple or lobed leaves. Peduncles f in. long. Umbels many-
flowered. Involucres linear, obtuse. Flowers small. Fruit small, TC- in.,
twice as long as the slender pedicels. Carpels rounded at the back.

Middle Island: mountains, near Nelson, Rough. The habit of this is that of P. Haastii.

3. CRANTZIA, Nuttall.

A small, glabrous, creeping herb. Leaves fascicled, terete, fistular, inter-
nally septate, rarely flattened and linear towards the tip. Umbels simple,
shortly peduncled. Iuvolucral leaves few, very short. Flowers very minute,
pedicelled. — Calyx minutely 5 -toothed. Petals not indexed at the tip. Fruit
ovoid-globose. Fruit terete ; carpels not contracted at their opposed faces,
spongy, each with 5 thick ribs separated by slender furrows.

1. C. lineata, Nutt. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 87 ; FI. Antarct. ii. 287. t. 100.
Rhizome rank-smelling, as thick as a crowquill, 2-6 in. long. Leaves very
variable, ^—4 in. long, the tip when expanded to a lamina yy— J- in. broad.
Peduncles much shorter than the leaves. Flowers few in an umbel, spread-
ing.

Northern and Middle Islands: not uncommon in wet, sandy, gravelly, and boggy
places. East coast, Colenso ; Nelson, Bidwill. The only species is a native of the United
States and Mexico, the Andes of New Granada and Peru, Chili and the Falkland Islands,
Tasmania, and Victoria.

4. APIUM, Linn.

Erect or prostrate, rank-smelling, glabrous herbs. Leaves alternate or ra-
dical and fascicled, 2-pinnate or 3-foliolate. Umbels shortly peduncled or sub-
sessile, simple or compound. Involucres 0. — Calyx-limb 0. Petals broad,
with incurved tips. Fruit subglobose. Carpels with 5, slender or thick,
spongy ribs, and 1-3 vittae between each rib, contracted at their contiguous
faces.

The genus to which the cultivated Celery belongs. The New Zealand species very closely
resemble the European, but differ in the thick, spongy ribs of the carpels ; one of them,
which is also a native of Fuegia, in the latter country forms an excellent salad and potherb

in its wild state.

Rrauches stout. Leaves pinnate or 2-3-pinnate 1. A. ausirale.

Branches slender. Leaves 3-foliolale 2. A.JUiforme.

90

XXXIII. UMBELLIFERiE.

[Apiirn.

1. A. australe, Thouars; — FI. N. Z. i. 86. Root stout. Stems pro-

strate, ascending, rarely erect, branched from the base, grooved, thickness of a
sparrow- to a goose-quill, leafy, 6 in.-2 ft. long. Leaves 8-8 in. long, pin-
nate or 2-3-pinnate; leaflets petioled or sessile, very variable in size, linear
obovate or obcuneate, variously lobed or cut, membranous or coriaceous. Um-
bels usually axillary, compound and sessile, hence appearing like many simple
umbels ; rays many, 1-2 in. long ; partial ones i in. long. Flowers small,
white. Fruit ovoid, glabrous, in- l°ng-

Var. a. Leaflets variously cut, broadly obovate or obcuueate.

Var. j8. Leaflets cut into narrow linear or lanceolate lobes or leaflets.

Abundant on the shores of all the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. A most variable
plaut, found also in Australia, Tasmania, temperate and cold South America, the Cape of Good
Hope, Tristan d’Acunha and St. Paul’s Island.

2. A. filiforme, Hoolc. ;—Fl. N. Z. i. 87. Stems prostrate, slender,
6-12 in. long. Leaves 3-foliolate, rarely pinnate ; leaflets petioled, obovate
or orbicular-cuneate, 3 -lobed or variously lobed or cut ; petioles 1-2 in.
long. Umbels as in A. australe, but smaller, sometimes peduncled, some-
times sessile and reduced to one primary ray. Fruit short, with thick spongy
ribs, very variable in size. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 819.

Northern and Middle Islands : generally on rocky shores, not uncommon. This is,
I expect, a variety of the preceding : also found in the Isle of Pines.

5. ERYN GIUM, Linn.

Harsh, rigid, generally spinous herbs or shrubs. Umbels small, collected
into dense, spiny, involucrate, globose or oblong heads. Involucral leaves
spiny, involucels scattered amongst the flowers. Flowers very minute, sessile.
— Calyx-limb of 5, erect lobes ; tube covered with scales. Petals deeply lobed,
with an indexed lacinia from between the lobes. Fruit obovoid or subterete,
often scaly or tubercled. Fruits nearly terete, without ribs or vittse.

A large European, Oriental, and South American genus.

1. E. vesiculosum, Labill. FI. Nov. Holt. i. 73. t. 98 \—Fl. N. Z. i.
85. A small, rigid, spinous herb, 2-10 in. high. Root stout, crowned with
a tuft of leaves and throwing out stout suckers 4-8 in. long, which bear
small cuneate toothed leaves at the tip. Leaves tufted, oblong-lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate, 3-6 in. long, narrowed into long flat petioles, rarely 1 in.
broad, deeply toothed or pinnatifid, the lobes spinescent. Peduncles radical,
bearing one small, broadly ovoid head. Involucral leaves 8-10, stellate, rigid,
subulate, pungent, £— §• in. long. Flowers very inconspicuous, mixed with
the pungent projecting scales of the involucels. Calyx densely clothed with
imbricating, chaffy, convex scales.

East coast of the Northern and Middle Islands, from Auckland to Otago. A na-
tive of Tasmania and South Australia.

6. OREOMYRRHIS, Endlicher.

Silky hairy or nearly glabrous, scapigerous or branched herbs. Leaves
pinnate or decompound. Umbels simple, solitary on the scapes, with broad.

Oreomyrrhis.~\

XXXIII. UMBELLIFEIUE.

91

linear involucral leaves. — Calyx-limb obsolete. Petals with an incurved tip.
Fruit linear or ovate-oblong, somewhat laterally compressed; carpels with
5 rather obtuse ridges, 3 dorsal and 2 lateral.

A small genus, confined to Tasmania, Southern Australia, New Zealand, and the Andes

from Mexico to Chili.

Scapes long, radical. Fruit glabrous 1.0. Colensoi.

Scapes long, radical. Fruit tomentose 2. 0. Haastii.

Stem branched. Umbels axillary. Fruit glabrous 3.0. ramosa.

1. O. Colensoi, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 92. Very variable in stature,
from 2-10 in. high, glabrous or pilose. Leaves numerous, linear-oblong,
pinnate or 2-pinnate ; leaflets opposite, sessile or petioled, -1— i in- broad,
broadly oblong, inciso-serrate or inciso-pinnatifid, turning brown when dry ;
petioles wiry ; sheaths short, membranous. Scapes several, pubescent or
woolly, especially upwards, where the hairs point downwards. Involucre of
6-8 ovate leaflets, ^ in. long. Flowers small, white, almost sessile in the
involucres ; pedicels very short, elongating in fruit to 1 in. or less. Fruit
quite glabrous.

Northern Island: mountainous districts of the east coast and interior, abundant ii:
grassy plains, etc. Middle Island : Waimakeriri county, 2500 ft., and Kowai river,
Haast.

2. O. Haastii, Hook.f., n. sp. Very similar to O. Colensoi, but more
flaccid. Leaves pinnate, with the leaflets more membranous, petioled,
broadly ovate, variously lobed or 3-foliolate. Fruit linear, densely tomentose ;
pedicels usually shorter than the involucral leaves.

Middle Island : Mount Darwin, alt. 3200 ft., Haast.

3. O. ramosa. Hook. /., n. sp. Stem 6-24 in. high, much-branched
from the base, and branches very slender, glabrescent or pilose. Leaves pinr
nate or 2-pinnate, ovate-oblong in outline ; leaflets or primary divisions in few
pairs, opposite, long petioled, \ in. long, ovate, deeply 3-5-lobed or partite
or again pinnate, the lobes obtuse, membranous pilose ; petioles general and
partial very slender. Umbels 6-8 - flowered ; peduncles axillary, usually
shorter than the leaves ; involucral leaves small. Flowers nearly sessile.
Fruits unequally pedicelled. in. long, very narrow, glabrous.

Middle Island : Otago, river flats in the lake district. Hector and Buchanan.

7. ACIPHYLLA, Forst.

Erect, simple or branched, glabrous, rigid, spinescent, dioecious or polyga-
mous herbs, sometimes tremendously armed throughout with long, rigid,
skewer- or sword-like, spinose leaves. Leaves very thick and coriaceous, with
sheathing bases, pinnate or 2-3-pinnate, the rhachis jointed at the insertion of
the leaflets. Umbels densely fascicled or spicate or panicled; males panicled,
on spreading, slender peduncles, oblique ; females usually shortly peduncled,
in the sheaths of bracteal leaves. Involucres spinescent. Flowers unisexual ;
males with imperfect ovaries and large depressed stylopodia ; females with
longer ovaries and erect, tumid stylopodia. — Calyx-tube ovoid or oblong ; limb
5 -toothed, often unequally, or obsolete. Petals incurved, without an indexed

92

XXXIII. TJMBELLIFERiE.

[Aciphylla.

tip. Fruit linear or oblong; carpels usually each with 3 dorsal and 2 mar-
ginal narrow wings, sometimes 1 carpel is 5- and the other 3-winged.

A very remarkable genus, confined to New Zealand and the Australian Alps, only distin-

guished from Ligusticum by its curious habit and spinesceut character.

Stem 2-9 ft. Female inflorescence much contracted.

Stem 5-9 ft. Spinous leaflets of bracts slender, the middle one refracted 1. A. squarrosa.
Stem 6-9 ft. Spinous leaflets of bracts lanceolate, middle one patent

or suberect 2. A. Colensoi.

Stem 2 ft. Spinous leaflets of bracts erect 3. A. Lyallii.

Stem 8-12 in. high. Female inflorescence an open panicle or in globose heads.

Umbels with slender rays. Involucral leaves linear 4. A. Munroi.

Umbels densely capitate. Involucral leaves very small 5 . A. Lobsoni.

1. A. squarrosa, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 87. Tall, unbranched, stout,
aromatic, 5-9 ft. high, covered with the very long, spreading, spinous leaflets.
Root very stout. Stem 2-4 in. thick below, grooved. Radical leaves 1 ft.
or more, pinnate or 2-pinnate ; leaflets crowded, a span or more long, very
narrow, yU— i in. across, strict, rigid, pungent, striated, rough to the touch ;
sheath flattened, 2-3 in. long, terminating in long spines. Inflorescence a
dense, oblong, cylindrical panicle, consisting of numerous floral leaves, with
small umbels in their axils. Bracts with 3 spinous leaflets, the middle one
4-6 in. long, refracted when the plant is in fruit ; the lateral shorter, erect,
Umbels shortly peduncled, few-flowered ; involucre 0. Flowers dioecious.
Calyx-limb obsolete. Fruit -j in. long; one carpel 3-, the other 5-winged,
with about 3 vittrn in the interstices. — Forst. Gen. t. 38 ; Hook. Ic. Pi.
t. 607, 608.

Middle and southern parts of the Northern Island, and throughout the Middle Island,
generally below 2000 ft. elevation. The “Wild Spaniard ” of settlers, forming a thicket im-
penetrable to man : it exudes an aromatic gum-resin, and the roots are devoured by pigs.

2. A. Colensoi, Hook. /., n. sp. Stem 6-9 ft. high, and leaves much
larger, broader, and more robust than in A. squarrosa. Leaves forming a
circle 5-6 ft. diam. of bayonet-like spikes, 2 ft. long, pinnate, or 2-pinnate at
the base with only 1 or 2 leaflets to each pinna ; leaflets 8-10 in. long, £ in.
broad, very thick and coriaceous, narrow-linear, acuminate, striate ; margins
rough or serrulate, cartilaginous; sheath 3 fingers broad, very thick and leathery,
terminated on each side above by a short, simple or 3-foliolate leaf. In-
florescence much more lax than in A. squarrosa, the bracts broader and
shorter ; the middle lobe not refracted. Male umbels on branching pedun-
cles 2—1 in. long, which often exceed the bract-sheaths, inany-flowered.
Flowers and fruit as in A. squarrosa, but the wings of the carpels broader.

Northern Island: top of Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Middle Island: Nelson
mountains, above 2000 ft., Bidwill, Munro , etc. ; Canterbury, ascending to 5500 ft., Raoul,
Haast, etc. ; Otago, Lindsay. There are apparently two varieties, one with the leaflets
grooved and their edges serrulate or rough, the other with thicker, scarcely striated leaflets,
having smooth margios ; both are called “Spear-grass” and “Wild Spaniard.” Munro
states that it forms a thicket impenetrable to men and horses. Sinclair suspected that this
was only a form of A. squarrosa, but the wings of the fruit are broader.

3. A. Lyallii, Hook.f., n. sp. About 2 ft. high, similar in habit and
general appearance to A. Colensoi, but perfectly smooth, polished, and much
smaller. Stein deeply grooved. Leaves simply pinnate or 3-foliolate ; leaf-

Aciphylla.~\

XXXIII. UJ1 BELLI FERAL

93

lets narrow, sword-shaped, rigid, pungent, striate, 4-6 in. long, i- -§• broad,
quite smooth. Inflorescence long and contracted, female umbels almost con-
cealed in the tumid sheaths of the bracts ; male umbels on spreading, branched,
slender peduncles, with subulate involucral leaves ; bracts with 3 suberect leaf-
lets, the middle one sometimes spreading. Fruit small, jt in. long, both car-
pels 5 -winged.

Middle Island: Dusky Bay, By all ; Rangitata range, Ashburnham glacier, etc., alt.
3-5000 ft., Sinclair and Haast ; Otago, lake district, alpine, Hector and Buchanan.

4. A. Munroi, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. ii. 330. Small, rarely 1 ft. high,
more flaccid than the preceding, perfectly smooth and shining. Leaves nu-
merous, 3-5 in. long, pinnate, rarely 2-pinnate at the base; leaflets 1-2 in.
long, i in. broad, linear, pungent, midrib obscure ; sheath linear, with one
subulate leaflet on the top on each side. Scape rather slender. Umbels
in an open branched panicle, compound. Bracts spreading, with linear sheaths
and 1-3 spreading subulate leaflets. Fruit small, -L in. long, narrow ; carpels
some 5 -winged, a few 3 -winged.

Middle Island : Macrae’s Run, and other exposed alpine places, alt. 4500 ft., Munro ;
Awatere, Sinclair ; Discovery Peak, 5800 ft., Travers ; alps of Canterbury, not uncommon
near glaciers, alt. 3000-6500 ft., Haast ; Otago, lake district, subalpine, Hector and
Buchanan.

5. A. Dobsoni, Foolc. /., n. sp. Very robust, a span high, perfectly
smooth and glabrous, yellow-brown when dry. Leaves (radical) very nume-
rous, consisting of a broad sheath, ljr-2 in. long and f in. broad, bearing 3
erect, rigid, very thick, subulate or dagger-shaped, rather concave, jointed
leaflets, 1 in. long, and | in. broad at the base, pungent and keeled at the back
towards the apex. Flowering-stem as thick as the little finger, terete, striate,
bearing at the top 2 small leaves like the radical, and 5 peduncled, densely
capitate, globular umbels of fruit. Peduncles unequal, f~l^ in. long, stout,
grooved. Umbels (or heads) 1 in. diam., compound, both peduncles and pe-
dicels very short and thick. Fruits densely packed, mixed with short, subu-
late, involucral leaves, linear-oblong, | in. long. Calyx-teeth rather large,
unequal. Carpels usually with 5 narrow wings.

Middle Island : summit of Mount Dobson, near Lake Tekapo, alt. 7500 ft., Dobson and
Haast ; amongst shingle on the summits of the ranges near Lake Hawea, alt. 6000 ft.,
Haast. A most remarkable plant, of which more specimens are required to make a good
specific character.

8. LIGUSTICUM, Linn.

Glabrous, perennial, erect, often large and robust, aromatic or rank-smell-
ing herbs. Leaves pinnate or decompound, the rhachis jointed at the inser-
tion of the leaflets. Umbels compound, panicled, polygamous ; involucral
leaves few or numerous. Flowers often unisexual, white or pink, females on
very short pedicels. — Calyx-teeth oblong ; limb obsolete, or of 5 short, often
unequal teeth. Petals with an incurved tip. Styles long or short. Fruit
elliptic-oblong or linear-oblong ; carpels dorsally compressed or rounded,
with 5 nearly equal winged ridges, or one with 3 the other with 5 ridges,
rarely each with 3 wings.

A germs of temperate Europe, Asia, and America, not hitherto found in South America

94

XXXIII. UMBELLIFER.E.

\Ligwsticum.

nor in Australia, except Aciphylla be joined with it, as perhaps it should be. The New Zea-
land species have ranked under Anisotome , in the New Zealand and Antarctic Floras. An-
gelica montana has quite the habit of some of the species, but the broad lateral wings of the
cirpels keep it distint. Some forms of L. aromaticum, however, approach so near A. deci -
piens, that it is very difficult to distinguish them except by the carpels ; and some of the

Ligustica here described without fruit may be Angelica.

Leaves 2-‘Z-pinnate or decompound.

Very tall and robust. Leaflets decurrent, their lobes pungent . . 1. L. latifolium.

Robust, 1 ft. high. Leaflets contracted at base, lobes obtuse . . 2. L. intermedium.

Very tall and robust. Leaves decompound ; leaflets subulate . . 3. L. antipodum.

Tall, 1^-2 ft. Leaves decompound ; leaflets cut into narrow blunt

lobes 4. L. Lyallii.

Tall, 1-2 ft. Leaves decompound ; leaflets cut into narrow pilife-
rous lobes. Styles slender 5. L. Haastii.

Slender, 8-12 in. Leaves 2-pinnate ; leaflets cut into narrow pili-
ferous lobes. Styles very minute 6. L. brevistyle.

Small and very slender. Leaflets few, flaccid, filiform . ... 1. L. ? filifolium.

Short, stout, fleshy, deformed. Leaves crowded; leaflets subulate 8. L. ? carnosulum.

Leaves pinnate or Z-foliolate (triternate ? in 12).

Tall, 1-2 ft., robust. Leaflets broad, lobed or partite, with piliferous

lobules 9. L. piliferum.

Small, 2-10 in. Leaflets sessile, short, broad, variously toothed or

incised 10. L. aromaticum.

Very short, densely tufted, much branched. Leaves imbricate.

Umbels almost sessile 11. L. imbricatum.

Small, 4-8 in. Leaflets few, petiolate, rhombeo-orbicular . . .12. L. ? trifoliolatum.

1. I*, latifolium, Hook. f. — Anisotome, FI. Antarct. i. 16. t. 8. Tall,
3-4 ft. high, very robust and coriaceous. Stem as thick as the wrist at the
base. Radical leaves 1-2 ft. long ; petiole as thick as the linger ; lamina
ovate, 2-pinnate ; primary divisions linear-oblong ; leaflets 2 in. long, 1-1£
broad, obliquely cuneate-oblong, with broad decurrent bases, unequally 3-5-
lobed and lobulate ; lobules acuminate, with needle-like pungent points,
margin thickened, nerves all reticulate. Bracts with very large concave bases,
2-3 in. diam. Umbels very numerous and large, 2-3 in. diam. ; involucral
leaves of male flow'er as long as the rays, linear, membranous, 3-4-nerved.
Flowers pale-pink. Fruit ± in. long, on pedicels as long, ovoid ; carpels
with 5 wings, rarely 4 or 3. — Calosciadium latifolium , Endl. Gen. PI. Suppl.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : in moist places, abundant, J.D. H.

2. L. intermedium. Hook. f. — Anisotome, FI. N. Z. i. 89. Bather
stout, 6-12 in. high. Leaves 4-10 in. long, ovate-oblong or linear-oblong,
2-pinnate ; primary divisions 6-8 pairs ; leaflets y-1 in. long, short, sessile,
cuneate-ovate or triangular-ovate, deeply unequally cut to the middle or below
it into broad linear obtuse lobes, coriaceous, veins reticulate ; petiole 1-3
in. long, stout, sheath membranous, narrow. Umbels few, subterminal,
males 1^—2 in. diam. ; rays many ; involucral leaves linear-lanceolate. Fruit as
in L. latifolium, but rather longer, \ in. long.

Middle Island : Port Preservation, Lyall ; on trap cliffs, Shaw’s Bay, Otago, Lindsay.
This approaches L. Haastii, but the leaves are less compound, sometimes almost simply pinnate,
and the leaflets are cut into broader, blunt lobes. The Otago specimens are less coriaceous
and larger than those of Port Preservation, but many more specimens are wanted.

3. L. antipodum, Homb. and Jacq. Hoy. t. 3. — Anisotome, FI. Antarct.

Liffusticum.~\

XXXIII. TTMBELLIFEUjE.

95

i. 17. t. 9 and 10. Stem very robust, 3-4 ft. high, 2-4 in. thick at the base,
deeply furrowed. Leaves 1-2 ft. long, oblong, 2-3-pinnate ; leaflets excessively
numerous, all narrow, linear-subulate, rigid, pungent, 1 in. long, Tj broad,
1 -nerved, all pointing upwards and forwards ; rhachis and petiole very stout, as
thick as the thumb, with a membranous sheathing base. Male umbels nume-
rous, 2 in. broad, compound, dense ; involucral leaves very narrow. Flowers
pink. Fruit f in. loug, very narrow-oblong ; carpels one 3- the other 5-winged.
— Calosciadium antipodum , Eudl. Gen. PI. Suppl.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell's Island, in marshy places, J. I). H.

4. L. Lyallii, HooJc.f. — Anisotome, FI. N. Z. i. 88. Very stout, 1|— 2
ft. high, purplish, obscurely grooved. Stem 1-2 in. thick. Leaves linear-
oblong, 2-3-pinnate; leaflets 8-10 pairs, linear-oblong; pinnules crowded, 1
in. long, obovate-cuneate, cut to the base into linear, obtuse lobes, Ty in. broad
and 1-nerved; petiole as thick as the little finger, with a narrow sheathing
base. Fruiting umbels only seen, compound, very many-flowered. Fruit
5 in. long, longer than its pedicel, linear-oblong.

Middle Island : Port Preservation, Lyall. A smaller plant than Z. antipodum , with
more flaccid leaves, much shorter and broader obtuse leaflets, and smaller fruit ; it looks like
a large state of the following.

5. L. Haastii, F. Muell. Stem rather stout, 1-2 ft. high, \ in. thick,
grooved, purplish. Leaves ft. long, oblong or ovate-oblong, 2-3-pin-
nate ; leaflets f in. long, crowded, flaccid, narrow-cuneate, obovate, deeply
cut into narrow rather membranous linear lobes, 5— in. long, in.
broad, with hair-like points. Umbels numerous, panicled, fruiting 2-3 in.
diam. ; involucral leaves filiform ; primary rays much larger than the bracts.
Fruit ovoid-oblong, -g- in. long; carpels usually 5 -winged; styles slender,
spreading.

Middle Island : Black Hill, Bangitata range, Ashburnham glacier, and other places in
the Southern Alps, alt. 3-5000 ft., Sinclair and Haast ; Otago, lake district, alpine,
Hector and Buchanan. Very similar to L. Lyallii , hut the foliage is much more flaccid,
the leaflets cut into much narrower lobes, which are all hair-pointed.

6. L. brevistyle, Hoofc.f., n. sp. Stem 8-12 in. high, slender, striate.
Leaves 4 -6 in. long, linear-oblong in outline, pinnate or 2-pinnate ; leaflets y-f
in. long, flaccid, rather sparse, broadly ovate or oblong in outline, pinnatifid
or cleft to the base into few veiy narrow-linear acuminate acicular-pointed
spreading lobes, | in. long. Umbels few, loosely panicled, fruiting l|-2
in. diam. ; involucral leaves filiform, short ; primary rays 1 in. long ; secondary
shorter than the fruit. Fruit oblong, with narrow ridges, in. long ; calyx-
lobes obsolete ; style very short.

Middle Island: gullies and hillsides, Lake Hawea and Waitaki, alt. 1000 ft. Haast;
Otago, lake district, Hector and Buchanan. Very similar indeed to L. Haastii, but much
smaller, more slender, and at once distinguished by the small fruit, with narrower ridges and
very minute style. Perhaps only a slender, lax form of Z. aromaticum.

7. L.(?) filifolium. Hook./., n. sp. Small, slender, grass-green, 4-12
in. high. Stem slender, as thick as a sparrow’s quill, grooved, often much
branched above. Leaves on very slender petioles, broad in outline, of a
few opposite, very narrow, almost filiform, flaccid flat acute leaflets, yV~2lo
in. diam., 1^ in. long, as narrow as the flattened rhachis. Umbels small,

96

XXXIII. UMBELLITERiE.

\_Ligusticum.

on long slender peduncles; rays slender, very unequal, £-2 in. long; in-
volucral leaves very short, subulate. Flowers very small, pink. Fruit im-
mature.

Middle Island : rocky places, Nelson mountains, Munro ; Dun mountain, 2400-4000 ft.,
Travel's. Various places in the Southern Alps, alt. 2-3000 ft., Sinclair and Haast.

8. L. (?) carnosulnm, Hook.f., n. sp. Small, stout, dark-green, fleshy,
4-6 in. high. Stem £ in. thick, tortuous amongst shingle. Leaves crowded
or whorled about the upper part of the stem, very numerous, often exceed-
ing the umbels, 2-3-ternately divided ; leaflets as narrow as the rhachis,
Tj— in. broad, | in. long, curved, subacute, fleshy, indistinctly arti-
culate with the rhachis ; petiole 1-2 in. long, stout and fleshy, scarcely sheath-
ing at the base. Umbels small, \ in. diam., compound, on very thick
peduncles which are crowded amongst the leaves, involucral leaves like the
cauline, exceeding the peduncles. Flowers very small, pinkish (males only
seen). Fruit unknown.

Middle Island : shingly places on Mount Torlesse, alt. 6-7000 ft., Haast. A most
singular plant, quite unlike any other in New Zealand: its tortuous stem, lbafy at the top
only, and fleshy habit arc both indicative of its habitat amongst loose dry shingle.

9. L. piliferum, Hook.f., n. sp. Erect, robust, very coriaceous. Stem
12-20 in. high, £ in. thick, branched above, striated, red-purple. Leaves a
span to a foot long, linear, pinnate ; leaflets 10-12 pairs, ^-1 in. long, broadly
deltoid, ovate or orbicular-ovate, sessile, often imbricating, very coriaceous,
2-3-lobed to the base or subpinnatifid, the margin lobulate ; lobules ending
in a bristle ; petiole and rhachis very stout, as thick as a goose-quill ; sheath
narrow, membranous. Umbels on stout branches; rays 1-li in. long; in-
volucral leaves very numerous, linear or linear-lanceolate, membranous.
Flowers white ; styles slender. Fruit A in. long ; carpels 3-winged, polished.

Var. a. Leaflets very broad and coriaceous, 3-lobed to the base or ternate, closely imbri-
cating.

Var. /3. Leaflets longer, pinnatifidly cut into narrower lobes.

Middle Islaud : var. a. Hurumiri mountains, alt. 4500-6000 ft., Travers ; Mount
Torlesse, 4700 ft., and Hopkins river by running water, 3-5000 ft., Haast ; Otago, lake
district, alpine, Hector and Buchanan. Var. /3. Great Clyde glacier, 3800-4000 ft., Mount
Darwin and Lake Tekapo, Haast.

10. L. aromaticum, Banks and Sul. — Anisolome , FI. N. Z. i 99.
Small, 2-10 in. high, sometimes in alpine places tufted matted and de-
pressed, bright green, shining, very aromatic. Boots often large and stout ;
stem sparingly branched above, A in. thick. Leaves numerous, spreading,
1-6 in. long, linear, pinnate; leaflets 8-12 pairs, A— J in. long, sessile,
deltoid-ovate or orbicular, more or less toothed and cut, sometimes to the
base into separate leaflets, or rarely pinnate, the teeth and lobes usually
piliferous, very coriaceous, reticulated closely with veins ; petiole very stout,
with a rather broad, short, membranous sheath. Umbels small, 1-1 a in.
diam.; rays slender; involucral leaves few, linear-subulate. Flowers white;
styles slender. Fruit linear-oblong, a in. long; carpels equally 5 -winged.

Mountainous regions in the Northern and Middle Islands, alt. 4-6500 ft., very com-
mon, Banks and Solandcr, etc. Foliage very variable indeed, the leaflets being entire and

Ligmticum ;.]

XXXIII. UM BELLI FERAL

97

toothed, or more or less deeply cut into lobes till they are almost again pinnate, with narrow
segments.

11. In. imbricatum, Hook.f., n. sp. Stems most densely tufted, "form-
ing large, flat, depressed patches, very much branched, as thick as the little
finger, densely covered with closely imbricating, persistent, coriaceous, shining,
green leaves. Leaves with the sheaths in. long ; petiole and rhachis very
stout; leaflets 4-6 pairs, very small, closely imbricate, -H-g-— §• in. long and
broad, palmately 3-5-lobed ; lobes terminated by a stout bristle ; sheaths very
large, broad, membranous, produced upwards into a large hood. Flowering-
stem sunk amongst the leaves. Umbel compound, male only seen. Invo-
lucral leaves few, oblong, obtuse. Calyx-teeth large, acute.

Middle Island : Otago, dry debris on the alps of the lake district, alt. 5-G000 ft. A
highly curious plaut, very unlike an Umbellileruus one ; but I suspect only a form or state
of L. aromaticum.

12. In. (?) trifoliolatum. Hook. /., n. sp. Small, glabrous. Stem
slender, 6 in. high, sparingly divided above. Leaves 3-foliolate or pinnate ;
leaflets in 1 or 2 distant pairs, l-i- in. long, on slender petioles, rhombeo-orbi-
cular, cuneate at the base, the rounded tip crenate, glaucous below, reticu-
lated with veins, lowermost sometimes lobed or 3-fid ; petioles slender,
sheaths short, broad. Umbels small, few-flowered; rays short or long, un-
equal, slender ; involucral leaves very short. Flowers white ; styles slender.
Fruit unknown.

Middle Island : watercourses by the Kowai river, alt. 2-3000 ft., Ilaast. A curiou
little species, at once known by the few petioled leaflets; it is probably 2-pinnate, or 2
ternately pinnate. I have only two specimens, and, in the absence of fruit, am not certain
of its genus.

I have another small, pinnate-leaved species of this genus ?, somewhat similar to L. aroma-
ticum, gathered in the Southern Island by Dr. Lyall, but not in flower or fruit, with
small orbicular crenate leaflets, and the upper part of the rhizome sheathed with the rigid
bases of the old petioles.

9. ANGELICA, Linn.

Erect herbs or subscandent undershrubs. Leaves pinnate or 2- or 3-pitmate.
Umbels compound, often polygamous. — Calyx-limb 5 -toothed, often unequally,
or obsolete. Petals with an incurved or rarely inflexed tip. Styles gene-
rally long and slender. Fruit oblong, more or less cordate at the base ; car-
pels much dorsally compressed, with 3 slender filiform dorsal ribs, and 2
broad lateral membranous wings.

A small genus, of temperate Europe, Asia, and America, hitherto found nowhere in the
southern hemisphere, except in New Zealaud, where the two subscandent species are anoma-
lous in the Order, and the erect ones are in many characters more closely allied to Ligusticum
than to Angelica.

Herbaceous, stem erect. Leaves radical, pinnate ; leaflets crenate . . 1. A . Gingidium.

Herbaceous, stem erect. Leaves radical, pinnate ; leaflets laciniate . . 2. A. decipiens.

Suffruticose, subscandent. Leaves on the branches, pinnate . ... 3. A. rosafolia.

Suffruticose, subscandent. Leaves on the branches, 1-3-foliolate . . 4. A. geniculata.

1. A. Gingidium, Hook.f.; — Anisotome, FI. N. Z. i. 89. Stem stout,
erect, 1-1^ ft. high, striate, brauched sparingly above. Leaves 4-10 in.
VOL. I. H

98

XXXIII. UMBELLIFER7E.

[Angelica.

long, pinnate; leaflets 4-8 pairs, sessile, 1-2 in. long, broadly obliquely
ovate-oblong, obtuse, crenate, sometimes obscurely lobed on one side, closely
reticulated, glaucous below ; petioles stout, rhachis jointed at tbe insertion of
tbe leaflets; sheath narrow. Umbels compound, 1-3 in. diam., polygamous;
rays slender ; involucral leaves very variable, long or short. Flowers white.
Fruit J- in. long, ovate-oblong.

Yar. /3. Leaflets more membranous, deeply inciso-serrate.

Northern Island : moist grassy plains, Wairarapa valley, Colenso. More frequent in the
Nelson and Canterbury provinces of the Middle Island. Otago, lake district, Hector and
Buchanan.

2. A. decipiens. Hook./., n.sp. Root stout, sometimes very thick.
Stem 6-8 in. high. Leaves numerous, most or all radical, spreading, 4-6
in. long, linear, pinnate; rhachis stout, jointed at the leaflets; leaflets 6-10
pairs, ovate-oblong, sessile, \ in. long and broad, flaccid, irregularly pinna-
tifid ; lobes linear, acute, not awned, 1 -nerved. Steins or peduncles not longer
than the leaves, rather slender, striate, usually unbranched. Umbels 1-ly
in. broad; involucral leaves rather membranous ; primary rays 1 in. long,
secondary ^ in. Flowers minute. Fruit ovate-oblong, -jL- in. long, rounded
or cordate at the base, lateral wings coriaceous, calyx-lobes distinct ; styles
long, recurved.

Middle Island : Terraces near Lake Okau, Mount Cook, Raugitata range, and Black
Birch Creek, alt. 2-5000 ft., Sinclair, Haast.

3. A. rosaefolia, Ilook. — Anisotome, FI. N. Z. i. 90. Stem branched,
snbscandent, or trailing over rocks, etc., several feet long, woody, as thick as
a goose-quill, branches leafy at the top, below often covered with persistent
leaf-sheaths. Leaves 2-4 in. long, pinnate ; leaflets 1-1£ in. long, sessile,
obliquely ovate-oblong or lanceolate, acute, serrate, coriaceous, with evident
midrib and reticulating veins ; petiole slender, rigid ; sheath bilobed at the top'.
Umbels terminal, peduncled, very compound ; involucral leaves linear-subulate,
shorter than the slender rays. Flowers small, white. Fruit in. long,
ovate-cordate, with broad white lateral wings. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 581.

Northern Island : East Cape, Sinclair, Colenso ; Great Barrier Island, Lyall ; Tonga-
riro, Bidwill. Middle Island : Akaroa, Raoul.

4. A. geniculata, Ilook. f. — Anisotome , FI. N. Z. i. 90. t. 19. Weak,
suffruticose, much branched ; branches slender, flexuose, divaricating, form-
ing tangled masses over rocks and shrubs, intemodes 2-3 in. long. Leaves
small, alternate, 1-foliolate (young 3-foliolate) ; leaflets |— -§■ in. diam., broadly
orbicular-ovate, or transversely oblong, rarely oblong or reniform, obscurely
crenate, glaucous below, with radiating finely reticulate veins ; petiole slender,
J in. long, with a very small bilobed sheath. Umbels small, terminal, shortly
peduncled ; rays few, slender, longer than the short involucral leaves. Flowers
small, white ; petals with an indexed tip. Fruit L in. long, broadly ovoid,
cordate at the base ; lateral wings broad, white, membranous.

Northern Island: east coast, Colenso. Middle Island; common in the Canterbury
and Otago provinces.

10. DAUCTJS, Linn.

Erect, branching, often hispid herbs. Leaves decompound. Umbels com-

Dauctis.]

XXXIII. UMHELLIFEH/E.

yy

pound. — Calyx-limb obscurely 5-toothed. Petals with an indexed tip.
Fruit oblong, dorsally rather compressed ; carpels each with 5 primary and
4 secondary ridges, both covered witli hispid short hairs, or with stout bristles.

A considerable genus in temperate Europe and Asia, rarer in America aud in the southern
hemisphere. The Carrot, D. Carota, has been gathered at the Bay of Islands, doubtless
introduced (A. Gray).

1. D. brachiatus, Sieber ; — FI. N. Z. i. 91. Pilose or glabrate, 6-12
in. high. Leaves 2-pinnatisect ; leaflets incised, the ultimate divisions linear.
Umbels axillary and terminal, of 8-10 unequal rays ; involucral leaves simple
or compound. Flowers small, red. Fruit -Jg- in. long, larger ridges with a
row of stiff barbed bristles, intermediate ones much smaller, with a double
row of bristles pointing right and left. — Scandix glochidiata, Labill. FI. N.
Holl. t. 102.

Northern and Middle Islands : not uncommon iu dry grassy pastures from Auckland
to Otago, Banks and Sol under, etc. Abundant in Australia, Tasmania, aud Western Ame-
rica, from Mexico to Chili.

Order XXXIV. ARALIACEiE.

Trees, rarely herbs. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite), simple or com-
pound, usually evergreen, glossy, stipulate or exstipulate. Flowers in umbels,
less commonly in panicles racemes or heads, often unisexual. — Calyx-tube
adnate to the ovary, limb truncate or 5-, rarely 3- or many-toothed or lobed ;
lobes persistent in fruit. Petals usually 5, rarely 0, coriaceous, valvate, rarely
imbricate, deciduous. Stamens inserted round an epigynous disk, usually 5 ;
filaments incurved, subulate ; anthers oblong. Ovary 2- or more celled ;
styles short, subulate, recurved, stigmatiferous on their inner faces ; ovide
pendulous in each cell. Fruit succulent or coriaceous, flattened angled or
terete, 2- or manv-celled, cells cartilaginous, 1 -seeded. Seed flattened, testa
very thin ; albumen copious, fleshy or horny ; embryo small.

A larpe tropical Natural Order, to which the Ivy belongs, but rare iu the north temperate
zone, chiefly distinguished from TJmbellifera by the arboreous habit, evergreen foliage, often
inany-celled ovary, and fruit never splitting into its component carpels. Some tropical spe-
cies have anomalous characters, uot introduced iuto the above ordinal character, as 1-celled

ovaries and coherent petals.

Herbaceous. Pedicel jointed with flower. Petals imbricate ... 1. Stilbocaepa.

Trees or shrubs. Pedicel jointed with flower. Petals valvate ... 2. Panax.

Tree. Pedicel not jointed with flower. Petals valvate 3. Schf.ffleka.

Tree. Pedicel not jointed with flower. Petals 0 4. Mebyta.

1. STILBOCARPA, Decaisne and Planchon.

A large, much branched, stout, fleshy herb. Stem fistulose, usually beset
with large soft bristles or stout hairs. Leaves orbicular, entire, with foliaceous
stipulary sheaths. Umbels polygamous, compound, subglobose, with folia-
ceous involucres. — Flowers jointed on the top of the pedicel. Calyx-tube
3- or 4-grooved, limb entire. Petals 5, obovate-oblong, imbricate. Male fl. :
stamens 5 ; style 0 ; lobes of disk flat. Female : stamens as in the male or 0 ;
lobes of disk 3 or 4, subreniform, surrounding a cavity in the axis of the ovary ;
styles 3 or 4, subulate, recurved. Ovary broadly turbinate, 3- or 4-celled. Fruit

II 2

100 xxxiv. akaliaceyK. [ Stylbocarpa .

globose, axis hollow, 3- or 4-furrowed, corky, covered witli a brilliant black
shining epidermis, containing 3 or 4 horny nuts.

The only species of the .genus, and a most remarkable plant, allied to the Chinese and
Himalayan herbaceous Aralias.

1. S. polaris, Dene, and Planch. Arabia polaris, FI. N. Z. i. 95.
Stems 2-4 ft. high, from a long, annidate, thick, prostrate- rhizome, much
branched, 1-2 in. diam., grooved, succulent, of a rank odour when bruised.
Leaves 1-1 1 ft. broad, almost fleshy, orbicular-reniform, many-lobed and
-toothed, bristly on both surfaces, veins flabellate ; petiole erect, semiterete, 2
ft. long; sheaths semiamplexicaul, produced upwards into a foliaceous, trun-
cate, laciniate ligule. Umbels terminal and axillary, compound, as large as
the human head, composed of myriads of yellowish waxy flowers, with a pur-
ple disk ; involucral leaves various, lower foliaceous. Flowers i in. diam.,
on short clavate pedicels. Fruit size of a small peppercorn, black, brilliant. —
Ar alia polaris, FI. Antarct. i. 21 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 747.

Southern Island, Lyall. Abundant in Ihord Auckland’s group and Campbell
Island, J. 1). II. Covering large tracks of ground with huge orbicular masses, very conspicu-
ous from the yellowish waxy flowers and black shining fruit. Lyall’s Southern Island spe-
cimen wants the long bristles, and may belong to another species.

2. PAN AX, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves evergreen, 1-7-foliolate, rarely simple ; stipules
0, or sheathing or subulate. Umbels simple or compound. — Flowers polyga-
mous, jointed on the summit of the pedicel. Calyx-limb toothed sinuate or
entire. Petals 5, valvate. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-5-celled, with 2-5 short
recurved styles, sometimes connate at the base. Fruit coriaceous or fleshy,
2-5-celled.

1 have adopted the character of Panax from the observations of Decaisne and Plauchon,
in their classification of the Order in the ‘ ltevue Horticole,’ 1854, p. 105. The genus, as
thus defined, is a very considerable one, and found in many parts of the world.

Leaves in old plants simple or 1-foliolate, in young usually 3-5-foliolate.

Stipules 0. Leaflet lanceolate, serrate. Styles 2 ..... 1. P. simplex.

Stipules 0. Leaflet oblong, quite entire. Styles 3 or 4 . . . . 2. P. Edgerleyi.

Stipules minute. Leaflet small, rounded. Umbels minute. Styles 2. 3. P. anomalum.

Stipules subulate. Leaves 2 in., very coriaceous, linear. Styles 3 or 4 4. P. lineare.
Stipules 0. Leaves linear, 3-10 in., very coriaceous, green,

toothed. Styles 5 5. P. crass folium.

Stipules 0. Leaves 4-12 in., very narrow, purple below, always

simple, toothed 6. P. longissimum.

Leaves in old plants 3-5-foliolate.

Stipules 0. Leaflets sessile. Styles 5 7. P. Lessonii.

Stipules sheathing. Leaflets sessile. Styles 2 8. P. Colensoi.

Stipules sheathing. Leaflets petiolate. Styles 2 9. P. arborenm.

Stipules 0. Leaflets sessile. Styles 2 10. P. Sinclairii.

1. P. simplex, Forst. ; — -FI. N. Z. i. 93. A small evergreen glossy
tree, 12-20 ft. high. Leaves with slender petioles 1-3 in. long, coriaceous,
very glossy, young 3-5-foliolate, older l-f'oliolate; leaflets 2-4 in. long,
oblong- or obovate-lanceolate, subacute or acuminate, coarsely serrate, rarely
entire, in young plants deeply sinuate-pinnatifid ; stipules 0. Umbels small,
axillary and terminal, on peduncles shorter than the leaves, partial 10-15-

Panax.]

XXXIV. AltALIACEJE.

101

flowered, rays' J— §■ in. Flower small, greenish-white. Ovary compressed,
2-celled. Styles small, free, recurved. Fruit i in. diam., broadly urceolate. —
FI. Antarct. i. 18. t. 12.

Northern Island : mountains of the interior; Tongariro, Colenso ; abundant through-
out the diddle Island at 2-4000 ft. elevation, and in Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H.
A very variable plant in the size and serration of the leaflets, which are obtuse acute or acu-
minate and sometimes opposite. In Lord Auckland’s group I collected young plants
4 in. high, with unifoliolate, coriaceous leaves, but both Bidvvill and Hector sent as the
foliage of young plants 5-foliolate leaves, the leaflets membranous and sinuate pinnatifld.

2. P. Edgerleyi, Hook.f. FI. JV. Z. i. 94. A small tree, 20-40 ft.
Leaves on long (2-3 in.) slender petioles, rather membranous, very glossy ;
leaflet 2-9 in. long, obovate- or oblong- or linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
quite entire, in young plants 3-foliolate, leaflets deeply pinnatifld; stipules 0.
Umbels as in P. simplex, but ovary 3- or 4-celled, and the styles connate at
the base.

Northern Island : mountainous regions of the interior, Edgerley, Colenso. Middle
Island: Nelson mountains, Bidwill; Otago, Hector.

3. P. anomalum, Hook. Loud. Journ. Bot. ii. 422. t. 12; — Fl.N.Z.i.
93. A small tree or shrub, with divaricating woody branches, rough with
minute hispid hairs. Leaves very shortly petioled, 1-foliolate ; leaflet oblong
orbicular or obovate, rounded at the tip, obscurely crenate, rather membra-
nous, not glossy; petiole flattened, Jj in. long, pubescent, with minute subu-
late stipules at its base, and stipes at its tip. Umbels minute, axillary,
simple, very shortly peduncled, 1^4-flowered. Flowers very minute, green,
shortly pedicelled. Fruit in. diam., 2-celled, with free recurved styles, white
mottled with brown.

Northern Island : pine swamps, Bay of Islands, and elsewhere not unfrequent. Middle
Island : Nelson, Bidwill. A very anomalous species, in habit resembling Melicope simplex
and Elaodendron micranthum.

4. P. lineare, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 93. A small tree (?) ; branches
stout, woody. Leaves mixed with trifid coriaceous scales, patent, simple,
not jointed on the extremely short petiole, 2-3 in. long, ■§— ^ wide, mi-
nutely serrate, obtuse or acute, excessively coriaceous, with thickened margins,
not glossy; petiole i in. long, stout ; stipule small, subulate. Umbels almost
sessile amongst the upper leaves, of 4 or 5 short stout bracteolate rays. Fruit
ovoid, 3- or 4-celled ; styles connate into a cone, their summits free, recurved.

Middle Island : Chalky Bay, Lyall. I have only two small specimens of this curious
species.

5. P. crassifolium. Bene, and Planch. — Aralia crassifolia, Banks and
Sol. ; FI. N. Z. i. 97. A slender, sparingly branched, glabrous tree, bark green.
Leaves extremely variable, in young plants 3-foliolate ; leaflets very narrow-
linear, -J— f in. broad, of the upper leaves broader, f-1 in., deeply remotely
sinuate-serrate, serratures cuspidate ; in older plants, simple, narrow, lineai'-
obovate or linear, quite entire or sinuate or coarsely acutely serrate at the
broader part beyond the middle, extremely coriaceous, nan-owed into a
short, stout, exstipulate petiole of variable length ; veins numerous, divergent.
Umbels unisexual, terminal, compound, of several very spreading rays ; pe-
duncles and rays 1-3 in. long; pedicels short, of the male flowers subrace-

102

XXXIV. ARALIACEJE.

[Panax.

mose. Flowers rather large. Fruit subglobose, as large as a’ pea, 5-celled,
the 5 styles connate into a cone, with their summits free and recurved. —
Hook. lc. PI. t. 583-4.

Common in forests throughout the islands, Banks and Solander , etc. Chatham Islands,
Dieff'enbach. A very puzzling plant ; the lower and younger leaves are always 3-foliolate,
the upper 1-foliolate or simple, all excessively coriaceous. For notes on some supposed
varieties of this, see end of genus.

6. P. longissimum, Hook.f., n. sp. Stem forming a straight, slender,
erect, simple rod, 4-10 tt. high ; bark dark-green, striped with brown. Leaves
alt uniform, quite simple, 6-18 in. long, in. broad, spreading or droop-
ing, excessively stiff, coriaceous, coarsely regularly or irregularly toothed,
dirtv-purple below, very deep-greeu above, with often a light-green spot at
the base of each tooth ; petiole very short, exstipulate, not jointed with the
blade ; midrib very thick ; veins 0.

Throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc., from the Bay of Islands to Otago.
This remarkable plant has been for tifteen years in cultivation at Kew (as a state of P. cras-
sifolium), and never changes its habit ; it has been collected by Banks, and many succeeding
travellers, but no one has identified any flower or fruit with it. I have, however, in the
Herbarium male flowers and leaves of a Panax closely resembling P. crass folium, differing
chiefly from that plant in the less coriaceous, more acute leaves, with more regular serratures,
that may prove to belong to this.

7. P. Lessonii, DC. — Ar alia Lesson'd, FI. N. Z. i. 96. A small, glabrous
tree, branches very stout. Leaves in old plants 3-5-foliolate; leaflets 1-4
in. long, sessile, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate, subacute, more or less sinuate-
serrated or quite entire, very thick and coriaceous, not shining ; nerves very
indistinct ; petiole 4 8 in. long, stout or slender, neither sheathing nor stipu-
late at the base. Umbels branched, on long stout peduncles ; pedicels race-
mose, unisexual. Flowers rather large. Fruit ovoid, ^ in. long, 5-celled,
with 5 styles connate into a cone, and very short, recurved tips.

Northern Island: east coast, Cunningham; Auckland, Sinclair. Middle Island:
Bream Bay, D'Urville.

8. P. Colensoi, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 94. t. 21. A small tree; branches
stout. Leaves glossy, on long petioles, 3-5-foliolate; leaflets 4-6 in. long,
very coriaceous, sessile or very shortly petioled, obovate- or oblong-lanceolate,
coarsely serrated, veins very indistinct; petiole stout, 6-10 in. long, with a
short 2-lobed coriaceous sheath. Umbels compound, terminal; primary rays
long, stout, divaricating, in the largest specimens 2-3 in. ; secondary rays 1
in., pedicels short. Calyx-limb truncate or sinuate. Fruit flattened, nearly
orbicular, 2-ceIled, with 2 divergent styles.

Northern Island: Ruahine Mountains and Tararua, C-olenso. Middle Island: Otago,
Lindsay, Hector. Southern Island : Herb. A. liichard. Ivy-tree of Otago. Colenso
sends as a young state of this, a plant with pinnatifid leaflets, w'hich perhaps belongs to
P. Sinclairii, for both Lindsay and Hector observe that the leaves are 3-5-foliolate in all
stages, and never sinuate or lobed. Wood useless, trunk exuding large quantities of gum,
Buchanan. Hector observes that it is the Aralia trifolia of Sydney Garden.

9. P. arboreum, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 94. A robust, leafy, glossy
tree, 12-20 ft. high ; brauches stout. Leaves on long petioles, 5-7 -foliolate ;
leaflets with petioles |-1 in. long, very coriaceous, 4-6 in. long, broadly or
narrowly oblong or obovate-oblong, subacute, sinuate-serrate ; veins distinct;

Panax. ]

XXXIV. AllALIACEiE.

103

petiole 2-8 in. long, robust, with a short, broad, coriaceous, 2-lobed sheath.
Umbels unisexual, terminal, very numerous, large ; peduncles 2-3 in. long,
spreading ; rays very numerous, 1 in. long ; pedicels \ in. Flowers large.
Calyx-margin sinuate. Fruit nearly orbicular, flattened, grooved on the faces,
with 2 short recurved styles, connate to the middle. — Hook. Lond. Journ.
Bot. ii. 421. t. 11.

Common in forests throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Kermadec
Islands, M‘ Gillivray.

10. P. Sinclairii, Hook, f, n. sp. A small tree. Leaves on rather
short petioles, 3-5-foliolate ; leaflets sessile, 1-2 in. long, very coriaceous,
not glossy, obovate- or oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, veins obscure ;
petiole 1-H in. long, neither stipulate nor sheathing. Umbels small, uni-
sexual, on short, terminal peduncles ^-1 in. long or less ; rays few ; pedicels
very short. Fruit nearly orbicular, compressed, 2-celled, with 2 short recurved
styles.

Northern Island: Ruahitie Mountains, etc., Colenso. Auckland?, Herb. Sinclair.
Sinclair sends both old specimens with normal 5-7-folio)ate serrate leaflets, and youug ones
with piunatifid leaflets ; Colenso sends the pinnatifid-leaved state as the young of P. Colensoi.

There are two species of Panax mentioned as natives of New Zealand, in Planchon’s
‘ Hortus Douatensis ’ (p. 10), and which, being founded on garden specimens that have
never flowered, are very doubtful: these are P. pentadactylum, Dene, and PI., from New
Zealand ? (A. penlaphylla, Hort., A. quinquevulnera, Makoy), which Planchon suspects is a
variety of P. crassifolium, with green not brown leaves, 5- rarely 3-foliolate, and the leaflets
elegantly curved instead of being stiff and straight as in P. crassifolium and tridactyl um .
The other is P. tridactylum, Dene, and PI. {A. triplujlla and A. trfoliata, Hort.), of which
he says that this also is perhaps a variety of P. crassifolium, sometimes bearing only one leaflet,
whilst the leaflets of P. crassifolium become ternate, especially towards the upper part of
large trees. Professor Planchon is, however, in some misconception here, for the true P.
crassifolium is green and not brown, both in a native state and cultivated, and has 3-foliolate
leaves, except only at the tops of the older branches, where they become 1-foliolate and
(losing their joint) simple.

3. SCHEFFLERA, Forst.

Trees. Leaves digitately 7-foliolate. Umbels racemed. — Flowers poly-
gamous, not jointed on the top of the pedicel. Calyx-tube minutely 5-
toothed. Petals 5, valvate. Stamens 5. Ovary 10-celled, with 10 short
styles united into a cone to above the middle, their tips free. Fruit rather
fleshy, 10-celled, 10-ribbed.

I do not find that this old genus of Forster’s is retained in the rearrangement of the Order
by Decaisne aud Planchon, who, however, I cannot suppose would leave it in Panax, from
which it differs in habit, inflorescence, the 10-celled ovary, and the absence of any evident
joint at the summit of the pedicel with the flower, whilst it differs still further from
Aralia in the valvate petals, digitate leaves with regular serratures, aud 10 styles.

1. S. digitata, Forst. — Aralia Schefflera, Spr. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 95. A
small umbrageous tree or large shrub, with stout branches. Leaves on long
I petioles, digitately 7-1 1-foliolate ; leaflets petiolate, 4-7 in. long, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, sharply finely serrate; veins diverging,
delicate ; petiole 3-7 in. long, terete, with a short 2-lobed sheath at the base.
Umbels racemose on the branches of a very large, unisexual, compound, axil-
lary panicle, small, in. diam., many-flowered ; rhachis of panicle 1 ft. and

XXXIV. ARALlACEiE.

\_Schefflera.

101

more, brandies diverging, a span long, pedundes of umbels § in., pedicels £
in. Flowers rather small. Fruit nearly globose, in. diam., black, pulpy,
deeply furrowed when dry.

Common throughout the island in forest regions. Banks and Solander, etc.

4. MEBYTA, Forst.

Small trees ; trank slender, erect, sparingly branched ; branches terminated
by a crown of very large leaves. — Flowers in terminal, involucrate, panicled
heads, polygamous. Male: Calyx 3-5-lobed, lobes valvate?. Petals 0.
Stamens 3-5, inserted beneath a glandular disk. Ovary 0. Female: Calyx-
limb 5-9-partite, lobes valvate. Petals 0. Ovary 5-9-celled, with as many
short stigmas united below, free and recurved above. Berry ovoid or oblong,
5-9-celled. Embryo terete, curved, with small, flattened cotyledons.

A small genus of singular-looking trees, natives of the Pacific Islands, one of which Dr.
Seemanu (in Herb. Hook.) has rightly referred to the imperfectly -known genus Meryia of
Forster.

1. M. Sinclairii, Hook.f. — Botryodendrum, FI. N. Z. i. 97. Leaf on a
long petiole, very coriaceous, shining, 5-20 in. long, oblong or obovate-ob-
long, sometimes contracted below the middle, cordate at the base, margin
quite entire or waved, strongly veined; petiole 3-10 in. long, stout, very ob-
scurely if at all jointed with the blade. Panicles terminal, branched, erect, very
stout, 6—8 in. long. Flowers not seen. Fruit oblong, \ in. long, 5-celled.

Northern Island : east coast, between Capes Rodney and Brett, Sinclair and Colenso.
The fruits are quite separate, aud do not appear as if they had belonged to a capitate inflo-
rescence, but my specimens are very imperfect. I described the petiole as jeiuted with the
blade, in FI. N. Z., I believe erroneously.

Order XXXV. CORNER.

Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, entire, exstipulate. Flowers
regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual, usually small and green. — Calyx-tube
adnate to the ovary ; limb 4- or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, rarely 0, small,
often triangular, valvate. Stamens inserted at the base of an epigynous disk ;
filaments subulate • anthers didymous or linear. Ovary inferior, 1-3-celled ;
style 0 or very short, stigma capitate, or 2 or 3 short recurved stigmas ;
ovules solitary, pendulous in each cell (if more than one) or 3 pendulous from
the top of a column in 1-celled ovaries. Fruit usually a drupe, with a bony
inner wall. Testa very thin, adherent ; albumen copious, fleshy ; embryo
very small.

A small European Order, scattered over various parts of the world ; to which the Cornel

and Dog-wood belong.

Leaves glabrous, broad, and shining 1. Griselinia.

Leaves with silky pubescence beneath 2. Corokia.

1. GEJSELmiA, Forst.

Shrubs, with green branches, transversely scarred at the insertion of the
leaf, said to be parasitical on roots of trees. Leaves very coriaceous, gla-

Grisdinia.]

XXXV. CORNER.

105

brous, broad, green, very oblique ; veins irregularly netted, the main ones very
oblique, the petiole expanded into a small sheath, jointed on the stem. Flowers
in axillary panicles, dioecious. — Male: Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, valvate.
Stamens 5 ; filament very short. Female : Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary ;
limb 5-toothed. Petals 5, obscurely imbricate. Stamens 0. Ovary ovoid,
1- or 2-celled ; styles 3, very short, recurved, subulate. Fruit a fleshy 1- or 2-
celled, 1-seeded berry ; cotyledons divaricating.

To this should be referred Decostea, Ruiz and Pavon, of Peru and Chili, a genus of
several species. It is also very nearly allied to the Japanese Aucuba of our gardens. Raoul
figures petals in the female flower of G. littoralis, but I do not find them. I am doubtful
whether the following species may not be varieties of one ; both are in cultivation and look
remarkably distinct. In the ‘ New Zealand Flora ’ they are regarded as varieties.

Leaves 2-7 in. Veins strong beneath 1.(7. lucida.

Leaves 1-3 in. Veins very indistinct 2. G. littoralis.

1. G. lucida, Ford. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 98. An erect much-branched
bush, 10-12 ft. high. Leaves 2-7 in. long, very obliquely ovate obovate or
oblong, quite entire, obtuse or rounded at the tip, very unequal towards
the base, one side much narrower than the other, which is often gibbous, in
the upper shoots narrowed at the base, bright green, polished ; veins very dis-
tinct on the under surface ; petioles f— 1 in. long, rather slender. Panicles
axillary, often as long as the leaves, much branched, minutely pubescent
with spreading, golden (when dry) hams. Flowers minute; pedicels jointed,
very short. Drupe -§■ in. long, the fleshy part full of oil canals.

Var. £. macropkylla , very robust. Leaves almost orbicular, almost cordate at the base
(perhaps only young shoots of G. lucida).

Northern Island : not unfrequent, Banks and Solander, etc. Paliser Bay, Cape Tura-
kirae, on maritime rocks, and head of Ruamahanga river, Colenso. Middle Island : Dusky
Bay, Menzies; Chalky Bay, Lnjall. Var. /8. Northern Island: Bay of Islands, A. Cun-
ningham. Auckland, growing on Metrosideros tomentosa, Sinclair.

2. G. littoralis, Raoul, Choix, xxii. t. 19. A small bush (or tree* 60 ft.
high, Raoul), with paler foliage, less glossy than the two preceding. Leaves
1-3 in., ovate or oblong, less oblique at the base, wedge-shaped or narrowed
into the slender rather long petiole ; veins very obscure below. Peduncles
much shorter than the leaves, pubescence and flowers as in G. lucida.

Northern and Middle Islands : not uncommon. Hawkes Bay, Colenso ; ascending
to 2500 ft. in the Canterbury forests, Eaast ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. In cultiva-
tion, this is a very small shrub, more yellow-green and less shining than G. lucida.

2. COROKIA, A. Cunn.

Shrubs or small trees ; branchlets and leaves below silvery with appressed
pubescence. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, evergreen, quite e At ire, coriaceous.
Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or in panicles. — Calyx-tube turbinate,
silky ; limb 5-toothed, valvate. Petals 5, small, valvate, with a small scale
at their base, silky outside, yellow. Stamens 5, filaments short; anthers
linear. Ovary 1- or 2-celled ; style short, stigma 2-lobed. Drupe small, ovoid,
1- or 2-celled. Seeds elongated, with a small slender embryo.

A small genus, confined, in so far as is at present known, to New Zealand.

Leaves lauceolate 1 . C. buddleoides.

Leaves spathulate 2. C. Cotoneaster.

106

XXXV. CORNEA!.

[ Corokia .

1. C. buddleoides, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 98. An erect shrub or
small tree, 10^40 feet high. Leaves shortly petioled, 2-6 in. long, narrow-
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, shining above, densely silky-tomen-
tose beneath. Panicles short, 6 -20-llowered. Pedicels bracteolate at the
base, short. Mowers £ in. long ; petals oblong-spathulate, obtuse. Drupe
red, \ in. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 424.

Var. (8, FI. N. Z. 1. c. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, broader, not shining above, more
densely toinentose below.

Northern Islands : margins of woods, etc., from the Bay of Islands to the east coast,
Banks and Solander, etc. Var. /3. Chatham Islands, Dieffenbach.

2. C. Cotoneaster, Raoul, Chuix, 22. t. 20 ,• — FI. iV. Z. i. 98. A low,
rigid, spreading, much-branched bush, with woody, black, tortuous branches.
Leaves alternate or fascicled, -|-1 in. long, orbicular obcordate oblong ovate or
obovate, suddenly contracted into a hat linear petiole; margins recurved; tip
rounded or emarginate, shining above, white beneath. Mowers axillary or
terminal, solitary or few together. Pedicels much shorter than the petioles,
bracteolate at the middle. Flowers as in C. buddleoides, but petals narrower
and drupe shorter.

Northern Island : east coast, at Matapouri and Manukan Bay, etc., Colenso. Middle
Island : common from Nelson to Otago, on the east side.

Order XXXYI. LORANTHACE^.

Parasitical shrubs, with opposite or alternate, quite entire, coriaceous, ex-
stipulate leaves, or jointed leafless branches. Flowers hermaphrodite or uni-
sexual ; bracts and bracteoles 1 or 3, sometimes connate or 0. — Calyx-
tube adherent to the ovary ; limb 0 or truncate or 4-8-toothed. Petals as
many, rarely 0, sometimes united into a tubular corolla with valvate lobes.
Stamens as many as the petals, opposite to and usually inserted on them.
Ovary inferior, 1 -celled ; style long or short ; stigma simple ; ovule solitary,
erect, adnate to the walls of the cavity. Berry 1-seeded. Seed albuminous ;
embryo straight ; radicle superior.

A large tropical and subtropical Order of parasites, often very handsome, to which the
common Mistletoe belongs. It is not Tasmanian, though extending to the south islaud of

New Zealand.

Leaves opposite. Flowers hermaphrodite . : 1. Loeanthus.

Leaves opposite and alternate. Flowers dioecious 2. Tupeia.

Leaves 0. Branches jointed, flattened 3. Viscum.

1. LOEANTHUS, Linn.

Parasitic shrubs. Leaves opposite or subopposite in the New Zealand
species, jointed to the stem. Flowers axillary, solitary racemed or pani-
cled, jointed to the pedicels and these to the peduncles. — Calyx-tube ovoid;
limb short, truncate, cup-shaped. Corolla tubular, the petals 4, usually
narrow, free or united into a tube below, upper part spreading or recurved.
Stamens 4, filaments filiform; anthers linear, 2-celled. Style slender, jointed
to the top of the ovary, deciduous, stigma capitate or clavate.

A very large tropical genus, of which many species differ from the character given above,
in their alternate leaves and other characters.

Loranthus.']

XXXVI. LORANTHACEiE.

107

Flowers 11-2 in., spicate, in opposite pairs. Petals free 1. L. Colensoi.

Mowers 1 in., subsolitary, axillary. Petals free 2. L. tetrapetalus.

Mowers 1 in., panicled. Petals united below 3. Z. tenuijlorus.

Flowers -J in., racemed. Petals united below 4. L.fiavidus.

Mowers J. in., pauieled. Petals free 5. L. micranthus.

1. L. Colensoi, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 99. A large glabrous shrub.
Branches woody, terete. Leaves 1|— 2 in., broadly oblong orbicular or obo-
vate-oblong, narrowed into a short stout petiole, £ in. long, rounded at the
tip, very coriaceous, quite nerveless or nerves very obscure and oblique.
Flowers 11-2 in. long, scarlet, sessile, in pairs on a short, stout, 3-9-Howered
peduncle, ^ in. long, erect. Bracts 0. Corolla terete, swollen at the base,
straight ; petals free. Anthers long, linear. — Hook. Ic. PL t. 633.

Northern Island : parasitic on Metrosideros tomentosa , Lake Waikare, Colenso.
Middle Island : Nelson, Bidwill, Munro : Otago, Lindsay.

2. L. tetrapetalus, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 99. A middling-sized gla-
brous shrub. Branches terete. Leaves f-lj in. long, linear-oblong or ob-
long, rounded at the tip, narrowed into very short petioles, very coriaceous,
almost veinless or with 3 or 4 veins diverging from the base of the leaf.
Flowers about 1 in. long, shortly pedicelled, solitary, rarely 2 together, axil-
lary, erect. Calyx obscurely 4-toothed. Corolla terete, straight, rather
swollen at the base ; petals very narrow, linear, free. Anthers linear. Stigma
very small.

Northern and Middle Islands : common on Metrosideros and Fite: r, from the Bay of
Islands to Canterbury, Banks arid Solander, etc.

3. Ij. tenuiflorus, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 100. Glabrous. Branches
slender, terete. Leaves 1-ly in. long, obovate-oblong, rounded at the tip,
narrowed at the base into a short petiole ; veins slender and few. Flowers
1 in. long, in axillary trichotomous puberulous panicles ; peduncles and pedi-
cels slender, divaricating, about £ in. long. Corolla slender, terete, curved ;
petals very narrow, united about | way up, 'perhaps separating afterwards.
Anthers oblong. Stigma simple, Hexuose.

Locality unknown. I have but one bad specimen of this very distinct species.

4. L. flavidus, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 100. t. 27. A glabrous shrub,
1-2 ft. high. Branches terete, the ultimate compressed or angled. Leaves
1-2 in. long, linear-oblong, obtuse or apiculate, narrowed into a short petiole,
coriaceous, veiuless or with 3-5 slender veins diverging from their base. Ra-
cemes axillary, drooping, 1 0-12-flowered, 1-2 in. long; peduncle rather
slender ; pedicels opposite, in. long. Flowers yellow, f in. long. Corolla
slender, straight, slightly swollen above the base ; petals combined to above
the middle. Anthers oblong. Stigma capitate, oblique.

Northern Island : Totaranui, Banks and Solander. Ou Fagns, in the Ruahine
Mouutains, Colenso. Middle Island: Nelson, on F. Solandri, Sinclair and Munro;
Otago, lake district, Hector and Buchanan.

5. I j. micranthus, HooJc.f. FI. N. Z. i. 100. A large glabrous shrub.
Branches terete or angled ; twigs much compressed, 2-edged. Leaves l|-3
in. long, oblong- ovate- or obovate-oblong, obtuse or rouuded at the tip,
narrowed into short petioles, with small tumid, brown, scaly buds in their
axils, veinless or with few slender veins branching from the midrib. Panicles

108

XXXVI. LORA NTH AC EJ5.

[Loranthus.

small, ■§— f- in. long, glabrous, with divaricating peduncles and pedicels
in. long. Flowers minute, green, ■§■ in. long. Petals free, spreading, linear.
Anthers oblong. Style suddenly tortuous ; stigma capitate.

Common throughout the islands, from the Bay of Islands to Otago, Banks and Solander,
etc.

2. TUPEIA, Chamisso and Schlechtendal.

A parasitical dioecious shrub. Branches terete, jointed. Leaves opposite
and alternate. — Flowers panicled, not jointed to the pedicels, which are jointed
to the peduncles. Male: Calyx 0. Petals 4, free, linear, recurved. Sta-
mens 4 ; anthers broadly oblong. Ovary, style, and stigma 0. Female :
Ovary ovoid with no calyx-limb. Petals 4, reflexed, linear, free. Stamens 0.
Style short, straight, constricted below the capitate stigma, deciduous.

A genus of but one species.

1. T. antarctica, Cham, and Schl. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 101. t. 26. Branches
terete; bark pale. Leaves |-1^ in. long, oblong obovate lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, subacute, narrowed into short petioles, pale green, veinless or
with faint veins branching from the midrib. Panicles small, axillary and
terminal, 6-10-flowered. Peduncles and pedicels in. long, divaricate,
very slender. Flowers ebracteate, a in. diam., greenish-yellow. Filaments
about as long as the oblong anthers. Berry white or spotted with pink. —
T. pub iff era and T. Cunninghamii, Miquel, in Linnaea, xviii. 85.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. ; parasitic on various bushes,
sometimes on Loranthus micrantlius. A very variable plant, iu size, colour, and robustness.

3. VISCUM, Linn.

Parasitical shrubs, of which the New Zealand species are small, leafless,
with flattened, jointed branches, much constricted at the joints. — Flowers very
minute, spicate or solitary or whorled at the joints of the branches, dioecious
or monoecious. Male : Perianth 3- or 4-leaved. Anthers sessile and adnateto
the perianth lobes ; pollen in many cavities which open by pores. Female :
Perianth 3- or 4-lobed. Stamens 0. Style 0 or short, stigma obtuse. Berry
ovoid, succulent.

A very large, chiefly tropical and subtropical genus, including the Mistletoe, of which
many species have the habit of Loranthus and otherwise differ from the two New Zealand
ones.

Joints 5 in. broad, very flat. Flowers spiked 1. V. Lindsayi.

Joints in. broad, terete. Flowers on the joints 2. V. salicornioides.

1. V. Lindsayi, Oliver, n. sp. A small, glabrous, branching, succu-
lent shrub, 4-6 in. high. Joints of stem obovate, very flat, rather longer
than broad. Spikes often 3, starting from the upper joint, divaricating, j in.
long. Peduncle jointed. Flowers very minute, whorled on the joints of the
peduncle. Perianth 3-lobed ; lobes persistent.

Middle Island : Otago, Lindsay, Hector. Parasitic on Coprosrna, Metrosideros, and
Melicope.

2. V. salicornioides, A. Cmm. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 101. A very small,
glabrous, succulent plant, much branched, 3-4 in. high. Joints of stems

Viscutn .]

xxxvi. loranthacea.

109

-J-i in. long, terete, with a rather expanded top, not in. broad. Flowers
very minute, solitary or few together in the tips of the upper joints. Pe-
rianth 3-lobed ; lobes persistent.

Northern and Middle Islands : common on Lejptospermum, Dracophyilum, and vari-
ous other shrubs.

Order XXXVII. CAPBIFOLIACE-ffi.

Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs. Leaves usually simple and exstipulate.
Flowers hermaphrodite. — Calyx-tube adnate with the ovary ; limb 4-5-lobed
or toothed. Corolla tubular campanulate or rotate, with 4 or 5 imbricate teeth
or lobes. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its tube,
equal or unequal. Ovary inferior, 2-5 -celled, surmounted with an epigynous
disk ; style often filiform, stigma simple or divided ; ovules 1 or more in
each cell, pendulous. Fruit generally a 1-5-celled berry. Seeds with fleshy
albumen ; embryo axile.

A small Order, chiefly confined to the north temperate zone, where the Honeysuckles and
Viburnums form its largest known genera. It is chiefly distinguished from Rubiacece by the
absence of stipules and often serrate leaves.

1. ALSEUOSMIA, A. Cunn.

Shrubs. Leaves rather membranous, alternate, polymorphous, with minute
tufts of red (when dry) hairs in their axils. Flowers axillary, solitary or
fascicled, deliciously scented, greenish ; pedicels bracteolate. — Calyx-tube
small, ovoid ; limb 4- or 5-lobed, deciduous. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped,
with 4 or 5 small spreading lobes ; edges inflexed, toothed or lobulate. Sta-
mens 4 or 5 ; filaments very short, inserted at the mouth of the corolla ;
anthers oblong. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, stigma subclavate ; ovules
several, in 2 series, inserted in the axis of the cells. Berry ovoid, 2-celled,
several-seeded, with a broad terminal areola. Seeds angular ; testa bony.

A small genus, confined to New Zealand, of which the species are excessively variable,
apparently passing into one another, so that their forms are very difficult to discriminate.
The alternate leaves are unusual in the Order.

Leaves 3-7 in., broad. Flowers 1 in., usually 5-merous . A. macrophylla.

Leaves 1-3 in., oblong or obovate. Flowers f in., 4- or 5-merous . 2. A. quercifo/ia.
Leaves -j-2 in., obovate or rhomboid. Flowers | in., 4- or 5-merous 3. A. Ban/csii.
Leaves 1-14 in., liuear. Mowers in., 4- or 5-merous . ... 4. A. linariifolia.

1. A. macrophylla, A. Cunn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 102. t. 23. A shrub,
6-8 ft. high, perfectly glabrous ; branches stout. Leaves 3-7 in. long,
linear- or oblong-obovate, obtuse, entire or sparingly toothed, narrowed into
short petioles, rather coriaceous. Flowers 1 in. long, fascicled or subpanicled.
Calyx-lobes lanceolate, tips recurved. Corolla-lobes 3-5, with incurved, fim-
briate margins. Berry about \ in. long.

Northern Island : from the Bay of Islands to the Thames, in woods.

2. A. quercifolia, A. Cunn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 103. A slender twiggy
shrub, 2-3 ft. high, glabrous or the branchlets minutely puberulous. Branches

no

XXXVII. CAPRIFOLIACEjE,

[. Alseuosmia .

slender. Leaves 1-8 in. long, most variable, lanceolate, or oblong- or obo-
vate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire or more or less deeply sinuate-toothed
or lolied, like the Oak ; petioles -j— f in. long. Flowers about | in. long,
4- or 5-lobed ; pedicels slender. Berry i in. long. — A. Ilex , A. Cunn. Prodr.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, A. Cunningham, to Te Hawera, Colenso.

3. A. Banksii, A. Cunn. ; — Fl.N. Z. i. 102. t. 24. A small straggling
bush, with spreading branches, which are slender and puberulous. Leaves
about 1 in. long, very variable, usually broadly-oblong obovate or rhomboid,
with waved toothed or lobed margins. Fowers ■§■— % in. long, generally soli-
tary. Berry A in. long. — A. atriplicifolia and paleeiformis, A. Cunn.

Northern Island, Banks and Solander ; Bay of Islands, in woods, common, A. Cun-
ningham, etc.

4. A. linariifolia, A. Cunn. ;—Fl. N. Z. i. 102. t. 25. A small erect
shrub, 1-3 ft. high. Branches slender, glabrous or with minute spreading
pubescence. Leaves 1-1£ in. long, linear or linear -lanceolate, entire or sinuate-
toothed, generally on very short petioles. Flowers | in. long, on slender
pedicels, solitary or 2 or 3 together. Lobes of corolla obscurely toothed.
Berry small, less than \ in. long. — A. ligustrifolia, A. Cunn.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, in woods, A. Cunningham, etc.

Order XXXVIII. RUBIACEiE.

Trees shrubs or herbs. Leaves opposite with interpetiolar stipules, or
whorled, simple, quite entire, usually turning black when dried. Flowers re-
gular, hermaphrodite or unisexual. — Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, limb
4- or 5-toothed or -lobed or 0. Corolla rotate tubular funnel-shaped or eampa-
nulate, 4-9-lobed -toothed or -parted, valvate or imbricate. Stamens inserted
on the corolla, as many as its lobes. Ovary usually 2- or 3-eelled ; styles 1 or 2,
long, stigma 2- or 3-lobed or capitate ; ovule 1 in the New Zealand species.
Fruit various, in the New Zealand species dry or fleshy, with 2-6 cells or nuts
and 1 seed in each cell. Testa very thin, albumen horny ; embryo rather
small, with flat cotyledons.

One of the largest Orders of flowering plants, of which the shrubby and arboreous species
are very rare in the northern temperate zone, but frequent in the southern.

Shrubs or trees or woody-stemmed herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers

unisexual I. Coprosma.

Herbs, creeping. Leaves opposite. Flowers hermaphrodite .... 2. Nektera.

Herbs. Leaves whorled. Corolla rotate 3. Galium.

Herbs. Leaves whorled. Corolla funnel- or bell-shaped 4. Asperula.

1. COPROSMA, Foist.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes small and creeping, often fetid when braised
and drying. Leaves evergreen, opposite, with interpetiolar stipules. Flowers
unisexual, often dioecious, often minute green and inconspicuous, solitary and
sessile, or 2 or more clustered on the branches of a peduncle. — Calyx : male ,
cupular, equally or unequally 2-5 -lobed or toothed, or truncate and erase,
female, tube ovoid ; limb 4-5-toothed or -lobed. Corolla tubular or funnel-

Coprosma .]

XXXVIII. RUBIACEiE.

Ill

or bell-shaped ; tube straight or curved ; lobes 4 or 5, rarely 6-9, valvate.
Stamens 4 or 5, rarely 6-9, inserted on the base of the corolla ; filaments fili-
form, exserted; anthers linear, apiculate, pendulous. Ovary 2- rarely 8- or 4-
cellcd ; styles 2 (3 or 4), filiform, exserted, pubescent ; ovule 1, erect in each
cell. Drupe ovoid or round, with 2 (rarely 4) plano-convex 1 -seeded cocci.

A large and extremely variable New Zealand genus, of which a few species inhabit the
Pacific islands, Tasmania, temperate Australia, and the lofty mountaiu of Kini Balou, in
Borneo. The New Zealand species are most difficult of discrimination, owing to their ex-
treme variability, their being dioecious, and their very small flowers. I distinguish two
chief groups, oue with solitary female flowers, the other with these fascicled ; then again
some of the former have the flower obviously terminal on the shoot, between the uppermost
pair of leaves ; others have it apparently lateral, springing from the side of the shoot or
branch below the leaves, — in other words, the flower is still terminal, but in shoots that are
habitually leafless. In all cases connate stipules are abundantly developed below the flowers,
forming one or more series of cup-shaped involucels to the calyx. In some cases the calyx of
the male flower is reduced or absent, and the upper series of connate stipules may be taken for it.
It is not always easy to say whether this is so or no ; and the structure of the calyx wants
working out from fresh specimens. The following analysis of the supposed species is very
imperfect ; it has cost me several weeks’ assiduous study of many specimens ; many more
are, however, wanted to establish the constancy or even prevalence of the characters em-
ployed, especially of the Northern Island species. The descriptions of the ten species origi-
nally published by A. Cunningham (Ann. Nat. Hist. (1839), ii. 206) are very faulty and incom-
plete, and the specimens in his Herbarium were much intermixed. Those in my ‘ Flora of
New Zealand,’ also, are very defective in regard to the alpine and Middle Island species, of
which I have now better materials. As with so many other genera, it is vain to expect to name
single specimens of single species ; the characters are in most cases comparative, and until
some general notion of the prevalent forms of the genus is obtained, the distinctive charac-
ters of the species, such as they are, cannot be appreciated, nor in some cases understood.

1. Shrubs or trees, erect, rarely prostrate , never creeping and rooting.

A. Female flowers aggregated ( rarely solitary). Leaves glabrous, rarely fascicled,
a. Leaves 3-8 in., membranous, greenish when dry. Peduncles 1-2 in.

Leaves 3-6 in. Corolla ^ in., tubular 1. C. lucida.

Leaves 4-8 in. Corolla in., bell- or funnel-shaped .... 2. (7. grandifolia.

f3. Leaves 1—3 in., black or brown when dry. Peduncle 0 or -(-1 in. long.
Robust, maritime ; twigs glabrous. Leaves obovate, margins re-
curved 3. C. Baueriana.

Slender, maritime ; twigs pubescent. Leaves 1-2 in., obovate . 4. C. peliolata.

Robust. Leaves 2-3 in., oblong, coriaceous, acute 5. C. robusta.

Leaves 1-2 in., linear or linear-oblong, subacute 6. C. Cunninghamii.

Leaves 1-2 in., membranous, ovate-oblong, acute 1. C. acutifolia.

Slender. Leaves orbicular or spatlmlate, petioles broad, flat . . 8. C. spathulata.

B. Female flowers solitary, males solitary or fascicled,
a. Twigs hirsute or densely pubescent. Leaves more or less pubescent, especially the young.
Leaves i-f in. orbicular, membranous, cuspidate. Drupe didy-

mous 9. C. rotundifolia.

Leaves $—§ in., oblong or obovate, blunt or subacute 10. C. ciliata.

/3. Twigs glabrous or pubescent. Leaves glabrous (or puberulous in C. divaricata
and tenuicaulis) .

Flowers lateral. Leaves broad, small, i-| in., spathulate oblong
or orbicular.

Leaves puberulous below, veins reticulate 11. C. tenuicaulis.

Twigs very pubescent. Female corolla long, tubular, 4- or 5 -fid 12. C. rhamnnides.
Twigs almost glabrous. Female corolla 4- or 5-partite . . .13. C. divaricata.

112 xxxviii. rubiace.u. {Coprosma.

Twigs pubescent. Leaves very coriaceous. Female corolla 4- or 5-

partite 14. C. parvijlora.

Flowers lateral. Leaves linear 15. C. propin qua.

Flowers terminal. Leaves oblong, or obovate- or cuneate- oblong.

Leaves ^-2 in. Flowers in. long 16. C.fcetidissima.

Leaves i-l in., straight, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, retuse . . 17. 0. Colensoi.

Leaves j-J in. recurved, coriaceous, cuneate-oblong . . . . 18. C. cuneata.

Flowers terminal. Leaves very narrow, linear or linear-oblong.

Leaves geminate, in opposite pairs, linear, acerose, ~ in. broad . 19. C. acerosa.

Leaves in opposite fascicles, linear-lanceolate, rigid, concave

above, ^ in. broad 20. C. depressa.

Leaves linear or lanceolate, flat, i-J in. long, T’^— Jj- broad . . 21. C. microcarpa.

Leaves 5-I in. long, in. broad, linear or lanceolate, concave ;

upper stipules tubular 22. C. linariifolia.

II. Stems prostrate and rooting. Small-leaved alpine species -
Leaves ovate-oblong or obovate. Corolla tubular, curved . . .23. C. repens.

Leaves oblong or linear-oblong. Male corolla in. long . . .24. C. pumila.

1. C. lucida, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 104. A small dioecious or monoe-
cious, perfectly glabrous, leafy tree ; bark pale. Leaves 3-6 in. long, oblong-
obovate or -lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed into a petiole J in.
long, membranous, bright green when dry, shining above, paler with veins
finely reticulated below. Peduncles 1-2 in. long, 3-chotomously branched,
bracteate at the axils. Flowers often crowded in threes at the ends of the pe-
dicels, 5-merous; — male: calyx hemispherical, limb toothed; corolla tubular,
about \ in. long, 5-cleft to the middle, lobes erect ; anthers linear, as long as
the corolla ; — -fern. : calyx-limb truncate ; corolla-lobes linear, reflexed ; sta-
mens minute, included ; styles filiform, 3 or 4 times longer than the corolla.
Drupe ^ in. long, pink.

Northern Island, abundant. Middle Island, Banks and Solander, etc. ; Otago, lake
district, and south-east coast, Hector and Buchanan. Fruit edible.

2. C. grandifolia, Ilook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 104. A small, perfectly gla-
brous tree, very similar to C. lucida , but with larger, more membranous, less
shining leaves, and longer corollas. Bark pale. Leaves 4-8 in. long,
elliptic- or obovate- or lanceolate-oblong, acute or cuspidate, green when dry
but hardly shining, pale below, veins obscurely reticulated; petioles •§— .1 in.
long. Peduncles 1-3 in. 2-bracteate, 3-chotomous ; male pedicels bearing a
dense head, females 3-flowered ; — male: calyx minute, urceolate, 4- or 5-lobed ;
corolla -j— j in. long, funnel- or bell-shaped, shortly 4- or 5-lobed; anthers much
shorter than the corolla; — -fem. : calyx-limb 4-toothed ; corolla very slender,
styles ^ in. Berry as in C. lucida , but seed usually longer. — Ronabea aus-
tralis, A. Rich.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands to Wellington, common, Banks and Solander, etc.
The corolla varies a good deal in shape and breadth.

3. C. Baueriana, Endl. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 105. A small, perfectly gla-
brous, robust, monoecious, branching tree or large shrub, with almost fleshy
bright-green foliage, black when dry. Branches stout, terete or 4-angled,
perfectly glabrous; bark pale, wrinkled. Leaves 1| in. long, broadly
oblong-obovate, obtuse rounded or retuse at the tip, rarely smaller, oblong-
lanceolate and subacute, narrowed into short petioles, margins recurved, pale
below with few veins. Peduncles as long as the petioles or shorter, stout,

Coprosma.]

XXXVIII. RUBIACE.'E.

US

rarely-branched, 3-many-flowered. Mowers l—} in. long, capitate ; —
male : calyx minute, shortly 4-lobed ; corolla bell-shaped ; anthers broad ; —
fern. : calyx-limb short, truncate or 4-lobed ; corolla-tube short, terete, lobes
4, short, obtuse, spreading ; styles very stout, about twice as long as the co-
rolla. Drupe broadly obovoid, ^ in. long. — Endl.'Icon. PL iii. ; C. return.
Banks and Sol. ; Hook. f. in Journ. Bot. iii. 415.

Northern Island: common on maritime rocks. Middle Island: Massacre Bay,
Lyall. This precisely accords with Endlicher’s figure, drawn from a Norfolk Island specimen,
and differs from the following in the perfectly glabrous branchlets and young leaves.

4. C. petiolata, Hook. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. i. 128 (1857). A
maritime shrub, very similar indeed to C. Baueriana, but the leaves are less
fleshy, and the young foliage and branches covered with a minute pubescence.
Leaves 1-2| in. long, oblong-obovate, obtuse rounded or retuse, narrowed
into rather slender petioles. Peduncles and flowers as in C. Baueriana , but
the latter rather smaller.

Northern Island : maritime rqeks south of Castle Point, Colenso. Kermadec
Islands, M‘ Gillivray. A variable plant. Coleuso’s specimens are very small, from a small
dense rigid shrub ; the Kermadec Island ones have small leaves with margins hardly recurved.
The same plant in Norfolk Island and Lord Howe’s Island has much larger, more obovate
leaves, rather green when dry. It may prove to be a variety of C. Baueriana, but the pu-
bescent branches at once distinguish it.

5. G. robusta, Raoul; — FI. N. Z. i. 105. A large erect, stout, per-
fectly glabrous, leafy, glossy green shrub. Branches glabrous ; bark pale-
brown, wrinkled, shining. Leaves numerous and close-set, 2-3 in. long,
^-lf broad, elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed into
short stout petioles, when dry brown, paler below, margins slightly recurved.
Flowers very densely capitate, sessile or on short stout peduncles, heads
nearly \ in. diam. ; — male : calyx minute, cupular, 4- or 5-toothed ; corolla

in. long, bell-shaped, 4- or 5-lobed or -parted ; anthers linear-oblong ; — -fern. :
calyx-tube tubular, truncate, entire or with 5-8 glandular points; corolla
tubular, unequally 2-5-toothed ; styles very stout. Drupe small, less than
£ in. long. — Raoul, Choix, xxiii. t. 21.

Abundant in forests throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Raoul’s figure is
not characteristic of the excellent specimens he gave me. I suspect that this species may vary
i into the following.

6. C. Ctmningliamii, Hook. /., n. sp. An erect twiggy bush, with
slender or stout, erect, rarely divaricating, glabrous branches and twigs, and
pale-brown bark. Leaves erect, often crowded, ^—2 in. long, ■§— i broad,
linear or linear-lanceolate or -oblong, obtuse or acute, dark-brown when dry,
paler below, coriaceous, flat ; veins few, dark ; stipules short, rather mem-
branous. Flowers sessile, glomerate on lateral branchlets, ^ in. long; — -

| male : calyx-limb cupular, short, 4- or 5-toothed ; corolla bell- shaped, 4- or 5-
partite ; — -fern. : calyx-limb tubular, 5-8-toothed ; corolla shortly bell-shaped,
4-5-lobed to the middle or lower. Drupe ovoid, J in. long, crowned with
the tubular calyx-limb. — C. feetidissima, A. Cunn. in part, not Forst.

Northern Island : common towards the seacoast. Chatham Island, Dieffenlach.
Middle Island : Akaroa, Raoul. An extremely variable plant, perhaps a form of C. ro-
busta, but very different-looking, with much smaller narrower leaves, sessile •flowers, and
VOL. I. I

114

XXXVIII. RU1SIACE.*.

[ Coprosma .

smaller fruit. In the ‘New Zealand Flora’ I had confounded it with C. propinqua, to
which it is very near, hut differs in the fascicled female flowers, larger leaves, and blanches
rarely divaricating at right angles. In Cunningham’s Herbarium it is mixed with pro-
pinqua, under the name of fcetidissima, Forst. From C. linariifolia it differs in the fasci-
cled flowers, calyx and stipules not long and sheathing. I have gathered at the Bay of
Islauds what appears to he an extremely slender and narrow-leaved form of this, with almost
white hark, and female flowers sometimes solitary.

7. C. acutifolia. Hook. f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. i. 128 (1857). A
small tree, quite glabrous. Branches slender; bark pale. Leaves 1-21,- in.
long, -h- 1 broad, ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, membranous, dark-brown
when dry ; veins spreading, veinlets finely reticulated below ; petioles slender,
i in. long ; stipules broad, very deciduous. Peduncles as long as the petioles,
slender, simple or 3-chotomously branched ; branches 3-flowered ; — male .- | in.
long ; calyx minute, cupular ; corolla between bell- and funnel-shaped, 4- or
5-lobed; — -fern.: unknown.

Kermadec group, from the coast to the mountain-tops, M‘ Gillivray . A most distinct
species. I have small specimens of a veiy similar and perhaps identical plant, with more
coriaceous leaves and sessile drupes, gathered by Colenso in the Ruahine district, where it
forms a tree 12-18 ft. high.

8. C. spathulata, A. Cunn. ;—Fl. N.Z . i. 106. A slender, glabrous,
shining shrub, 3-5 ft. high and more, sparingly leafy. Branches spreading,
twigs obscurely puberulous ; bark pale, ashy or grey. Leaves ^-2 in. long,
orbicular or broadly ovate, rounded retuse or 2-lobed at the tip, suddenly
contracted into a flat winged petiole longer or shorter than the blade, rather
coriaceous, glossy above, paler below, margins recurved, veins few, diverging,
faint, not reticulated, brown when dry ; stipules cuspidate, deciduous.
Flowers sessile, axillary, small, in. long -,—male : solitary geminate or
fascicled ; calyx cupular, 4- or 5-lobed to the base, lobes linear, obtuse ; corolla
bell-shaped, 4- or 5 -partite ; — fem. : fascicled; calyx-tube ovoid, glabrous,
limb 4- or 5-partite, lobes linear, erect, ciliate ; corolla 4- or 5-partite to
the base ; styles twice as long as the corolla. Drupe ovoid, b in.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands to Auckland, not uncommon in forests, etc., Banks and
Solander, etc. A well-marked species, from the linear broad petioles and orbicular blade of
the leaf, the long lobes of the calyx of both sexes, and deeply divided corolla of the female.

9. C. rotan difolia, A. Cunn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 109. A large shrub,
much and diffusely branched, 3-6 ft. high. Branches lax, long, very slender,
divaricating at right angles ; twigs pubescent, ultimate villous with spreading
or appressed hairs ; bark grey or pale-brown. Leaves in rather remote pairs,
j-i in. long, orbicular or broadly oblong, cuspidate or abruptly acute, sud-
denly narrowed into slender ciliate petioles | in. long, very membranous,
more or less ciliate and hairy, especially on the under surface ; veins finely
reticulate beneath ; stipules small, membranous. Flowers very minute,

in. long ; — male : solitary or 2 or 3, sessile; calyx cup-shaped, mem-
branous, 4-toothed, teeth equal or 2 longer; corolla short, deeply 4-cleft ; — —
fem. : calyx-tube hairy, limb shortly tubular, 4- or 5-toothed ; corolla shortly
funnel-shaped, unequally 4- or 5- cleft to the middle. Drupe very small, didy-
mous, much broader than long, ■)- in. broad.

Northern Island: marshy ground, river banks, etc., Bay of Islands, A. Cunningham ,
to Wellington, Ralphs. Middle Island : Otago, Hector and Buchanan (a scrap only). 1 have

Coprosma.~\

XXXVIII. ltUBlACEAl.

115

only male flowers of Ralphs’ specimen, which lias smaller, oblong acuminate leaves. A most
distinct form of species, from the slender habit, very membranous, ciliate (at length glabrous)
cuspidate leaves, minute flowers, and didymous drupe.

10. C. ciliata, Hook.f. FI. Antarct. i. 22. A lax or densely-branched
shrub, 4-10 ft. high. Branches stout or slender, ultimate villous with rather
rigid hairs ; bark very pale, nearly white. Leaves tufted on short lateral
branchlets, y— f in. long, oblong, rounded or subacute at the tip, Hat, rather
membranous, very shortly petioled, petiole margin and under surface more or
less ciliated, dusky brown when dry ; veins few, nearly parallel to margin,
not reticulated ; stipules broad, villous, cuspidate. Blower and fruit un-
known.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, abundant, J. I). H. I have seen
no New Zealand specimens of this most distinct species, which a good deal resembles C. pilosa,
Endl., of Norfolk Island.

11. C. tenuicaulis, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 106. An erect shrub, 4-6
ft. high. Branches slender, divaricating, but not at right angles, pubemlous,
bark pale-grey or brown. Leaves generally in distant pairs, y— y in., orbi-
cular-spathulate, or broadly ovate-spatliulate, obtuse or subacute, flat, puberu-
lous on the under surface, veins few, reticulated in large areoles, suddenly
narrowed into short petioles, not coriaceous ; stipules pubescent, not ciliated.
Flowers axillary; — male solitary or fascicled ; calyx cupular, minute, 4-toothed;
corolla i in. diam., between funnel- and bell-shaped, 4-lobed nearly to the
base ; anthers nearly as large as the lobes ; fem. : unknown. Drupes very
small, globose, yk— §- in. diam.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, Colenso, etc. What I have described in FI. N. Z. as
the female flower of this, I now refer without hesitation to C. divaricata, which this species
closely approaches, but differs in the bark, in the less divaricating branches, leaves in series
of pairs on the twigs (not in terminal pairs on lateral branchlets), pubescent, reticulated
veined below, and in the globose drupe.

12. C. rhamnoid.es, A. Gann. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 107. A densely branched
bush, 2-4 ft. high or more. Branches slender, much diva'ricating, divided
often flexuous and interlaced, pubescent ; bark pale, not smooth and even.
Leaves y— \ in. long, A— \ broad, orbicular or oblong, rounded retuse or acute,
narrowed suddenly into a short petiole, Hat, greenish-brown, quite glabrous ;
veins very indistinct, not reticulated. Flowers minute, solitary, axillary, y'(y
in. long, on short curved bracteolate peduncles ; — male: calyx cupular, 4-lobed,
membranous; corolla bell-shaped, 4-lobed;— -fem. : calyx-tube ovoid, glabrous,
limb shortly tubular, 4- or 5-lobed; corolla tubular, rather slender, curved,
mouth shortly 4- or 5-cleft ; styles filiform. Drupe very small, yiy-A in. diam.,
globose or oblong. — ? C. gracilis, A. Cunn.

Northern and Middle Islands: not uncommon from the Bay of Islands to Otago.
The divaricating slender pubescent branches, small broad glabrous leaves, minute axillary
flowers, and tubular female corolla, are the best marks of this species, which in Cunning-
ham’s Herbarium is mixed with the following.

13. C. divaricata, A. Cunn. A laxly branched shrub, 8-10 ft. high ;
branches very slender, widely divaricating, glabrous or minutely pubescent ;
bark dark red-brown, quite even. Leaves in pairs on very short lateral shoots,
i-f in. long, orbicular or obovate-spathulate, shortly petioled, in small varieties

I 2

116

XXXVIII. RUBIACEj®.

[Coprosma.

coriaceous, in larger membranous and puberulous wlien young, contracted into
petioles of variable length ; veins not reticulated. Flowers ; — male : not seen ;
fem. : axillary, solitary, minute, in. long ; calyx-tube glabrous, limb short,
tubular, unequally and often irregularly 4- or 5-lobed ; corolla 4- or 5-partite,
almost to the base ; styles slender. Drupe small, obovoid, a— l in. long, vari-
able in size and colour.

Common in the Northern and probably throughout the islands, Otago, Lyall. I am
greatly puzzled with this plant, which is the C. divaricata, 5. latifolia, and e. coriacea, of
my N. Z. Flora, and in Cunningham’s Herbarium is mixed with C. rhamnoides, and is with
difficulty distinguished from it ; its prominent characters are, the very slender branches di-
varicating at right angles, the smooth brown bark, almost glabrous twigs, and female corolla
not tubular and cleft at the mouth, but spreading and divided to the base. The large-leaved
form ( latifolia ) has larger membranous rounded leaves, somewhat pubescent helow, the smaller
( coriacea ) has more coriaceous spathulate leaves. Of the variety y. pallida of FI. N. Z.,
which has young male flowers only, I can make out nothing more ; it has pale hark, and
spathulate leaves, opposite throughout the twigs, it was collected by Colenso in the Waira-
rapa valley, where it forms a small tree 5-7 ft. high, and where also the true divaricata
grows. Cunningham’s C. gracilis (divaricata, /3. gracilis, FI. N. Z.) has neither flower
nor fruit, and is, I now think, referable to C. rhamnoides, having more pubescent twdgs than
C. divaricata.

14. C. parviflora. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 107. A large dense rigid
branching leafy bush. Branches slender, pubescent, divaricating more or less ;
bark pale-grey. Leaves small, rather close-set, fascicled on lateral branchlets,
very uniform, y— | in. long, obovate or linear-oblong, rounded at tip, rarely
subacute, very shortly petioled, rigid, flat, not shining, dark-brown when dry,
very obscurely veined ; stipules pubescent, ciliate. Flowers minute, lateral,
solitary, subsessile ; — male : calyx cupular, 4-toothed ; corolla in. long,
broadly bell-shaped, 4-partite ; — -fem. : calyx-limb glabrous, tube very short,
jagged, and ciliolate; corolla T¥ in., 4- or 6-cleft f way down ; style in.
Drupe ovoid, i— y in. — C. myrtillifolia, a, FI. Antarct. i. 21 ; FI. N. L. i. 108.

Northern and Middle Islands : low grounds ; common in woods as far south as Otago,
also on the mountains, Tougariro and Ruahiue range, Colenso and Bidwitl. Auckland’s
Island, J.D.H. I think that my C. myrtillifolia of Lord Auckland’s Island is referable to
this very common species, and as it was described without flower or fruit, that name had
better be abandoned. Its axillary minute flowers distinguish it well from C. Colensoi, and
its very coriaceous uniform leaves from C. divaricata, rhamnoides, and tenuicaulis.

15. C. propinqua, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 109. Tall, erect, glabrous,
woody, sparingly leafy, 4-8 ft. high. Branches divaricating, glabrous, scarcely
puberulous at the tips ; bark brown. Leaves usually in pairs on short axil-
lary branchlets, y— \ in. long, yV~ro hroad, narrow linear-oblong, obtuse,
narrowed at the base, nearly flat, coriaceous, veins indistinct ; stipules obtuse,
glabrous. Flowers lateral; — male: fascicled, A— in. long ; calyx cupular, 4-
or 5-toothed; corolla bell-shaped, 4- or 5 -cleft nearly to the base; — fem..:
calyx glabrous, limb tubular, 4- or 5-toothed ; corolla not seen. Drupe ovoid,

in. long.

Northern Island : common from the Bay of Islands, A. Cunningham, to Hawke’s Bay,
Colenso, in wet places. This is the C. propinqua, a and FI. N. Z. ;■ — the y. linariifolia
is certainly a different species, of which I have since procured fine specimens.

16. C. feetidissima, Forst. ;—Fl. N. Z. i. 105, and ii. 331. A large
glabrous shrub or small tree 8-20 ft. high, intensely fetid after being bruised,

Coprosma.']

XXXVIII. RUBIACEiE.

117

sometimes smaller and procumbent. Brandies slender, not divaricate, the
ultimate minutely puberulous , bark very pale, white or grey. Leaves 1-2|
in. long, | broad, oblong or linear- or obovate-oblong, narrowed into a
rather slender petiole in. long, obtuse or subacute, flat, rather membra-
nous, pale or dark-brown when dry, not shining ; veins 0, or diverging
and indistinct, not reticulated ; stipules glabrous or puberulous and minutely
ciliate, cuspidate, the uppermost sheathing. Flowers terminal on the branch-
lets, solitary, sessile, pendulous, rather large, | in. long ; — male : calyx cu-
pular, 4- or 5-toothed ; corolla broadly campanulate, 4- or 8-lobed to the
middle; anthers large, linear-oblong, as long as the corolla; — -fem. : calyx-
tube narrow-ovoid, limb short, tubular, toothed ; corolla tubular, curved, 4-
or 5 -cleft | way down , styles very stout and long, -j-f in. Drupe gene-
rally large, ovoid, very fleshy, | in. long. — FI. Antarct. i. 20. t. 13; C.
ajfiuis, FI. Antarct. 1. c. ; C. repens , A. Kich. ; C. pusilla , Forst. ?

Mountainous districts of the Northern and Middle Islands : abundant. Lord
Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Tsland : abundant. The fetid odour, oblong leaves,
and large solitary terminal flowers, well characterize this most distinct species ; the leaves
are very variable.

17. C. Colensoi, Hook, f., n. sp. — C. my rtilli folia, y. linearis, FI. N. Z.
i. 108. A small, subalpine, slender, perfectly glabrous shrub, 3-4 ft. high.
Branches slender, spreading, puberulous ; bark white or grey. Leaves usually
fascicled on short lateral twigs, \ in. long, broad, very variable in
shape, narrow-oblong lanceolate- or obovate-oblong, more or less obtusely
truncate and emarginate, narrowed into short slender petioles, margins sub-
recurved, pale yellow-brown when dry, coriaceous, almost veinless ; stipules
glabrous, not ciliated. Flowers solitary, terminal, on very short curved pedi-
cels ; — male : -} in. long ; calyx cupular, 4-lobed, 2 lateral lobes much longer,
patent ; corolla bell-shaped, 4-lobed, but not to the middle ; — -fem. : calyx-
tube cupular, unequally jagged and ciliate ; corolla T’^ in. long, 5 -partite, lobes
spreading. Drupe small, ■§• in. long, ovoid.

Mountainous regions in the N orthern Island, near Cook’s Straits, Colenso. A very dis-
tinct species, allied to C. parviflora, in the retuse apices of the coriaceous leaves, the white
bark, and olive-brown hue when dry ; but differing in the slender habit, lax foliage, leaves
not recurved, and stipules not ciliated. When out of flower with difficulty to be distinguished
by descriptions from divaricata, tenuicaulis, and other lowland species, with which it has no
real affinity however.

18. C. cuneata, HooJc.f. FI. Antarct. i. 21. t. 15 ; FI. N. Z. i. 110. A
rigid, woody, much branched, erect or prostrate, very leafy shrub, 1-7 ft. high.
Branches stout, glabrous or puberulous; bark white brown or black. Leaves
fascicled, close-set, §■ in. long, i— £ in. broad, cuueate- oblong or obovate-
laneeolate or linear-obovate, retuse obtuse or subacute, often recurved, very rigid
coriaceous and shining, a deeply sunk midrib above, almost veinless below; sti-
pules (young) with fimbriate or densely ciliate margins. Flowers terminal ;—
male : calyx cupular, jagged and fimbriate at the mouth; corolla i in. long,
nearly -j diam., with short funnel-shaped limb, and 4 or 5 long spreading
lobes ; anthers-^- in. long; — -fem: calyx glabrous, with a 4- or 5-lobed limb;
corolla not seen. Drupe globose or oblong, rather small, jt-L in. long.

Mountains of the Northern and Middle Islands: Ruabine and Lake Taupo ranges,

J IS

XXXVIII. IlUlIl ACEyE.

\_Coprosma .

am] Mount Ilikurangi, Colenso ; Mount Egmont, Dieffenbach ; Otago, lake district, Hector
and Buchanan. Common in Eiord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, J. B. II.
I believe this to be one of the most distinct forms of the genus, but almost impossible to
distinguish by foliage from some states of C. parviflora and others : its prevalent characters
are the very stout leafy habit, small recurved, very rigid and coriaceous, more or less cuneate
leaves, fimbriate or densely ciliate young stipules, and terminal, solitary, rather large flowers;
but flat-leaved forms approach C. parviflora, narrow-leaved ones C. propinqua, lax-leaved ones
C. Co/ensoi, and the stipules are sometimes glabrous.

19. C. acerosa, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 109. A low, excessively
branched, spreading shrub, 2-5 ft. high. Branches divaricating, flexuous
and tortuous, puberulous ; bark yellow-brown. Leaves uniform, in oppo-
site pairs or opposite fascicles on the twigs, \ in. long, broad, linear,
subacute, erecto-patent, veinless ; stipules short, puberulous, not ciliate.
Blowers; — male .- calyx cup-shaped, 4-lobed, 2 lobes short acute, 2 much
longer oblong obtuse ; corolla A- £ in. diam., broadly bell-shaped, 4-cleft to or
below the middle; — -fern. : minute, calyx-limb very short, 4-toothed; corolla
XV in., 4-cleft to the middle; styles as long as the leaves. Drupe ovoid,
nearly £-A in. long.

Northern, Middle, and Southern Islands : not uncommon in rocky places, sand-
banks, forests, etc. ; Hokianga, etc., in salt marshes, A. Cunningham. Colenso remarks
that at Ahuriri the berries are sky-blue, transparent, as large as sloes, and eaten by the
natives. A most distinct plant. I have a prostrate form from the mountains of Canter-
bury, alt. 4000 ft., and the lake district, Otago.

20. C. depressa, Col. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 110. A small, dense, prostrate,
much branched bush, 1-4 ft. high. Branches pubescent ; bark grey. Leaves
in opposite fascicles, y in. long, TV wide, spreading, rather recurved,
linear-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, rigid, coriaceous, nerveless, rather concave,
yellow-green when dry ; stipules pubescent and ciliate. Flowers ; — male :
calyx minute, cupshaped, equally 4 toothed ; corolla TV in. long, bell-shaped,
4- or 5 -cleft calyx-limb short, 4-toothed ; corolla not seen. Drupe
orange-yellow, sweet, about a in. long.

Northern Island : in mountainous localities, Lake Taupo, top of Ruahine and Hawke’s
Ray ranges, Colenso. Perhaps a form of C. cuneata, but with much smaller narrower leaves.
Some forms approach C. acerosa, but the leaves are always broader and rather concave when
dry.

21. C. microcarpa. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 110, and ii. 331. A leafy
shrub, 1-10 ft. high. Branches slender, close-set, divaricating, pubescent,
leafy ; bark grey. Leaves in pairs on short slender lateral branchlets, y— |
in. long, xy- tV in. broad, spreading, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, flat,
veinless, dark-brown when dry, not coriaceous ; stipules short, ciliate. Flowers
minute; — male: calyx cup-shaped, 4-toothed; corolla broadly bell-shaped,
a in. diam., 4-partite, lobes narrow acuminate, long ; ; — fem . : calyx-limb short,
tubular, 4-toothed; corolla TV in., tubular or funnel-shaped, 4-cleft i way
down. Drupe very small, globose, TV in. diam.

Northern Island : tops of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Perhaps a variety of C.
cuneata.

22. G. Imariifoiia, Hook. f. ; — C. propinqua, y, FI. N. Z. i. 109. A
tall, erect, branching shrub. Branches spreading, slender or rather stout,
twigs puberulous ; bark grey or black. Leaves all opposite (rarely fascicled),
X-1 in. long, xo -y in. broad, linear linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,

Cojprosma.~\

XXXVIII. UUDIACEiE.

119

acute or acuminate, flat, rather coriaceous, black wheu dry ; stipules puberu-
lous, the upper produced into loug sheaths, acute, ciliate. Flowers ; — male :
not seen ; — -fern. : calyx-limb of 4 long, linear, erect, obtuse teeth ; corolla 4-
partite, t1q in. long, lobes narrow acuminate ; styles as long as the leaves.
Drupe ovoid, £ in. long, generally crowned with the calyx-limb.

Northern and Middle Island: in mountain localities; Ruahine mountains and woods
at Manawarakua, etc., Colenso ; banks of the Waihopai, Munro ; Lake Tekapo, Eaast ;
Otago, Lindsay. A very well marked species by the foliage, long calyx-lobes and styles of
the female flower, and long sheathing stipules ; in many respects it closely resembles states
of the. C. Cunninghamii and C. propinqua.

23. C. repens, Ilook.f.; — FI. Antarct. i. 23. t. 16 A ( not A. Rich.) ;
FI. N. Z. i. 110. A small alpine matted species, with long prostrate, creep-
ing, rather stout flaccid stems and branches, densely leafy. Branches glabrous,
bark pale. Leaves close-set and fascicled, \ in. long, spreading or recurved,
ovate-oblong or obovate, rounded at the tip, concave, very coriaceous, rather
shining, black wheu dry, with thickened margins ; veins 0 ; stipules short,
obtuse, glabrous. Flowers : — male .- not seen ; — -fern. : minute, sessile ; calyx
shortly 4-toothed ; corolla T’T in. long, tubular, curved, 4-cleft at the mouth;
styles sometimes 3 or 4. Drupe large, very succulent, sometimes nearly ^ in.
long, orange-yellow, with 2-4 nuts.

Northern. Island: open grounds near Lake Taupo, Colenso. Lord Auckland’s
group and Campbell’s Island: common on the hills, J. D. H. Probably common in the
Southern Alps, but I have seen no specimens.

24. C. pumila. Hook. f. FI. Antarct. i. 22. t. 16 B; FI. N. Z. i. 3.
A small, alpine, creeping, tafted species. Branches densely leafy, glabrous ;
bark pale. Leaves imbricate, patent or suberect, ^ in. long, oblong
linear-oblong or -obovate, obtuse or acute, rigid, veiy coriaceous, shining
and rather concave when dry, veinless ; stipules glabrous, obtuse. Flowers
sessile, erect ; — male : very large, ^-1^ in. long ; calyx cupular, 4-lobed ;
corolla tubular, curved, shortly 4- or 5-lobed ; anthers very large; — fern. .-
calyx 5-toothed ; corolla like the male, but half the size ; styles 2. Drupe
i in. long, orange-yellow.

Mountains of the Northern Island : summit of Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Mid-
dle Island .- subalpine regions near the Great Godley glacier, Haast ; Otago, lake district.
Hector and Buchanan.

2. NEItTERA, Banks aud Solander.

Small creeping herbs. Leaves petioled, ovate, stipulate. Flowers axillary,
solitary, sessile, hermaphrodite. — Calyx-tube ovoid ; limb truncate or obscurely
4-toothed. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, 4- or 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5,
inserted at the base of the corolla ; filaments exserted ; anthers large, pendulous.
Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, filiform, very long, hirsute ; cells 1-ovuled. Drupe
red, fleshy, containing 2 plano-convex, coriaceous, 1 -seeded nuts.

A small genus, of which one species is widely diffused in the southern hemisphere, the
others are natives of New Zealand. It scarcely differs from Coprosma, except in the herba-

ceous habit.

Perfectly glabrous. Leaves broadly-ovate 1 . 2V. depressa.

Perfectly glabrous. Leaves narrow-ovate 2. N. Cunninghamii.

120

XXXVIII. RUBIACEAb

\Nertera.

Hairy or villous. Leaves cordate-ovate, long petioled . ... 3. N. dichondrafolia.

Hispid or glabrate. Leaves ovate or oblong, short petioled . . 4. N. setulosa.

1. IVF. depressa, Banks and Sol. ; — FI. N. Z.i. 112. Perfectly glabrous.
Stems creeping and rooting, tufted, 6-10 in. long, 4-gonous. Leaves i-l
in. long, broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, coriaceous or almost fleshy ; petioles
as long as the blade or shorter. Stipules very small. Flowers minute, ses-
sile, Tlp in. long. Calyx-limb 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped.

Middle Island : Wai-au-au mountains, alt. 3000 ft., Travers. Southern Island,
Lyall. Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H. Also found in Tasmania, Tristan d’Acuuha,
and the Andes of South America, from Mexico to Fuegia.

2. BJ. Cuiminghamii, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 112. Altogether very
similar to N. depressa, but smaller, more slender, with more acute leaves.
Calyx-limb obscurely 4-lobed. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped. Stamens erect.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, common in moist places; Taupo plains, Colenso.
This appears also to be a Philippine Island plant.

3. H. diehondraefolia, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 112. t. 28 A. Stems
slender, creeping, hairy or villous, a span to 2 feet long. Leaves | in.
long, broadly ovate-cordate, acute or apiculate, membranous, more or less hairy
above, glabrous below ; petiole slender, as long as the blade. Flowers very
small and fruit as in N. depressa. — N. gracilis, Eaoul, in Ann. Sc. Nat. ;
Geophila (?) dicliondrcrfolia, A. Cunn.

Northern and Middle Islands : common in damp places. Very variable in size and
hairiness.

4. N. setulosa, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 112. t. 28. B. Small, hispid or
glabrate ; stem rigid, wiry, slender, 2-3 in. long ; branches erect or ascend-
ing. Leaves ^ in. long, broadly ovate or oblong, obtuse, with stiff white
hairs on the upper surface, glabrous below ; petiole short ; stipules small,
notched. Flowers white, inconspicuous, as long as the leaves. Calyx-tube
hispid. Corolla very slender, 4- or 5-toothed. Filaments long, exserted ;
anthers pendulous, linear-oblong, 2-lobed at the base. Styles very long.
Drape small, hispid. Embryo veiy minute.

Northern Island : Ahuriri and head of Wairarapa valley, Colenso.

3. GALIUM, Linn.

Slender, weak, prostrate, erect or climbing, often hispid herbs ; stems 4-
angled. Leaves whorled, entire or ciliated. Flowers minute, white or yellow,
on axillary, simple or branched peduncles. — Calyx-tube globose ; limb 0. Co-
rolla rotate, 3- or 4-partite ; lobes valvate. Stamens 3 or 4 ; filaments short ;
anthers didymous. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, short, with simple or capitate
stigmas ; ovules 1 in each cell. Fruit minute, of 2 dry, 1-seeded carpels.

A very large European and Oriental genus, found also in most other parts of the world.

Leaves 4-nate, linear-lanceolate 1. G. tenuicaule.

Leaves 4-nate, oblong, mucronate 2. G. umbrosum.

1. G. tenuicaule, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 113. Stem straggling;
branches 4 in .-3 ft. long, glabrous or scabrid. Leaves whorled in fours,
\ in. long, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, awned or acuminate, scabrid on

Galium.']

XXXVIII. RliBIACE^.

121

the edges and midrib below. Peduncles 1-3-flowered, spreading, longer or
shorter than the leaves, decurved in fruit. Flowers white, T‘¥ in. diam. Fruit
of 2 minute, globose, glabrous carpels.

Northern and Middle Islands: abundant in grassy situations, ascending to 4000 ft.,
Ban/cs and Solander, etc.

2. G. umhrosum, Forst. — G. propinqtium, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 113.
Very variable, annual, usually erect and rather stiff, but often weak and strag-
gling, 1-10 in. long, glabrous or ciliated on the stem and leaves. Leaves in
whorls of 4, -Jg— §• 'n- long, broadly oblong, acuminate or awned, marked with
pellucid dots when seen between the eye and light. Peduncles 1-3-flowered,
longer or shorter than the leaves. Flowers very minute, white. Fruit of 2
globose, smooth, minute carpels.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. I suspect that the Tasma-
nian G. citiare, nob., does not differ from this.

4. ASFERULA, Linn.

Characters of Galium, but corolla more or less bell- or funnel-shaped.

A less frequent genus than Galium, but very large and with about the same distribution.

1. A. perp-usilla, IIooJc. f. FI. N. Z. i. 114. A small, slender, de-
cumbent, inconspicuous annual, everywhere perfectly glabrous. Stems very
short, 1-2 in., Aliform, branched. Leaves 4 in a whorl, tV- tV in. long,
lanceolate, acuminate, awned, often curving to one side. Flowers solitary,
sessile, white. Calyx-tube glabrous. Corolla funnel-shaped, in. diam.,
4-partite ; lobes linear. Styles united, their tips free, divergent.

Northern and Middle Islands: not uncommon in dry and sandy places; base of
Tongariro and of the Tararua range, Colenso ; upper Motucka alps, 2000 ft., Haast, Munrn ;
Canterbury, Travers ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. The smallest known species of the
genus, and the smallest flowering plant, except Tillcea and Lemna in the islands.

Two species of the Australian genus Opercularia are described (erroneously) by Gsertner
as having been found in New Zealand by Banks and Solander; there are no specimens of
them in Banks’s Herbarium. The flowers are in iuvolucrate heads, and the capsules open by
transverse lids.

Order XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

Herbs shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple in most
of the New Zealand species, exstipulate. Flowers minute (florets), sessile,
densely crowded on flat or conical receptacles, forming heads surrounded by
an involucre consisting of 1 or more series of linear, erect bracts. Eeceptacle
naked or bearing scales, smooth, pitted or papillose.— Calyx-tube adnate with
the ovary ; limb 0 or represented by bristles scales or hairs (pappus). Co-
rolla of two forms, tubular and 4- or 5 -cleft with valvate lobes, or tubular
below with a long linear limb ; usually both kinds occur in each head, the
outer ligulate (ray-florets) forming a ray of 1 or 2 series round the inner
which are tubular (disk flowers) ; the ray -flowers are female or hermaphrodite,
the disk-flowers male or hermaphrodite. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of

122

XXXIX. COJI POSIT.E.

the corolla ; anthers usually united in a tube which sheaths the style ; cells
often produced downward (tailed). Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; style filiform,
with 2 stigmatic branches ; ovule 1, erect. Fruit a dry nut or achene. Seed
erect ; testa membranous ; albumen 0 ; cotyledons oblong, plano-convex,
radicle short, inferior.

One of the largest Orders of flowering-plants, found in almost every part of the globe
to which flowering plants extend. The New Zealand genera are with few exceptions Aus-
tralian also.

Subord. 1. Corymbiferse. — Florets all tubular , or of the ray liyulate. Herbs shrubs
or trees, without mil/cj/ juice.

(1. ASTEROIDE.E.)

a. Liyulate florets , when present, never yellow. Pappus riyid, of lony unequal scabrid

hairs.

Shrubs or trees. Peduncles 1- or mauy-flowered. Leaves whitish

below. Veins branching 1. Olearia.

Herbs. Peduncles many-flowered. Leaves large, with many pa-
rallel ribs 2. Pleurophyllum.

Herbs. Leaves all radical. Scape 1-flowered 3. Celmisia.

Branched herb, leafy, branches 1 -flowered 4. Vittadinia.

0. Liyulate florets white or purplish, revolute. Pappus 0, or of small scales or short

hairs.

Scapigerous herbs. Achene beaked. Pappus 0 5. Lagenophora.

Seapigerous herbs. Achene not beaked. Pappus very short or 0 6. Brachycohe.

(2. Senecionide.®.)

■y. Liyulate florets white or yellow. Pappus of 2 bristles ... 7. Bidens.

8. Florets all tubular. Pappus 0.

Tufted moss-like herbs. Florets purplish 8. Abrotanella.

Heads yellow, unisexual or with % and $ florets ; outer fl. 9 in

1 or many series 9. Cotula.

e. Florets all tubular, yellow. Heads all collected into one dense ylobose ball.
Pappus soft and plumose.

Scapigerous herbs, with globose inflorescence 10. Craspebia.

£ Liyulate florets, if present, yellow ( inner scales of involucre sometimes white,
spreadiny, and resembliny a ray). Pappus of soft, white hairs.

f Shrubs. Leaves all small. Involucral scales in many series. Liyidate fl. 0.

Receptacle narrow, with scales amongst the flowers 11. Cassinta.

Receptacle narrow, not without scales amongst the flowers . . .12. Ozotha xinus.

ft Herbs. Involucral scales in 2 or several series. Liyulate fl. 0.

Small, creeping, tufted, alpine herbs. Heads small, sessile . . . 13. Raoulia.

Erect or decumbent herbs. Scales of involucre with or without

white rays 14. Gnaphalium.

Tufted, woolly, alpine herbs, with very broad sessile heads . . . 15. IIaastia.

ttt Herbs shrubs or trees. Involucral scales in 1 series. Liyulate fl. 0 or yellow.
Herbs. Outer florets tubular, excessively slender, female . . . 16. Erechtites.

Outer florets ligulate or similar to interior. Pappus soft, white . 17. Senecjo.

Outer florets small, irregularly cleft 18. Brachyglottis.

Ligulate fl. 0. Pappus very rigid, yellowish .19. Traversia

XXXIX. COMPOSITiE.

123

(3. ClCHORACEzE.)

Snbord. 2. Liguliflorse. — Florets all ligulate. Herbs with milky juice.
Herbs with radical leaves and leafless \-flowered scapes.

Athene not beaked. Pappus flattened, subulate 20. Microseris.

Achene not beaked. Pappus of soft, simple hairs 21. Crepis.

Aehene muricate upwards, beaked. Pappus plumose 22. Taraxacum.

Branched leafy herbs.

Achene ribbed, compressed. Pappus plumose 23. Picris.

Achene flat or winged. Pappus of simple, very soft hairs . . . 24. Sonchus.

1. OLE ARIA, Moench.

(Eurybia, Cass.)

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate or fascicled, very rigid, coriaceous, with
white or buff tomentum below. — Heads large or small, rayed, corymbose or
solitary, peduncled or sessile. Involucre of imbricate, rigid scales. Recep-
tacle convex, alveolate or almost even. Florets 20-100 (rarely 1-4); outer
female, in one row, ligulate, white, the rest tubular, hermaphrodite ; anthers
with very short tails. Pappus of one or more rows of long, rigid, usually un-
equal, scabrid hairs, acute or thickened at the points. Achenes ribbed, terete,
not flattened.

A very large New Zealand and Australian genus, which will possibly have to be united
with some others of the Old or New World ; most were included, by De Caudolle, under
Eurybia, Cass., a genus established on the siugle pappus, but which cannot be separated
from Olearia. The small N. Zealand section, having opposite pairs or fascicles of leaves, might
(on account of its habit) be separated generically, were it not for intermediate Australian
forms. The terete (not compressed) achene and short tails to the anther-cells, distinguish the
genus from the Northern shrubby Asters ; and the branched, shrubby or arboreous habit
alone from Celmisia and Fleurophyllum. The three first species, or two of them, may prove
varieties of one, as may the fourth and fifth of another.

I. Leaves alternate, not fascicled.

A. Head solitary oti a bradeate peduncle, 1-11 diam. ; florets 50-100. Bays large,
long. Leaves very coriaceous, 2-5 in. long.

Leaves 2-4 in., closely obtusely toothed. Bracts imbricate . . l.O. operina.

Leaves 2-4 in., closely obtusely toothed. Bracts few, leafy . . 2. O. angustifolia.

Leaves 1-2,) in., toothed towards the tip -3.O. semidentata.

B. Heads panicled, 1 in. diam.; florets 50-80, rays very short. Leaves broad,
2-5 in. long, very conuceous, toothed.

Leaves acutely irregularly toothed 4. O. Colensoi.

Leaves crenulate 5. O. Ly ail'd.

C. Head very large, solitary on a long naked ped,uncle ; florets

very numerous, rays short. Leaves 3-6 in., entire . . .6.0. insignis.

D. Heads panicled, small, 1 in. diam. ; florels 8-20. Leaves 1^-4 in. long, obit
or ovate , coriaceous, entire, waved or toothed.

Leaves rather shining below, oblong, obtuse. Heads 1 iu. long . 7- O. furfuracea.

Leaves silvery below, oblong or ovate, acute, toothed. Heads g— i

in. long 8 . O. nilida.

Leaves silvery below, oblong, acute at both ends, toothed ; veins

diverging 9. O. dentala.

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

[ Olearia .

121

Leaves shining below, linear-oblong, spinous, truncate at the base 10. 0. ilicifolia.

Leaves with soft white wool below, acute, toothed. Achenes

glabrous 11. 0. Cunninghamii.

E. Heads solitary or corymbose, small, J in. diam. ; florets 10-20. Leaves less
than 1 in. long, entire.

Leaves 1 in., flat. Heads corymbose ; involucre closely imbricate 12. 0. Haastii.

Leaves g— § in., flat. Heads corymbose ; involucre lax .... 13. 0. moschata.

Leaves in., convex. Head solitary 14. 0. nummularifoHa.

F. Heads corymbose, very narrow ; florets 1-4. Leaves 1-3 in. long.

Leaves waved, oblong, obtuse, reticulate on both sides .... 15. 0. Forsteri.

Leaves lanceolate-obloug, acute, flat, reticulate on both sides . . 16. 0. avicenniaflolia.

Leaves oblong, obtuse, waved, not evidently reticulate .... 17. 0. albida.

II. Leaves in opposite pairs or opposite fascicles, i-1 in. long.

Leaves i-f in., pale below. Heads pedicelled 18. 0. virgata.

Leaves 1-2 in., obovate or oblong, grey and silvery below . . . 19. 0. Heclori.

Leaves ^ in., linear, yellow below. Heads sessile 20. 0. Solandri.

1. O. operina, Hoolc. f. FI. N. Z. i. 114. A stout branching shrub.
Branches thick; leaves below and inflorescence covered with white tomentum.
Leaves crowded, 2-4 in. long, f broad, rigidly coriaceous," narrowly obovate-
lanceolate, acuminate ; teeth with obtuse, callous tips, glabrous above ; veins
almost obliterated beneath. Peduncles 2 in. long, stout, thickly clothed with
imbricating, ovate -lanceolate bracts in. long ; heads 1-1^ in. diam. Co-
rolla-tube of ray glabrous, of disk puberulous. Pappus hairs very unequal.
Acliene } in. long, ribbed, silky.- — Arnica operina, Forst.

a. Branches as thick as a goose-quill, glabrous below. Flower of ray f in. long.

/3. Branches as thick as the finger, tomentose. Flower of ray very short.

Middle Island: a, Dusky Bay, Forster, Menzies ; /3, Fort Preservation, Lyall.

2. O. angustifolia, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 115. Very similar to 0.
operina, f3, but the leaves much more attenuated, longer, with 3-5 distinct
parallel ribs below, the teeth closer, and the peduncles bearing fewer leaf-like
bracts, of which the upper are 1-2 in. long. The specimens are past
flower.

Stewart’s Island, Lyall.

3. Q. semidentata, Decaisne ; — FI. N. Z. i. 115. A much more
slender species than the preceding. Branches as thick as a crow-quill.
Leaves 1^-2|- in. long, narrow oblong- or linear-lanceolate, acute, serrate
towards the tip, white below. Peduncles 1^ in. long, with few bracts ;
head 1^ in. diam., purple? Achene ■§■ in. long, ribbed, almost glabrous.

Chatham Island, Bieffenbach. A beautiful plate of this plant was prepared by M. De-
caisne, in 1845, for a work (hitherto unpublished) on the botany of the French expedition
in the ‘ Venus.’ The leaves are broader in the figure thau in rny specimens.

4. O. Colensoi, Jloolc.f. Fl.N.Z.i. 115. t. 29. A stout branching shrub.
Leaves very thick and rigid, l|-4 in. long, broadly oblong- or lanceolate-obo-
vate, acute, acutely irregularly toothed, shining above, with thick buff or
white tomentum beneath; ribs evident or obliterated below. Panicles 6-10-
headed, bracteate. Heads ^ in. diam. ; involucral scales linear, in 1 or 2 series.

Olearia.']

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

125

scarious, villous at the tips. Ray florets very short. Pappus white, unequal,
in several rows. Achene silky.

а. Leaves without obvious petioles, shorter than the panicles.

/3. Leaves iu distiuct petioles, longer than the panicles.

Northern and Middle Islands: var. a, Mount Hikurangi, Colsnso ; mountains of
Canterbury, Haast ; var. /3, Dusky Bay, Ltjall.

5. O. Inyallii, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 116. A small, very robust tree,
much resembling 0. Colensoi and similarly clothed, but far more robust, the
leaves very broadly elliptical or oblong, with diverging veins, obtusely crenulate,
the panicles much stouter ; involucral bracts in more series. Petioles very
broad and thick.

Lord Auckland’s Islands, Lyall, Bolton. A noble plant. I have the foliage of what
is possibly the same, gathered by Lyall in Milford Sound, hut the branch and petioles are
more slender.

б. O. insigms, Ilook.f. FI. N. Z. ii. 331. A very robust and remark-
able species. Branches as thick as the finger, very densely clothed with thick
fulvous or reddish tomentum, as are the young leaves, old leaves below, pe-
tioles, peduncles, and involucres. Leaves 3-5 in. long, 2-3 broad, oblong,
obtuse, quite entire, excessively thick and hard, unequal at the base, shining-
above; petiole -|-ly in. long. Peduncle as thick as a goose-quill, 6-10 in.
long. Head hemispherical. Involucral scales in very many imbricating
series, subulate-lanceolate, acuminate, with rigid, recurved, needle-like points,
the outer obtuse. Florets excessively numerous, of ray with filiform pilose
tubes, \ in. long, and narrow short rays. Pappus rufous, of one series of
equal scabrid hairs, thickened at their tips. Achene very slender, densely
silky. *

Middle Island : hanks of the Waihopai, on the driest rocks, Munro ; Awatere valley,
Sinclair. A most magnificent plant, almost generically distinct from Burybia in the simple
pappus of equal hairs, thickened at the tip, but it approaches some Australian species iu
habit, size, and other respects.

7. O. furfuracea, Hook. f. — Furybia,D C. ; FI. N. Z. i. 117. A small
tree, 10-15 ft. high. Branches terete, velvety ; twigs deeply grooved, and in-
florescence and leaves below covered with closely-appressed matted hairs, pro-
ducing a shining surface. Leaves 1^-2^ in. broad, ovate-oblong, obtuse,
waved, rarely sinuate-toothed, rounded and unequal at base, reticulated
above ; petiole -|-1 in. long. Corymbs large, branched, loose, spreading.
Heads very numerous, in. long, diam. ; involucral scales imbricate, ob-
long, obtuse. Florets longer than involucre, of ray 3 or 4 with short broad
rays, of disk 6-8. Pappus white, outer hairs short. Achene slender, angled,
puberulous, and glandular. — Hcixtonia furfuracea , A. Cunn. ; Aster, A. Rich. ;
SItawia, Raoul.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands to the east coast. Banks and Solander.

8. O. nitida, Hook.f — Furybia, FI. N. Z. i. 117. A small tree, resem-
bling 0. furfuracea, but the tomentum is more silvery and shining, and leaves
more ovate, less coriaceous, sinuate-toothed, and acute or acuminate. Heads
in close, manv-flowered, rounded corymbs, on silky pedicels, in. long,
about as broad; involucral scales few, pilose, or laxly villous; florets 15-20,

12G xxxix. compostt/e. [ Olearia .

rays short. Pappus unequal. Achene silky. — Eurybia alpina, Lindl. and
Paxt. Mag. ; Solidago arborescens, Forst., not A. Cunn.

Mountainous regions of the Northern Island, Banks and Solander, etc.: Mount Eg-
mont, alt. 4000 ft., Dieffeubach ; Tongariro and Ruahine range, Colenso. Abundant
throughout the Middle Island.

9. O. dentata, Hook.f. — Eurybia dentata, a, FI. N. Z. i. 118. A shrub
or small straggling tree, 20 ft. high, smelling of musk. Branches, panicles,
and leaves below with very appressed down. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong,
acute or acuminate, young pubescent above, 2-4 in. long, toothed and rather
waved along the margins, not truncate at the base ; veins at an obtuse angle to
the midrib. Heads white, in large rounded or flattened, many-headed co-
rymbs, I in. long, broadly campanulate ; involucral scales few, pubescent
and pilose; florets 10-12, of ray short; pappus white or red, in one series,
hairs thickened at tips. Achene short, TV in. long, pilose and ribbed.

Northern Island : Ruahine range, Colenso. Middle Island : Otago, Sector. Wood
streaked with yellow, makes fair veneers, Buchanan.

10. O. ilicifolia. Hook. f. — Eurybia dentata , /3, FI. N. Z. i. 118. Very
similar to O. dentata , and also smelling of musk, but branches and twigs nearly
glabrous. Leaves longer and narrower, usually truncate at the base, much
and deeply waved at the margin, with spinous teeth, yellowish below when
dry, and veins at right angles to the midrib. Heads as in O. dentata.

Northern Island: Tongariro, Bidwill ; Ruahine range, Colenso. Middle Island:
Ilaast river, Canterbury, Haast ; Otago, Lyall ; lake district, Hector and Buchanan.
Certainly distinct from O. dentata, and remarkable for its yellow hue when dry, waved
spinous leaves, and horizontal veins.

11. O. Cunninghamii, Hook. f. — Eurybia , FI. N. Z. i. 117* t. 30.
A small tree, 12-20 ft. high. Branches, panicles, petioles, and under surface
of leaves covered with soft white or brown tomentum. Leaves 2-5 in. long,
oblong ovate-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, acute, more or less toothed, finely
reticulated above ; veins diverging, but not at right angles. Heads very nu-
merous, in large broad panicles with diverging branches, broadly campanu-
late, y in. diam. ; involucre shortly turbinate, scales very woolly or nearly
glabrous, obtuse or acute, much shorter than the florets ; florets 12-20 ; rays
few, broad ; pappus white or reddish, unequal, rather thickened at the tips.
Achene quite glabrous.- — Br acliy glottis Rani, A. Cunn.

Northern Island: not uncommon in woods, Banks and Solander, etc. Middle
Island: Nelson, common, Travers ; Ship Cove, Lyall. Very variable in size of foliage, in
its toothing, and in the involucre sometimes of very tomentose obtuse scales, at others of
nearly glabrous acute ones.

12. O. Haastii, Hook. /., n. sp. A small shrubby tree. Branches
stout and corymbs hoary. Leaves f-li in. long, oblong or ovate- or linear-
oblong, obtuse, very coriaceous, quite entire, reticulate and shining above,
below white and smooth, with close appressed white down, not^ shining, flat;
veins very obscure, at right angles to midrib. Heads in rather loose pe-
duncled corymbs, •§• in. long, i in. diam., 10-15-flowered ; involucre cyliu-
dric, scales closely imbricate, oblong, obtuse, glabrous, inner nearly as long as
the florets ; ray florets few, broad ; pappus white, unequal. Achene loosely
pilose.

Olearia .]

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

127

Middle Island : near the glacier of Lake Okau, alt. 4-4500 ft., Haast. I received this
plant first from the late Mr. Veiteli, of Exeter, who cultivated it from seeds brought from
New Zealand, bearing the MS. name Eurybia parvifolia.

13. O. moschata, IIoo/c. /., n. sp. A much-branched shrub, smell-
ing strongly of musk. Branches, peduncles, and leaves below covered
with densely appressed, white or yellowish tomentum. Leaves •§— f in. long,
narrow obovate-oblong, obtuse, quite entire, flat, narrowed into a very short
petiole, hardly reticulated above ; veins quite obsolete below. Corymbs
axillary, long-peduncled. Heads few, long-pedicelled, campanulate, ^ in.
diam. ; involucral scales in few series, outer short, obtuse, white, tomentose,
inner brown ; florets 12-20 ; pappus whitish, unequal. Achene silky.

Middle Island : Mount Cook, 2500-3500 ft., and banks of Haast and Hopkins rivers,
Haast ; Otago, lake district, alt. 2000 ft., Hector and Buchanan.

14. O. mmrnmlarifolia, Hook. f. — Eurybia, FI. IST. Z. i. 118. A
rigid, erect shrub, 1-10 ft. high, more or less viscid. Branches stout, erect,
often glutinous. Leaves close-set, erect spreading or reflexed, | in. long,
orbicular oblong or obovate, obtuse, quite entire, margins recurved, very hard
and coriaceous, reticulate and shining above, below white or yellow, covered
with appressed down. Heads solitary, on peduncles longer or shorter than
the leaves, £ in. long, ■§ broad ; involucre turbinate, scales appressed, im-
bricate, broad, obtuse, nearly glabrous or the outer pubescent ; florets 8-10,
rays rather broad ; pappus white, unequal. Achene pubescent.

Alps of the Northern and Middle Islands, alt. 4000 ft: Tongariro, Bidwill ; Mount
Hikurangi, Colenso ; Nelson, Bidwill ; Southern Alps, in various places, Sinclair, Haast,
Travers ; Otago, lake district, Hector and Buchanan. Travers sends a variety from the
Wairau gorge, alt. 4500 ft., with the margins of leaves so recurved that the latter are cymbi-
forra, and the outer scales of the involucre are tomentose.

15. O. Forsteri, Hook. f. — Eurybia, FI. N. Z. i. 119. A small tree,
closely resembling O. furfuracea in habit and foliage. Leaves 2-3 in. long,
oblong, obtuse, margins undulate, both surfaces finely reticulate, lower
white with densely appressed down ; petioles 1 in. long. Corymbs shorter
than the leaves, peduncled, spreading, many-headed. Heads fascicled and
sessile on the branches of the panicle, 4- J- in. long ; involucre narrow, scales
few, lax, coriaceous, shining, white, obtuse, nearly glabrous; florets 1 or 2,
one often ligulate ; pappus white, unequal. Achene pubescent. — S/iawia
paniculata, Forst.

Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc. ; head of Ruamalianga and
banks of the Pahawa river, Colenso ; Akaroa, Raoul.

16. O. avicenxiiaefolia, Hoolc. f. — Eurybia , FI. N. Z. i. 120. A
small tree. Branches hoary. Leaves l|-2£ in. long, elliptic- or lanceolate-
oblong, narrowed at both ends, subacute, margins flat, reticulate on both
surfaces, white or rufous with closely appressed tomentum below ; petioles

in. long. Corymbs peduncled, densely very many-headed. Heads
shortly pedicelled, 4 in. long, narrow ; involucre cylindric, scales few, imbri-
cate, coriaceous, glabrous, ciliate, not shining; florets 3 or 4, one with a
broad ray ; pappus white. Achene silky. — Shawia aviceunicrfulia , Baoul,
t. 13.

128 xxxix. composite. [Olearia.

Middle Island: Akaroa , Raoul; Nelson, Bidmll ; Southern Alps, Uaast ; Otago, lake
district, Hector and Buchanan.

17. O. albida, Hook.f. — Eurybia, FI. N. Z. i. 118. A small tree, very
like 0. Forsteri in habit and foliage, but the leaves are not evidently reticulate
on either surface, the under surface is rather softer and very white, the panicles
larger, more effuse. Heads quite different, pedicelled, \ in. long, subcylindric ;
involucral scales imbricate, short, obtuse, pubescent ; florets 2 or 3, one often
ligulate ; pappus white, unequal. Achene pubescent.

Northern Island, Colenso ; Auckland, Sinclair.

. 18. O. virgata, Hook.f. — Eurybia, FI. N. Z. i. 119. Tin erect, twiggy
shrub, 3-8 ft. high. Branches opposite, angled or grooved, glabrous or pu-
bescent. Leaves f in. long, linear-oblong obovate or spathulate, obtuse,
rarely quite linear, with white or fulvous tomentum beneath, veinless, margins
flat or recurved. Heads solitary or fascicled, on short or long slender pedi-
cels, rarely sessile, broadly campanulate, \ in. diam. ; involucral scales woolly,
few, short ; ray florets few ; pappus white or reddish. Achene pubescent.

Var. a. Leaves 1—1 in., narrow linear-obovate, flat.

Var. /3. Leaves 1 in., linear, margins recurved.

Var. 7. Leaves 1-1 5 in., excessively narrow linear, margins recurved.

Northern Island, var. a, boggy places, Wairarapa, Colenso. Middle Island, var. a
and /8, Wairau Pass, by watercourses, Bidwill; Rangitata river, Sinclair ; Lake Tikapo and
Wainaka, Haast ; Otago, Lindsay. Var. 7, Otago, Lindsay; lake district, Hector and
Buchanan. Very variable in size, breadth, and colour of foliage.

19. O. Hectori, Hook. /., n. sp. Habit of 0. virgata , but leaves 1-2
in. long, obovate, on slender petioles, membranous, covered below with pale-
grey silvery tomentum, the veins distinct.

Middle Island : Otago, lake district, Hector and Buchanan, “a beautiful shrubby tree.”
Possibly an extreme form of 0. virgata, but a most distinct-looking plant.

20. O. Solandri, Hook.f. — Eurybia, FI. N. Z. i. 119. An erect shrub,
5 ft. high. Branches stout, upper opposite, angled, often viscid. Leaves in
opposite pairs or fascicles, i in. long, uniform, narrow linear or linear-obo-
vate, obtuse, margins recurved, covered until yellow tomentum below. Heads
solitary, sessile, \ in. long ; involucre turbinate, scales numerous, short, im-
bricated, obtuse, fulvous ; florets 8-10, ray short ; pappus red, equal. Achene
pubescent.

Northern Island : sandy shores of the cast coast, Banks and Solauder, Cunningham ,
etc. Habit of Cassinia fulvida.

2. PLEUEOPHYLLUM, Hook. f.

Tall, succulent, robust, leafy, silky or woolly herbs. Leaves radical and
cauline, with numerous stout parallel ribs. — Heads racemed. Involucre he-
mispherical, scales in 2 or 3 series, herbaceous. Receptacle flat, alveolate,
toothed. Florets very numerous, of the ray in 1-3 series, ligulate, female ;
of the disk tubular, 4- or 5 -toothed, hermaphrodite. Pappus of 2 or 3 series,
rigid, scabrid, unequal. Anthers shortly tailed. Achene angled, densely
setose.

The only species known are confined to the islets south of New Zealand, and are noble

Pleurophyllum .]

XXXIX. COMPOSIT/E.

129

plants. The genus is best distinguished from such Olearias as 0. Colensoi by its herbaceous

habit and ribbed leaves.

Heads with long, purple, 3-toothed rays 1 . P. speciosum.

Heads with very short 2-3-partite rays 2. P. criniferum.

1. P. speciosum, Hoolc.f. FI. Antarct. i. 31. t. 22, 23. Stem 2-3 ft.
high ; root thick, fleshy. Leaves villous with bristles intermingled, radical
oblong, 1 ft. long, 6-8 in. broad, quite entire, ribs 18-20, canline smaller.
Eaceme leafy, sometimes compound below. Heads 2 in. broad, very hand-
some, purple.

liord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, in wet places, J. D. H.

2. P. criniferum, Hoolc.f. FI. Antarct. i. 32. t. 24, 25. Stem 2-6 ft.
high, sometimes branched at the base, covered at the base with the curled
hair-like dry ribs of the old leaves. Radical and lower leaves silky-villous,
2 ft. long, 1 broad, amplexicaul at the base, broadly oblong, quite entire,
ribs about 20-40, upper narrow, densely silky. Raceme simple. Heads
subglobose ; involucral scales ciliate-dentate, glabrous or tomentose.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, iu swampy places, J. B. II.
M'Quarrie’s Island, Fraser.

3. CELMISIA, Cass.

Perennial Aster-like herbs, with fusiform roots, or creeping branched
rhizomes. Leaves all radical, rosulate, simple, entire or toothed, most fre-
quently covered with more or less appressed white or buff tomentum. Scapes
with linear bracts, 1-headed. — Heads large, rayed. Involucral scales in few
or many series, linear or subulate, usually pubescent or cottony or glandular,
often recurved. Receptacle plane or convex, even or deeply alveolate. Florets
of ray female , in one series, with long spreading or revolute, white or purplish
ligules ; arms of style with linear obtuse even arms, thickened at the edges :
of disk hermaphrodite, tubular, 5-toothed, tube often thickened below;
anthers with very short tails ; arms of style shorter, tipped with long or
short glandular cones. Pappus of about 2 series of rather few, unequal, rigid,
scabrid, white or reddish bristles, the outer shorter. Acliene linear, often
as long as the pappus, angled or terete, rarely compressed, glabrous or silky,
the hairs usually bifid at the very tip.

A most beautiful genus, abundant in New Zealand, and, as in all the other large genera of
these islands, the species are very variable, difficult to discriminate, and intermediate forms
may be expected between those here described. It is very closely allied in characters but
not in habit to the large northern genus Erigeron, and the minute obscure tails to the
anthers is the only diagnostic mark ; three South American Erigerons, indeed, have all the
habits of Celmisia, they have, however, the a nthers of Erigeron, in which genus Weddell
has placed them. From Aster, the same characters ef the anthers, and the rarely flattened
achenes distinguish them. From Olearia and Pleurophyllum, they differ only in habit.
Two of the New Zealand species, and another are Australian ; the genus is unknown else-
where.

A. Leaves more or less toothed or serrate ( often obscurely), white or buff beneath
( glabrous in a var. of Sinclairii). Involucres generally viscid..

Leaves 6-9 x 1^-2 in., acutely serrate, lanceolate 1. C. holosericea.

Leaves 3-6 x 3-I3 in., crenate, narrow linear-oblong 2. C. densiflora.

VOL. I. K

130 xxxix. composite. [ Celmisia .

Leaves £-2| x 5-3 in., suhserrate, linear or spathulate, coriaceous,

white below 3. C. discolor.

Leaves 11-2x1-1 in., crenate-serrate, obovate-oblong, buff below.

Achene silky 4. C. hieracifolia.

Leaves 1-2 x 3-2 in., obovate-oblong or spathulate, white below, mar-
gins recurved. Bracts many. Achene glabrous 5. C. Haastii.

Leaves 1-2 x i~i in., serrulate, coriaceous, obovate, with white, soft

tomentum below 6. C. incana.

Leaves 2-21 x 1 in., scarcely serrate, linear-oblong. Rays distant,

corolla-tube rigid 7 ■ C. lindsayi.

Leaves 1 i— 2 x 5 -§ in., scarcely serrate, oblong or spathulate, mem-
branous 8. C. Sinclairii.

B. Leaves 3-1S x |-3 in., quite entire ( obscurely toothed or rough in C. verbascifolia, spec-
tabilis, and petiolata), silvery silky or woolly below [glabrate in C. Mackaui).

Leaves 4-8 x 1-3 in., oblong or lanceolate, not silvery below. Achene

glabrous 9. C. verbascifolia.

Leaves 10-18 x 1-21 in., lanceolate, silky below. Achene pilose . . 10. C. coriacea.

Leaves 10 x 11 in., narrow lanceolate, glabrate on both sides . . . 11. C. Mackaui.

Leaves 3-5 x J-§ in., linear, silvery above, shining below . . . .12 . C. Munroi.

Leaves 8-18 x l-j in., ensiform, even and glabrous above, silvery below 13. C. Lyallii.

Leaves 3x1 in., linear, obtuse, viscons above, grooved below . . .14. C. viscosa.

Leaves 6-12 x |-lf in., linear-oblong, with long purple sheaths . . 15. C. petiolata.

Leaves 4-6 x 1-1 in., linear-lanceolate, with opaque, thick, huff,

loose toinentum below 16. C. spectabi/is.

Leaves 9x11 in., oblong, and scape and head, with dense velvety, rusty

tomentum below 17. C. Traversii.

C. Leaves 1-12 x ^-5 in., very narrovi-linear or linear-oblong, white below, or on

both sides.

Leaves 2-18 x TU-y in., narrow, margins recurved, cottony and silvery 18. C. longifolia.

Leaves 1-1 x TV in., acerose, pungent, silvery 19. C. laricifolia.

Leaves x f~4 iu., linear-spathulate, silky on both sides .... 20. C. Eectori.
Leaves 1-f x Ty in., shortly silky on both sides. Head sessile . . 21. C. sessilijlora.

D. Leaves perfectly glabrous on both surfaces, or with minute glandular pubescence only.
(1 See 8, Sinclairii, in A, and 11, Mackaui, in B.)

Leaves i x 1 in., ohtuse, green, quite entire 22. C. bel/idioides.

Leaves f-1 xj in., spathulate, acute, serrate 23. C. glandulosa.

Leaves 1-4 x^- 1 in., linear, curved, coriaceous, shining 24. C. vernicosa.

1. C. holosericea. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 121. t. 31. Leaves 6-9 in.
long, 1^-2 broad,, flat, leathery, lanceolate, acute, acutely serrate, quite gla-
brous above, with fine, nearly parallel veins, covered below with a thin layer of
white appressed tomentum, except the midrib ; petiolar part broadly sheath-
ing, 1 in. long and broad, furrowed, quite glabrous, shining, margins mem-
branous.- Scape 1-ly ft. long, slender, glabrous, with linear bracts 1 in.
long. Head 2-3 \ in. broad ; involucral scales in many series, subulate, outer-
most leafy, the rest glabrous or viscid, with recurved tips ; florets glabrous ;
ray narrow, f-1 in. long; pappus i in. long, as long as the pilose achene. —
Aster holoser iceus, Forst.

Middle Islaud : Dusky Bay, Forster; Port Preservation, Lyall. A magnificent plant.

2. C. densiflora, IIooJc. /., n. sp. Leaves 3-6 in. long, f-li broad,
narrow linear-oblong, obtuse, flat, leathery, crenate-dentate, quite glabrous
but viscid above, below covered (except the midrib) with appressed white

Celmisia.]

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

131

tomentum; veins 0; petiolar part 1-1 \ long-, broad, sheathing, glabrous,
grooved, shining. Scape 8-12 in. long, slender, with few linear bracts 1 in.
long. Head 1-2 in. broad ; involucral scales excessively numerous, subu-
late, recurved, pubescent and viscid ; florets densely crowded, glabrous ; rays
twisted, numerous, -i— § in. long, narrow; pappus i in. long, as long as the
slender rather silky achene.

Middle Island : mountains near Lake Okau, Dobson’s and Hopkin’s rivers, alt. 2-5000
ft., Haast ; Otago, lake district, subalpine. Hector and Buchanan. The excessively nume-
rous florets and involucral scales (with recurved tips), short rays, and obtuse crenate leaves,
well distinguish tbis.

3. C. discolor. Hook./. FI. N. Z. i. 123. A rather small species, 4-12
in. high. Leaves imbricating upon short branches, from oblong-spathulate
to linear, the former 1-1 1 in. long by •§■ broad, the latter 2 in. long by £
broad, sometimes with slender petioles, obtuse or subacute, serrulate to the
touch or quite entire, opaque, glabrous or hoary above, white below, coria-
ceous. Scape slender, viscid ; bracts many, linear. Head f- in. diam. ;
involucral scales in few series, linear-subulate, recurved, viscid, pubescent or
tomentcse; rays narrow; pappus ~ in. long. Achene silky.

Middle Island : abundant on the mountains between 2000 and 6000 ft., from Nelson to
Milford Sound. The var. 0 of FI. N. Z. is clearly a large form. Some states approach
C. incana in the softness and laxity of the wool.

4. C. hieracifolia, Hoole.f. FI. N. Z. i. t. 34 B. Closely allied to C.
discolor, of the same size, but the branches are much shorter, the leaves l|-2

j in. long, in. broad, obovate-oblong, sessile, obtuse, obtusely serrate,
less coriaceous, with appressed buff (when dry) tomentum beneath. Scape
stout, very pubescent and viscid, with many rather leafy, erect or recurved
bracts not white below. Head as in discolor, but rather larger.

Middle Island : Nelson mountains, Bidwill, Manro. Very near C. discolor, but I think
distinct.

5. C. Haastii, I look. /., n. sp. Size and habit of C. hieracifolia, the
leaves similar in dimensions form and texture, pale yellow-green above when
dry, white with closely appressed tomentum below, margins narrowly recurved,
with a few distant obscure teeth or stout bristles. Scape stout, cottony, co-
vered with linear obtuse or acute cottony or glabrate bracts. Head f-1 in.
diam. Involucral scales linear, obtuse, hoary, membranous, erect, appressed,
hardly glandular ; rays in. long. Achene glabrous.

Middle Island : Hopkins River and Mount Darwin, alt. 4500-6000 ft ..Haast; Otago,
j lake district, alpine, Hector and Buchanan. Near C. hieracifolia and incana , but differing
wholly in the stout cottony scape, numerous bracts, linear membranous not recurved involucre-
scales, and glabrous achene.

6. C. incana, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 123. t. 34 A. Robust, 4-10 in.
high, branches from the rooting rhizome short, stout, densely clothed with
fibrous leaf-remains. Leaves crowded, 1-2 in. long, •§■-•£• broad, oblong-
spathulate, obtuse or acute, densely coriaceous, serrulate, thickly covered below
or on both surfaces with snow-white soft, not appressed tomentum. Scapes
stout, numerous, linear ; bracts woolly. Heads 1 in. diam. ; involucral scales
linear or subulate-lanceolate, recurved, pubescent and viscid ; rays nume-
rous, narrow ; pappus x in. long. Achene silky.

K 2

132

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

[ Celmisia .

Northern Island : Mount Hikuraugi and Ruahine range, Colenso. Middle Island :
Upper Wairau, Sinclair ; top of Gordon’s Nob and Macrae’s Run, alt. 4-5000 ft., Munro ;
Otago, lake district, Hector and Buchanan. Generally a very distinct species, at once dis-
tinguished by the size, soft, loose, snow-white tomentum, and very coriaceous serrate leaves,
but I fear it may pass into C. discolor.

7. C. Lindsayi, Ilook.f., n. sp. Rhizome creeping, as thick as a quill,
clothed with coriaceous, glabrous, short leaf-sheatlis. Leaves 2-2 f in. long,
f in. broad, linear-oblong, subacute, with a few small serratures, snow-
white below with appressed shining tomentum, midrib black, cottony towards
the short sheath, opaque and glabrous above. Scape slender, flexuous,
nearly glabrous. Head 1 f in. diam. ; involucral scales subulate, imbricate,
glabrous, short ; rays patent, few, distant, not recurved, f in- l°ng 1 tube
of corolla much thickened, rigid ; pappus red, f in. long. Achene silky.

Middle Island : Otago, Trap Cliffs at Shaw’s Bay, the Nuggets, mouth of the Clntha
river, Lindsay. A very distinct species, remarkable for the slender, flexuous, glabrous
scape, small imbricate involucre, few straight distant rays, and much thickened, rigid corolla-
tubes.

8. C. Sinclairii, HooJc.f., n. sp. Rhizome long, as thick as a quill.
Leaves 1^—2 in. long, f-f in. broad, linear-oblong or obovate-spathulate,
obtuse or acute, obscurely toothed, glabrous on both sides, or white below,
membranous, contracted into membranous, glabrous or hoary sheaths 1 in.
long. Scape slender, nearly glabrous. Head 1-1 f in. diam. ; involucral
scales subidate, squnrrose, recurved, pilose ; rays numerous, -3 in. long; pappus
whitish, i in. Achene silky.

Middle Island : Dun mountains, Sinclair (leaves white below) ; Tamdale, Sinclair
(leaves glabrous on both surfaces). Leaves more membranous than usual in the genus. I
have only three specimens.

9. C. verbascifolia, Hoolc.f. Fl.N. Z. i. 121. Yeiy large. Root thicker
than the thumb, spindle-shaped. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, narrowed into
very broad, purple, glabrous, sheathing petioles, with woolly edges, 4-8 in.
long, If -3 broad, coriaceous, scarcely crenulate, opaque, glabrous above, below
thickly clothed with pale, buff, loose, soft, thick tomentum ; veins diverging.
Scapes as long as the leaves, and heads densely woolly ; bracts long, linear.
Head 2 in. diam. ; involucral scales erect, linear- subulate ; tube of corolla
much thickened below ; rays very slender, {■ in. long ; pappus f in. long.
Achene glabrous, ripe not seen.

Middle Island : Milford Sound and Tort Preservation, Lyall. A splendid species.

10. C. coriacea, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 121. Leaves 10-18 in. long,
f- 2f broad, lanceolate, coriaceous, narrowed into broad woolly sheaths, co-
vered above with a silvery pellicle of matted cottony hairs, below with dense
white silvery tomentum. Scapes very stout, very cobwebby and cottony,
with many linear bracts. Head lf-3 in. diam. ; involucral scales very nu-
merous, linear-subulate, cottony or glabrous ; rays excessively numerous,
If in. long ; tube of corolla pubescent. Achene linear, compressed, f in.
long, pilose. — Aster coriaceus, Forst.

Middle Island : abundant in the mountains, from Nelson to Dusky Bay, Forster, etc.
Not hitherto found in the Northern Island, the plant alluded to in the FI. N. Z., as from the

Celmisia.]

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

133

Ruahine range, proves to have been found in the Middle Island. “Leather plant ” of colo-
nists. A magnificent species, which Mueller appears to have found in the Australian alps,
but his specimens not being in flower, I cannot well determine the point.

11. C. Mackaui, Raoul, Choix, xix. 1. 18 ; — FI. N. Z. i. 122. Altogether
similar to C. coriacea, but the mature leaves are glabrate on both sides, rather
glaucous belotv, sparingly cottony at the base only ; the scape and involucre
also glabrate, the achene quite glabrous, and the tube of the corolla thick-
ened at the base as in C. verbascifolia.

Middle Island : rocky places at Akaroa, Raoul.

12. C. Munroi, Hook. /., n. sp. Leaves 3-5 in. long, broad,
narrow linear-oblong, strict, subacute, very coriaceous, with a silvery pellicle
of matted cottony hairs above, below with dense white silvery tomentum,
wrinkled in parallel lines when dry ; margins slightly recurved ; sheaths
densely woolly and snow-white. Scape longer than the leaves, stout, very
woolly and cottony ; bracts numerous, linear. Head 1-1£ in. diam. ; invo-
lucral scales numerous, linear-subulate, erect or recurved, woolly or glabrate ;
rays very numerous, | in. long ; pappus -j in. long, Achene glabrous or his-
pidulous.

Middle Island: Upton Downs, Awatare, elev. 1500 ft., Mmiro ; Hopkins River, Mount
: Cook, and elsewhere in the alps of Canterbury, 3-4500 ft., Travers and Haast. Best dis-
tinguished from C. coriacea by the narrow, smaller, linear, longitudinally wrinkled leaves.
Munro’s specimens have quite glabrous achenes, Haast’s are hispidulous.

13. C. Lyallii, Hook. /., n. sp. Leaves 8-18 in. long, £- £• broad,
narrow ensiform, gradually tapering from a silky sheathing grooved base to the
tip, very rigidly coriaceous, quite smooth glabrous and even above, below with
dense appressed white tomentum, even or grooved, tip tapering, rigid, pale

! yellow when dry. Scape densely cottony; bracts rather rigid, linear. Head
l£-li in. diam. ; involucral scales subulate-lanceolate, rigid, rather recurved,
glabrous or cottony at the margins ; rays twisted, \ in. long ; pappus } in.
long. Achene pubescent or silky.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, lyall; Hurrumui valleys, 1200-1600 ft., Travers.
Abundant in the Rangitata, Two-thumb, and Malvern ranges, alt. 3-5000 ft., and alps of
Hopkins River, alt. 2500 ft., Sinclair and Haast ; Otago, lake district and Liudis Pass, dis-
placing the tussock grass at 4000 ft., Hector and Buchanan. A well-marked species, best
distinguished by the very long, narrow, rigid leaves, which gradually taper from base to tip,
and are usually grooved with parallel ribs beueath.

14. C. viscosa, Hook. /., n. sp. Rhizome very stout, together with
leaf-sheaths, 1 in. diam. Leaves crowded, 3 in. long, £ broad, exactly linear,
obtuse, sessile on the broader, glabrous, grooved, brown, short sheaths, very
rigid, even or grooved above, white with appressed down beneath and ridged
with parallel ribs. Scapes much longer than leaves, stout ; bracts numerous,
pubescent and viscid. Head ly in. diatn. ; involucral scales numerous, subu-
late, woolly and viscid ; rays short, revolute ; pappus | in. long. Achene
silky.

Middle Island: summit of Mount Torlesse, alt. 5-6000 ft., Haast; Otago, lake dis-
trict, subalpine, Sinclair and Haast. The short, linear, rigid, entire, viscid leaves, which
are white and ribbed below, and viscid scape, are the best marks of this species ; it approaches
states of C. discolor, but is much larger.

134

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

[Celmisia.

15. C. petiolata, HooTc.f.,n.sp. Leaves with the long purple hairy
grooved petiole 6-12 in. long, f-lf broad ; blade linear-oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, subacute, hairy or loosely villous above, greenish-white, with vil-
lous oppressed tomentum below, membranous ; midrib purple below ; veins
slender, diverging ; margins entire or denticulate. Scapes longer than the
leaves, hairy or villous, often purple ; bracts slender. Head 1|— 2-§- in. diam. ;
involucral scales narrow, subulate, tomentose or glabrate; rays \ in. long;
pappus i in. long. Achene glabrous or silky.

Middle Island : Hurrnmui mountains, in moist valleys, alt. 3000 ft., Travers ; TTopkin’s
River and Great Clyde glacier, alt. 2-6000 ft., Haast ; Raugitata river, alt. 1800 ft., Sin-
clair ; Mount Brewster, alt. 4-4500 ft., Hector The long purple petioles and purple mid-
rib of the rather membranous leaf, are constant characters in all my specimens.

16. C. spectabilis, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 122. t. 33. Rhizome very stout,
together with leaf-sheaths 1-1 1 in. diam. Leaves 4-6 in. long, f-1 broad,
narrow linear-oblong, obtuse or acute, sessile on the long, excessively silky and
shaggy sheaths, glabrous and even, young silvery above, densely clothed with
soft, loose, buff tomentum below, very thick and coriaceous ; margins re-
curved, sometimes obscurely toothed. Scape stout, much longer than leaves,
densely cottony; bracts linear. Head 1-1 \ in. broad; involucral scales
subulate, recurved, densely woolly ; rays short, narrow, very numerous ; tube
of corolla thickened below ; pappus nearly -§ in. long. Achene quite gla-
brous.

Northern Island: Tongariro, Bidwill ; Mount Hikurangi and Ruahine range, Colenso.
Abundant throughout Nelson and Canterbury provinces of the Middle Island, alt. 2-5000 ft.
The rather short, rigid leaves, covered below with loose, not appressed, bud', woolly tomen-
tum, and glabrous achenes, are the best characters of this species, which varies extremely in
stature ; very dwarf varieties are common.

17. C. Traversii, Hook.f., n. sp. Leaves beneath margins and scape
most thickly clothed with soft, velvety, rusty-brown (when dry) tomentum.
Leaves with petiole 9 in. long, 1£ broad, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, coriace-
ous, glabrous and opaque above, except the silky midrib, below purple, dilating
into the broad petiolar sheath, which is densely clothed with snow-white cot-
ton. Scape very stout ; bracts linear. Head If in. diam. ; involucral scales
very numerous, linear, acute, densely clothed with brown velvety tomentum ;
rays narrow, rather short, | in. long ; pappus \ in. Achene glabrous.

Middle Island : Discovery Peaks, Nelson, alt. 5500 ft , Travers. I have but one scape
and two leaves of this very remarkable and handsome plant, the dense, rusty, velvety
tomentum of scape and leaf below, contrasting with the snow-white cotton of the sheaths,
are most singular and beautiful features.

13. C. longifolia, Cass.; — C. gracilenla, FI. N. Z. i. 122. Leaves
usually very numerous, 1-18 in. long, in. broad, narrow-linear or nar-

row-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, not pungent, upper surface glabrous or
silvery, under silky-tomentose, margins often much recurved or revolute, rather
soft and flexuose, never rigidly coriaceous. Scapes slender, cottony ; bracts
linear. Head |- -li in. broad ; involucral scales subulate, glabrous or cot-
tony, acute or obtuse, never recurved in flower, black at tip ; rays few or
many, long or short, broad or narrow ; pappus reddish or white. Achene
glabrous or silky.

Celmisia .] xxxix. coimosiTiE. 135

Abundant throughout the islands, ascending to 5500 ft., and varying excessively in stature,
robustness, length, and breadth of leaves, one or many (8-12) slender or robust scapes, and
large or small, cottony or glabrate heads. This is the commonest Celmisia in the islands,
and is also found on the Australian and Tasmanian alps and Blue Mountains. Some states
almost pass into C. Munroi.

19. C. laricifolia, HooJc. f. FI. N. Z. ii. 331. A small species, with
prostrate rhizomes, densely leafy for 2-3 inches. Leaves densely crowded,
5-1 in. long, by ^ broad, acerose, pungent, somewhat recurved, glabrous
above, silvery or cottony below ; margins recurved. Scapes very slender, 2-4
in. long, glabrate ; bracts few, setiform. Head 5 in. diam. ; involucral scales .
few, linear-subulate, erect, cottony; florets few. Acliene hispid.

Middle Island : Gordon’s Nob and other Nelson mountains, alt. 4000 ft., Munro, Sin-
clair; summit of Mount Torlesse, alt. 4500-6000 ft., Haast.

20. C. Heetori, Hook, f., n. sp. A densely tufted species, forming ex-
tensive patches. Leaves densely imbricate, spreading, 5— f in. long, i- 5 broad,
linear- or spathulate-oblong, obtuse, silky on both surfaces ; margins recurved ;
sheaths short, coriaceous, shining, glabrous, cottony at the margins. Scape
very robust, 4-5 in. long, villous and silky ; bracts many, linear. Head
large for the plant, 1 in. diam. ; involucral scales linear-subulate, few, ob-
tuse, pubescent ; rays 5 in., long, rather broad; pappus jr in. long. Achene
silky.

Middle Island : Otago, Mount Brewster, alt. 5-6000 ft.. Hector and Buchanan. A
very pretty and distiuct little species, remarkable for the small foliage aud large head.

21. C. sessiliflora, Hook. /., n. sp. A small, robust, densely tufted,
greenish-grey species, 2-3 in. high. Leaves most numerous and densely
tufted, 5—4 in. long, T'T in. broad, strict, narrow-linear, obtuse, thick, convex
at the back, equally hoary or silky on both surfaces ; sheath as long- and
rather broader than the blade, membranous, with villous margins. Head ■§ in.
diam., sunk amongst the leaves ; involucral scales few, slender, subulate; florets
few ; rays 5 in. long ; pappus white or reddish, \ in. long. Achene silky.

Middle Island: Upper Wairau, etc., 4000 ft., Sinclair; Discovery Peaks, 5800 ft.,
Travers ; grassy flats, Mount Cook and Macaulay river, 4000 ft., Haast ; Mount Brewster,
and elsewhere in the lake district, 3-5000 ft.. Hector and Buchanan.

22. C. bellidioides, Hook./., n. sp. A small glabrous species. Rhi-
zome creeping, branched, often stout and woody. Leaves spreading, linear-
oblong, 5—5- in. long, 5—5- broad, linear-oblong or linear-spathulate, rounded
at the tip, green on both surfaces ; margin sometimes obscurely toothed, rather
coriaceous, veinless, narrowed into short, rather cottony petioles. Scape
slender, 1-2 in.. high; bracts many, leafy, narrow. Head i in. diam.; invo-
lucral scales few, green, often purple-margined, broadly linear ; rays many,

1 -jin. long; pappus | in. long ; corolla-tube pilose. Achene villous or silky. .

Middle Island : Tarndale mountains, in loose shingle, alt. 5000 ft., Sinclair; fissures
of rocks. Mount Torlesse, Macaulay and Hopkins rivers, Lake Hawai, etc., alt, 3-6000 ft.,
Haast.

23. C. glandulosa, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 124. A small glabrous plant,
1-3 in. high, covered with minute and glandular pubescence. Leaves f-1 in.
long, 5 in. broad, petioled, ovate- or oblong-spathulate, acute, acutely serrate

136

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

[Celmisia.

or toothed ; petioles dilating into very short sheaths, rigid but thin. Scape
slender ; bracts few, linear, acuminate. Head -f- in. diam. ; involueral scales
linear-subulate, erect or recurved, pubescent and ciliate ; receptacle deeply al-
veolate ; rays few, 5 in. long ; pappus -g- in. long. Acliene silky.

Northern Island: base of Tongariro, Colenso. Middle Island: Mount Cook, alt.
5-6006 ft., Haast.

24. C. vernicosa, Hoolc.f.; FI. Antarct. i. 34. 1. 26 and 27. A
densely tufted, very leafy, perfectly glabrous species, everywhere polished and
shining. Leaves excessively densely crowded, rosulate, straight or curved,
1-4 in. long, L-i broad, linear, obtuse, extremely coriaceous, convex above,
sometimes obscurely toothed; margins often recurved. Scapes solitary or
numerous, very stout, flexuose, 1-8 in. high, covered with leafy coriaceous
bracts. Head 1-ly in. diam. ; involueral scales linear, erect ; rays numerous,
-j-y in. long ; disk purple ; corolla-tube pilose ; pappus ± in. long. Achene
hispid.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : common from the sea to 1000 ft.,
,T. B. H. A most beautiful plant, quite unlike any hitherto found in New Zealand proper.

4. VITTADINIA, A. Rich.

Herbs or undershrubs, branched, leafy. Heads on the ends of the branches,
their characters those of Celmisia, but involucre obconic ; achene compressed,
very slender; rays short, and anthers not tailed.

A small genus, confined to Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Sandwich Islands.

1. V. australis, A. Rich. ; — Euryhiopsis australis, DC.; — LI. N. Z. i.
125. A small, much branched, more or less pubescent, hispid and glandular
herb, 6-12 in. high, with a short, woody rhizome, and erect, leafy, slender
branches. Leaves y— § in. long, cuneate or linear-spathulate, 3— 5-lobed or
-toothed at the tip. Heads solitary, short-peduncled ; involueral scales few,
in two series, linear, rigid, erect ; rays one series, white tipped with pink ;
pappus white or reddish, £ in. long. Achene not so long as pappus, linear,
compressed, hispid, hairs forked at the tip.

Common in dry places throughout the islands, from Auckland southwards, Wairau gorge,
alt. 4-5000 ft., Travers (a very tomentose form) ; in Otago it ranges from the sea-level to
the snow-ranges, Hector and Buchanan.

5. LAGENOPHORA, Cass.

Small perennial herbs. Leaves oblong or spathulate, usually membranous.
Scapes single-headed. — Involucre of two series of narrow, oppressed, acute
scales. Receptacle rather broad, naked. Florets many, of ray in one series,
female not yellow, with revolute ligule, and compressed, beaked, often glan-
dular achene: of disk tubular, 5-toothed; achene often imperfect; pappus 0.

A small genus, found in Australia, Tasmania, India, China, and extratropical S. America.

Petioles slender. Leaves hairy or glabrate. Heads in 1. L. Forsteri.

Petioles slender. Leaves hairy or glabrate. Heads V-j in 2. I. petiolata.

Petioles short. Leaves hirsute. Aehcnes glabrous 3. L. lanata.

Petioles broad. Leaves hirsute, piunatifid. Achenes viscid .... 4. A. pinnatifida.

Lagenophora .]

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

137

1. L. Forsteri, DC. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 125. A small, glabrous pilose or
hirsute, daisy-like, slender plant. Leaves with the slender petiole |-1£ in.
long, blade £-1 in., obovate- or orbicular-oblong, obtuse, crenate toothed or
lobed towards the base. Scape slender, 2-6 in. long, with few minute linear
bracts, or 0. Head in. diam. ; involucral scales linear, acute, appressed,
with hyaline margins, outer sometimes recurved ; rays very numerous, short,
revolute. Acliene Tj in. long, much compressed, edges thick, narrowed sud-
denly into a short, hardly viscid beak. — Calendula purnila, Forster; Microca-
calia australis, A. Rich.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc.

2. L. petiolata, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 125. In all respects like L.
Forsteri, but the heads are very much smaller, only A-A in. diam., with much
fewer florets, smaller rays, and more viscid achenes.

Common throughout the islands, ascending to 4000 ft. Kermadec Islands, M‘Gillivray.
Auckland Island, Bolton. A variety, I suspect, of L. Forsteri.

3. L. lanata, A. Cunn.;—Fl. N. Z. i. 126. Hirsute and tomentose.
Leaves obovate or obovate-spathulate, narrowed into very short petioles, -§—1
in. long, obtusely coarsely crenate-dentate. Scapes very slender, glabrous, 2-5
in. long, naked. Heads as in L. petiolata, but achenes glabrous.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, etc., common on dry grassy hills. Very similar to
L. ldrsuta, Prapp., of Chili.

4. L. pinnatifida, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 126. Hirsute. Leaves 2-4
in. long, narrow obovate-oblong or spathulate, narrowed into long broad pe-
tioles, deeply obtusely crenate-lobate or pinnatifld. Scapes 4-10 in. high,
slender, pilose. Heads in. diam. ; involucral scales as in L. petiolata.
Achene viscid.

Northern Island : east coast, Colenso ; Auckland, Sinclair. diddle Island: Can-
terbury, Sinclair and Haast ; Otago, Lindsay. Probably a form of the Australian L. Bil-
lardieri.

6. BEACHTCOME, Cass.

Scapigerous, perennial small herbs. Leaves chiefly radical, spreading. —
Heads with one series of rayed female, and numerous tubular hermaphrodite
florets. Receptacle convex, naked, papillose. Involucral scales in 1 series,
appressed, oblong-linear. Corolla of ray white blue or purplish, revolute ; of
disk 5 -toothed. . Pappus of very short bristles or 0. Achene compressed,
without beak.

A large Australian and Tasmanian genus, closely allied to the European Daisy.

Leaves all radical, entire or lobed. Scapes with 1 head 1 . B. Sincfairii.

Leaves radical and cauline, lobulate. Heads terminating branches . . 2. B. odorata.

Leaves all radical, pinuatifid. Scapes with 1 head 3. B. pinnata.

I. B. Sinclairii, Hook. /., n. sp. More or less glandular or glabrate.
Rhizome short, simple or branched, as thick as a crow-quill. Leaves all
radical, 1-2 in. long, petioled, spathulate, round at the tip, entire lobed or
subpinnatifid, coriaceous, nerveless. Scape solitary or several, strict, 2-10
in. high, glandular ; bracts 0 or 1 or 2. Head £-1 in. diam., yellow with
white ray ; involucral scales with or without a purple membranous jagged

138

XXXIX. COMrOSITAL

\_Brdchycome.

border ; pappus minute, bristly or 0. Achene much compressed, narrow
linear-obovoid, glandular or eglandular, margins thickened.

Var. a. Leaves obtusely lobulate. Involucral scales with white or pale-purple edges.
Achene glandular ; pappus 0.

Var. /3. Leaves lobulate or entire. Involucral scales as in a. Achene glabrous ; pappus
evident.

Var. y. Smaller, alpine. Leaves quite entire. Scape short, stout, very glandular. In-
volucral scales with broad purple edges. Achene glabrous ; pappus 0. Ray sometimes very
long.

Northern Island: not common; var. a, grassy places, cast coast, Colenso. Middle
Island : var. a and /8, common in subalpiue localities, Gordon’s Nob, and top of Macrae’s
Run, Munro ; shingle beds, Ahuriri, Mount Misery, alt. 2-4000 ft., aud elsewhere in
Southern Alps, Sinclair , Travers , Hector, and Haast ; var. y, Otago alps, alt. 6-7000 ft.,
Hector. A common and variable plant in the Middle Island ; the only representative of the
Daisy in New Zealand.

2. B. odorata, Iloolc.f., n.sp. A small species, 2-4 in. high, branched
from the base, pubescent and subglandular. Khizome woody, as thick as a
crow-quill, perpendicular, with ascending leafy branches at the tip, terminating-
in Stout 1- or 2-bracteate scapes. Leaves few, 1 in. long; petiole slender;
blade spathulate, deeply unequally 3-8-lobed. Scape 2-3 in. long. Head
£ in. diam. ; involucral scales short, not purple at the tips ; ray very short ;
pappus very short, obscure. Achene linear-clavate, densely glandular.

Northern Island : Patea village, Colenso, who observes that it is a favourite plant with
the natives, is called “ Rouia,” and worn round the neck for its scent. The IS. radicata
of 11. N. Z. was founded partly on this, and partly on specimens of a Brachycome in
A. Cunningham’s herbarium, which I am now convinced were introduced there by acci-
dent, and belong to an Australian species. The name of B. radicata had therefore better
be abandoned.

3. B. pinnata, Hook. /., n. sp.- — B. radicata, var. /?, FI. N. Z. i. 127.
Glabrous or minutely pubescent. Khizome stout, ascending. Leaves all
radical, -J-1 in. long, -J- in. broad, narrow linear-oblong, gradually dilated
upwards, pinnatifid, the lobes uniform, orbicular, close-set, quite entire, coria-
ceous, concave beneath. Scape slender, ebracteate, 3 in. long. Head ■§ in.
diam. ; involucral scales and florets as in B. Sinclairii.

Southern Island, Lyall. I have but one specimen of this pretty little plant.

7. BIDETfS, Linn.

Erect herbs. Leaves opposite, simple or compound. Heads erect, usually
terminal and peduncled. — Involucral scales few, erect, narrow. Keceptacle
chaffy. Florets of ray ligulate, neuter, or 0 ; of disk hermaphrodite, tubular,
5-toothed. Styles bifid, arms with subulate points. Pappus of 2-4 barbed
hispid rigid awns. Achene narrow, 4-angled, or flattened, sometimes beaked.

A large genus, found in all warm and most temperate parts of the world.

1. B. pilosa, Linn. An erect, glabrous or slightly hairy annual, 1-2 ft.
high, with angular branches. Leaves membranous, lower generally simple,
upper pinnately divided, segments 3-5, stalked, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
1-2 in. long, serrate, rarely lobed. Heads few, terminal on slender pedun-

Widens.]

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

139

cles ; involucral scales 3—5 in. long ; ray fl. few, white or 0. Achenes slender,
the inner longer, exceeding the involucre, 4-angled.

Northern Island: a weed of cultivation, not indigenous. Kermadec Island: on the
margin of the crater of Sunday Island, M'Gillivray. A common cosmopolitan weed of warm
countries.

8. ABROTANELLA, Cassini.

Including Ceeatella, Ilook.f., and Trineuron, Hook, f

Small, glabrous, alpine, tufted herbs. Leaves lax or imbricate, long or
short.-— Heads subsessile, small, inconspicuous, 4-15-flowered ; outer fl.
female; inner male or hermaphrodite. Involucre cylindric; scales few, erect,
in 1 or 2 series, coriaceous. Eeceptacle narrow, flat, papillose. Female fl. :
pappus 0 or very small ; corolla tubular, unequally 3-5-cleft at the mouth,
inflated ; style bifid, inserted on a spherical disk ; aeheue 3- or 4-angled, or
costate, obovoid or obconic. Hermaphrodite fl. : corolla narrow campanulate,
4-cleft ; stamens almost free ; style truncate.

A small genus, of which the species included under Ceratella and Trineuron (genera
founded by myself on Auckland Island plants) differ much in lax habit and foliage from the
original Fuegian Abrotanella emarginata , which has closely imbricate, minute leaves ; my
Tasmanian genus Scleroleima, again, has the habit of the Fuegian one. I follow A. Gray
(Proceedings Amer. Acad.) in reducing all to Abrotanella. The section Trineuron is found
on the Australian alps and New Zealand ; and one species is Fuegian.

Leaves IJ-1 in., narrow linear-spathulate 1 .A. spathulata.

Leaves 3-3 in., ovate-lanceolate, acute recurved 2. A. rosulata.

Leaves y- y in., very narrow linear, recurved 3 .A. pvsilla.

Leaves \ in., narrow linear-oblong, straight 4 .A. inconspicua.

1. A. spatimlata, HooJc.f. ; — Trineuron spathulatum, Fl. Autarct. i. 23.
t. 17. Stems short, tufted, 1-2 in. high, leafy. Leaves spreading, |-1 in.
long, TV“rV broad, narrow linear-spathrdate, acute or obtuse, coriaceous,
nerveless. Pleads crowded amongst the upper leaves, which are sometimes
raised above the others on a short stem, p in. long ; involucral scales 8, oblong-
lanceolate, with 3 pellucid nerves. Male fl. : corolla 4-angled, angles pel-
lucid ; — -fern. fl. : corolla 4-toothed. Achene obovoid, flattened, with 3 cel-
lular ribs.

Xiord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : in peaty soil, J. I). H.

2. A. rosulata. Hook. f. ; — Ceratella rosulata, Fl. Antarct. i. 25. t.
18. A small, densely tufted, moss-like herb ; stems 1-1 3 in. high. Leaves
imbricating, patent and recurved, rigid, coriaceous, 3— | in. long, narrow
ovate or lanceolate, acute, concave above. Heads aggregated- amongst the
upper leaves, Ay in. long ; involucral scales 8-10, linear-oblong, coriaceous,
with pellucid veins. Male fl. : corolla 4-angled, angles pellucid ; — fem. fl. :
corolla tubular, 4-toothed. Achene 4-angled, the angles produced into short
horns.

Campbell’s Island : in crevices of rocks, J. I). H.

3. A. pusilla, Hook.f.; — Trineuron pusillum, Fl. N. Z. i; 130. Stems
slender, 1 in. high, slightly puberulous. Leaves | in. long, narrow linear,

140 xxxix. composite. [ Abrotanella .

recurved, sometimes secund. Head solitary, terminal, T’j in. long ; involucral
scales linear, obtuse, ribbed. Achene linear-clavate, 4-angled.

Northern Island: snowy places amongst the Ruahiue mountains, Colenso.

4. A. inconspicua, Hoo/c.f. n. sp. A small, glabrous, tufted, very in-
conspicuous, moss-like herb. Stems % in. high, densely leafy. Leaves spread-
ing, £ in. long, in. broad, linear, or very narrow linear-oblong, subacute,
flat, coriaceous, rather rigid when dry. Head solitary, sunk in the upper
leaves; involucral scales linear-oblong, dilated upwards, obtuse, nerved ; florets
about 16, outer with very slender corollas.

Middle Island : forming soft patches on Mount Alta, elev. 6000 ft., Sector and Bu-
chanan.

9. COTULA, Linn.

Including Leptinella, Cass., and Mykiogyne, Less.

Herbs, usually perennial, flaccid or succulent, full of minute oil-glands, very
aromatic when bruised. Stems creeping or prostrate, terete. Leaves rarely
entire, usually pinnatifid. Scapes short or long, ebracteate or bracteate. —
Heads small, yellow, subglobular, unisexual, or the outer fl. female, the
inner male. Involucre of 1 or more series of few or many scales with scari-
ous margins. Eeceptaele hemispherical or conical, papillose, the exterior
papillae generally elevated into pedicels for the florets. Florets glandular or
eglandular ; pappus 0. Male fl. : tubular or funnel-shaped, with minute im-
perfect aehenes; 4 or 5 loosely cohering stamens, and stout exserted style
with discoid or bifid stigma. Female fl. : corolla 0, or short or inflated,
contracted at the unequally 3-5-toothed mouth; style exserted, 2-lobed,
seated on a spherical disk. Achene compressed, turgid or winged, obtuse
or 2-lobed, usually thick and spongy.

A large genus, abounding in many tropical and extratropical countries, especially of the
southern hemisphere. I have reduced here Leptinella and Myriogyne to it. The species
are extremely difficult to make out, and better specimens are much wanted.

1 . Cotula. Heads bisexual, outer florets in few series, female, with flat winged aehenes.
Corolla 0, or a very minute deformed one.

Stout, glabrous. Leaves £-2 in., variously cut 1 . C. coronopifolia.

Slender, much branched. Leaves |-1 in. Heads T\j in 2. C. australis.

2. Leptinella. Heads uni- or hi- sexual, female with inflated corolla. Aehenes not
winged.

* Blower-heads bisexual, outer florets female, in 1 or few series.

Scapes very leafy. Leaves much cut. Heads blackish 3. C. atrata.

Scapes ebracteate.

Stem stout, softly woolly. Leaves 2-pinnatifid, 2-4 in. Florets

eglandular 4. C. plumosa.

Stem stout, woolly. Leaves pinnate, 2-3 in. Florets glandular . 5. C. lanata.

Stem slender. Leaves 1-lj- in., pinnatifid, lobes short, distant . . 6. C. minor.

Stein wiry, slender. Leaves \ in., pinnatifid. Heads Ay in. . . . 7- C. flliformis.

Stem rigid. Leaves 1-1| in., pectinate, lobes few, entire .... 8. C. pectinata.

** Blower-heads unisexual.

Stout, glabrous or glabrate. Leaves pinnatifid. Scape bracteate.

Heads J in 9. C. pyretlirifolia.

Slender, silky with white hairs. Leaves pinnatifid. Scape short,

ebracteate. Heads in 10. C. perpusilla.

Cotula .]

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

141

Stout, glabrate. Leaves serrate or lobulate. Scape ebracteate.

Heads J in 1 1. C. dioica.

Slender, sub-woolly. Leaves pinnatifid, lobes cut. Heads X-J in. . 12. C. squalida.

3. Myriog-yne. Heads bisexual : female florets in very many
series ; males very few, in the centre. Heads sessile 13. C. minuta.

1. C. coronopifolia, Linn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 127. Perfectly glabrous;
steins succulent, creeping, brandling, ascending, 2-10 in. long. Leaves scat-
tered, j-2 in. long, lanceolate or oblong, variously toothed lobed or pinnatifid ;
petiole dilated into a broad toothed or lobed sheath. Heads -§~| in. diam.
on the scape-like ends of the branches ; involucral scales in 2 or 3 series,
linear-oblong, obtuse, membranous : ray fl. 1 series, on slender pedicels ; co-
rolla 0 ; achene flat, broadly winged, wings lobed at top and enclosing the
2-fid style, glandular on the inner face : disk fl. shortly pedicelled ; corolla
subcylindric, 4-toothed.

Northern and Middle Islands: marshy spots in various localities from the Bay of
Islands to Otago, Banks and Solander, etc. A widely-spread plant, found in Australia,
S. America, S. Africa, N. and S. Europe, and N. Africa.

2. C. australis, Hoolc. f. Fl. N. Z. i. 128. A very slender, much-
branched, flaccid herb, glabrous hairy or woolly at the nodes, 2-4 in. high.
Leaves 1 in. long, deeply pinnatifid or 2-pinnatifid ; lobes linear, entire.
Heads minute, in. broad, on long slender peduncles ; involucral scales in
2 series, membranous^ linear-oblong: ray fl. in 3 series, pedicelled, without
corolla ; achene obovate, broadly winged, wing 2-fid at the top, glandular
on the inner face : disk fl. tubular, subcylindric, 4-toothed, teeth glandular. —
Fl. Tasm. t. 50 ; Soliva tenella, A. Cunn.

Northern and Middle Islands: not rare in waste places; also found in Australia,
Tasmania, S. Africa, and Tristan d’Acunha.

3. C. plumosa, Hook. f. — Leptinella, Fl. Antarct. i. 24. t. 20. A
large, tufted, creeping, aromatic, feathery species, more or less covered with
soft, matted, villous hairs. Stems creeping, as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves
long-petioled, membranous, 2-4 in. long, oblong in outline, pinnate ; leaflets
close-set, slender, linear, recurved, pinnatifid to the base along the upper side
only, ultimate divisions ■§• in. long, linear, toothed on one side. Scapes
woolly, shorter than the leaves. Heads ^ in. diam. ; involucral scales 20-30,
broad-oblong, woolly, with broad black margins ; receptacle conic : ray fl.
2 or 3 series, shortly pedicelled ; corolla inflated, much compressed, mouth
contracted, unequally 4-toothed, cordate at base ; achene obovoid : disk fl.
funnel-shaped, 5 -toothed.

Lord Auckland’s group, Campbell’s Island, J.D.H. M'Quarrie’s Islands,
Fraser. Also found in Kerguelen’s Land. The largest and most compound-leaved N. Z.
species.

4. C. lanata, Hooic.f. — Leptinella, Fl. Antarct. i. 25. t. 19. A smaller
plant than C. plumosa ; stems creeping, 5-12 in. long, robust, densely woolly
or glabrate. Leaves 1-3 in. long, rather thick, with broad petioles, pinnate ;
pinnules close-set, curved, 3-5 -lobed or pinnatifid along the upper edge, mi-
nutely glandular. Scapes short, stout, woolly. Heads as in C. plumosa, but
smaller ; involucral scales not purple-edged. Floret of ray narrower, and all
florets covered with minute conglobate glands.

142 xxxix. composite. [ Cotula .

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, J. I). II. The Leptinella propin-
qua, Hook, f., of Campbell’s Island, is a broader-leaved variety of this species.

5. C. atrata, Hook./., n. sp. Robust, pubescent ; steins shortly creep-
ing, ascending or erect, stout, 2-4 in. high, very leafy. Leaves 1 in. long,
linear-oblong, erect, pinnatifid ; lobes close-set, crenate or toothed, thick and
fleshy. Scapes stout, pubescent, clothed with pinnatifid bracts. Heads
large, -§— £ in. diam., subglobose ; involucral scales in 2 or 3 series, oblong, ob-
tuse, entire or pectinate or pinnatifid ; receptacle conic : florets excessively
numerous, black when dry ; outer female in several series ; tube of corolla
eylindric, rugose, 3- or 4-toothed; achene linear-oblong, rugose: disk tl.
funnel-shaped, with very long rugose tube, 4-toothed.

Middle Island : shingle heaps on the alps, alt. 2-6500 ft. ; Tarndale, Sinclair ; Wairau
gorge, Travers-, Ashburton glacier, Mount Torlesse, and Macaulay river, Haast. A very
singular plant. Ilaast observes that the heads, when fresh, present a dark-yellow eye with a
brown rim. The involucral scales are sometimes quite entire, at others all pinnatifid.

6. C. minor. Hook. f. — Leptinella , LI. N. Z. i. 129. A small, creeping,
pubescent or glabrate species, 1-15 in. long. Leaves either rosulate or al-
ternate on long creeping runners, narrow linear-oblong in outline, pinnatifid
almost to the base ; leaflets rather distant, short, recurved, obovoid oblong or
linear, entire or cut on the upper edge only. Scapes slender, naked. Heads
small, \ in. diam. ; involucral scales 8-20, orbicular, with purple edges :
florets yellow, glabrous or glandular, of ray in several series ; corolla flat-
tened, ovoid, inflated, with narrow 2- or 3-toothed mouth ; achene obcuneate :
disk fl. funnel-shaped, with 4 large teeth.

Northern and Middle Islands: east coast, Colenso ; Foxhill, Nelson, Munro ; Can-
terbury plains, Lyall, Travers.

7. C. filiformis. Hook./., n. sp. A very slender, rigid, creeping plant,
glabrous or pilose. Leaves minute, ^ in. long, oblong, pinnatifid, segments
subulate. Scapes filiform, 1 in. long, naked. Heads minute, -JL. in. diam. ;
involucral scales 6-8-, orbicular, with purple edges ; receptacle conical; ray-
fl. about 20 ; corolla short, compressed, inflated, very broad oblong, 2-lobed
above ; achene obconic, glandular ; disk fl. funnel-shaped, 4-lobed ; lobes glan-
dular.

Middle Island : Canterbury plains, amongst grass, Haast.

8. C. pectinata, Hook. /., n. sp. Stems short, tufted, 1-3 in. long,
silky-pilose, at length glabrate. Leaves 1-1-^ in. long, rigid, narrow linear-
oblong, pectinately pinnatifid, the lobes short, subulate, entire, pointing up-
wards. Scapes slender, naked, 1-1| in. long. Heads £ in. diam. ; involu-
cral scales about 15, pubescent, orbicular or oblong, with purple toothed
edges ; receptacle conic : ray fl. in many series ; corolla oblong, compressed,
2-lobed above; achene cuneate, compressed, glandular: fl.of disk funnel-shaped;
lobes 4, glandular.

Middle Island : Canterbury plains, and crevices of rocks on Mouut Torlesse, Haast;
Otago, grass laud in the lake district, Hector and Buchanan. I have also a specimen with-
out habitat from Sinclair’s Herbarium. The Mount Torlesse specimens have woolly stems,
but the structure of the flower seems the same as the plains ones.

9. C. pyrethrifolia, Hook.f. n.sp. A small, robust species, glabrous

Cotula. ]

XXXIX. COlIPOSITiE.

143

or sparingly pilose; rhizome branching, tortuous, 1-2 in. long. Leaves f— 1
in. long, thick and coriaceous, petiolar part longest ; blade pinnatifidly cut
into 5-8 alternate linear-oblong or obovate, short., thick, entire lobes, jV~ jb
in. long. Scapes 1-2 in. long, with one or more linear bracts. Heads uni-
sexual, i in. diam. ; iuvolucral scales linear, in several series, herbaceous,
with broad, membranous, purple, jagged tips ; receptacle hemispheric : florets
covered with globose glands ;—fem. .- corolla oblong, ovoid, inflated, with
broad truncate base and contracted 4-lobed mouth ; achene oblong-cuneate ;
— male .- funnel-shaped, 4-lobed.

Middle Island : rocks on the Kowai river, and elsewhere in the alps of Canterbury,
Sinclair and Haast ; Tarndale plains, alt. 4000 ft., Travers ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan.
A very distinct species, small hut very robust : the leaves have few lobes, and the scapes
usually many bracts. It is very odorous when bruised.

10. C. perpusilla, HooJc.f. — Leptinella pusilla, LI. N. Z. i. 129. A
small silky species, with wiry runners 2-5 in. long. Leaves tufted, f-f in.
long, -J- in. broad, sessile, narrow linear-oblong in outline, pinnatifid to the
base ; leaflets close- set, recurved, serrate along the upper edge, silky on both
surfaces. Scapes short, \ in. long, stout, silky, quite naked. Heads uni-
sexual ; — -fern. : -J- in. diam. ; involucral scales 3 or 4 series, longer than the
florets, incurved, orbicular-oblong, silky, coriaceous, with broad membranous
toothed purple edges ; receptacle conic ; florets eglandular ; corolla as in C.
pyretJirifolia, obovoid; — male heads much smaller; scales in 1 row; florets
fewer, funnel-shaped, glabrous.

Northern Island : east coast, Colenso. Middle Island : grassy places, Kowai river,
Haast ; Tarndale plaius, 40C0 ft., Travers.

11. C. dioica, Hook. f. — Leptinella dioica, LI. N. Z. i. 129. Glabrous
or slightly hairy. Stems creeping, rather robust, short, 1-3 in. long. Leaves
petioled, 1-2 in. long, | broad, linear obovate or spathulate, obtuse, cre-
nate-serrate lobulate or semipinnatifid ; lobes entire or serrate on the
upper edge, glabrous. Scapes longer or shorter than the leaves, without
bracts. Heads g— in., male and female similar ; involucral scales 2 or 3 series,
oblong-orbicular, hairy, with broad, purple, toothed margins ; receptacle co-
nical ; florets as in C. perpusilla , but eglandular. — Soliva tenella, A. Cunn.

Northern Island : Cape Turnagain, east coast, Colenso. Middle Island : Canterbury
plains and Acheron valley, alt. 4000 ft., Travers ; Akaroa, Raoul ; grassy terraces, Kowai
river .Haast ; Otago, sands and swamps near the sea, and in the interior, Lindsay, Hector ano. l
Buchanan. Very near and perhaps not different from the Chilian and 1’uegian Leptinella
scariosa, Cass. ( Soliva dioica, Schultz, L. ancistroides, H. and A.), but that has deeply
pinnatifid leaves and rather glandular- flowers. The scarcely piunatifid leaves of this species
are its most prominent characters.

12. C. squalida, Hook. Leptinella, LI. N. Z. i. 129. A slender spe-
cies, with long, weak, creeping, woolly stems, and long soft hairs on the
leaves and scapes. Leaves 1-2 in. long, in. broad, long linear-obovate,
flaccid, petioled, pinnatifid; leaflets rather lax, recurved, incised along the upper
margin. Scapes slender, ebracteate, tomentose, longer than the leaves. Heads
unisexual ; — -fern. .- -§• in. diam. ; involucral scales numerous, in many series,
longer than the florets, incurved, orbicular, with erose purple margins, silky ;
receptacle conical ; florets as in C. perpusilla, eglandular ; — male heads much
smaller, \ in. diam. ; involucral scales very few, and florets few.

144

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

[ Cotula .

Northern Island : Hawke’s Bay, etc., east coast, Colenso. Middle Island : Akaroa,
Raoul ; Canterbury, Travers. Also very nearly allied to the South American Leptinella
scariosa, but the iarge female heads, with large iucurved involucral scales concealing the
florets, as in L. perpusilla, are very different.

13. C. minuta, Forst. — Ilyrioyyne minuta, Less. — FI. N. Z. i. 130. A
glabrous, prostrate, excessively branched, annual herb. Leaves alternate, ses-
sile on the branches, -J— | in. long, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, unequally
sparingly toothed. Heads in. diam., axillary, sessile, depressed, spherical ;
involucral scales in 2 series, linear, obtuse ; — -fem. A. very numerous, densely
packed ; corolla short, 4-cleft ; acliene linear, angled, pilose ; — male fl. very
few, central ; corolla broadly campanulate.

Northern and Middle Islands, in waste places near settlements, Forster , etc. Very
fragrant wrhen bruised. Also a native of India, China, Japan, Australia, the Pacific islands,
and Chili (AT. elatinoides , Less.).

10. CRASPEDIA, Forster.

Perennial, erect, silky, simple, leafy herbs, bearing one globose, terminal,
dense, involucrate, compound head, formed of numerous slender flower-heads,
aggregated on a small receptacle. Leaves radical and alternate, simple, long.
—Heads narrow, of 5-8 small, yellow, tubular, 5-toothed florets. Involucral
scales long, membranous, hyaline, linear. Receptacle very narrow, bearing
hyaline scales amongst the florets. Pappus of 1 row of very soft feathery
hairs. Anthers with 2 slender tails. Styles included. Acliene silky, oblong,
narrow.

A small genus of Tasmanian, Australian, and New Zealand plants, excessively variable.

Pubescent or tomeutose 1. C. firnbriata.

Lanate with white wool 2. C. alpina.

1. C. firnbriata, DCfi; — Fl. N. Z. i. 131. Slender or robust, 4-15
in. high. Leaves usually all radical, with only bracts on the scape; radical
petiolate, 1-8 in. long, spathulate, obtuse, quite entire, usually fringed with
white tomentum, glabrate pubescent or woolly. Compound head ^-2 in.
diam., soft, white dotted with yellow florets. — C. uniflora, Forst.

Northern and Middle Islands : abundant, from the East Cape southwards, Banks
and Solander, etc., ascending to 5500 ft. on the Discovery Peaks. I cannot distinguish this
satisfactorily from the Australian and Tasmanian C. Richea.

2. C. alpina, Backhouse, in Fl. Tasm. i. 198. — C. fimlriata, e. lanata,
Fl. N. Z . i. 132. Very near C. firnbriata, and perhaps only a variety, but at
once distinguished by the clear white cottony wool on the lower or on both
surfaces of the leaf and scape.

Middle Island : Nelson mountains, Bidwill ; Upper IVaihopai and Wairau, Munro ;
grassy places on the llangitati, Kowai and Godley rivers, alt. 4-6000 ft., Hanst ; Otago,
lake district, Hector and Buchanan. Intermediates between this and the preceding may
be fouud. It is a native of the Tasmanian and Victorian alps.

11. CASSINI A, Br.

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, small, persistent, simple, often white or rusty
below. Heads in terminal panicles or corymbs, small, white. — Involucre

Cassinia.~\

XjtXIX. COMPOSITiE.

145

cylindric turbinate or campanulate, of many or few, short, obtuse, imbri-
cating scales, the innermost with short, white, dilated rays. Receptacle con-
tracted, covered with slender scales like the inner involucral, except C.fulvida.
Florets tubular, all similar and hermaphrodite, or the outer very slender and
female. Corolla 4- or 5-toothed. Anthers 2-tailed. Arms of the style long,
truncate, glandular. Pappus of 1-4 series of soft slender hairs, rather thickened
at the tip. Achene small, oblong or obovate.

A small Australian, New Zealand, and New Caledonian genus, distinguished from Ozo-
thamnus by the linear scales amongst the florets. I fear that the first three species may prove
forms of one. C. pinifolia is a native of New Caledonia, not of New Zealand.

Leaves oblong or obovate, whitish below. Heads few 1. C. retorta.

Leaves linear, narrow, whitish below, not glutinous. Heads numerous 2. C. leptophylla.
Leaves linear, narrow, fulvous below, glutinous. Heads numerous . 3. C.fulcida.

Leaves obovate or oblong, fulvous below, glutinous. Heads numerous 4. C. Vauvilliersu.

1. C. retorta, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 132. A shrub, 10-15 ft. high.
Branches and leaves below covered with white tomentum, not glutinous.
Leaves close-set, ~ in. long, spreading or recurved, linear-obovate or linear-
oblong, obtuse, with recurved margins, opaque above. Heads 1-8 together,
6-8-flowered, turbinate, shortly pedicelled, \ in. long ; involucral scales with
white tomentum.

Northern Island: not rare, especially near the coasts.

2. C. leptophylla, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 133. A shrub like C. retorta in
habit and pubescence, also glutinous, but more slender. Leaves erect or
spreading, rarely recurved, -jVtV iQ. long, broad, narrow linear, with
recurved margins, glabrous above and more or less shining. Heads numerous,
in terminal hemispherical corymbs, -g— | in. long, 8-10-flowered, narrow turbi-
nate or tubular ; involucral scales few, scarious, glabrate, shining. — Calea lep-
tophylla, Forst.

Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander ; Cape Palliser and east coast,
Colenso ; East Cape, Sinclair. Middle Island : Port Underwood, Lyall.

3. C. fulvida. Hook. /.■ — C. leptophylla, y, FI. N. Z. i. 133. A shrub
with the habit, etc., of C. leptophylla , but glutinous, with foliage larger and
tomentum fulvous. Branches covered with subviseid tomentum. Leaves

i in. long, spreading, linear, obtuse, margins recurved, fulvous below, more
or less shining and glutinous above. Heads very numerous, in terminal co-
rymbs, i— j in. long, 4- or 5-flowered ; involucral scales pubescent or glabrate ;
scales amongst the florets few or 0.

Northern Island : Cape Palliser, Colenso. Middle Island, Lyall ; mountains of
Nelson, Munro ; Look-out Point, Dunedin, Lindsay ; river-beds in the Kowai, alt. 2-4000
ft., Haast ; Otago, common, Hector and Buchanan. I am still in some doubt as to the
validity of this species, of which I had but one scrap when the PI. N. Z. was prepared; the
various specimens received since all agree with the original, and differ from C. leptophylla
(to which, however, it is very nearly allied), by the strong fulvous colour and glutinous
foliage. • I find few or no scales amongst the florets, so, by right, the plant should perhaps
be referred to Ozothamnus.

4. C. Vauvilliersii, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 133. An erect, dense,
fastigiately-branched shrub, 2-10 ft. high. Branches and leaves below
covered with fulvous tomentum. Leaves erect or patent, in. long, linear-

VOL. i. L

146

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

[ Ca&sinia .

oblong or obovate, obtuse, margins recurved, costate below, opaque or shining
and generally glutinous above. Heads numerous, in terminal globose corymbs,
-J- in. long, turbinate, on tomentose, very short pedicels ; involucral scales few,
scarious, woolly; scales amongst the florets numerous. — Ozothamnus Vauvil-
liersii, Homb. and Jacq. Yoy. au Pol. Sud, Bot. t. 5.

Northern and Middle Islands : common on the mountains, Bidwill, etc. Scarcely
distinguishable from a true Ozothamnus of Tasmania (0. cuneifolius , A. C.).

12. OZOTHAMNUS, Br.

Characters of Cassinia, but without any scales amongst the florets ; inner
scales of the involucre without white radiating tips in the New Zealand spe-

cies, and hairs of pappus not always thickened at the tip.

A large Australian and Tasmanian genus, very variable in habit.

Heads corymbose. Slender shrub. Leaves orbicular, petiolate, lax . 1. 0. glomeratus.

Heads solitary, terminal, sessile.

Leaves sub-4-farious, keeled and polished at back 2 . 0. microphyllus.

Leaves sub-6-farious, linear, hoary or silky 3.0. depressus.

Leaves iinhricated in very many series, polished and convex on back 4. 0. coralloides.

Leaves imbricated in 6-8 series, polished and keeled on back . . 5. 0. Selayo.

1. O. glomeratus. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 133. A spreading bush;
branches slender, flexuous, tomentose at the tips. Leaves scattered, i-1 in.
broad, orbicular or broadly ovate or spathulate, quite entire, often apiculate,
margins recurved, white and cottony beneath, suddenly contracted into slender
petioles. Heads in small, lateral, stibglobose, sessile or peduncled corymbs,
small, T\y in. long, pedicelled or sessile ; involucral scales scarious, woolly at the
base, a few outer florets slender, female. Pappus-hairs thickened at the tip.
Achene puberulous. — Sivammerdamia glomerata, Raoul, Choix, 20. t. 16.

Northern and Middle Islands: dry hills from the Bay of Islands to Otago, Banks
and So/ander, etc.

2. O. microphyllus, Hoolc.f. FI. N. Z. i. 134. t. 35 A. A depressed
woody shrub. Branches tomentose, ascending, crowded, densely covered
with imbricating leaves, in. diam. Leaves minute, tV“tV in. long, closely
imbricating, almost quadrifariously, oppressed to the stem, triangular, ovate,
thick, obtuse, obtusely keeled, woolly next the stem, green and polished at
the back, with sometimes an oblong spot below the tip. Heads solitary,
terminal, sessile, turbinate, A— i in. long ; involucral scales scarious, glabrous
or pubescent, inner somewhat dilated at the tip. Pappus not thickened at the
tip. Achene pubescent.

Middle Island : Wairau Pass, 4000 ft., Bidwill, Sinclair ,- Southern Alps, clefts of per-
pendicular rocks, Sinclair and Haast. The Nelson specimens have more slender branches
than the more southern.

3. O. depressus, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 134. A prostrate, silver-grey,
woody shrub, sometimes 5 ft. high, with straggling, divaricating, rigid,
slender branchlets, hoary or with appressed cottony down. Leaves minute,
xt in- l°ng, closely appressed to the branchlets and imbricating towards
their tips, linear, obtuse, silky, woolly above. Heads i- J in. long, solitary,
sessile on the tips of the branchlets ; involucral scales very narrow, acuminate,
recurved, cottony at the base. Pappus very slender. Achene glabrous.

Ozothamnus. 1

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

147

Middle Island : Nelson mountains, banks of streams, Clarence and Wairau valleys, alt.
3-5000 ft., Bidwill, Sinclair , Travers, Great Tasman glacier and elsewhere, on shingle
beds in the Southern Alps, Haast, and Otago mountains, Hector and Buchanan.

4. O. coralloid.es, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. ii. 332. A very remarkable,
woody, short, stout, branched shrub. Branches (with the leaves on) cylindric,
as thick as the finger, the leaves resembling tubercles on their surface. Leaves
in very numerous series, closely and densely imbricating, oblong, obtuse,
■g-j in. long, upper part very thick, convex and shining, lower part mem-
branous; surface next to the stem densely clothed with white cotton. Head
small, solitary, hidden amongst the uppermost leaves at the tip of the branch ;
involucral scales linear, recurved, with membranous tips.

Middle Island: Kaikora mountains, ATBonald; Upper Awatare valley, Sinclair.

5. O. Selago, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 332. A good deal similar to 0.
corattoides, also very stout and woody, but intermediate between it and
0. micro phi/llus. Branchlets with leaves on -g- in. diam. Leaves imbricating
in 5 or 6 series, oblong-ovate, obtuse, or subacute, trigonous, the exposed part
of back keeled, shining, surface next the stem densely cottony. Heads ter-
minal, solitary, sessile, exposed ; involucral scales linear-oblong, obtuse, lower
half coriaceous, upper scarious.

Middle Island : Kaikora mountains, ATBonald, Sinclair.

13. RAOULIA, Hook. f.

Very small, generally tufted (often most densely), alpine and subalpine,
slender, or rigid and stout herbs. Leaves minute, usually silky woolly or
cottony, often most densely imbricated. Heads small, terminal, sessile. —
Involucre oblong ; scales scarious, in 2 or 3 series, the inner often white and
radiating. Receptacle very narrow, papillose or fimbrillate. Florets of cir-
cumference in 1 or 2 series, female; corolla filiform, 3- or 4-toothed; arm of style
exserted. Florets of disk numerous, hermaphrodite ; corolla funnel-shaped
above ; anthers with slender tails ; arms of style shorter. Pappus of 1 row
of slender or stout scabrid hairs, sometimes thickened at the tips. Achene
small, oblong.

A genus founded on liabit more than on any good characters that can separate it from
Gnaphalium, section Helichrysum ; its herbaceous habit distinguishes it from Ozothamnus.
It contains two natural and most distinct sections, of which one, containing R. subulata , exi-
mia, grandijlora,mammillaris , and bryoides has a convex, often hispid receptacle; achenes with
very long, silky hairs, a thickened areole at their base ; and stout, rigid, opaque pappus
hairs, thickened at the tip ; these probably constitute a good genus, to which the name
Raoulia may be retained : the others may perhaps fall into Gnaphalium or Helichrysum ,
but until all the Gnaphalioid Compositce are worked up, it is impossible to settle the limits
of the^genera. I at one time suspected that the white radiating involucres indicated sexual
differences, bnt I have failed to prove this. The style has often 3 arras in this genus.
Helichrysum Youngii, has much the habit of a Raoulia , but more that of the genus I have
placed it in.

1. Involucral scales without white or radiating tips. Pappus-hairs numerous, slender,
not thickened at the tip.

Leaves ~ in., erect or recurved, spathulate, obtuse 1. R. australis.

Leaves T~ in., recurved, narrow oblong or spathulate, acute or mucronate 2. R. tenuicaulis.

L 2

148 xxxix. composite. [ Raoulia .

Leaves T’T in., erect o- patent, broadly ovate, glabrate 3. It. Haastii.

Leaves -g- in., patent, recurved, linear, obtuse, silky 4. It. Munroi.

2. Involucre as 1. Pappus-hairs few, rigid, thickened at the tip. Achenes with long
hairs and a thickened areole at the base.

Leaves glabrous, subulate, rigid 5. R. subulaia.

Leaves most densely imbricate, hidden in silky wool 6. R. eximia.

I, eaves ovate, obtuse, silvery, grooved when dry 1. R. Hectori.

3. Involucre with the inner scales wliite-tipged, and radiating. Pappus as in 1.
Stems long. Leaves loosely imbricate, linear-oblong, glabrate . . . 8. it. glabra.

Stems short. Leaves densely imbricate, linear-oblong, glabrate or silky 9. R. subsericea.

4. Involucre as in 3. Achenes and pappus as in 2.

Leaves closely imbricate, ovate-subulate, silvery 10. it. grandifiora.

Leaves most densely imbricate, with a velvety silky tuft above middle . 11. R.mammillans.

Leaves most densely imbricate, tips covered with appressed wool . . 12. it. bryoides.

1. R. australis, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 135. A small, moss-like, densely-
tufted plant ; stems 1-2 in. high ; branches slender, erect or prostrate. Leaves
minute, laxly or densely imbricate, Tl6— yV in. long, spathulate, erect or recurved,
rounded at the tip, covered with silky appressed wool. Heads A-— i. in. long ;
outermost scales spathulate, inner linear, searious, shining, yellow or pale
brown, not dark at tips, nor white and radiating; florets about 12, outer few.
Pappus hairs excessively slender, subpilose, not thickened at the tips. Achene
glabrous or puberulous. — Raoul, Choix, t. 15.

Northern Island: Tougariro and Waikato, Bidwill ; and elsewhere, in lofty, rocky
hills, Colenso. Middle Island : iMelson mountains, Bidwill ; rocky hills at Akaroa, Raoul,
Lyall ; Clarence, Tarndale plain, and Wairau valleys, alt. 3500 ft., Travers ; Southern Alps,
Haast ; Otago, Hector and, Buchanan. A very variable plant.

2. R. tenuicaulis, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 135. t. 3G A. Stems generally
slender, loosely tufted, prostrate, creeping, 1-10 in. long, with ascending
branches. Leaves loosely imbricating, spreading and recurved, A— in. long,
linear-oblong or spathulate-lanceolate, apiculate or acuminate, rarely broadly
spathulate, grey with appressed silvery tomentum, rarely glabrate. Heads
as in R. australis, but involucral scales with brown acute tips.

Northern Island : gravelly beds of rivers, Wairarapa, Ruanahanga, Palliser Bay, etc.,
Colenso. Middle Island: Kowai river, alt. 1-2000 ft., Haast.

3. R. Haastii, Hook. f.,n. sp. A small, densely tufted, nearly glabrous
species ; stems rather stout, prostrate ; branches 1 in. high. Leaves densely
imbricate, erecto-patent, in. long, broadly sheathing, broadly ovate-subu-
late, obtuse, coriaceous, obscurely woolly or silky. Heads as in R. aus-
tralis, but narrower, with 6-8 florets ; involucral scales obtuse, not brown
nor with a white radiating tip.

Middle Island : gravelly terraces, Kowai river, Haast; Waiauna valley, alt. 3JJ00 ft.,
Sinclair, Travers. I was at first disposed to regard this as a form of R. tenuicaulis, but
the leaves are very different in shape and in their broad bases, and the involucral scales are not
brown at the tips.

4. R. Munroi, Hook.f., n. sp. Stems slender, creeping, with very long,
wiry, filiform rootlets. Branches slender, ascending, 1-2 in. high. Leaves
laxly imbricate, patent and recurved, i f in. long, linear, obtuse, uniformly
clothed with grey silky tomentum. Heads narrow, A. in. long ; involucral

Raoulia .]

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

149

scales glabrous, linear, green, with rather dilated scarious brown tips ; florets
about 12 ; pappus as in R. australis.

Middle Island: Waihopai valley, Munro ; Canterbury plains, Travers. The wiry stems
and very long filiform rootlets, are prominent characters, as are the uniformly grey, silky,
linear leaves, and narrow heads with brown-tipped involucral scales.

5. R. subulata, Hook. /., n. sp. A small, very densely tufted, rigid,
moss-like species, quite glabrous throughout, blackish when dry. Stems stout-
ish, branches | in. high. Leaves most densely imbricate, patent or suberect,
rigid, subulate, acuminate. Heads large for the size of the plant, ± in. diam. ;
involucral scales linear-oblong, scarious, shorter than the leaves ; receptacle
convex, hispid ; florets of circumference in several rows. Pappus of rigid,
scabrid hairs, rather thickened at the tips. Achene silky.

Middle Island : Nelson mountains, Sinclair : Otago mountains, alt. 5-6000 ft., Hector
and Buchanan. A remarkable and very small species, differing much from the foregoing in
the pappus, hispid receptacle, and foliage.

6. R. eximia, Hook.f., n. sp. A small, most densely tufted, hard little
plant, forming large woolly balls on the mountains, enveloped in soft, velvety,
white tomentum. Branches very short, with the leaves forming cylindric
or mammilliform knobs, £ in. diam. Leaves most densely compacted, wholly
hidden amongst woolly hairs, imbricated all round in many series, -§• in. long,
membranous, broadly linear- or obovate-oblong, rounded at the tip, bearing
at the back above the middle a dense thick pencil of white velvety hairs,
these bundles of hairs, meeting beyond the leaves, envelope the whole. Heads
minute, sunk amongst the upper leaves; involucral scales about 10, linear,
with subulate or obtuse tips, and a tuft of hairs on the back above the
middle ; receptacle convex, naked ; florets about 10. Pappus of few rigid
hairs, thickened upwards. Achene silky, with very long hairs.

Middle Islands : Riband-wood rage, Mount Arrowsmith and Dobsou, alt. 5500-6000 ft.,
Sinclair, Haast. A most singular plant, forming hemispherical cushions on the mountains,
2 ft. high and 3 in. diam., called “ Vegetable Sheep.” Very near allied to R. niammillaris.

7. R. Hectori, Hook. /., n. sp. Most densely tufted, 1-2 in. high;
branchlets erect, densely leafy, silvery at the tips. Leaves closely imbricate,
erecto-patent, in. long, broadly ovate, obtuse, coriaceous, more membra-
nous below the middle, upper half covered wdth appressed silvery shining
tomentum, back grooved longitudinally when dry. Heads small, sunk
amongst the uppermost leaves ; involucral scales about 10-12, scarious,
linear-oblong, obtuse or subacute, yellowish, glabrous ; receptacle conical,
pilose; florets about 20. Pappus of few, rigid, scabrous hairs, thickened up-
wards. Achene silky.

Middle Island : Otago, lake district, in dry, subalpine places, Hector and Buchanan.
A very distinct species, resembling in habit some states of R. australis.

8. R. glabra, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 135. Steins elongate, slender, pro-
strate, branching, 2-10 in. long ; branches ascending. Leaves laxly imbricate,
spreading, hardly ever recurved, \ in. long, linear or linear-oblong, acute or ob-
tuse, glabrous or nearly so, rarely silky, 1-nerved, green. Pleads rather large,
A— | in. diam. ; outer involucral scales leaf-like, but with broader bases ; inner
linear, with short, white, radiating tips ; florets numerous, outer in 2 series,

150 xxxix. co.virosiTiE. [ Raoulia .

Pappus of numerous soft, white, slender hairs as in R. australis. Achene
puberulous.

Middle Island : Nelson mountains, Bidwill ; Milford Sound, Lijall ; shingle beds,
Rangitata river, and Mount Cook, alt. 1800-3200 ft., Sinclair, Ilaast ; Otago mountains,
alt. 3-4000 ft., Hector and Baclianan. Haast sends apparently a silky variety, with
rather broader leaves, from mountains near Lake Hawea, alt. 4000-5000 ft.

9. R. subsericea, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 136. Very similar in most
characters to R. glabra, and perhaps an alpine variety of that, but a much
more densely tufted plant, with very short stems and branches, closely imbri-
cated, linear-oblong leaves, glabrous or covered loosely with silvery tomen-
tum, green or silvery-white. Heads similar, but larger, j, in. diam.

Middle Island : Wairau mountains, Clarence valley, Aglionby plains, alt. 3000-4000
ft., and elsewhere in Nelson, Munro , Sinclair, Travers ; Port Cooper, Lyall ; Godley rivulet
and Mount Darwin, alt. 3-5000 ft., Haast; Otago mountains, alt. 4000 ft., Hector and

Buchanan.

10. R. grandiflora, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 136. A very short, erect, densely
tufted species, with very long, wiry, thread-like roots. Stems 1 in. high,
densely leafy, with the leaves on as thick as the little finger. Leaves imbricat-
ing all round the stem, -i— £ in. long, erecto-patent, ovate-subulate, rigid,
shining with white silky hairs, cottony at the base, striate. Heads large, •§— f
in. diam. ; involucral scales 1 or 2 series, long, white, linear, spreading, £
in. long ; receptacle convex, hispid. Pappus hairs few, rigid, swollen towards
the tip. Achene silky.

Northern Island: summits of the Ruahine range, Colenso. Middle Island : top of
Gordon’s Nob, Munro ; Upper Wairau, Sinclair ; top of Big Ben, Mounts Cook, Darwin
and Torlesse, alt. 5-7000 ft., Haast ; Mount Brewster, alt. 5-6000 ft., forming carpets,

' Hector and Buchanan. Allied in many respects to R. suhidata, and especially in the
hispid receptacle.

11. R. mammillaris, Hook.f., n. sp. Like R. eximia, forming large,

hard, hemispherical balls and patches on the ground, sometimes 8 ft. long and
3 high. Branches very short, thick, with the leaves on forming cylindric or
mammillary knobs, ^ in. diam. Leaves most densely compacted, imbricated
in many series, spreading, iQ- l°ng> obovate cuneate or spathulate,

obtuse, membranous, cottony below, with a dense brush of velvety hairs on
both surfaces beyond the middle, which does not exceed the tip of the leaf.
Heads very small, in. diam., about 10-flowered; inner involucral scales
with short, wdiite, acute, radiating tips ; receptacle convex, naked. Pappus of
few rigid hairs thickened at the tips. Achene with a swollen areole at the
base and long white silky hairs.

Middle Island : Mount Torlesse, on hard soil and rocky places, alt. 3-5000 ft., Haast.
Very similar in many respects to R. eximia, and closely allied to it, but the leaves are smaller,
with the velvety hairs not so long as to hide them, more cottony and obovate, and the inner
involucral scales are distinctly rayed.

12. R. bryoides, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. ii. 322. Forming hard, dense,
convex, hoary patches, with an even surface. Branches f-l£ in. long, densely
compacted, with the leaves on cylindric, Jg— ^ in. diam. Leaves most densely
imbricate all round the branches, erecto-patent, tV_to in- l°no> broad, linear,

Raoulia .]

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

151

rather dilated at the obtuse tip, membranous, coriaceous ; margins cottony,
glabrous below the upper i, above that covered with appressed silky wool,
1 -nerved. Heads £ in. diam., about 12-flowered ; involucral scales with
white, subacute, radiating tips ; receptacle tumid. Pappus-hairs few, rigid,
with thickened tips. Achene with very long white hairs and a thickened areole
at the base.

Middle Island : top of Gordon’s Nob, Munro ; Clarence and Wairau valleys, alt. 3000-
4000 ft., Sinclair, Travers.

14. GNAPHALIUM, Linn.

Herbs of very various habit, annual or perennial, the New Zealand species
all more or less densely covered on the leaves below, or all over, with white
cottony wool. Heads solitary or corymbose or fascicled. — Involucre campanu-
late hemispherical or turbinate ; scales narrow, in several series, all similar,
scarious and shining, or the inner produced into white spreading rays. Recep-
tacle flat or conic, papillose or alveolate. Florets of ray female, in 1 or more
series, very slender, tubular, 3-5-toothed ; of disk hermaphrodite, funnel-shaped
above. Anthers with slender tails. Pappus hairs in one series, slender or
stout and thickened at the tip, slightly cohering at the base. Achene small,
linear-oblong, usually pubescent.

I have in vain sought to arrange the New Zealand Gnaphalia and Heliclirysa under these
genera as defined by De Candolle and other authors, any separation of them into these involves
bringing together plants most different, and separating most closely allied ones. Thus, those
with white radiating involucral scales form, I think, a most natural genus or group ; hut I
cannot identify them as a group either with Helichrysum, Antennaria, or Anaphalis, of
authors, to many species of which they seem naturally allied. The bracteate species again so
closely resemble the European and Himalayan Leontopndia, that they seem naturally con-
generic, but they differ in several very important floral characters. I have not neglected to
examine Weddell’s character of the pappus hairs cohering or free at the base, but cannot apply
it to the New Zealand species, in all of which the hairs very partially cohere, but are so
readily separated that the character is valueless. The thickness of the pappus hairs, and
their thickening upwards, constitutes an excellent character, and generally goes with that
of the outer florets being in one series ; these together should perhaps distinguish the New
Zealand Helichrysa or Antennaria from Gnaphulium, and I have indicated them accord-
ingly under the former name.

1. Heads solitary, inner involucral scales white, radiating. Florets of circumference
in several series. Pappus hairs very slender.

Stem 8-18 in. Leaves J in., apiculate. Head sessile 1. G. prostratum.

Stem 2-10 in. Leaves 5 in., apiculate. Head on long peduncle . 2. G. bellidioides.
Stem very short, densely tufted. Leaves obtuse. Head sessile . . 3. G. Youngii.

2. Heads corymbose, not bracteate. Inner involucral scales white, radiating. Florets of

circumference in many series ( except in 7). Pappus hairs very slender ( except 7).

Stem robust. Leaves 2 x i— j in. Corymbs dense. Heads 1 in. diam. 4. G. Lyallii.

Stems slender. Leaves 1—1 in. Heads few, § in. diam 5. G. trinerve.

Stem slender. Leaves 1-2 in. Heads 1 in. diam 6. G. Keriense.

Stem 2-4 in. Leaves tomentose on both sides. Heads numerous,

i in. diam 7. G- Sinclairii.

3. Heads solitary. Inner involucral scales not white and radiating.

Stem filiform, erect. Leaves scattered, cottony below 8. G. filicaule.

Leaves radical, densely cottony on both sides. Scape cottony . . 9. G. Traversii.

152 xxxix. composite. [ Gnaphalimn .

Stems short, tufted. Leaves silky on both surfaces 10. G. nitidulum.

4. Heads corymbose , not bracteate. Inner involucral scales not

white nor radiating. Pappus hairs very slender 11. G. luteo-album.

5. Heads collected into a dense, Iracteate globe. Inner involucral scales not white

nor radiating. Bracts broad, densely woolly. Female florets in 1 series. Pappus-
hairs stout, rigid, thickened upwards.

Leaves £ in. long, rosulate. Inflorescence on a stout, terminal pe-
duncle 12. G. Colensoi.

Leaves £ in. long, densely imbricate, recurved. Inflorescence sessile 13. G. grandiceps.

6. Heads collected into a dense, bracteate globe. Bracts linear. Inner involucral scales
not white nor radiating. Female florets in many senes. Pappus hairs very slender.

Stem erect, branched, leafy. Leaves linear, glabrous above . . . 14. G. involucratum.

Leaves radical, spreading, and scape densely cottony 15. G. collinum.

1. G. prostratum, Hook. f. FI. Antarct. 30, t. 21 ; — FI. N. Z. i.
137. Stems rather slender, prostrate, woody at the base, 8-18 in. long, with
many ascending leafy branches. Leaves uniform, loosely imbricating, £ in.
long, spreading or recurved, flat, obovate-spathulate, covered below or on both
surfaces with dense, white, appressed wool, 1-nerved. Heads sessile at the
tips of the branches, i in. diam. ; involucral scales in many series, white, ra-
diating, ^ in. long, with white cottony claws ; receptacle conical ; female
florets in many series ; pappus hairs very slender. Achene glabrous.

Northern Island : Mount Egmont, alt. 4000 ft., Bieffenbach ; top of Titiokura, Colenso.
Abundant in Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, J. B. H.

2. G. bellidioid.es. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 137. Stems and leaves and
flower-heads as in G. prostratum, of which it is probably a variety, but the
ends of the branches are produced into slender bracteate peduncles, 2-5 in. long.
Receptacle conical, or plane with a conical mammilla. — Xeranthemum, Forst.

Abundant in alpine districts in the Northern and Middle Islands, ascending to 5000
ft., Banks and Solander, etc.

3. G. (Heliehrysum) Youngii, Hook./., n. sp. A small, prostrate,
densely tufted species, 1-2 in. high. Leaves imbricating on the short branches,
erecto-patent, \ in. long, obovate-spathulate, obtuse, densely clothed on both
surfaces with snow-white cottony wool. Head sessile amongst the leaves, %
in. diam. ; involucral scales in 2 or 3 series, the inner white, radiating ; recep-
tacle very small, narrow; florets about 12, female in 1 series; pappus hairs
thickened upwards, rather stout. Achene pubescent.

Middle Island : mountains above Lake Hawea,- alt. 6000 ft., forming patches ; summit of
Mount 'L'orlesse and Mount Cook, on shingle, alt. 6500-7000 ft., Haast ; Otago, lake dis-
trict, Hector and Buchanan. Named in honour of Mr. William Young, Mr. Haast’s fellow-
traveller and able assistant, both as a surveyor and botanical collector. A beautiful little
snow-white plant, intermediate in habit between Eaoulia and the two preceding Gnaphalia.

4. G. Lyallii, Hook./. Ft. N. Z. i. 137. Stem very stout, almost woody,
prostrate, branched, as thick as a swan’s quill ; branches stout, erect, leafy,
5-10 in. high, cottony above. Leaves close-set, spreading, 2 in. long,
broad, narrow oblong-lanceolate, broader upwards, acute, 3-nerved, glabrous
above, appressed tomentose beneath. Heads f in. diam., forming dense
corymbs, 2-4 in. across; pedicels cottony; involucral rays very many, ^ in.

Gnapltalium.]

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

153

long, white, radiating, with short cottony claws ; receptacle plane ; florets
numerous ; female in 2 or 3 series ; pappus hairs few, slender. Achene gla-
brous.

Middle Island : Massacre Bay, Ip all. A very handsome species, at once known by its
robust habit and large leaves, but probably a variety of the following.

5. G. trinerve, Forst.j — FI. N. Z. i. 138. Stem rather slender and
branches 6-24 in. long, ascending, glabrous or cobwebby, produced, into
bracteate peduncles. Leaves lax, uniform, flat, spreading or recurved, f-1
in. long, obovate- or spathulate-lanceolate, acute or apiculate, faintly 3-nerved,
glabrous above, white with oppressed wool below. Heads 3-5, corymbose at
the ends of the produced, slender, peduncle-like branches, § in. diam. ; pe-
dicels slender or short and stout; inner involucral scales numerous, white,
radiating, clawed, £ in. long. Achene and pappus as in G. Lyollii.

Middle Island: Dusky Bay, Forster; Milford Sound, Lyall ; Dunedin, on sand dunes,
abundant, Lindsay , etc. The Ruahintf mountain plant referred to this in FI. N. Z., is, I
am now sure, a var. of G. Keiiense.

6. G. Keriense, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 138. A very variable plant,
smaller than either of the above. Stems prostrate, with slender or stout,
ascending, leafy branches, 2-6 in. high, produced into bracteate peduncles.
Leaves spreading, very variable, ^-2 in. long, -j^-i in. broad, from narrow-
linear to oblong-spathulate or -lanceolate, acute, 1- rarely 3-nerved. Heads
numerous, coiymbose, on cottony pedicels, like those of G. trinerve , but much
smaller, ^ in. diam. — Helichrysum micrantlium, A. Cunn. in DC. Prodr. ;
G. dealbatum, Forst. Prodr. ?

Var. fi. linifolia. Stems erect. Leaves excessively narrow ; pedicels capillary.

Northern Island: very abundant in moist places, falls of the Keri-Keri river, and else-
where. Middle Island: near Nelson, Travers; Dusky Bay, Lyall; var. fi, banks of the
Manawatu and Ruahine range, Colenso.

7. G. (Helichrysum) Sinclairii, Hook.f., n.sp. A small, subalpine
species ; stems and branches ascending, leafy, 2-4 in. high. Leaves close-
set, spreading, in. long, \ broad, linear-oblong or obovate-spathulate,
obtuse, densely covered with pale, cottony tomentum on both surfaces.
Heads £ in. diam., in numerous, rounded, terminal, dense corymbs, |-1 in.
across ; peduncles and pedicels short, densely cottony ; outer scales of invo-
lucre cottony, inner shortly radiating ; female florets in 1 series ; pappus of
few stout hairs, thickened towards the tip. Achene glabrous.

Middle Island : Upper Awatere valley, Sinclair. Very closely allied to the Raoalia
catipes of Tasmania, but the leaves are much smaller, and the heads not half the size, and
much more numerous.

8. G. filicaule, Hoolc.f.; — Helichrysum, FI. N. Z. i. 140. t. 36 B.
Stems usually simple, very slender, flexuose, cottony, 6-10 in. high, termina-
ting in a filiform peduncle. Leaves scattered, -g— i in. long, obovate-oblong,
obtuse or apiculate, glabrous above, white and cottony beneath. Heads solitary,

in. diam.; involucral scales numerous, linear, scarious ; outer cottony at
the base ; receptacle small, convex ; pappus of very slender filiform hairs.
Achene puberulous.

Northern Island : dry hills towards the east coast ; Wairarapa valley, Cape Kidnapper,

154 Xxxix. composite. [ Gnaphalium .

and Puehntai, Colenso. Middle Island?, Banks and Solander ; Canterbury, IJaast ;
Otago, grass flats in the lake district, Hector and Buchanan.

9. G. Traversii, Hoolc.f, n. sp. A small, slender, erect, almost simple
plant, 2-3 in. high ; stem and leaves on both sides covered loosely with
snow-white cottony wool. Leaves radical, petiolate, spreading, ■§— £ in. long,
spathulate-obovate. Head solitary, % in. diam., on a scapiform slender stem,
with 2 or 3 linear bracts ; involucral scales numerous, linear, scarious, hyaline,
shining, outer cottony at the base, inner with erect paler tips ; receptacle
flat ; pappus hairs excessively fine. Achene puberulous.

Middle Island: Wairau mountains, alt. 3-4000 ft., Travers; alps of Canterbury,
Haast. Mueller has sent this same plant from the Victorian alps, as G. involucratum, var.
monocephalam, but besides the totally different habit it differs from that plant in the heads
not being bracteate and twice as large, and in the looser cottony tomentum.

10. G. nitidulum, Hoolc.f., n. sp. A small, densely tufted species,
covered with appressed, silky, shining, yellowish tomentum. Leaves closely
imbricated at their bases, above spreading, flat, a in. long, linear, obtuse ;
lower v, membranous, glabrous, upper f densely silky. Heads terminal,
solitary, large, ^ in. broad, on very short, slender peduncles ; involucral scales
in 2 series, erect, linear, hyaline, shining, with pale erect tips ; florets not
seen.

Middle Island : Nelson mountains, Sinclair ; Clarence and Wairau valleys, alt. 3500
ft., Travers.

11. G. luteo-album, Linn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 139. Stems simple or
branched from the base, erect or ascending, 6-18 in. high, and leaves
densely covered with cottony tomentum. Leaves scattered, -f-2 in. long,
narrow-linear or linear-spathulate. Heads fascicled, \ in. long, fascicles
collected in corymbs, dusky-yellow, cottony at the base ; involucral scales
erect, tips incurved, numerous, linear-oblong, scarious, hyaline, shining.

Worthem and Kermadec Islands ; very common in some places, rarer in the Middle
Island ; Kowai valley and Rangitata ranges, Haast ; sand dunes, Dunedin, Lindsay ; Otago,
lake district, Hector and Buchanan. Lord Auckland’s group, Lyall. A very abundant
tropical weed.

12. G. (Helichrysum) Colensoi, Hook. f. ; — Helichrysum Leontopo-
dium, FI. N. Z. i. 141. t. 37 B. A tufted, alpine, very silky species. Stems
ascending, 1-4 in. high, terminating in stout woolly bracteate or leafy pedun-
cles 1-2 in. long. Leaves densely imbricate, rosulate, patent or reflexed,
flat, in. long, linear-oblong, subacute, uniformly clothed with silky shining-
hairs, striate when dry ; those on the peduncle smaller and shorter. Heads
densely crowded into a bracteate capitulum -j in. diam. ; bracts many, spread-
ing, ^ — i- in. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse, most densely woolly ; each head A in.
long ; involucral scales linear-lanceolate, erect, scarious, shining, woolly at the
back ; pappus hairs few, stout, scabrid, thickened upwards. Achene silky.

Northern Island : Ruahine range and Mount Hikurangi, Colenso. Middle Island :
Tarndale mountains, in shingle, alt. 5000 ft., Sinclair.

13. G. (Helichrysum) grandiceps, Hoolc.f., n. sp. Densely tufted.
Stems ascending, and branches 2-3 in. long, uniformly and densely clothed
to the tips with leaves, and terminated by the sessile bracteate heads. Leaves

Gnaphalium.]

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

155

closely imbricating, small, recurved, % in. long, concave, oblong-spathulate,
obtuse, recurved, densely covered with thick white silvery tomentum. Heads
and florets in G. Colensoi, but bracts shorter.

Middle Island : Mount Sinclair ; moraines of the Great Clyde glacier ; mountains near
Lake Hawea, Mountains Cook andTorlesse, alt. 4000-6000 ft., Sinclair, Haast ; Otago, lake
district, subalpine, Hector and Buchanan. Allied to G. Colensoi, but very different in the
small, broad, recurved, closely imbricated, uniform, less silvery leaves, and inflorescence
not peduncled.

14. G. involucratum, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 139. An erect annual.
Stems branched at the base, 1-2 ft. high, branches often proliferous, stiff,
cottony. Leaves scattered, spreading, often fascicled, 1-3 in. long, narrow-
linear or lanceolate, acute, glabrous above, cottony beneath ; margins often
recurved and wrinkled. Heads small, in. long, collected into dense axil-
lary and terminal globular balls 1 in. diam., which are subtended by nu-
merous spreading or reflexed linear foliaceous bracts 1 in. long and of variable
breadth ; involucral scales erect, hyaline, linear, acute ; female florets numer-
ous, hermaphrodite very few ; pappus hairs very slender. Achene glabrous. —
G. virgatam, Banks and Sol. ; — Bl. N. Z. i. 139 ; G. lanatum , Forst. ; G. Cun-
ninghamii , DC.

Abundant throughout the islands, in waste places, Banks and Solander, etc.. The G.
virgatum, B. and S., not to be distinguished even as a variety I fear. Abundant iu Aus-
tralia and Tasmania.

15. G. collinum, Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. t. 189 -—FI. N. Z. i. 139.
Perennial, roots with runners. Stems scapiform. Leaves chiefly radical, pe-
tiolate, 2-4 in. long, lanceolate-spathulate, acuminate, covered with cottony
wool on both surfaces. Scape 4-8 in. high, slender, white and cottony;
bracts 2 or 3, foliaceous. Heads as in G. involucratum , but collected into a
smaller fewer-headed subglobose capitulum, with only 1 or 2 linear bracts at
their base. — G. simplex, Forst. ?

Northern Island: dry hills, Bay of Islands, east coast, etc. Middle Island: not
uncommon in the Canterbury district; Otago, lake district, Hector and Buchanan. Though
extremely dissimilar in its typical state from G. involucratum, I find now so many almost
intermediate forms, that I suspect their permanent difference, and am disposed to refer the
vars. P and y of the N. Z. Flora to that plant.

15. HAASTIA, Hook, f., nov. gen.

Very densely tufted, low, woolly herbs, forming balls or cushions on the
lofty mountains. Leaves crowded, broad. Flower-heads large, solitary, ter-
minal, sunk amongst the uppermost leaves. — Involucral scales in 2 series,
very numerous, narrow, herbaceous with scarious tips, free or connate at the
base, acuminate. Receptacle narrow, flat, papillose. Florets of circumference
in 2 or more series, female ; corolla very short, slender, tubular, with a cre-
nulate mouth ; styles with very long exserted arms, papillose at the tips.
Florets of disk very numerous, funnel-shaped, hermaphrodite ; arms of style
shorter ; anthers without tails. Pappus of 1 series of rather rigid, white,
slender, scabrid hairs, thickened towards the tip. Achene compressed, linear
or oblong, even or grooved.

A very singular and distinct genus, differing from the other Gnaphalioid Composites in the
tailless anthers.

156 xxxix. composite. [ Haastia .

Leaves most densely imbricate, 3-nerved, crenulate. Pappus hairs free. 1. B. pulvinaris.
Leaves laxly imbricate, recurved. Pappus hairs uuited below . . . 2. II. recurva.
Leaves laxly imbricate, suberect. Pappus hairs free 3. if. Sinclairii.

1. U. pulvinaris, Hook. f. Plants forming dense hemispheres or
cushions, 3 ft. across, covered with fulvous wool ; branches with the leaves
on as thick as the thumb. Leaves patent, \ in. long, crenulate, most densely
imbricate, broadly obcuneate, with dilated rounded tips, margins recurved
towards the tip, membranous, 3-nerved when the wool is removed. Heads

in. broad. Pappus hairs free to the base. Achene glabrous.

Middle Island; Kaikora mountains, and Mowatt’s Mountain, alt. 5000 ft., Sinclair ;
Discovery Peaks, alt. 5800 ft., Travers. One of the most extraordinary plants in the islands.
Sinclair says the patches are so dense, that the finger cannot be thrust between the branches.

2. H. recurva, HooJc.f. More laxly tufted, as densely covered with
wool, which is more rufous when dry. Leaves loosely imbricating, in. long,
obovate-spathulate, recurved. Heads i in. diam. Pappus hairs paleaceous
and united at the base. Achene glabrous.

Middle Island: shingle-beds above 5000 ft., Tarndale, Sinclair ; Discovery Peaks, alt.
5800 ft., Travers ; Mount Torlesse, alt. 6000 ft., Baast.

3. H. Sinclairii, Hook.f. Loosely tufted, branches ascending, erect,
covered with paler cottony wool. Leaves erect, imbricating, in. long,
oblong-obovate or rounded-obovate, obtuse, not recurved, 5-7-nerved. Head

1 in. diam. ; involucral scales broader than in the preceding species. Pap-
pus hairs free to the base. Achene glabrous.

Middle Island : shingle beds, alt. 4-6000 ft., Wairau and Awatere mountains, and at
the Wairau pass, Sinclair ; Mounts Darwin and Cook, Baast ; Mount Brewster, dry debris,
alt. 6000 ft., Hector and Buchanan.

16. ERECHTITES, Eafinesque.

Tall, perennial, glabrous or cottony herbs. Leaves alternate, simple or
runcinate-pinnatifid. — Heads corymbose, bracteolate, very narrow, cylindric
or bell-shaped ; involucral scales in 1 series, herbaceous, narrow linear, ap-
pressed. Receptacle papillose. Florets of circumference in 2 or more series,
female, excessively slender, tubular, 2— 4- toothed ; of the disk hermaphrodite,
campanulate above ; anthers without tails ; arms of style with short terminal
cones. Pappus in many series of excessively slender, soft, roughened hairs.
Achene oblong, striated, glabrate or hispid, obtuse or narrowed at the tip,
terminated by a disk-like thickened top.

A small genus, the species are natives chiefly of Australia and Tasmania ; a few others are
American aud Indian.

Glabrous. Leaves toothed or pinnatifid. Achene slender . . . 1. E. prenanthoides.

More or less cottony. Leaves pinnatifid. Achene short .... 2. A. arguta.

Hispid, except the heads and pedicels 3 . B. scaberula.

Cottony and white. Leaves linear, long, with revolute margins . 4. E. quadridentata.

1. E. prenanthoides, DC. ,—Fl. N. Z. i. 141. A tall, glabrous, sim-
ple or branched herb, 1-3 ft. high, rarely slightly hairy. Leaves 3-6 in.
long, linear-oblong or lanceolate, lower petiolate, upper sessile with auricled
bases, toothed lobed or pinnatifid. Corymb lax ; heads quite glabrous, nu-

M'echtiies.]

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

157

inerous, on very slender pedicels, each 3- in. long ; involucral scales green
with white margins. Achenes slender, grooved. — Senecio, A. Eich.

Not uncommon in moist woods, etc., throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
A common S. Australian and Tasmanian plant.

2. E. arguta, DC.; — FI. N. Z. i. 142. A stout, erect herb, 1-2 ft.
high, more or less cottony, especially on the leaves below. Leaves 2-4 in.
long, linear-oblong or lanceolate, irregularly pinnatifid and toothed, sessile
and auricled at the base. Heads corymbose, numerous, small ; florets 1 in.
long ; involucral scales cottony below, shorter than the florets. Achene
short, grooved, hispidulous. — Senecio argutus, A. Eich.

Common throughout the islands. Banks and Solander, etc. Abundant in Tasmania and
Southern Australia.

3. E. scaberula, Hook.f., n.sp.; — E. hispidula, FI. N. Z. i. 142, not
DC. A slender, erect herb, 1-1^ ft. high, hispid all over, except the pedicels
and involucre. Leaves 1-3 in. long, linear-oblong or lanceolate, toothed or
pinnatifid, sessile. Heads i in. long, laxly corymbose or divaricating. Achene
linear, indistinctly grooved, pubescent.

Northern and Middle Islands : in various places, hut so common as E. arguta and
quadridentata. This differs from the Tasmanian E. hispidula, in the achene only-Jj in.
long, and not attenuate at the top, also in the smaller glabrous heads, and short involucral
scales.

4. E. quadridentata, DC. ; — El. N.Z.i. 142. A stout species, 1-3
ft. high, sometimes woody below, more or less covered with cottony wool,
often snow-white all over. Leaves 2-6 in. long, very narrow linear, margins
revolute. Heads corymbose, numerous, very narrow, -§• in. long ; involucral
scales glabrous or cottony. Achene grooved and angled, hispid, — in. long.
— Senecio quadridentatus, Lab. FI. Nov. Holl. t. 194.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Also frequent in Southern
Australia and Tasmania.

I have a specimen of another Erechtites from the bed of the Godley river, alt. 3000 ft.,
Haast, apparently differing from any of the above, but too imperfect to determine ; it is
nearly glabrous, with narrow, linear-obloug, slightly toothed, coriaceous leaves, 1-2 in. long,
sparingly cottony below, not auricled at base : heads glabrous, immature.

17. SENECIO, Linn.

Herbs shrubs or trees, of very various habit. Leaves entire toothed
lobed or pinnatifid. Flower-heads bracteate at the base, corymbose, rarely
solitary. — Involucral scales in 1 or 2 rows, linear, erect, herbaceous or coria-
ceous, rarely scanous, often brown at the tip. Eeceptacle plane or tumid,
papillose or alveolate. Florets yellow, all similar and hermaphrodite, or the
outer series female and ligulate ; the inner tubular, campanulate above, her-
maphrodite. Anthers with very short tails or 0. Pappus of 1 or several
rows of soft or stiff, smooth or scabrid, equal or unequal, slender or stout
hairs, sometimes thickened at the tips. Achene linear-oblong, never beaked,
usually with a thickened disk-like top, terete or grooved.

One of the largest genera in the vegetable kingdom, found in all parts of the world, and
containing a multitude of dissimilar, always most variable species. I have classed the New

158

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

[Settee io.

Zealand ones into natural groups, which are, in point of habit and many other characters, the
equivalents of genera in other parts of the vegetable kingdom, but which cannot be made
genera of, because of the numberless connecting forms found in other countries. S. Forsteri,
of FI. N. Z., differs from all others in the scarious involucral scales, and hence I have re-
stored it to the genus Brachyglottis, of Forster. The shrubby tomentose species, with very
rigid, coriaceous, almost woody involucres, also form a peculiar set, for the most part ; but
S. Greyii and Munroi, which should belong to the same group, have membranous scales.
The New Zealand species are excessively variable, the first four may prove one, the remainder
seem distinct enough.

1. Scapigerous herbs. Leaves all broad , radical. Scapes 1- or many-headed. Outer
florets rayed. Involucral scales in about 2 series. Achenes glabrous. Pappus hairs
white, slender.

Leaves 1-4 x 1-3 in., rugose and hispid above, woolly below. Scape

glandular 1. S. Lag opus.

Leaves i-4xj-lJ in., rugose and hispid above, glabrate below.

Scape cottony 2. S. bellidioides.

Leaves 3-6 x 1-3 in., woolly above and below. Scape glandular . 3. S. saxifragoides.

Leaves 2-5 x 1-3 in., and whole plant cottony, snow-white ... 4. 5. Haastii.

2. Branched herbs, usually glabrous. Leaves all or upper sessile and auricled at the
base. Heads corymbose. Outer florets rayed ( rarely tubular in S. lautus). Involucral
scales linear, in 1 series, herbaceous, connate into an obconic base. Achenes ribbed. Pap-
pus of white slender hairs.

Tall, glabrous. Leaves membranous, ovate, petioled, lobed, and

toothed 5. S. latifolius.

Stout, short, glabrous or glabrate. Leaves 1-2 in., rather fleshy . 6. S. lautus.

Stout, Leaves cottony, white, lobed and toothed 7 . S. Colensoi.

Tail, robust. Leaves leathery, glabrous, toothed, and veined . . 8. S. odoratus.

3. An erect, simple, leafy herb, corymbose above. Heads very large. Involucral scales
2 series, outer florets' rays very long. Pappus hairs rigid, scabrid 9. S. Lyallii.

4. Shrubby, glabrous. Leaves crowded, linear, margins revolute to the midrib. Head

solitary; Older florets with broad rays. Pappus of soft hairs . . 10. S. bifislulosus.

5. Shrubs with glabrous or woolly or tomentose or cottony stems, leaves, and involucres.
Corymbs branched {heads solitary in S. cassinioides). Involucral scales of 1 series. Re-
ceptacle pitted. Outer florets rayed or not. Pappus of rigid, often unequal, scabrid hairs.

0. Glabrous or nearly so. Heads corymbose.

Leaves 2-4 in., linear or oblong-lanceolate. Kays very long . . 11. S. glastfolius.

Leaves 1-2 in., orbicular, toothed. Rays very short 12. S. sciadophilus.

Leaves 1-li in., oblong, crenate-toothed. Rays short .... 13. S. perdicioides.

$. Leaves quite entire, very coriaceous indeed, covered on both surfaces or below with
tomentum. Heads panicled or corymbose.

Leaves 2-4 in., oblong, softly cottony below. Rays long . . . 14. S. Greyii.

Leaves 2-4 in., oblong, with appressed brown tomentum below. RayO. 15. S. elaagnifolius.
Leaves 2-6 in., orbicular, with brownish tomentum below . . . 16. S. rotundifolius.
Leaves j-1 in., oblong, with whitish tomentum below .... 17. S. Bidwillii.

■y. Leaves crenate, undulate, white and cottony below . . .18. S. Munroi.

5. Leaves £ in. Heads solitary 19. S. cassinioides.

1. S. Lagopus, Raoul, Choix, 21. t. 17 ; — FI. N. Z. i. 143. Root of stout
fibres ; crown loaded with long, woolly, matted hairs. Leaves 1-4 in. long,
on short, stout, villous petioles, broadly cordate-oblong, rounded at the tip,
even or crenulate on the margin, densely clothed below with white wool, ru-
gose above, and covered with short scattered bristles. Scape 2-6 in. high,
branched above, bracteate, 2-8-headed, and involucre pubescent and pilose
with black glandular hairs. Heads on slender pedicels, -£-1 in. diam., broadly

Senecio."]

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

159

obconic ; involucral scales tomentose ; rays % — | in. long ; pappus hairs
white, slender, unequal. Aehene linear, slender.

Northern and Middle Islands: subalpine pastures and rocky places, Kuahine moun-
tains, Colenso ; Nelson, Bidwill , Sinclair, Munro ; Canterbury, Raoul, Ly all. This and
the two following, though most dissimilar in their usual states, appear to me to be united hy
intermediate forms.

2. S. bellidioid.es. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 145. Smaller than S. Lagopus,
quite similar in habit and woolly crown, but the petioles often more slender.
Leaf £-4 in. long, broadly oblong or linear-oblong or cordate, obtuse at
both ends or cordate or acute at the base, entire or crenate, margins often edged
with white wool, above rugose and rough with hispid scattered hairs, below
glabrate, with raised veins ; petioles more or less densely clothed with soft
wool. Scapes slender, cottony and glandular, 1-4-flowered. Heads, etc., as
in S. Lagopus.

a. Leaves broad-oblong, glabrous below. Scapes cottony.

f}. Leaves broad-oblong, densely woolly below. Scapes tomentose and glandular.

y. Leaves linear-oblong, glabrate or villous below. Scapes glabrate.

Middle Island, abundant in hilly pastures, etc., from Nelson to Otago, Munro, etc., as-
cending to 7000 ft. in the Otago alps, Hector andBuchanan.

3. S. saxifragoides, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 144. Much larger than the
two preceding, top of root sometimes 1 in. thick, covered with long villous
wool. Leaves 3-6 in. long, with short, very stout, woolly petioles, broadly ob-
long or orbicular, cordate, crenate, villous and silky above, densely woolly
below. Scape 2-10 in. high, stout, bracteate, cottony or tomentose, and
covered with black, spreading, glandular hairs, 4-10 -flowered. Heads 1J
in. diam., as in S. Lagopus.

Middle Island : Port Cooper, Lyall.

4. S. Haastii, Hook.f., n. sp. Wholly covered with white, lax or ap-
pressed, cottony wool ; rootstock woody, covered with soft wool or naked.
Leaves with long, slender petioles, 2-8 in. long, blade 2-5 in. long, 1-3
broad, oblong or broad cordate-oblong, obtuse, obscurely crenulate. Scape
slender, 8-14 in. high, and peduncles very long, cottony, and slightly glan-
dular. Heads as in S. Lagopus.

Middle Island: Mount Cook, alt. 2700-4000 ft., shores of Lake Okau, Lake Hawea,
and mountains near the sources of the Ahuriri, Haast ; Otago, lake district, alt. 2-3000 ft..
Hector and Buchanan. The Lake Okau specimen is more hulf-coloured, less cottony ; its
tomentum is more glandular all over, and shows a tendency to pass into S. bellidioides.

5. S. latifolius, Banks and Sol. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 145. A tall branching
glabrous herb, 2-3 ft. high. Stems flexuose, furrowed. Leaves membra-
nous, 4-8 in. long, very variable, lower on long winged petioles with toothed
auricles, oblong, lobulate and toothed ; upper more fiddle-shaped or ovate-
oblong, acute, contracted below the middle and again expanding into toothed
auricles, 1 in. broad ; in young specimens the leaves are scaberulous, lanceo-
late, and toothed. Heads | in. diam., in large corymbs with spreading
branches ; involucral scales short, in 1 series, linear, acuminate ; rays slender,

in. long - pappus very soft, white, slender. Acliene strongly ribbed, his-
pidulous.

160 xxxix. composite. [Senecio.

Northern Island: in wooded districts, Banks and Solander, lieffenbach, Bidwill ;
Wairarapa, Hawke’s Bay, and Ruahine range, Colenso.

6. S. lautus, Ford. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 145. An excessively variable, per-
fectly glabrous or slightly cottony, branched herb, 6 in. to 2 ft. high. Stem
stout, grooved, green, flexuose. Leaves 1-2 in. long, sessile with amplexicaul
auricles, or petioled, rather fleshy, ovate-oblong or linear, entire toothed lobed
or pinnatifid ; lobes long or short, broad or narrow. Heads in few-flowered
corymbs, ^ j in. long, \ in. diam., broad-campanulate ; involucral scales
linear, acuminate ; outer florets with short revolute rays, rarely 0 ; pappus
fine, soft, white. Achene glabrous, ribbed or puberulous. — S. neglect as and
S. rupicola, A. Eick. El. t. 37.

A most abundant plant, especially on maritime rocks and sands, ascending the mountains
to 6000 ft., Banks and Solander. Some Otago mountain specimens are slightly cottony,
but none others that I have seen. Equally abundant in Tasmania aud South Australia.

7. S. Colensoi, Hoolc.f. FI. N. Z. i. 147. An erect, much-branched
herb, covered with white cottony or cobwebby tomeutum, except peduncles
and heads. Stem flexuose, grooved. Leaves 1-4 in. long, coriaceous, linear-
oblong, lyrate or contracted in the middle, sessile with broad auricled bases,
deeply irregularly toothed or lobulate, obtuse or acute, tomentose on both
surfaces. Heads few, corymbose, | in. long, broadly campanulate ; rays
short, revolute. Achene small, grooved, silky.

Northern Island : cliffs near the sea, Bay of Islands, East Cape, and Cape Kidnapper,
Colenso. This has the cottony tomentum and much the appearance of Erechtites arauta.
I have immature specimens from Colenso of a variety or an allied species, covered with loose
coarse white tomentum.

8. S. odoratus, Hornemann. — S. Batiksii, FI. N. Z. i. 146. A per-
fectly glabrous or sparsely pilose, tall, slender or very robust plant, 2-5 ft.
high. Stem flexuose, grooved. Leaves coriaceous, sessile, with auricled am-
plexicaul bases, 2-4 in. long, 2 in. broad, broadly oblong to lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, strongly veined. Heads small, L in. long, corymbose
on slender pedicels, broadly campanulate ; rays short, revolute. Achene
slender, grooved, pubescent.

Northern Island : east coast, Banks and Solander ; on maritime cliffs, Colenso. Also
found in South Australia and Tasmania, where the leaves are sometimes cottony.

9. S. Lyallii, Hook. f. — S. Lyallii and S. (?) scorzoner aides, FI. N. Z.
i. 146. Glabrous, or glandular-pubescent. Eootstock very thick, crowned
with long silky hairs. Stem stout, simple, erect, 1-2 ft. high, leafy, ending
in a branched corymb of many flower-heads. Leaves all quite entire ; radical
petiolate, oblong-lanceolate or very narrow linear, 2-10 in. long, f broad,
subacute, 1-5-nerved, cauline numerous, sessile, stem-clasping, gradually
narrowed from the base to the obtuse tip. Branches of corymb (peduncles)
simple, bracteate. Heads large, 1-2 in. diam. ; involucre broadly turbinate,
scales in 1 series, linear, pubescent ; rays 1 in. long ; pappus of rigid,
dirty-white, unequal scabrid hairs. Achene narrow, silky, ribbed.

Middle Island: west coast, Milford Sound and Dusky Bay, Lyall ; abundant on the
alps, ascending to 5000 ft., Munro, Sinclair, Travers, Haast, etc. A truly magnificent,
but excessively variable plant. Buchanan observes that the flowers vary in colour from
salmon-colour to bright-yellow. S. scorzonerioides is a very broad-leaved, glandular state.

Senecio.~\

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

161

10. S. bifistulosus, HooJc. f. FI. N. Z. i. 145. Glabrous ? Stem
woody ; branches scarred like a pine-branch. Leaves densely crowded, spread-
ing, 1 in. long, TV broad, narrow-linear, margins revolute to midrib and
united to it by their woolly borders, appearing crenate from the impressed
veins. Flowering branch or scape from below the leaves, 4 in. long, with fo-
liaceous bracts. Head 1 j in. diam. ; involucral scales few, broad, cottony at
back ; rays few, broad ; pappus very soft. Achene short, glabrous, ribbed.

Middle Island: Dusky Bay, Lyall. A very curious plant, allied to no other in New
Zealand, but apparently to the Tasmauian <S. pectinatus. 1 have but oue specimen.

11. S. glastifoliuSj Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 147. t. 39. A perfectly
glabrous, branched, woolly shrub, 6-10 ft. high. Branches brittle, stout or
slender; bark pale-brown. Leaves shortly petioled, 2-4 in. long, -|-1 broad,
oblong or lanceolate, entire or sinuate-toothed, acute or obtuse ; nerves very
faint, brown when dry. Corymbs lax, much spreading ; bracts leafy. Heads
large, 1-2-2 in. diam. ; involucre broad-campanulate, scales broadly linear,
membranous ; rays few, very long, f in. ; anthers with short tails ; pappus
hairs rigid, unequal, scabrid, dirty-white. Achene glabrous, terete, ex-
panded and thickened at the tip. — Solidago arborescens, A. Cunn., not Forst.

Northern Island: in woods, from the Thames river northward, Banks and Solander,
etc. A curious plant, in many respects allied to the Tasmanian Centropappus Brunonis.

12. S. sciadophihxs, Raoul, C/ioix, 21. 1. 18 ; — FI. N. Z. i. 153. A
climbing shrub, perfectly glabrous or sparingly pubescent, with slender
flexuose branches. Leaves 1-2 in. long, petiolate, orbicular, coarsely toothed,
membranous, brown when dry. Heads in few-flowered corymbs, on slender
axillary peduncles, sparingly divided, broadly campanulate, ^ in. diam. ; invo-
lucral scales few (8-10) in 1 series, broadly linear, subacute; rays ^ in. long,
revolute ; pappus hairs numerous, in several series, rigid, white, scabrid.
Achene nearly glabrous, grooved.

Middle Island : Akaroa, in woods, Raoul.

13. S. perdicioides, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 149. A shrub with slender,
pubescent, striated, scarred branches. Leaves on slender petioles, quite gla-
brous, 1-1|- in. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse, crenate and toothed, finely reticulated
on the under surface. Heads obconic, £ in. long, 8-flowered, in axillary and
terminal corymbs ; peduncles pubescent ; involucral scales few, broad, obtuse ;
rays few, broad ; pappus of 2 series of scabrid white hairs. Achene oblong,
glabrous, deeply grooved.

Northern. Island : Tolaga, in woods, Banks and Solander. This plant has not been
found since Cook’s voyage, a century ago.

14. S. Greyii, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 148. t. 38. A shrub, about 5 ft.
high ; branches terete, woody, and petioles and leaves below covered with
white appressed tomentum. Leaves with petioles -|-1|- in. long, blade 2-4
long, oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, quite entire, unequal at the base, under side
thickly softly cottony, upper glabrate, nerveless, edged with white. Corymbs
large, terminal, panicled, drooping ; bracts large, foliaceous, sessile, obovate-
oblong, cottony or glabrate ; peduncles either white and cottony or not cot-
tony and densely glandular-pubescent. Heads campanulate, f in. long ;

VOL. i. M

162

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

[Senecio.

involucral scales thick, linear, acute ; rays ^ - \ in. long ; anthers with short
tails ; pappus of many series of rigid scabrid white hairs. A chene silky.

Northern Island : from Pawahati, Cape Palliser, to Pahavva, in rocky and stony places,
Colenso. A very beautiful plant.

15. S. elseagnifolius. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 150. t. 41. A small, ro-
bust shrub, 6-8 ft. high ; branches stout and petioles and leaves beneath
densely covered with an appressed smooth layer of dirty-white or buff tomen-
tum. Leaves with stout petioles, 5-I in. long, obovate or lanceolate-oblong,
obtuse, coriaceous, quite entire, glabrous and obscurely veined above. Panicle
terminal, stout, branched, and involucres densely covered with thick buff
wool. Heads ^ in. long, campanulate ; involucral scales very coriaceous
and woolly ; ray 0 ; anthers tailed ; pappus rigid, scabrid, white. Achene
grooved, pubescent.

Northern Island: woods on the Ruahine mountains, Colenso: Mount Egmont, alt.
6000 ft., Bieffenbach. Middle Island : Rangitata range and Mount Cook, alt. 3-4000 ft.,
Sinclair , Haast ; Otago, in the bush, rare, Hector and Buchanan.

16. S. rotundifolius. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 149. A small tree with
very robust branches, covered as are the petioles, leaves below, and inflores-
cence with buff tomentum. Leaves with stout petioles 1-3 in. long, blade
3-6 in. diameter, orbicular, unequal or rounded or cordate at the base, very
coriaceous, shining above with reticulate veins, margin tomentose. Corymbs
terminal, short, close, much branched. Heads very numerous, cylindric-
campanulate, \ in. long ; involucral scales very thick, woolly ; rays ex-
tremely short ; anthers without tails ; pappus hairs rigid, scabrid, white.
Achene glabrous, grooved. — Cineraria rotundifolia, Porst.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Forster; Milford Sound, Lyall. Closely allied to the last,
though differing in the large orbicular leaves and the glabrous achene. The Mount Egmont
plant referred to this in El. N. Z. is certainly S. elaagnifolius.

17. S. Bidwillii, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 150. A small, very robust,
alpine shrub. Branches, petioles, and leaves below densely covered with ap-
pressed, whitish tomentum. Leaves shortly petioled, -5— 1 in. long, oblong
or obovate-oblong, extremely thick and coriaceous, round at the tip, glabrous
above, nerveless or reticulated; petioles | in. jointed on to the branch.
Corymbs with many long-peduncled heads, sometimes abbreviated ; peduncles
and heads with softer, more woolly tomentum than the leaves below. Heads
campanulate, £ in. long ; involucral scales very thick ; rays few, very short ;
anthers shortly tailed ; pappus hairs white, rigid, scabrid. Achene grooved,
glabrous.

Northern Island: Mount Hikurangi, and Ruahine range, Colenso. Middle Island:
mountains of Nelson, alt. 6000 ft., Bidwill, Bough ; Discovery Peaks, alt. 5800 ft., Travers.

18. S. Munroi, HooTc.f. FI. N. Z. ii. 333. A woody shrub, or small
tree; branches, petioles, and leaves below covered with white appressed
tomentum. Leaves petioled, -|-1 in. long, narrow oblong, obtuse, glabrous
or viscid above, coriaceous, margin wrinkled and crenate; petiole 1— 3- in.
long. Corymbs lax, terminal, leafy ; peduncles and pedicels tomentose, the
latter and involucre glandular and pubescent. Head broadly turbinate, 5— |
in. diam. ; involucral scales spreading, few, short, membranous, obtuse ; rays

Senecio .]

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

163

nearly £ in. long, revolute ; anthers very shortly tailed ; pappus hairs white,
rather slender, scabrid. Achene grooved, pubescent.

Middle Island: Nelson mountains, Munro ; Upper Awatere valley, Sinclair.

19. S. cassinioid.es, IIoolc. /., n. sp. A small, woody, very robust,
small-leaved shrub ; branches stout, covered with deciduous bark, marked,
like a pine-tree, with scars of fallen leaves. Leaves imbricate, -^-4- in. long,
sessile, linear-oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, covered below, like the branchlets
and involucres, with yellowish very appressed tomentum. Heads solitary,
sessile, terminal, % in. long ; involucral scales in 1 series, broadly linear,
obtuse, coriaceous, with membranous margins, much shorter than the florets ;
rays very short, revolute ; anthers scarcely tailed ; pappus of rigid, scabrid
white hairs. Achene grooved, glabrous.

Middle Island : Wairau Pass, alt. 5000 ft., and Rangitata river, alt. 3000 ft., Sinclair ;
Godley river, alt. 4-5000 it.,Haast. A remarkable species, resembling Cassinia Vauvilliersii.

18. BRACHY GLOTTIS, Foist.

A tree. Leaves very large, tomentose below, as are the branches. — Heads
small, excessively numerous, disposed in very large branching panicles, cam-
panulate, 10-12-flowered. — Involucral scales in 1 series, linear, scarious,
obtuse, shining, with subulate bracts at the base. Receptacle very narrow,
alveolate. Florets of circumference female, irregularly lobed or 2-lipped,
outer lip very short broad recurved, inner narrow revolute; of disk tu-
bular, campanulate above. Anthers with short tails. Arms of style trun-
cate, papillose at the tip. Pappus of 1 series of white, rather stout, scabrid
hairs. Achene short, terete, papillose.

I have restored this genus of Forster’s, because of its very different habit from the other
species of Senecio, its scarious shining involucral scales and two-lipped ray-florets ; the
latter, however, vary much in form.

1. B. repanda, Forst. Char. Gen. 46. — Senecio Forsteri, FI. N. Z. i.
148. A small branching tree, 10-20 ft. high. Branches, petioles, leaves
below, and inflorescence covered densely with soft, white, cottony tomentum.
Leaves very large,- 6-12 in. long, very broadly ovate-oblong or cordate-ob-
long, irregularly lobed or waved along the margin, membranous, glabrous
above; petioles 1-3 in. long. Panicles larger than the leaves, spreading,
drooping or erect ; branches slender, flexuose. Heads excessively numerous,
sessile or pedicelled, minute, in. long. — Cineraria repanda , Forst. Prod.

Abundant in forests throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc.

19. TRAVERSIA, Hook, f., n. g.

Leaves alternate, sessile, serrate, with reticulate venation. — Heads in
corymbs, broadly campanulate, 10-12-flowered, bracteolate. Involucre ot
1 series of 6-8 broad, oblong, obtuse, erect, spreading, very rigid and coriaceous
scales, shorter than the florets. Receptacle sinuous, alveolate. Florets all tu-
bular, campanulate above, with 5 revolute long lobes. Anthers obtuse, with-
out tails, exserted. Arms of style truncate, papillose. Pappus of about 2
series of very rigid, unequal, scabrid, dirty-white hairs. Achene short, gla-
brous.

m 2

164

XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

[Traversia.

A remarkable plant, allied to Senecio, but differing remarkably in the rigid pappus, very
coriaceous iuvolucral scales, and venation of the leaves, which recalls that of the Juan Fer-
nandez genera, Balbisia and Rolinsonia.

1. T. baccharoides, Hook.f. Apparently a small shrub, perfectly
glabrous, somewhat glutinous on the leaves and base of the involucres.
Branches slender, angled, with raised lines that are decurrent from the leaves.
Leaves 1^—2 in. long, coriaceous, obovate-laneeolate, serrate, acute, the nerves
running nearly parallel to the midrib, and anastomosing. Heads on slender,
rigid pedicels, 1-2 in. long, about in. diam. ; involucral scales green,
shorter than the florets.

Middle Island: Upper Avvatere and Wairau valley, alt. 5000 ft., Sinclair ; Discovery
Peaks, 5500 ft., Travers.

20. MICROSERXS, Don.

Glabrous herbs, with milky juice, perennial roots, linear leaves, and naked
scapes. — Involucre narrow, scales in 1 series, slender, with a few short small
ones at the base. Receptacle naked, pitted. Florets all ligulate, yellow.
Pappus of 1 series of rather rigid, flat, brown hairs, broadest at the base,
produced upwards into fine scabrid points. Achene slender, striate, not
beaked.

A genus of only two species, a South American one and the present.

1. M. Forsteri, 1 look. f. FI. N. Z. i. 151. Very variable in size, from
2-12 in. Leaves narrow, flaccid, quite entire toothed pinnatifid or irregu-
larly cut. Scapes glabrous or downy above. Heads in. long ; involucral
scales rather fleshy ; borders membranous. Pappus pale yellow-brown. —
FI. Tasman, i. 226. t. 66 ; M. pygmcea, Raoul, not Hook.; Scorzonera sca-
pigera, Forst.

Northern and Middle Islands : common from the Thames river, southward, ascend-
ing to 3000 ft. on the mountains. Also found in Tasmania and Southern Australia. This
differs from the Chilian species only in the narrower pappus-scales.

21. CREFIS, Linn.

Branching or (the New Zealand species) scapigerous herbs, with milky
juice. — Heads campanulate, bracteate at the base. Involucral scales in 2 or
3 series, herbaceous, green, outer short, inner longer, often tipped with black.
Receptacle naked. Florets all ligulate. Pappus of several series of exces-
sively fine, silky, more or less pilose hairs. Achene linear, not beaked.

A large genus of the north temperate zone, not found in Tasmania or Australia.

1. novse-Zelandiae, Hook. /., n. sp. A scapigerous herb, very vari-
able in stature, 2-12 in. high, glabrous all over, or with the leaves, or scape,
or involucre, or all, white and tomentose. Root stout, fleshy. Leaves
spreading, gradually widened upwards into a large, entire, obtuse lobe, or
linear and pinnatifid to the base, or petioled and lobed along the margin,
lobes toothed ; sometimes the leaf is pinnatifid to the midrib, with all the
lobes toothed, and the alternate smaller. Scape slender, naked, glabrous or
tomentose, and studded with long, black, glandular hairs. Heads |-1-| in.

Crepis.~\

XXXIX. COMPOSITj’E.

165

broad, like those of Taraxacum ; involucral scales linear, broader at the base,
with obtuse black tips, glabrous or cottony and covered with black glandular
bristles. Pappus hairs almost simple. Achene short, glabrous, compressed,
ribbed.

Middle Island : Totara-nui, or Queen Charlotte’s Sound, Banks and Solander ; open
hillsides in the Southern Alps, Canterbury plains, ascending to 3000 ft., Sinclair and Haast ;
Tuapeka ranges, Otago, Lindsay ; lake district, Hector and Buchanan. A very curious
plant, not well according with any described genus, alluded to as Hieracium fragile. Banks
and Solander, in the N. Z. Flora, i. 153.

22. TARAXACUM, Juss.

Herbs with milky juice and perennial roots. Leaves all radical, spreading,
pinnatifid or lobed. Scapes single-headed, hollow. — Involucre of long, erect,
herbaceous scales, the outer shorter and usually reflexed. Receptacle naked.
Plorets all ligulate. Pappus soft, white, of many series of extremely fine un-
equal hairs. Achene long, ribbed, tapering into a slender filiform beak;
the libs muricate or toothed.

A genus of probably only one species (the “Dandelion”), which varies very greatly, aud
is found in all parts of the temperate world.

1. T. Dens-leonis, Desf. — FI. N. Z. i. 152. An extremely variable
weed. Root stout, dark-coloured, bitter. Leaves toothed, sinuate, pinnatifid
or runciuate, rarely entire, narrow, linear-obovate, 2-5 in. long, round at the
tip. Scapes 2-8 in., leafless, glabrous or pubescent, or woolly above. Heads
1— 1-g- in. broad, yellow. Involucre green ; scales with membranous edges,
often thickened at the tip, reflexed after flowering. Achene spreading, the
pappus hairs diverging and forming a circle round the top of its beak.

Northern and Middle Islands : in various places, ascending the mountains to 5000
ft., Banks and Solander, etc. Very variable in foliage and stature, the larger forms are
probably introduced with cultivation ; the smaller are certainly indigenous.

23. PICRIS, Linn.

Erect, hispid, leafy herbs, with milky juice. — Heads corymbose. Invo-
lucre campanulate ; scales in 2 or 3 series, outer often recurved. Florets all
ligulate, yellow. Receptacle naked. Pappus of 1 series of soft, white, plu-
mose hairs. Achene turgid below, narrowed above, with tubercled ridges.

A small European genus, of which one species abounds in many parts of the world.

1. P. hieracioid.es, Linn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 151. Hispid or pilose.
Stem 2-4 ft. high. Root-leaves petioled, linear-oblong, obtuse, toothed;
cauline smaller, sessile, linear, acuminate. Peduncles slender, pedicels bracte-
ate. Heads in. long; involucral scales hispid and pubescent.

Northern Island: dry hills, Bay of Islands, etc. A very common plant in Europe,
some parts of Tasmania, Australia, and various other parts of the world.

24. SORCHUS, Linn.

Tall leafy herbs, usually with hollow stems and milky juice. Leaves alter-
nate.— Heads corymbose, cylindric or ovoid. Involucral scales imbricate,
green, herbaceous, connivent after flowering. Receptacle naked. Florets all

166 xxxix. composite. [Sonchus.

ligulate. Pappus soft, white ; hairs simple, excessively fine and silky. Achene
flat, not beaked, ribbed or striate.

A genus of many species, natives of temperate countries, and several (Sowthistles) are
weeds of cultivation.

1. S. oleraceus, Linn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 153. An erect, glabrous an-
nual, 2-4 ft. high. Leaves undivided or pinnatifid, toothed and prickly at
the margins, with a broad, cordate or triangular, terminal lobe, upper narrow,
2-lobed, and stem-clasping at the base. Heads pale-yellow, -f-1 in. diam.,
corymbose panicled or umbellate.

Var. a. Achene glabrous ; ribs muricate.

Var. j8. Achene oblong, broad, winged ; ribs smooth. — S. aspera, Vill.

Common throughout the islands ; var. a perhaps only introduced, being a weed of cul-
tivation throughout the world. Var. fi. Certainly indigenous, being found by Banks and
Solander and Forster , and at Chalky Bay by Lyall, and in the interior of the Northern
Island by Colenso, who says that it was formerly eaten by the natives, but that the intro-
duced variety is preferred from being less bitter. The var. j6 is a European and Australian
plant.

Order XL. STYLIDIE^l.

Herbs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Inflorescence various. — Calyx-tube
adnate with the ovary; lobes 5-9. Stamens 2, filaments connate with
the style, forming a column ; anthers large, transverse. Ovary inferior,
crowned with epigynous glands, 1- or 2-celled; style slender, stigma 2-lobed,
almost hidden between the anthers ; ovules numerous, attached to the septum
or to a central axis. Capsule 2-valved, dehiscing downwards, or coriaceous
and indehiscent. Seeds minute; albumen fleshy ; embryo most minute.

A large Australian Order, extending westwards to Bengal and northwards to Chiiia, also

found in antarctic America.

Flowers 1-3, on long scapes. Column straight 1. Forstera.

Flowers solitary, sessile at the ends of the branches 2. Helophylluh.

Flowers 1 or racemed. Column bent towards the top 3. Stylidium.

1. FORSTERA, Linn.

Small, alpine, glabrous, perennial herbs, with tufted or creeping stems.
Leaves small, imbricating or spreading, thick. Scapes terminal, slender,
1-2-flowered. Flowers white, sometimes unisexual. — Calyx 1-3-bracteolate ;
tube ovoid, lobes 5 or 6. Corolla campanulate or tubular, with spreading
limb, 5-9-fid; throat naked or glandular. Epigynous glands 2; style
straight, erect. Capsule ovoid. Seeds unknown.

A small genus, confined to the alps of Tasmania, New Zealand, and antarctic America.
It is probable that the three following species may be uuited by intermediates.

Leaves in., imbricate, obovate, recurved ; midrib euneale .... 1. F. sedifolia.

Leaves j-4 in., patent and recurved, linear-oblong ; margins recurved . 2. F. Bidwillii.

Leaves in., patent, not imbricate nor shining ; midrib slender . . 3. F. tenella.

1. F. sedifolia, Linn. f. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 154. Stems very stout, 3-12
in., densely covered throughout their length with leaves. Leaves imbricating,
sessile, g— } in. long, oblong- or obovate-spathulate, obtuse, recurved, very co-
riaceous, shining, midrib thickened, margin cartilaginous, the lower red-

Forster a.]

XL. STYLTDIEjE.

167

brown. Scape very slender, strict, 2-4 in., 1- rarely 2-flowered. Flower
very variable; bracts linear-oblong. Calyx-lobes linear, obtuse. Corolla
in. diam. ; tube very short ; lobes linear-oblong. Stamens included.

Middle and Southern Islands: Dusky Bay, Forster ; Chalky Bay, Lyali ; Rangitata
range, alt. 2500-5000 ft. Sinclair ; Mount Dobson, 6500 ft., Haast ; grassy banks, Otago
alps, alt. 4-6000 ft., Hector and Buchanan.

2. F. Bidwillii, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 155. Stems 2-8 in., more
slender than in F. sedifolia. Leaves numerous, close-set, but not imbricate,
patent and recurved, in. long, linear or linear-oblong, coriaceous, not
shining, green ; margins recurved when dry ; midrib beneath very indistinct.
Mowers smaller than in F. sedifolia.

Northern Island: Tongariro, Bidwill ; summit of the Ruahine range in sbaly plaees,
Colenso.

8. F. tenella, HooTc.f. FI. N. Z. i. 154. Stem short, 1-2 in. Leaves
few, lax, erect or patent, not recurved, in. long, narrow, oblong-obovate,
contracted into a short petiole, subacute, margins recurved, midrib obsolete,
not shining nor thickly coriaceous. Scape and flower as in F. sedifolia.

Middle Island : Otago, on a bill 1800 ft. high, aud at Milford Sound, Lyali ; Southern
Alps, Haast. Intermediate in some respects between F. Bidwillii and F . sedifolia, but
has shorter stems and less coriaceous foliage than either ; the leaves are as short as in sedi-
folia, but neither imbricate, recurved, coriaceous, shining, nor furnished with a thick cunei-
form midrib. At the same time I can hardly doubt these three forms having been very
recent offshoots from one.

2. HELOPHYLLUM, Hook. f.

Densely tufted, moss-like plants. Leaves most closely imbricating, ter-
minated by a globose knob. Mowers solitary, sessile in the uppermost leaves,
2- or 3-bracteate, white or pink, polygamo-dicecious.— Calyx-tube obconic ;
lobes 5-7, obtuse. Corolla-tube short ; limb spreading, unequally 4-9-par-
tite, often with thickened glands at the base of the lobes. Ovary incompletely
2-celled. Epigynous glands 2, semilunar. Eruit small, turbinate, coriaceous,
1-celled, dehiscent only by the falling away of the summit. Seeds numerous,
obovoid ; testa brown, coriaceous ; albumen very fleshy ; embryo not seen,
probably most minute.

In the ‘ Flora Antarctica,’ I regarded the first-discovered species of this genus as a section
(. Helojihyllum ) of Forstera. I did not then know the fruit, which being turbinate and
indehiscent, together with the most peculiar habit of the three species now known, esta-
blishes an excellent genus. The three species here described appear very distinct in the
drawings sent me by Mr. Buchanan, but I suspect they may prove forms of one very variable
plant. There is much in the habit and characters of Bonatia that approaches this genus,
and I think that Stylidiece are more nearly allied to Saxifrage ce than to any other Order.

Leaves linear, broad at the base. Column scarcely exserted. Flowers

white 1. H. clavigerum.

Leaves broadly ovate at the base. Column much exserted. Flowers

white 2. H. Colensoi.

Leaves linear, not broader at the base. Column included. Flowers red 3. H. rubrum.

1. H. clavigerum, Hook.f.; — Forstera clavigera, El. Ant. i. 38. t. 16.
Stems 1-2 in. long, with the leaves % in. diam. Leaves erect, densely im-
bricated all round the stem, linear-oblong, broad at the base, | in. long,

168

XL. STYLIDIEAL

\Ilelopbjllum.

thickly coriaceous ; tips globose, shining, bright green, concave above, con-
vex below, with an obscure glaucl on the back below the tip. Flower A— \ in.
diam., white. Corolla 5-7-cleft. Column very shortly exserted. Stigmas
of female flower uncinate, plumose ; of male obtuse, 4-lobed.

Middle Island : alps of Otago, alt. 6000 ft., Hector and Buchanan. Lord Auck-
land’s group and Campbell’s Island : abundant on the hills, J. B. H.

2. Golensoi, Hook. /., n. sp.- — Forstera clavigera, FI. N. Z. i. 155.
A smaller species than H. clavigera, with very much broader leaves, smaller
flowers, and the staminal column much exserted. Flowers minute, usually
5 -cleft, sunk amongst the uppermost leaves, white.

Northern Island : summits of the Ruahine range, Colenso. Middle Island : Gordon’s
Nob, Munro ; summit of Wairau range, alt. 4500 ft.; crater of a volcano near the lake
above Tarndale, alt. 6000 ft., and Rangitata range, Sinclair ; Mount Torlesse, alt. 4500-
6500 ft., Haast ; Otago alps, alt. 6000 ft., Hector and Buchanan.

3. M. rubrum, Hoolc.f., n. sp. Habit and size of H. clavigerum, but
the leaves are narrower, more coriaceous, with larger, thicker knobs. Flowers
larger, dark red. Corolla unequally 7 -cleft. Column included.

Middle Island : Otago, alpine, Hector and Buchanan.

3. STYLIDIXJM, Swartz.

Herbs, usually rigid. Leaves various, chiefly radical. — Corolla irregular,
5-lobed, one lobe smaller and deflexed, the others ascending in pairs. Upper
part of the staminal column bent down, and irritable at the flexure, springing
up with elastic force when touched, and discharging the pollen.

A very large Australian genus, with one or two East Indian species.

Tall. Flowers spicate 1. S. graminifolium.

Short. Flowers solitary 2. S. sululatum.

1. S. graminifolium, Sicartz ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 333. Stems tufted,
8-10 in. Leaves very numerous, all radical, narrow-linear, rigid, grass-like,
2-6 in. Scape 6-18 in., rather stout, pubescent and glandular, edges ser-
rulate to the touch. Spike 3-4 in. long. Flowers rather distant, ^ in. long,
glandular. Calyx-lobes short, obtuse. Corolla-tube shorter than the ovary. —
Bot. Mag. 44. t. 1918.

Northern Island: clay-hills near Auckland, Bolton, December, 1851. Only one
specimen found, and I suspect introduced; it is a most abundant S.E. Australian and Tas-
manian plant.

2. S. (?) subulatum, Hoolc.f., n. sp. A small, tufted, subsquarrose plant.
Stems excessively short, ^ in. long. Leaves very closely imbricate at the
base, patent and recurved, \ in. long, narrow subulate, rigid, pungent, con-
cave above, convex at the back. Scape extremely short, stout, (and ovary)
glandular, 1-flowered. Calyx-limb unequally 4- or 5-lobed ; lobes short, obtuse.
Corolla-tube very short; limb irregularly 3-5 -partite ; lobes linear, obtuse.
Column short, stout, straight? Capsule ovoid, ^ in. long, 1-celled.by the
rupture of the septum. Seeds numerous, small, obovoid ; testa coriaceous,
rugose, brown ; albumen very fleshy ; embryo minute, globular.

Middle Island : Nelson mountains, Travers ; Haast. A very singular little plant, the
flowers of which are in a very imperfect state ; it resembles Colobanthus Billardieri.

Stylidium.']

XL. STYLJDIE.*.

169

S. spathulatum, Br., introduced into A. Cunningham’s and other catalogues, is an Aus-
tralian plant.

Order XLI. CAMPANULACE-ffi.

{Including Lobeliace.® and Goodeniacead.)

Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, entire, rarely pin-
natifid. Inflorescence various. — Calyx-tube adnate with the ovary; lobes 5,
rarely 2-10, persistent on the fruit. Corolla regular or irregular, usually tu-
bular or campanulate, 5-lobed, often 2-lipped, and split to the base posteriorly ;
lobes valvate or induplicate. Stamens 5, epigynous, rarely epipetalous; an-
thers free or united. Ovary inferior, 2-5-celled ; style simple, often hairy at the
top, 2-5 -cleft, or with 2-5 stigmas, the latter sometimes surrounded with a
cup, or ring of hairs ; ovules few or many. Fruit a capsule berry or drupe.
Seeds few or many ; albumen fleshy ; embryo straight.

A very large Natural Order, found in all parts of the world, but of which the tribe
Goodeniacea is chiefly confined to Australia and the islands of the tropical and southern

oceans.

1. Campanulace^e.— Corolla campanulate, regular. Stamens free . 1. Wahlenbergia.

2. LobeliacE/E. — Corolla 2-lipped, split to the base posteriorly.

Anthers united.

Tall. Leaves large. Flower racemed. Berry indehiscent . . 2. Colensoa.

Erect. Flowers axillary. Capsule coriaceous, 3-valved at the top 3. Lobelia.
Creeping. Flowers axillary. Berry indehiscent 4. Pkatia.

3. Goodeniace/B. — Corolla 1-2-lipped, posteriorly split to the base.

Anthers free.

Creeping herb. Corolla-lobes valvate Berry many-seeded . . 5. Selltera.

Suberect, rather shrubby. Corolla-lobes induplicate. Drupe 2-celled 6. SC/EVOla.

1. WAHLENBERGIA, Schrader.

Erect or ascending, generally slender, simple or branched herbs ; juice
milky. Leaves alternate. Flowers terminal, regular or nearly so, drooping
in bud, white or blue, rarely reddish.- — Calyx-lobes 3-5. Corolla campanu-
late, 5-lobed or -partite. Stamens 5, epigynous ; filaments dilated at the base ;
anthers free. Ovary 2-5-celled ; style simple, hairy at the top ; stigmas
2 or 3 ; ovules numerous in each cell. Capsule ovoid or turbinate, opening at
the top with 2-5 valves.

A very large genus in Europe, most abundant in South Africa, also found in other parts of

the world.

Anuual, usually branched. Stems leafy. Corolla 5 -cleft .... 1. W. gracilis.

Perennial, glabrous. Leaves all radical ; scape naked, 1 -flowered. Co-
rolla 5 -cleft 2. W. saxicola.

Short, stout. Leaves thick, with broad cartilaginous margins. Corolla

5-partite 3. W. carlilaginea.

1. W. gracilis, A. Rich. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 159. A very slender annual,
branched, glabrous, hispid or pilose herb. Stem 1-24 in. high, often ascend-
ing, angular; branches terminating in very slender, 1-flowered peduncles.
Leaves £-2 in. long; radical spathulate, petioled, toothed; cauline sessile,
linear-oblong, entire toothed or sinuate, acute or acuminate, rarely spathulate;
margins cartilaginous. Flowers extremely variable in size and form. Calyx-

170

XLI. CAMPANULACEAb

\Wahlenbergia.

tube ovoid ; lobes 3-5, linear, long or short. Corolla A- \ in. long, blue
purplish or white, 3-5-lobed. Capsule elongate, obconic ovoid or club-
shaped, 1 in. long, ribbed. — Campanula gracilis, Forst. ; Bot. Mag. t. 691.

Var. a. Stem tall, generally glabrous. Flowers large. Capsule large, elongate, obconic.

Var. /8. capi/laris. Stem 1-8 in., covered with spreading hairs. Flowers small or
minute. Capsule small, ovoid.

Abundant in dry places throughout the islands, Bonks and Solander, etc., ascending to
4-5000 ft. An equally abundant and variable temperate and tropical Australian and Pacific
Island plant, probably not different from an Indian and South African species.

2. W. saxicola, A. DC.; — FI. N. Z. i. 160. A small, perennial,
scapigerous, perfectly glabrous herb, 2-8 in. high. Leaves all radical, petio-
late, 1—2 in. long, spathulate, obovate lanceolate or narrow-linear, shining,
margins often white, entire or toothed. Scape naked, 1-flowered. Calyx-
tube turbinate. Corolla oblique, 5-lobed, in. diam., pale-blue. Anthers
linear-oblong, 1 or 2 of them unguiculate at the tip. Ovary 2- or 3-celled.
Capsule obovoid. — W. albo-marginata, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 818 ; Campanula saxi-
cola, Br. Prodr.

Northern and Middle Islands : not uncommon in hilly au(l subalpine districts,
ascending to nearly 6000 ft. The Blue-bell of Otago.

3. W. cartilaginea, Hook, f., n. sp. A small, low, stout, glabrous
or pubescent herb, 1-3 in. high. Leaves chiefly radical, ^-1 in. long, broadly
spathulate, obtuse; petioles broad, thickly coriaceous; margins broad, white,
entire, cartilaginous. Scape short, very stout, erect, naked or 1- or 2-leaved,
sometimes forked, as if the plant might have a branched stem. Flower large,

in. diam. Calyx-tube subspheric or obconic, lobes large, linear-oblong;
margins cartilaginous, longer than the corolla, which is short, broad, and
included within the calyx-lobes, and 5 -partite almost to the base. Capsule
turbinate.

Middle Island: Nelson mountains, in shingle-beds. Rough ; Tarndale, alt. 4000 ft.,
Sinclair ; Clarence and Wairau valleys, alt. 4-6500 ft., Travers. A highly curious little
species. Calyx sometimes 10-lobed. Flower very sweet-scented.

2. COLEETSOA, Hook. f.

A tall, glabrous, milky herb. Leaves alternate, large, membranous, with
very long petioles. Flowers large, racemose. — Calyx-tube turbinate ; lobes
5, subulate, equal. Corolla very long, slightly curved, tubular, split to the
base down the back, 2-lipped ; upper lip of 2 linear-acute lobes, one on either
side the fissure, lower of 3 oblong, acute, spreading lobes. Stamens exserted ;
anthers cohering, pubescent, hairy towards their tips. Ovary 2-celled ; style
bifid; arms spreading; ovules numerous. Berry globose, fleshy and coria-
ceous, 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds small, globose, attached to broad, pel-
tate placentae.

This fine plant was separated from Lobelia chiefly on account of the baccate fruit.

1. C. physaloid.es, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 157. Stem flexuose, branched,
2-3 ft. high, woody at the base. Leaves with petioles 3-6 in. long, ovate, acute,
doubly serrate or toothed, membranous, glabrous or pilose. Bacemes terminal,
shorter than the leaves, 6-12-flowered ; pedicels 1 in., bracteolate at the base.

Colensoa .]

XLI. CAMPANULACEAL

171

Corolla 1-2 in. long, blue, pubescent. Berry \ in. diam .—Lobelia physa-
loides, A. C. ; Hook. Ic. PL t. 555-6.

Northern parts of the Northern Island, from Wangaroa to the North Cape, Cunning-
ham, Dieffenbach, etc.

3. LOBELIA, Linn.

Erect or ascending, generally glabrous, milky kerbs. Leaves alternate.
Blowers usually racemose or axillary. — Calyx-lobes 5. Corolla-tube split to
the base down the back, rarely of 3 petals, 2-lipped, upper lip of 2 lobes (or
two petals when separate), oue on each side the fissure, lower with 3 spread-
ing lobes. Anthers connate, 2 upper often pilose at the tip. Ovary 2-celled;
style undivided or 2-lobed. Capsule membranous or coriaceous, usually de-
hiscing by 2 valves at the top.

A very large genus, found in all parts of the world. The corolla is generally split but
once to the base, but in L. Roughii , the two dorsal petals are free to the base, and it is hence

split thrice to the base.

Erect, glabrous. Stems flat or 3-gonous. Flowers small, axillary . . . 1. L. anceps.

Small. Stems very short. Leaves broad, with deep teeth. Flowers on stout

peduncles, large 2. L. Roughii.

1. L. anceps, Tliunberg ; — FI. N. Z. i. 158. A branched, leafy, erect
or ascending, glabrous, subsucculent herb, 6-12 in. high. Stems flattened,
trigonous, sometimes winged. Leaves 1-3 in. long, variable in shape,
spathulate linear obovate or oblong, entire sinuate or toothed, narrowed
into decurrent petioles. Blowers small, | in. long, pale blue, on short, soli-
tary, axillary peduncles. Ovary elongated. Capsule linear or clavate, often
\ in. long.

Northern and Muddle Islands: abundant in wet places, as far south as Banks’s Pen-
insula, Banks and Solander. Kermadec Islands : M‘ Gillivrag, a large leaved form.

2. L. Roughii, Hook. /., n. sp. A very short, glabrous, scapigerous
plant, full of acrid, milky fluid. Stems branched, very short, slender, tortu-
ous amongst shingle, leafy at the top. Leaves in. long, shortly petioled,
obovate, very deeply toothed or lobed, the sinus round, coriaceous, nerveless.
Peduncles stout, erect, axillary, 1-flowered. Calyx-tube globose ; lobes linear,
coriaceous, obtuse, growing out as the fruit ripens. Corolla-tube 3-partite,
about as long as the calyx-lobes, its lobes obtuse, short. Anthers glabrous.
Capsule ovoid, globose, leathery, ^ in. long, dehiscing by cartilaginous valves
between the calyx-lobes.

Middle Island : Nelson mountains, Rough ; Wai-au-na valley, alt. 3000 ft., and Wairau
Gorge, alt. 4-6500 ft. on shingle, Travers. A very curious little species, its habit is that
of Wahtenbergia cartilaginea.

4. PBATIA, Gaudickaud.

Small, creeping, herbaceous plants, wuth prostrate stems. Leaves small,
broad, rounded or oblong, sinuate or toothed. Peduncles axillary, often
long, single-flowered. — Blowers the same as in Lobelia. Bruit fleshy, inde-
hiscent.

172 XLT. CAMPANULACEiE. [Pmtid.

A small genus, natives of marshy places in Australia, Tasmania, India, and temperate
South America.

Stems long. Leaves 5 in., obtusely toothed or sinuate .... 1. P. angulata.

Stems short. Calyx-lobes lanceolate or subulate. Leaves ^ in. long,

sharply deeply toothed 2. P. (?) perpusilla.

Stems stout. Leaves 4-3 in., very broad, fleshy, deeply coarsely

toothed 3. P. (?) macrodon.

Stem slender. Leaves js in., orbicular, obtusely toothed or sinuate,
purple below. Calyx-lobes T\ in., triangular, obtuse 4. P. (?) linnceoides.

1. P. angulata, Hook. f. FI. Antarct. i. 41; FI. N. Z. i. 157. Gla-
brous, very variable. Stems slender, 6-12 in. Leaves £ in. long, petioled
or nearly sessile, orbicular, broadly oblong or obovate-oblong, obtusely sinuate-
toothed, membranous. Peduncles short or long, 4 in., slender. Flowers
pale-blue, £— §• in. long, sometimes \ in. broad. Calyx-lobes linear or tri-
angular-ovate, erect, obtuse. Anthers glabrous. Berry globose or ovoid,
sometimes in. diam. — Lobelia angulata , Forst. ; L. littoralis , A. Cunn.

Var. a. Leaves orbicular, sinuate-toothed, shortly petioled. Peduncle long and slender.
Calyx-lobes short.

Var. 0. Leaves obovate, on slender petioles, deeply toothed, acute. Peduncle long.
Calyx-lobes long, almost subulate.

Var. 7. Leaves as in a, but much larger and very obscurely toothed. Peduncles very
short. — P. arenaria , FI. Antarct. i. 41. t. 29.

Var. S. Smaller. Leaves --5 in. long.

Abundant in watery places, moist banks, etc., Banks and Solander. Ascending the
Southern Alps to 5000 ft. Var. 7. Lord Auckland’s group. Very nearly allied to the
Tasmanian Lobelia pedunculata , Br., and possibly only a large form of that plant, but gla-
brous, the leaves more petioled, less crowded, and the aspect is different.

2. P. (?) perpusilla, Hook. f. — Lobelia perpusilla, FI. N. Z. i. 158.
Very minute, glabrous. Stems matted, stout for the size of the plant, 3-4
in. Leaves T’¥ in. long, sessile, oblong, acute, deeply toothed. Flowers
almost sessile, £ in. long. Calyx-tube hairy ; lobes ovate-subulate, recurved.
Anthers glabrous. Fruit not seen.

Northern Island : Hawke’s Bay, in muddy places, Colenso. The fruit being unknown,
I am doubtful as to the genus ; but the habit is altogether that of Pratia. Allied to the
Tasmanian Lobelia irrigua, but a very much smaller plant.

3. P. (?) macrodon, Hook. /., n. sp. Perfectly glabrous. Stems
matted, short, rather stout. Leaves crowded, very shortly petioled, -y— | in.
long, broadly obovate-orbicular, cuneate at the base, coriaceous, deeply
coarsely 6-8-toothed. Peduncle short. Flower large. Calyx-lobes subulate-
lanceolate. Corolla-tube cylindric, | in. long, broadest at the base. Fruit
not seen.

Middle Island : Southern Alps, Discovery Peaks, Acheron and Clarence rivers, alt.
5500 ft., Travers ; snmmit of Mount Torlesse, alt. 4500-6000 ft., Haast. This again is
doubtful as to genus till the fruit is known ; it differs much from P. angulata in the more
coriaceous (perhaps fleshy), deeply toothed leaves, large almost sessile flower, and long corolla-
tube dilated below.

4. P. (?) linnseoides, Hook.f, n.sp. Glabrous; stem slender, creeping,
1-3 in. Leaves coriaceous, very shortly petiolate or sessile, orbicular, -g- iu.
diam., coarsely obtusely sinuate-toothed, often purple below. Scape slender,

Pratia.]

XLI. CAMPULAXACEiE.

173

dark-coloured, l|-2 in. Calyx-lobes very small, broadly triangular, obtuse,
•Jg- in. long. Corolla ■§• in. long, as in P. angulata.

Middle Island: Observatory Hill, Macaulay river, alt. 4500 ft., Haast ; Otago, sub-
alpine, Liudis Pass, Hector and Buchanan. This approaches small-leaved states of P. an-
gulata, but the coriaceous or somewhat fleshy leaves, and very small calyx at once distin-
guish it, whether as a species or variety.

5. SELLXERA, Cavanilles.

A small, glabrous, creeping, rather fleshy herb. Leaves narrow-linear or
lanceolate. Peduncles axillary, 1- or 2-flowered. — Calyx-lobes 5, equal. Corolla
1-lipped, split posteriorly to the base ; lobes 5, ovate, acute, valvate, not
winged. Stamens 5, epigynous ; anthers free. Ovary 2-celled ; style
simple, stigma in a 2 -lipped cup ; ovules many. Berry 2-celled, indehiscent.
Seeds numerous, imbricating upwards, compressed.

1. S. radicans, Cav. — Goodenia repens. Lab.; — PI. N. Z. i. 156.
Stems succulent, 2-10 in. long. Leaves g— 5 in. long, linear-spathulate or
linear, obtuse, quite entire, nerveless, petiole half-clasping the stem. Pe-
duncles axillary, solitary or several together, 1- or 2-flowered, with 2 subulate
bracts above the middle. Flower ^ in. long. Berry very variable in size. —
Lab. FI. Nov. Holl. i. 53. t. 76.

Abundant in salt marshes throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. ; Otago, Lower
Waitaki river, Hector and Buchanan , apparently far from the sea. Also common in Tas-
mania, South Australia, and Chili.

6. SCJEVOLA, Linn.

Erect or ascending, shrubby or half-shrubby plants. Flowers axillary or
spiked. — Calyx-lobes 5, equal or very unequal, sometimes obsolete. Corolla
split to the base posteriorly, 1 -lipped; lobes induplicate, winged. Stamens
5 ; anthers free. Ovary 2-(rarely l-4)-celled ; style simple ; stigma in a
cup ; ovules erect, solitary in each cell. Drupe dry or fleshy, usually 2-celled,
with 1 erect seed in each cell.

A rather extensive genus in Australia and the Pacific Islands.

1. S. gracilis, Hook.f. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. i. 129. A procumbent
shrub, covered with silky hairs. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1-3
in. long, acute, serrate, hairy on both surfaces. Flowers axillary, f in. long,
subsessile, on short branclilets, with 4 linear-lanceolate bracts at their base.
Calyx silky, bracteolate; lobes 5, very unequal, 3 subulate, 2 intermediate
very short. Corolla yellow, its lobes very long, linear ; tube villous within.

Kermadec Islands, M‘ Gillivray.

S. Novce-Zelandice, A. Cunn., is Hymenanthera crassifolia, Hook. f.

Order XLII. EEICE^.

{Including Epacride2b.)

Shrubs or trees. Leaves evergreen and coriaceous in all the New Zealand
species, simple, exstipulate. Inflorescence various. Flowers usually white,
bracteate. — Sepals inferior, usually 5, free or united into a 5 -partite calyx,

174

XLII. ERICEiE.

imbricate. Corolla usually tubular or campanulate, glabrous or bearded on
the throat or on the lobes; lobes 5, generally short, imbricate or induplicate-
valvate. Stamens 5-10, hypogynous or epipetalous. Anthers 1- or 2-celled,
cells awned at the back or tip or awnless, opening by slits or terminal pores.
Disk 5-10-lobed, or of 5 scales. Ovary 1-12-celled; style simple, stigma
capitate or truncate, simple or lobed. Ovules 1 or many in each cell. Fruit
a capsule berry or drupe, free or enclosed in the fleshy calyx. Seeds minute ;
testa reticulate ; albumen copious, fleshy ; embryo small.

A large Order, found in all parts of the world.

Suborder I. Ericeae. — Stamens in the New Zealand genera hypogynous ; anthers
2-celled , opening by pores.

Capsule dry, 5-valved, often enclosed in the fleshy calyx .... 1. Gaultheria.

Berry fleshy, with the small withered calyx at its base 2. Pernettya.

Suborder II. Epacridese. — Stamens in the New Zealand genera epipetalous ; anthers
\-celled.

Fruit a drupe with a 1-10 -celled bony nut ; cells with 1 pendulous seed.

Pedicels covered with imbricating bracts 3. Cyathodks.

Pedicels with few bracts placed close under the calyx 4. Leucopogon.

Fruit a drupe, with 5 or more minute \-seeded nuts 5. Pentachondra.

Fruit a many-seeded capsule.

Leaves not amplexicaul (except E. purpurascens) . Flowers solitary.

Pedicels covered with imbricating bracts 6. Epacris.

Leaves not amplexicaul. Flowers racemed. Bracts few or 0 . . 7. Archeria.

Leaves with broad, sheathing bases 8. Dracophyllum.

1. GAULTHERIA, Linn.

Shrubs. Leaves coriaceous, toothed, alternate, rarely opposite, never
sheathing at the base. Flowers white or pink, axillary solitary or racemose. —
Calyx 5- or 6-lobed or -partite, often becoming fleshy and enclosing the cap-
sule. Corolla ovoid or urceolate; mouth contracted; lobes 5, recurved.
Stamens 10, included, hypogynous; filaments flat; anthers opening by
pores, each pore with 1 or 2 awns. Disk cup-shaped, 10-lobed, or of 10
glands. Ovary 5-celled; cells many-ovuled. Capsule free or enclosed iu
the baccate calyx, 5-valved loculicidally ; valves separating from a central
axis which bears the seeds ; sometimes the capsule becomes fleshy and inde-
hiscent.

A large genus, especially iu the American and Indian mountains, unknown in Europe and
Africa, found also on the Australian and Tasmanian alps. The baccate calyx is a variable
character in New Zealand, occurring in G. antipoda, sometimes on the same fruiting raceme
with simple calyces, in which plant further, dry dehiscent, and baccate indehisceut capsules
occur also on the same branch, thus uniting the characters of Pernettya and Gaultheria.

Leaves alternate. Flowers axillary, or racemes leafy 1. G. antipoda.

Flowers racemose. Leaves lanceolate oblong or rounded ... 2 . G. rupestris.

Flowers racemose. Leaves ovate-oblong, cordate 3. G.fagifolia.

Leaves opposite, cordate. . Flowers racemose 4. G. oppositifolia.

1. G. antipoda, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 161. A rigid bush, erect or
prostrate, extremely variable in stature and habit. Branches pubescent,
covered with scattered black or yellow-brown bristles. Leaves very coriaceous,
veined, shortly petioled, orbicular oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute

GaultJieria .]

XLII. ERICEjE.

175

obtuse or acuminate, | in. long in a and f3, i— | in 8, serrate, the teeth
sometimes ending in a bristle. Flowers small, white or pink, axillary and
solitary, or crowded towards the ends of the branchlets, which form leafy
racemes ; peduncles curved, pubescent. Calyx rarely 6-lobed, lobes red at the
tips. Corolla ~ in. long or more. Capsule with the enlarged calyx § in.
diam., purple red or white ; sometimes the capsule is itself baccate, and the
calyx unchanged, at others neither capsule nor calyx are fleshy.

Var. a. Erect. Branches pubescent. Leaves broad.

Var. /8. Erect. Leaves oblong or lanceolate. Flowers small, almost racemed, on slender,
glabrate pedicels.

Var. 7. Depressed or prostrate. Leaves orbicular. Branchlets covered with brown, stiff
hairs. Flowers axillary. Fruit very large. — FI. Tasman, i. 241. t. 73.

Var. S. Prostrate, small. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, very small.

Var. e. Erect or prostrate. Leaves lanceolate, serrate, with the teeth terminating in bristles.

Throughout the islands, abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. ; var. 0, descending to nearly
the level of the sea, as far north as the Bay of Islands ; the other varieties more or less
alpine. Var. 7, ascending to 5000 ft. Found also on the Tasmanian alps.

2. G. rupestris, Br.; — FI. N. Z. i. 162. t. 42. A bush or small tree.
Branches stout, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes hispid towards the tips.
Leaves close-set, alternate, f-1 in. long, from ovate-obtuse to oblong or ob-
long-lanceolate and acute, crenulate or serrulate, glabrous, extremely coria-
ceous, reticulate on both surfaces. Kacemes short or long, 4— If in. long,
terminal and axillary, sometimes fastigiate at the ends of the branchlets, few-
or many-flowered; pedicels longer or shorter than the bracteoles. Calyx-
lobes ovate, acute, often thickening in fruit. Capsule dry. — Andromeda
rupestris, Forst.

Var. a. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrulate. Branchlets glabrous.

Var. 0. Leaves smaller, oblong. Branchlets glabrous.

Var. 7. Leaves as in a, but more membranous. Branchlets pubescent and setose.

Var. 5. Leaves i in. long, nearly orbicular. Branchlets glabrous. — G. Colensoi, Hook. f.
FI. N. Z. i. 162.

Var. e. Leaves oblong, 1 in. long, obtuse. Branchlets hispid, setose at the ends. Calyx
baccate. P A. hybrid between rupestris and antipod.a.

Northern and Middle Islands: abundant on all the mountains, ascending to 5000 ft.,
and excessively variable, Banks and Solander, etc. Var. e is a singular plant; with the
habit and baccate calyx of G. antipoda, it has the racemose inflorescence of G. rupestris ;
I have it in fruit only, and the locality is doubtful. This species covers large tracts of
ground in the lake district of Otago, and the fruit, which is white or red, is eaten by the
ground-parrots.

3. G. fagifolia, Book. f. FI. N. Z. i. 162. A shrub, 4-5 ft. high.
Branchlets sparingly setulose. Leaves petiolate, f in. long, ovate-oblong,
cordate at the base, crenate-serrate, coriaceous, waved. Racemes f in. long.
Flowers f in. long. Calyx-lobes ovate-acute, not enlarging after flowering.

Northern Island : Motukino, east of Lake Taupo, Colenso. I have but two specimens
of this most distinct species.

4. G. oppositifolia. Book./. FI. N. Z. i. 162. t. 43. A large shrub.
Branchlets glabrous or setose. Leaves If— If in. long, sessile, cordate,
oblong, obtuse or acute, serrulate or crenate, glabrous or setulose on both
surfaces. Racemes axillary and terminal, sometimes panicled (with opposite

176 xlii. erice.e. [ Gaultheria .

branches) at the ends of the branches. Flowers numerous, small, as in G.
rupestris. Calyx-lobes not becoming fleshy. Capsule small.

Northern Island : Mount Egmont, Bidwill ; cliffs between Hawkes’ Bay and Taupo,
Colenso.

2. PEENETTYA, Gaud.

Characters of Gaultheria , but the calyx is unchanged, or but slightly en-
larged after flowering, and the fruit is baccate instead of capsular.

A large South American genus, and there confined to the Andes, Chili and Fuegia.

1. P. tasmanica, Hook. f. FI. Tasm. i. t. 73. A very small, creep-
ing, perfectly glabrous plant. Stems slender, 2-3 in. long, without hairs or
bristles. Leaves L in. long, sessile, oblong, subacute, subveined, coriaceous,
very obscurely crenate. Flowers axillary, solitary, larger than the leaves.
Pedicels as long as the leaves, with 3-5 obtuse, imbricate bracts at the base.
Corolla campanulate.

Middle Island : amongst grass on the Hopkins river, alt. 2500 ft., Haast.

This is a most puzzling plant, and seems to unite the genera Pernettya and Gaultheria,
as much as do the varieties of G. antipoda, mentioned under that plant. The Tasmanian
specimens have no awns to the anther-cells, the New Zealand ones have very short awns : the
plants are otherwise undistinguishable. They differ from the small states of G. antipoda,
with baccate fruit and slightly swollen calyx, only in the minute more obtuse leaves, and total
absence of black bristles on the branches ; and these latter are so very rare in some states of
G. antipoda, that I cannot doubt but that all will prove one plant, however anomalous this
opinion may appear.

3. CYATHODES, Br.

Shrubs. Leaves acerose, rigid, pungent or oblong and obtuse, glaucous,
parallel-veined below, and not sheathing at the base. Flowers small, white
or yellowish. — Pedicels covered with bracts, which become larger upwards,
and hide the calyx. Corolla funnel-shaped or urceolate ; tube scarcely longer
than the calyx, glabrous; lobes glabrous or bearded. Ovary with 3-10 1-
ovuled cells. Drupe with a bony 3-10-celled nut.

A large Australian and Pacific island genus.

Leaves -g— ^ in., very narrow, with rigid, pungent points 1. C. acerosa.

Leaves in., narrow, linear-oblong, subacute 2. C. roiusta.

Leaves in., narrow, linear, patent or recurved, obtuse .... 3. C. empetrifolia.

Leaves in., linear or oblong, suberect, obtuse. Corolla bearded . 4. C. Colensoi.

1. C. acerosa, Br. ; — -FI. N. Z. i. 163. A large shrub or small tree,

with blackish branches. Leaves spreading, about in. long, acerose or
very narrow linear or lanceolate, pungent, margins often recurved and ciliate,
under side glaucous, with 3-7 parallel veins, of which the outer often branch
outwards. Flowers solitary, minute. Bracts and calyx-lobes obtuse. Corolla
glabrous ; lobes spreading. Drupe red, ^ in. diam.

Var. a. Leaves usually only i in. long, linear, lateral nerves often branching outwards. —
C. acerosa, Br.

Var. f}. Leaves often J-f in. long, with longer pungent points, nerves all simple. — C. oxy-
cedrus, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 164.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and So/ander, etc. ; ascending the mountains
in a stunted form. The same branch bears minute, dry, and large succulent drupes. Both
varieties are common New Zealand plants.

Cyathodesf\

XLTI. ERICEiE.

177

2. C. robusta, Hook. /., n. sp. — C. acerosa, /3, lalifolia, FI. N. Z. i.
163. A much larger and more robust plant than C ■ acerosa. Leaves spread-
ing, | in. long, narrow linear-oblong, in. broad, subacute, not pungent,
5-11 -nerved below, the outer nerves sometimes branching outward.

Chatham Island, Dieffenbach and Herb. Mueller. I was at first disposed to refer this
to a form of C. acerosa, but more specimens, received from Dr. Mueller, quite agreeing with
Dieffenbach’s, and equally without the pungent tips to the leaves, seem to indicate its
specific distinctness. I have seen no flowers ; the drupe is j in. diam.

3. C. empetrifolia, IIoolc. f. FI. N. Z. i. 164. A small, procumbent,
alpine, straggling plant, with slender, leafy, tomentose branches, 8-24 in.
long. Leaves erect, spreading or recurved, -§— i in. long, linear, obtuse, gla-
brous, pilose or pubescent, convex above, glaucous below ; margins recurved,
ciliated; midrib stout; veins 0. Flowers minute, axillary or terminal, solitary
or 2 or 3 together. Peduncle very short. Corolla-tube not longer than the
calyx ; lobes glabrous, acute. Drupe 3-5-celled .—Androstoma empetrifolia,
FI. Antarct. i. 44. t. 30.

Common on the mountains of the Northern and Middle Islands, and of Lord
Auckland's group and Campbell's Island.

4. C. Colensoi, Hook. f. — Leucoporjon Colensoi, FI. N. Z. i. 165.
Stems robust, prostrate, with erect or ascending, puberulous, leafy branches,
4-10 in. high. Leaves erect or suberect, g- in. long, linear-oblong or ob-
ovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, convex above, glaucous below, with 3 stout
nerves, the outer branching towards the margin ; margins thin, cartilaginous
or membranous, especially towards the tips. Flowers in short 3-5 -flowered
racemes. Corolla-lobes bearded. Drupe white or red, 5 -celled.

Northern Islaud : base of Tongariro, Lake Taupo, Buahine range, etc., Colenso. Middle
Island: Gordon’s Nob and Fairfield Downs, Munro ; IV airau mountains, alt. 4-5500 ft.,
Travers ; Common on the Southern Alps, Haast ; Otago, lake district, alt. 2000 ft., Heel or
and Buchanan. Intermediate between Cyathodes and Leucopngon in characters, but with
the habit of the former genus, to which I have referred it, both on this account and be-
cause of its extremely close affinity with C. Tamaiameice, Cham., of the Sandwich Islands ;
it is also most closely allied to Leucopoyon suaveolens of the Borneo alps, which may be
a Cyathodes.

4. LEUCOPOGOW, Br.

Shrubs, sometimes very small, or trees. Leaves imbricating or scattered,
coriaceous, parallel-veined below, not sheathing at the base. Flowers solitary
spiked or racemose, white or pink. — Pedicels with 2 or 3 bracts below the
calyx. Corolla tubular, campanulate or funnel-shaped; lobes spreading,
bearded. Ovary with 2-10 1-ovuled cells. Drupe with a bony 1-10-celled nut.

Chiefly an Australian genus, but also found on the mountains of the Malayan and Pacific
Islands.

Leaves subw'horled, spreading. Flowers minute, spiked 1. L. fasciculatus.

Leaves imbricate, with long pungent tips. Flowers solitary, large . . 2. L. Frazeri.

1. L. fasciculatus, A. Rich. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 164. A large shrub or
small tree, with slender, spreading, puberulous branchlets. Leaves somewhat
whorled, patent, -J-l in. long, linear-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse or acuminate,
flat, glabrous, striated above, glaucous and obscurely veined below ; margins
denticulate or ciliolate. Flowers minute, on drooping, filiform, fascicled

VOL. i. N

178

XLII. ERICEJE.

[. Leucopogon .

spikes, crowded or distant, greenish ; bracts and calyx-lobes obtuse. Drupe
small, hard, fleshy, oblong, 2-celled. — Epacris fasciculalus, Forst.

Var. a. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate.

Var. j8. Leaves broader, oblong, hardly acute. — L. brtvilabris, Stsch., iu Bull. Soc. Nat.
Hist. Mosc. xxxii.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Var. /3, in mountainous
districts.

2. Li. Fx-azeri, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 165. A very small, erect or
ascending plant, 2-4, rarely 6-8 in. high, branches often curving, densely
covered with imbricating leaves. Leaves close-set, in. long, obovate-
oblong or linear-oblong, with long, pungent, mucronate tips, glabrous above,
margins flat or recurved, serrulate, cartilaginous, glaucous below, the nerves
branching outwards. Flowers solitary, axillary, sessile, large ; bracts short,
broad. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, twice as long as the bracts. Corolla tubular,
\ in. long; lobes short. Drupe 1- or more celled. — L. nesophilus, DC. Prodr.
vii. 752 ; L. Bellignianus, Raoul, Choix, 18. t. 12.

Abundant throughout the islands in dry soil, ascending to 5000 ft., Banks and Solander ,
etc. The sweetish orange drupe is edible. Also found on the Tasmanian and Victorian alps,
and very closely allied to a Borneau species.

5. PENTACHONDRA, Br.

Small, alpine, procumbent, straggling or csespitose plants. Leaves imbri-
cating.— Flowers solitary, axillary, sessile. Bracts 4 or more. Corolla tu-
bular or funnel-shaped ; lobes spreading, densely bearded within. Drupe
with 5 or more small 1 -seeded nuts.

A small genus, natives of the alps of Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand.

1. P. pumila, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 166. Stems woody, procumbent,
with numerous, short, ascending, tufted, leafy branches, 1-4 in. high. Leaves
clo3e-set, suberect, imbricating, -§• in. long, oblong, obtuse, concave, margins
ciliate, glossy on both surfaces, glabrous or ciliated, striated, 3-5 -nerved.
Flowers twice as large as the leaves. Bracts and calyx-lobes short, ciliated.
Corolla tubular; lobes 5, short, densely bearded. Berry large, often £ in.
long, red, succulent. Nuts 5 or more, small, almost reniform. — Epacris
pumila , Forst. Prodr.

northern and Middle Islands: abundant on the mountains, Forster; ascending to
5500 ft. in the Nelson ranges. Also found on the Victorian and Tasmanian alps.

6. EPACRIS, Smith.

Shrubs, often small, or small trees. Leaves shortly petioled, usually
closely imbricating, rarely sheathing at the base. — Flowers solitary, shortly
peduncled ; bracts numerous, imbricating, covering the peduncle and con-
cealing the base of the calyx. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped ; limb not
bearded. Capsule dry, 5 -celled, 5-valved ; cells with numerous seeds attached
to a central placenta.

A very large Australian and Tasmanian genus, found also in New Zealand, but nowhere else.

Leaves with long, pungent points 1. E. purpurascens.

Leaves not pungent, acuminate. Bracts and sepals acute ... 2. E. pauciflora.

Leaves obtuse. Bracts and sepals acute 3 . E. Sinclairii.

Leaves ovate obtuse. Bracts and sepals obtuse 4. E. alpina.

Epacris.]

XLIJ. EKTCEA3.

179

1. E. purpurascens, Br. An erect, tall, sparingly -branched shrub,
6 ft. high ; branches tlexuosc, |-1 ft. long, densely clothed throughout with
closely imbricating, sheathing, spreading, recurved, pungent leaves. Leaves
-5- in. long, coriaceous, very convex, sheathing by their lower part, but attached
by a small broad petiole, broadly ovate-cordate, suddenly contracting into
the rigid patent needle-like tip, quite glabrous. Flowers very numerous,
often one in the axil of every leaf for a large portion of the branches ; bracts
and sepals 'ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pungent. Corolla \ in. long ; lobes
ovate, acute. — E. pvnrjens, Lot. Mag. t. 844.

Northern Island: Papakura, 18 miles from Auckland, Sinclair. A New South Wales
plant, and I cannot but suspect introduced (like Stglidium graminifolium) into New
Zealand, but Dr. Sinclair, with whom I had a good deal of correspondence on the subject,
regarded it as indigenous.

2. E. pattciflora, A. Rich.; — FI. N. Z. i. 166. A glabrous, erect,
twiggy shrub, 1-2 ft. high, branches puberulous, stoutish, leafy. Leaves
very coriaceous, suberect, imbricating, in. long, concave, broadly ovate
or oblong-lanceolate, suddenly acuminate, obtuse at the tip, nerveless, quite
smooth and glabrous on both surfaces. Flowers small, white, scarcely longer
than the leaves, numerous towards the tips of the branches ; bracts very
numerous, ovate, acute, closely imbricating in 5 or 6 ranks. Corolla with a
very short tube, and patent, broad, rounded lobes. Capsule small.

Northern and Middle Islands: on dry hills and in swampy grounds, Banks and
Solander, etc. Common as far south as Nelson, very uear the Tasmanian E. virgaia.

3. E. Sinclair!!, Hook./., n. sp. A foot high, much branched; branches
stout, puberulous, leafy. Leaves erect, imbricating, J in. long, densely
coriaceous, narrow lanceolate-oblong or oblong, obtuse, smooth and glabrous
on both surfaces. Bracts, calyx, etc., as in E. pauciflora.

Northern Island, Herb. Sinclair. Numerous fine specimens of this are in Sinclair’s
Herbarium, but without ticket ; it resembles E. paucijlcra, but is a much less twiggy and more
branched plant, with narrower, less concave not acuminate leaves.

4. E. alpina, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 167. A small, alpine, tufted or
straggling shrub, 6-10 in. high, much branched, erect or decumbent;
branches puberulous. Leaves spreading or suberect, very coriaceous, \ in.
long, broadly ovate, obtuse, glabrous and smooth on both surfaces. Flowers
axillary towards the ends of the branches ; bracts and calvx-lobes broadly
ovate, obtuse. Corolla not seen.

Northern Island: base of Tongariro and Lake Taupo, Bidwill, Colenso. Middle
Island : Southern Alps, growing with Pentachondra , Sinclair and Haast. A smaller and
more straggling plant, than either of the preceding, with obtuse bracts and calyx-lobes ; very
closely allied to the Tasmanian E. serpyl/ifolia, but the flowers are different, and leaves not
mucronulate.

7. ARCHERIA, Hook. f.

Branched shrubs, with coriaceous, evergreen leaves. Flowers in the New
Zealand species in terminal racemes. Bracts few or 0. Corolla as in Epucris.
Capsule deeply 5-lobed. Seeds ascending from basilar or subbasilar placentae.

This genus was established in the Tasmanian Flora, for a set of peculiar Epacridea ,
differing from Epacris in the absence of bracts, the usually more deeply lobed ovary, with

N 2

180

XLII. ERICE.E.

[. Areheria .

basilar placentas, and was divided into two sections, one with axillary flowers and long styles,
the other (to which the New Zealand species belong) with racemed flowers and short styles.

Leaves 3-5 in., narrow linear or linear-lanceolate - . . 1.1?. Traversii.

Leaves 1 in., broadly obovate or oblong 2. E. racemosa.

1. A. Traversii, Hook. /., n. up. A small (?) shrub with slender
spreading branches. Leaves loosely set, very spreading, in. long, narrow
linear-lanceolate, acute, quite glabrous, smooth and shining on both surfaces,
margin recurved, midrib very thick below. Flowers small, in vefy short, ter-
minal, puberulous racemes. Bracts few, deciduous, oblong, obtuse. Sepals
oblong ; margins membranous. Corolla not seen. Capsule minute.

Middle Island : woods, Aorere valley, alt. 1400 ft., “ not observed on the Nelson side
of the valley,” Travers.

2. A. racemosa, Hook./.; — Epacris racemosa, FI. N. Z. i. 167. A
shrub. Branches very slender. Leaves scattered in fascicles or almost
whorled, very spreading, 1 in. long, i broad, elliptic- or obovate-oblong,
acute, flat, nerveless. Kaceme in. long, downy ; bracts and calyx-lobes
oblong ; margins membranous. Corolla in. diam. ; tube short, broad ;
lobes broad, ovate, obtuse.

Great Barrier Island, Rough.

8. DRACOPHYLLUM, Lab.

Shrubs or trees, sometimes prostrate or tufted. Leaves long, rigid or
grassy, usually crowded at the ends of the branchlets, their bases broad,
sheathing, suddenly contracting into a long subulate, usually concave, very
narrow blade, which tapers from the base to the tip. — Flowers in axillary or
terminal branched panicles racemes or spikes, rarely solitary ; pedicel bracteate.
Sepals 5, ovate or lanceolate, persistent, longer or shorter than the corolla.
Corolla tubular or campauulate, usually white; lobes 5, spreading, ovate or
lanceolate, obtuse, their tips more or less inflexed. Anthers 5, sessile at the
mouth of the corolla. Disk of 5 erect scales. Ovary 5 -or 6-celled ; style
shortish, stout ; ovules numerous in each cell, attached to a pendulous pla-
centa. Capsule shorter than the sepals, 5- or 6-celled, 5- or 6-valved.

A large genus in New Zealand, having several representatives in Tasmania, temperate
Australia and New Caledonia.

1. Leaves patent or recurved ( or suberect in 3). Flowers panicled or spiked.

Flowers in terminal panicles, 8-16 in. long. Corolla ^ in. . . 1. it. latifolium.

Flowers in lateral panicles, 3-6 in. long. Corolla k in. . . . 2. B. Menziesii.\

Flowers in terminal panicles, 2-4 in. long. Corolla 3 in. . . 3. B. strictum.

Flowers few', spiked. Leaves 2-5 in., pungent 4. B. squarrosum.

Flowers in capitate spikes. Leaves f-1 in., obtuse .... 5. D. recurvum.

2. Leaves erect, with acicular or pungent tips. Flowers spiked (solitary in 9).

Leaves 4-9 in., pubescent or glabrate. Sheath 3—3 in. broad . 6. B. longifolium.

Leaves 1-4 in., glabrous. Sheath ^-3 in. broad 7- B. Urvilleanum.

Leaves i-f in., glabrous or puberulous. Flowers 2 or 3 . . . 8. 1). subu/atum.

Leaves | in., glabrous or puberulous. Flower solitary . . . 9. it. uniflorum.

3. Leaves erect, not pungent, obtuse at the very tip. Flowers solitary or 2- or S-spiked.

Leaves |~1 in. Flowers lateral 10. B. rosmarinifolium.

Leaves Yjy in. Flower solitary, terminal 11. B. muscoides.

Dracopkyllum.']

XLII. ERICEdS.

181

]. D. latifolium, A. Cunn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 167. A small tree, 8-15
ft. high. Bark black. Leaves spreading and squarrose, 10-24 in. long, 1£
broad at the base, serrulate, gradually tapering into very long, fine points,
very concave, rarely nearly flat. Panicle terminal, very large and dense,
8-16 in. long, narrow oblong, cernuous in fruit; rachis and branches stout,
pubescent. Flowers innumerable, densely crowded, ■§• in. long. Sepals
broadly ovate, obtuse, a quarter the length of the shortly campanulate corolla.
Style short, stout. Capsule ■§•- A in. diam.

Northern Island : common in woods from the Bay of Islands to Auckland, Banks and
Solander, etc.

2. D. Menziesii, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 168. A small tree, Leaves
similar to those of 1). Latifolium,, but less serrulate, only 6-8 in. long, and §
broad at the base. Panicle lateral, 3-6 in. long, pubescent, cernuous in
fruit, sparingly branched, not very many-flowered. Flowers on curved pe-
duncles, i in. long. Sepals broadly ovate, acute, z shorter than corolla.
Style long and stout. Capsule nearly z in. diam.

middle Island. Dusky Bay, Menzies ; Port Preservation, Lyall ; Otago, lake district,
Hector and Buchanan.

3. D. strictum, Hook.f. Ft. N. Z. i. 168. A small (?) shrub. Leaves
strict, patent or suberect, sword-shaped, flattish, l|-3 in. long, in. broad
at the sheathing base ; margin scarcely serrulate. Panicle terminal, 2-4 in.
long, puberulous. Flowers rather numerous, ~ in. long. Sepals broadly ovate,
subacute, ^ as long as the corolla. Style short, stout. Capsule in. diam.

Var. a. Larger. Leaves suberect, 2-3 in. long, 1 broad at the base.

Var. ft. Smaller. Leaves patent, 2 in. long, i broad at the base. — D. affine. Hook. f. FI.
N. Z. i. 168.

Northern Island. Var. a, Tongariro, Bidwill; var. /3. Dieffenhach. Middle Island:
Otago, lake district, Hector and Buchanan ; var. /8, Southern Alps, Sinclair and Haast.

4. D. squarrosum, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 169. A shrub, with branchlets
as thick as a crow-quill. Leaves patent and recurved, 2-5 in. long, in.
broad at the sheathing base, which is not auricled, and gradually attenuated,
rather soft and grass-like, margins of young leaves serrulate, ciliolate towards
the base. Flowers, in. long, in short, simple, 3-5-flowered, spiciform
racemes ■§— 1 in. long. Sepals equalling the tube of the corolla, ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, ciliate ; corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate. Style rather long.

Northern Island: east coast, Banks and Solander; Auckland, Sinclair; Manakau
Bay, Colenso.

5. D. recurvum, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 171. A small, erect, much
branched shrub, 1 ft. or more high. Leaves much recurved, 1 in. long,
sheathing base membranous, \ in. broad, suddenly contracted into a rigid,
concave, subulate, recurved lamina, in. broad at the base, obtuse at the
very tip, minutely serrulate, almost keeled at the back. Flowers £ in. long,
in terminal, oblong, bracteate spikes \ in. long; bracts foliaceous, almost
hiding the flowers. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, as long as the corolla-
tube. Corolla-lobes ovate, acute. Capsules small, shorter than the sepals.

Northern Island: Tongariro, Bidwill; Mount Hikurangi and tops of the Ruahine
range, Colenso. Probably a recurved-leaved form of I). rosmarinifolium, but it looks very
different in the foliage and dense heads of flowers.

1S2

XL.IT. EKICEiE.

[Bracophyllum.

6. D. longifolium, Br. , — FI. N. Z. i. 169, and B. Lyalin, Uook. f.
1. c. A small tree, with black bark. Leaves erect, 3-9 in. long, sheath ^
in. broad, lamina at the base i— in. broad, concave, rigid, pubescent above,
rarely glabrous, ciliate at the margins. Eacemes lateral, 1-1 ^ in. long,
6-12-flowered. Flowers crowded, } in. long. Sepals broadly ovate, acute,
ciliated, longer than the corolla-tube. — Epacris longifolia, Forst.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Forster ; Thomson’s Sound, Lyall ; Otago, Lindsay ;
Dunedin, ascending to 3000 ft., Hector and Buchanan ; Southern Alps, above the Fayus
forest, alt. 3-4000 ft., Haasi ; Hopkins river, 4000 ft., Haast (leaves 2-3 in. long).
Sjord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : abundant near the sea, J. D. H. The
Campbell’s Island specimens have more obtuse sepals and shorter leaves (2-3 in. long).
Mr. Buchanan observes that the wood is soft, makes pretty veneers, and burns well when
new-cut. None of the Middle Island specimens are so large in the foliage as the Auckland
Island, which also are most pubescent. The B. Lyallii I tind to be connected by too many
intermediate forms to rank as a separate variety.

7. U. Urvilleanum, A. Rich. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 170. A much branched
shrub, 6-8 ft. high. Branches slender, quite black or dark chestnut. Leaves
erect, very slender, flexuous, 1-4 in. long; sheath membranous, in.
broad, auricled, lamina in. broad at the base, concave, glabrous, not ser-
rulate. Eacemes short, lateral, 6-10-flowered. Flowers small, £ in. long.
Sepals ovate-acuminate, equalling the corolla-tube, ciliate or glabrous.

Var. a. Leaves 1^-2 in. long.

Var. /8. Branches paler. Leaves 2-4 in. long, more flexuose. — B. filifolium. Hook. f. FI.
N. Z. i. 169 , B. setifolium, Stsch., in Bull. Soc. Nat. Hist. Mosc. xxxii. 23.

Var. 7. Branches chestnut-brown. Leaves 1-11 in. long. Sepals ovate-lauceolate, exceed-
ing the corolla. — B. Lessonianum, A. Rich. — FI. N. Z. i. 171.

Var. 3. More robust. Branches chestnut-brown. Leaves I-I3 in. long, often ciliate or
tomentose on the edges. Sepals ovate, acute, fimbriate, rather shorter than the corolla. —
B. scoparium, Hook. f. FI. Ant. 47- t. 33 ; — IT. N. Z. i. 171.

Northern Island: var. a, Tasman’s Bay, B’Urvit/e; Bay of Islands, banks of the
Keri-Keri river, A. Cunningham, etc.; var. /3, various places from Auckland to Wellington,
Co/enso, etc.; var. 7, Bay of Islauds to Auckland not uufreqnent, on dry hills; var. 5,
mountainous districts of the Northern Island : top of Ruahine mountains, Co/enso.
Middle Island: ascending to 4000 ft. in Nelson, Travers; Southern Alps, Sinclair ancl
Haast. Chatham Island, Bieffenbacli (edges of leaves very downy). Campbell’s
Island : common near the sea, /. B. H.

8. D. subulatum, HooJc.f. El. N. Z. i. 171. An erect shrub, 2-4 ft.
high, with slender, sparingly leafy branches, and red-brown bark. Leaves
erect, rigid, pungent, t-| in. long, strict or flexuose, sheath ~ in. broad,
blade ~ in. broad at the base, semiterete, concave, puberulous or glabrate
above, margin most minutely ciliate. Eacemes small, lateral, 2-5-flowered.
Flowers small, A-~ l in. long. Sepals broadly ovate, subacute, as long as
the short tube of the corolla, quite glabrous.

Northern Island: barren plains of Tewahiti, base of Tongariro, Tarawera, etc., Colenso.
A very distinct little species, and quite different from any form of B. Urvilleanum.

9. D. umflorujn, LlooJc.f., n. sp. A stout, erect shrub, with dark red-
brown bark. Leaves erect, rigid, coriaceous, pungent, 5— f in. long, sheath
-jW— l in. broad, not auricled; blade ^5—70 i*1- broad at the base, semiterete,
concave and puberulous above, margin most minutely ciliate. Flower soli-
tary, lateral, almost hidden by sheathing bracts, 3— | in. long. Sepals lanceo-
late, acute, as long as the corolla-tube.

Dracophyllum.]

XLTl. ER1CEA2.

183

Middle Island; Wairau mountains, alt. 4000 ft., Travers-, Eangitata range, 3-5000 ft.,
Sinclair and Haast ; forming much of the subalpine vegetation between 3000 and 5000 ft. in
the Southern Alps, Haast ; Otago, lake district, alpine, Hector and Buchanan. A very dis-
tinct species, remarkable for the short, pungent leaves, and large solitary flower.

10. D. rosmarmifolmm, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z i. 171. A very small,
often prostrate, woody shrub, a few inches to 1 ft. high. Leaves erect or
somewhat recurved, 1 in. long, rigid, straight or curved; sheath ^ in.
broad ; blade in- broad at the base, semiterete, concave, minutely ciliate,
keeled towards the obtuse tip. Flowers solitary or in 2 -flowered spikes, ■§—
in. long. Sepals ovate, subacute, glabrous, as long as the corolla-tube.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Forster, Lyall ; Nelson mountains, Bidwill ; Wairau
mountains, altitude 4-5000 ft., Travers; Otago alps, altitude 5-7000 ft., Hector and
Buchanan ; common in the Southern Alps, ascending to 0300 ft., Sinclair and Haast.
Allied to D. suhulatum , but the obtuse leaves at once distinguish it; nearer I). recurvum.

11. D. rnuscoides, IIoolc. f., n. sp. A most densely tufted little species,
with woody subterranean stem, and compacted, short branches, densely covered
with minute, imbricate leaves. Leaves in. long, ovate-subulate from a
broad sheathing base, obtuse, coriaceous, semiterete, shining, most minutely
ciliolate. Flower solitary, terminal, | in. long. Sepals ovate, subacute, as
long as the corolla-tube.

Middle Island : alps of Otago, alt. 7-8000 ft.. Hector and Buchanan. A very sin-
gular little plant, closely allied to the I). minimum, F. Muell., of the Victorian alps, but
differing in the longer branches, covered with shorter, more imbricating leaves.

Order XL1II. MYHSINEiE.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, simple, exstipulate, full of pellucid
glandular dots or lines. Flowers small, regular, or nearly so. — Calyx inferior
in the New Zealand genus, 4- or 5-cleft, imbricate. Corolla, 4- or 5-cleft or 5-
partite, rarely of 5 free petals. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite to and inserted on
the corolla-lobes, or almost free. Ovary 1-celled ; style simple, stigma simple
or lobed ; ovules 1 or more, inserted on a free central, often fleshy placenta.
Berry indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-many-seeded. Seeds sometimes enclosed within
the withered placentas, albuminous ; embryo transverse, terete.

A tropical and subtropical Order, advancing much further south in the New Zealand
Islands than in any other longitude.

1. MYHSINE, Linn.

(Suttonia, FI. N. Z.)

Trees and shrubs, sometimes small and creeping. Flowers small, usually
in lateral fascicles or umbellate, rarely axillary and solitary, hermaphrodite or
polygamous. — Calyx 4- or 5-fid, inferior, rarely 2-lid or 0. Petals 4 or 5, free or
tapering at the base, reflexed, deciduous. Stamens 4 or 5 ; filaments free or
attached to the base of the petals. Ovary subglobose, 1-celled ; style short
or 0; stigma concave or fimbriate; ovules 1-5, sunk in the fleshy placenta.
Fruit a berry or drupe with a crustaceous nut. Seeds solitary or few, usually
enclosed in the papery remains of the placenta.

A large genus, found iu all 'Topical and warm countries, rare in temperate.

184 xliii. MYRsiNEiE. [Myrsine.

Tree. Leaves 4-G in., linear, glands oblong 1. M. salicina.

Shrub, erect.. Leaves 1-1 2 in., oblong or obovate 2. M. Urvillei.

Shrub, erect. Leaves 3 in., obovate or obcordate, retuse or 2-lobed . 3. M. divaricata.

Tree. Leaves ^-1 iu., oblong-obovate, obtuse ; cuticle loose below . 4. M. montana.

Small, trailing shrub. Leaves k~i in., orbicular or obovate ... 5. H. nummularia.

1. M. salicina, ffeward, mss. — Suttonia, FI. N. Z. i. 172. t. 44. A
small, erect, perfectly glabrous tree. Leaves 4-6 in. long, f broad, narrow
linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, quite entire, flat, much veined, pellucid glands
oblong. Flowers in dense lateral many-flowered fascicles, hermaphrodite, TV
in. broad ; pedicels ^ in. long, stout. Calyx oblique ; lobes rounded, ciliate.
Petals cohering at the base. Stamens adhering to the petals. Berry ovoid,
7 in. long, 2-seeded.

Northern Island: iu woods, from Bay of Islands to Wellington, Cunningham, Colenso, z tc.

2. M, Urvillei, A. DC. — Suttonia australis, A. Rich. Flor. t. 38 ; — FI.
N. Z. i. 173. A shrub, 8-10 ft. high, perfectly glabrous ; bark nearly black.
Leaves 1—1 7 in. long, oblong or obovate, obtuse, coriaceous, undulate, much
veined, studded with rounded pellucid glands. Flowers in capitate, lateral
fascicles, Jg- in. broad. Calyx 0 or 2-4-lobed. Petals revolute. Stamens
adherent to the petals ; anthers large ; stigma sessile, capitate. Berries small,
globose, in. diam. — M. Richardiana, Endl.

Northern and Middle islands, abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. Resembles
BUtosporum undulatum a good deal in foliage.

3. M. divaricata, A. Cunn. — Suttonia, FI. N. Z. i. 173 ; FI. Antarct.
i. 51. t. 34. A small, very straggling, twiggy, branched bush. Leaves al-
ternate or fascicled, ^ in. long, broadly obovate or obcordate, obtuse retuse
or 2-lobed, very coriaceous, reticulated, pellucid glands rounded. Flowers
minute, T’¥ in. diam., fascicled. Calyx 4- or 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5, obovate.
Style short ; stigma cup-shaped, lacerate. Berry small, depressed, spherical.

Northern Islaud : moist woods, abundant, Lord Auckland’s group, J. B. H. Habit
of a Coprosma.

4. M. montana. Hook, f .-—Suttonia, FI. N. Z. ii. 334. A small tree,
branches robust ; bark dark red-brown. Leaves alternate, -|-1 in. long, ob-
long-obovate, obtuse, very coriaceous, reticulate above, cuticle beneath loose
when dry, pellucid glands rounded. Flowers not seen. Fruit globose.

Northern Island: top of the Ruahine range, Colenso. Possibly only a variety of M.
divaricata, as I originally supposed, but the habit is very different, branches more robust,
leaves longer and more coriaceous, not fascicled, reticulate above only, and never obcordate
or 2-lobed.

5. M. nummularia, Hook. f. — Suttonia, FI. N. Z. i. 173. t. 45. A
small prostrate shrub, with very slender branches, straggling, 6-1 S in. long.
Leaves alternate, 5—5 in. long, orbicular or broadly obovate, reticulate above,
wrinkled below, pellucid glands rounded. Flowers minute, scattered, soli-
tary, axillary or lateral. Calyx very minute, 4-lobed. Petals 4, concave,
ciliate. Stamens large, inserted on the petals. Stigma sessile, conical.
Berry globose, ~ in. diam.

Northern Island: not uncommon on the mountains; top of the Ruahine range, Lake
Rotoatara, etc., Colenso. Middle Island: alps near Haast’s Pass , Uaast ; Otago, lake
district, scrambling over rocks. Hector and Buchanan.

XLIV. PRIMULACEiE.

185

Order XLIY. PKIMULACE^l.

Characters of Myrsinece, but plants herbaceous, leaves less coriaceous, with-
out pellucid glands, and corolla usually less deeply divided.

A large Order in the northern hemisphere, especially in the cold, temperate, and moun-
tainous regions, rare in the tropics, and still more so in the southern hemisphere.

1. SAMOLUS, Linn.

Creeping, rarely erect herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers axillary and soli-
tary in the New Zealand species. — Calyx half-superior, persistent, 5 -cleft.
Corolla campanulate, tube very short, 5-cleft. Stamens 5, inserted on the
corolla, alternating with 5 staminodia. Ovary subglobose; style straight,
stigma capitate : ovules numerous. Capsule half-inferior, 5-valved at the
top, 1-celled, many-seeded.

A genus found in Europe, and in various temperate and subtropical parts of the world.

1. S. littoralis, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 207. A small prostrate and creep-
ing, branched, perfectly glabrous herb. Leaves fleshy, A— 1 in. long, linear-
spathulate or oblong-spathulate, often recurved. Peduncles longer than
the leaves. Flowers white, ^ in. diam. Capsule crowned with the per-
sistent stigma. — Sheffieldia repens, Forst.

Marshy places near the sea throughout the islands, Baltics and Solander, etc. Also
abundant in Australia, Tasmania, the Pacific Islands, and found in South Chili.

Anagallis arvensis, Linn., the “Scarlet Pimpernel” or “Poor Man’s Weather-glass,”
has been introduced into cultivation.

Order XLY. SAPOTE^l.

Trees or shrubs, juice usually milky. Leaves alternate, entire, exstipulate,
coriaceous. Flowers axillary, regular, solitary or fascicled.— Calyx free, 4-8-
toothed or -partite. Corolla 4~8-lobed ; lobes imbricate. Stamens 4-8 or
8-16, sometimes with alternating staminodia. Ovary superior, 2-12-celled ;
style simple, stigma simple or lobed ; ovules solitary in each cell. Fruit a
berry or drupe, 1-4-seeded. Seeds usually with a crustaceous, shining testa,
marked with a large unpolished hilum, albuminous with foliaceous cotyledons
or exalbuminous with fleshy cotyledons.

Almost exclusively a tropical Order, found in both the Old and New World.

1. SAPOTA, Linn.

Trees, with milky juice. Leaves generally fascicled at the ends of the
branches. Flowers polygamous, in axillary or lateral fascicles or umbels.
- — Sepals 4-6, orbicular, imbricate. Corolla 4-6-lobed. Stamens 4-6, short,
inserted at the base of the corolla-lobes and opposite them, alternating with
as many staminodia. Ovary hirsute, 4-12-celled; style straight, stigma
simple. Berry with 1 nut-like seed. Seeds elongate, compressed ; testa
hard, crustaceous, shining, with a long grooved opaque hilum ; embryo with
flat foliaceous cotyledons and a short terete radicle.

A small genus of chiefly tropical trees.

1SG

XLV. SAPOTE.E.

[Sajjoia.

1. S. eostata, A. DC. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 174. A tree, 20 ft. high, branches
hoary. Leaves 2-3 in. long, coriaceous, obovate-oblong, obtuse, with nume-
rous parallel veins diverging from the midrib. Pedicels stout, curved, £ in.
long. Flowers globose, -1- in. diain., usually 4-merous. Sepals very coria-
ceous. Corolla-lobes scarcely longer than the sepals. Filaments short,
fleshy. Ovules suspended. Berry f-1 in. long.

Wort hern Island: Wangarei Bay, Colenso ; coast opposite the Cavalhos Islands, R.
Cunningham. The same with the Norfolk Island plant, except that the flowers are very
rarely peutainerous, and the calyx smaller. There is also an allied Australian species.

Order XLYI. JASMINES.

(Oleines, FI. N. Z.)

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, exstipulate. Flowers
small, in axillary or terminal clusters racemes or panicles, often unisexual.
— Calyx small, 2-4-toothed, often unequally. Petals 0 in the New Zealand
species. Stamens 2, epipetalous or hypogynous. Ovary 2-celled ; stigma
simple or 2-fid ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Fruit drupaceous in the New
Zealand species, containing a bony 1- or 2-celled nut. Seeds with or without
albumen ; embryo straight.

A considerable Order of temperate and tropical plants, to which the Jasmine and Olive
belong.

1. OLE A, Linn.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or subopposite, entire, coriaceous.
Flowers small, unisexual, in short axillary racemes or panicles. — Male fl. :
Calyx unequally 2-4-lobed. Petals 0 in the New Zealand species. Stamens
2, with large exserted anthers ; ovary rudimentary. Female fl. : Calyx ur-
ccolate, unequally 4-lobed. Anthers compressed, imperfect, included. Ovary
oblong, 2-celled ; style short ; stigmas 2. Drupe oblong, 1- or 2-celled.

A large genus, scattered over the globe ; the New Zealaud species belong to a peculiar small
section with apetalous flowers.

Leaves 3-6 in., obtuse, veins obscure. Racemes stout. Drupe | in. 1. 0. Cunninghamii.

Leaves 2-4 in., acute, veins distinct. Racemes slender. Drupe j in. 2. 0. lanceolata.

Leaves 1-2 in., narrow linear, obtuse. Drupe i in 3. 0. montana.

1. Oo Cmmmglianiii, Hook. f. Fl. N. Z. i. 175. A lofty tree,

branches with white bark, young pubescent. Leaves nearly opposite, 3-6 in.
long, coriaceous, narrow oblong-lanceolate or narrow linear-oblong, obtuse,
very coriaceous, nerves very obscure on both surfaces. Eacemes in.
long, stout, erect, 1 0-1 5 -flowered ; bracts ovate, concave, membranous.
Flowers shortly pedieelled. Male calyx of 2 very small and 2 large lobes.
Drupe obliquely ovoid, ^ in. long, 1- or 2-celled and -seeded. — 0. apetala ,
A. Cunn., not Vahl.

Northern and eastern parts of the Nf or them Island, Banks and Solander, etc. Con-
ounded by A. Cunningham with the Norfolk Island closely-allied plant.

2. O. lanceolata, Hook. f. Fl. N. Z. i. 176. A small tree, 30 ft.
high, much less robust than O. Cunninghamii , branches slender; bark white.
Leaves opposite, 2 4 in. long, narrow lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute,

XLVI. JASMINES.

187

Olea.~\

with raised veins on both surfaces. Racemes very slender, 6-10-flowered,
sparsely pilose. Flowers minute, much as in 0. Cunnhujliamii , but smaller,
pedicels slender. Berry ovoid, crimson, \ in. long.

Northern Island : woods of the east coast and interior, Colenso.

3. O. montana, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 176. t. 46 A and B ( not C).
A large bushy-headed tree, 40-50 ft. high ; branches slender ; bark reddish.
Leaves opposite, 1-2 in. (in young plants' 3-4 in.) long, very coriaceous,
narrow linear, A— j- in. broad, obtuse, nerveless. Racemes slender, 1 in.
long, puberulous, 6-8-flowered. Flowers very minute, as in 0. Cunnhujliamii.
Drupe narrow ovoid, £ in. long.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, Cunningham ; east coast, interior, and Wairarapa
Valley, Colenso.

Order XLYIT. AP0CYNE.E.

Trees or shrubs, often climbing, with milky juice. Leaves opposite ex-
stipulate. Flowers in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles. — Calyx 5 -par-
tite or -lobed ; lobes imbricate. Corolla with a short or long tube ; lobes 5,
contorted in bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla; anthers often sagit-
tate and adhering by their anterior face to the stigma. Ovary 2-celled
(rarely 1-celled), or of 2 carpels combined by the styles or stigmas ; style long
or short, stigma usually angular; ovules maiiy. Fruit of 2, slender, 1-cellecl
capsules (rarely a berry or drupe), opening inwardly. Seeds pendulous, ex-
albuminous, often with a tuft of silky hairs.

A large tropical Natural Order.

1. P ARSONS! A, Br.

Slender climbing plants ; branches terete. Leaves excessively variable in
form and size. Flowers small, panicled. — Calyx 5-partite; lobes within fur-
nished with a small scale at the base. Corolla urceolate campanulate or
shortly funnel-shaped ; lobes 5, reflexed, eglandular. Stamens 5 ; anthers
sagittate, included or exserted, adhering to the stigma, one cell without pollen.
Hypogynous scales 5. Ovary 2-celled ; style slender. Fruit of 2 long
narrow, terete, acute, 1-celled capsules. Seeds with a fine silky tuft of hairs.

A small tropical Asiatic and Australian genus. I am convinced that there are but two
New Zealand species of this genus, to which Raoul’s names of P. albiflora and P. rosea had
on the whole better be retained, to avoid the confused synonymy of Forster’s name of
capsularis, which has been variously applied.

Flowers i in. long. Anthers included 1. P. albiflora.

Flowers t in. long. Anthers exserted 2. P. rosea.

1. P. albiRora, Raoul. — P. helerophylla, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 181.
Stems stout, glabrous or pubescent, as thick as a crow-quill. Leaves most
often 1-2 in. long, coriaceous, oblong ovate or lanceolate, with transverse
veins, more rarely linear or obovate, or narrow linear-lanceolate, 3-4 in. long,
with lobed margins, in young plants spathulate. Panicles many-flowered.
Flowers white, odorous, | in. long. Corolla-lobes shorter than the tube.
Anthers included. Capsule 3-4 in. long. — P. capsularis, Endl. ; Deless. 1c.
Sel. v. t. 49 (bad) ; ? P. vuriabilis , Lindl. ;— FI. N. Z. i. 181.

188

XI/VII. APOCYNEjE.

[Parsonsia.

Northern and Middle Islands: abundant from the Bay of Islands to Otago, Banks
and Solander, etc. I know nothing of the P. variabilis, Liudl., but suppose it to be
founded on young specimens of this.

2. P. rosea, Raoul, Choix, xvi. t. 12 ; — FI. N. Z. i. 180. A more
slender plant than the preceding. Leaves usually very long, linear, membra-
nous, obtuse or acute at both ends, entire or undulate at the margins, 2-3 in. long,
in young plants obovate or spathulate. Panicles with few scattered flowers.
Corolla shortly campanulate TL in. long; lobes as long as the tube. Anthers
exserted. — P. rosea and P. capsularis, Kaoul, 1. c. ; Periploca capsularis, Forst.

Northern and Middle Islands, abundant, Banks and Solander, etc.

Order XLV1II. LOGANIACEiE.

Shrubs or trees (rarely herbs). Leaves opposite, with interpetiolar stipules.
Flowers usually in cymes or corymbs, regular, and hermaphrodite. — Calyx 4- or
5-lobed, -toothed, or -parted. Corolla 4- or 5-lobed, lobes imbricate, contorted
or valvate, often hairy at the throat. Stamens 4 or 5, alternate witli the corolla-
lobes. Ovary free, 2-5-celled ; style simple, stigma simple or lobed ; ovules
1 or more in each cell. Fruit capsular iu the New Zealand genera, 2-valved,
many-seeded. Seeds albuminous.

A small Order, consisting of plants variously related, some to Rubiacete, others to Scro-
phularinece, others to Gentianeee and Apocynece. The leaves often turn black when dry.

Calyx 5-partite 1. Logania.

Calyx 6-fid 2. Geniostoha.

1. LOGANIA, Br.

Herbs or shrubs. Flowers small, axillary or solitary, dioecious? — Calyx
5-partite, imbricate. Corolla campanulate, tube bearded, limb 5 -parted,
lobes imbricate. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla. Ovary 2-celled; stigma
simple ; ovules numerous. Capsule 2-celled, splitting into two valves, with
the seeds on their margins; valves 2-fid. Seeds small; albumen fleshy.

A large New Holland genus, not extending into Tasmania.

Leaves spreading, linear, obovate or oblong. Flower minute .... 1. L. depressa.

Leaves 4-fariously imbricate. Flower as large as leaves 2. L. tetragona.

1. L. depressa. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 177. A prostrate, rigid, woody
shrub ; branches densely interlaced, puberulous. Leaves •£— J- in. long, coria-
ceous, veinless, linear-obovate or oblong, obtuse. Flowers minute, axillary,
pedicelled, bracteate, solitary or in 3-5 -flowered panicles, male only seen.
Sepals oblong, obtuse, ciliate. Corolla scarcely longer than the calyx; lobes
rounded. Filaments slender, anthers large, 2-cleft for halfway up. Ovary
imperfect iu my specimens (which are probably unisexual) ; style short, cla-
vate; stigma oblong, thick. Fruit unknown.

Northern Island : Ituahine mountains, Colenso. Very closely allied to the L.fascicu-
lata, Muell., of the Australian alps. Habit of an alpine Cogrosma.

2. L. tetragona. Hook./., n. sp. Rigidly coriaceous, decumbent or pro-
strate ; stem woody, creeping at the base, densely tufted ; branches ascending,
short, densely leafy, pubescent, 1-2 in. long, with the leaves on \ in. cliam.
Leaves densely 4-fariously imbricate, spreading, oblong, obtuse, quite entire,

Zogania.]

XLVIII. LOGANIACEJE.

189

very coriaceous, concave, ciliated towards the base, connate in pairs at the
very base, keeled margins thickly cartilaginous. Mower solitary, sessile,
terminal, seen with old fruit only. Calyx about as large as the leaves ; tube
turbinate ; lobes 4, oblong, obtuse, ciliated, rather distant. Capsule coriaceous,
4-valved.

Middle Island : Otago, lake district, alpine. Hector and Buchanan.

2. GENIOSTOMA, Foist.

Characters of Logania , but the valves of the capsule not 2-fid nor 2-partite,
the aestivation of the corolla-lobes contorted, and the calyx less deeply divided.

A considerable genus of Madagascar and Bourbon, the Asiatic and Polynesian islands,
not found in continental Africa, nor in Australia.

1. G. ligustrifolmm, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 177. A perfectly gla-
brous shrub or small tree; branches slender. Leaves lf-3 in. long, ovate-
oblong, acuminate, membranous. Flowers in short, axillary and lateral
corymbs, i in. diam., white; peduncles and pedicels bracteolate. Corolla-
tube very short, lobes reflexed. Ovary globose, with a veiy short style and
large 2-lobed stigma. Capsules on slender divaricating pedicels, globose,
mucronate, ^ in. diam., valves separating from the placentiferous axis.— Hook.
Ic. PI. t. 430.

Northern Island : not uncommon in woods, etc., Banks and Solander, etc.

Order XLIX. GENTIANE^.

Herbs, usually glabrous and bitter. Leaves opposite, exstipulate, quite
entire. Flowers solitary or cymose, often handsome.— Calyx 4- or 5-lobed.
Corolla 4- or 5-cleft or lobed, contorted in bud, persistent. Stamens 5, in-
serted on the corolla. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas often pro-
jecting into the cavity, and dividing it into 2-4 cells ; styles 1 or 2, stigma
2-lobed or 2-capitate; ovules numerous. Capsule (rarely a berry) usually
membranous, elongate, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds small ; albumen fleshy.

A large tropical and temperate Order, especially abounding in mountainous regions.
Flowers large, white or yellowish or purplish. Style 1. Stigma 2-lobed . 1. Gentiana.

Flowers small, yellow. Ovary with 2 styles 2. Sebvea.

1. GENTIANA, Linn.

Erect or ascending, simple or branched herbs, with conspicuous flowers. —
Calyx 4- or 5-cleft. Corolla 4- or 5-cleft, campanulate or rotate. Anthers not
twisted, turning back, and so becoming extrorse. Ovary linear; style 1,
stigma bifid. Capsule septicidal, elongated, membranous.

A large mountain genus, found in all parts of the world. The species are most variable,
and the New Zealand ones especially so, insomuch that in framing characters for the species
I have had to take prevalent forms and to disregard intermediate ones, which occur in
abundance between all. Some Chili species are too close to the New Zealand, but I hesitate
to unite them, without better materials.

Root annual (sometimes perennial in 3).

Stems very slender, 1- or few-tiowered. Stem leaves few. Calyx-
lobes subulate

1. G. montana.

190 xlix. GENTIANEJE. [ Gentiana .

Stems short, robust, very leafy, many-flowered. Calyx-lobes linear-

oblong, obtuse 2. G. concinna.

Stems robust, many-flowered. Stem-leaves few. Flowers corym-
bose. Calyx-lobes oblong 3. G.pleurogynoides.

Root perennial.

Stems ascending, few-leaved, 1- or many-flowered. Calyx-lobes

oblong or ovate 4. G. saxosa.

Stems prostrate, very leafy. Calyx-lobes spathulate, as long as the

corolla 5. G. cerina.

1. G. montana, Foist.; — FI. N. Z. i. 178. Root slender, filiform,
annual. Steins generally many from the root, very slender, 4-18 in. high,
usually ascending, 1- or few-flowered, sparingly leafy. Leaves : radical

spathulate, with long or short petioles, \~2 in. long, rather membranous;
cauline sessile, ovate or oblong, obtuse. Flowers on slender pedicels, •§■— | in.
long. Calyx deeply divided ; lobes subulate-lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla-
lobes oblong, subacute. — G. Grisebachii , Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. PI. 636.

Northern Island: mountainous districts; Tongariro, m&will. Common throughout
the Middle Island, Forster, ascending to 3000 ft. Also common in Tasmania and the
alps of Victoria, in both which countries it attains a larger size, and more corymbose habit.
I cannot distinguish seedling states of G. saxosa and pleurogynoides from this.

2. G. concinna, Hook. f. ; FI. Antarct. i. 53. t. 35. Root slender,
annual. Stems numerous from the root, erect or ascending, 2-12 in. long,
rather stout, leafy. Leaves all linear-oblong or spathulate-oblong, 1^ in.
long, coriaceous, obtuse, often recurved. Flowers about ^ in. long. Calyx
deeply divided ; lobes often as long as corolla, linear-oblong, obtuse. Co-
rolla lobes narrow, obovate-oblong, obtuse.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : abundant on the hills, .T.D.H. The
stouter leafy habit and form of the calyx-lobes best distinguish this from G. montana. It is
extremely variable ; shoots have often leaves 3 in. long, linear-oblong, and 3-nerved.

3. G. pleurogynoides, Griseb. — G. saxosa, y, FI. N. Z. i. 178.
Root slender or stout, usually annual. Stems solitary or numerous from the
root, erect, rarely ascending, always stout, 4-20 in. high, sparingly leafy.
Leaves : radical ^-3 in. long, very coriaceous, rosulate, petioled, spathulate ;
cauline in distant pairs, oblong-ovate or ovate-cordate, short or long. Flowers
yellowish, very handsome, usually large, ^—1 in. long, in terminal umbels or
corymbs. Calyx not deeply divided ; lobes oblong or ovate, subacute
or acute, very variable in length. Corolla-lobes usually much larger and
broader than in the two preceding.

Northern Island: summit of Ruahine range, Colenso. Middle Island : abundant on
all the mountains, ascending to 5000 ft., Forster, etc. The usually simple, stout, erect,
sparingly leafy stem, and corymbose large flowers are the best characters of this beautiful
form. A common Tasmanian plant.

4. G. saxosa, Forst. ;—Fl. N. Z. i. 178. Root stout or slender, pe-
rennial. Stems usually numerous, erect or ascending, stout or slender,
2-6 in. high, sparingly leafy, 1- rarely many-flowered. Leaves : radical
numerous, often rosulate, spathulate or oblong, £-3 in. long, coriaceous ; cauline
oblong-ovate or ovate-cordate. Flowers usually large, i-f in. long. Calyx-
lobes excessively variable in depth and form. Corolla-lobes broadly obovate-
oblong, obtuse.

Gentium.']

XUX, GENTIANF.JE.

191

Var. a. Stems numerous, short, ascending, 1-2-flowered. Leaves rosulate, spathulate.
Calyx divided f way down ; lobes ovate-oblong, acute. (Like G. montana, but perennial.) — -
G. bel/idifolia, Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 635.

Var. y8. Steins stout, branched, erect, leafy, many-flowered. Calyx divided | way down,
lobes linear-oblong. (Like G. pleurogynoides , but perennial.)

Var. y. Stems erect, very stout, simple, sparingly leafy. Leaves often large, thick, and
fleshy. Flowers very numerous, large, corymbose. Calyx short, divided to the middle ;
lobes ovate-acute or acuminate. (Like G. pleurogynoides, but perennial, and calyx very peculiar,
unlike any except some forms of var. a.)

Northern and Middle Islauds. Var.a. Abundant in the mountains, Forster, etc., ascend-
ing to 6000ft. Var. /3. Sinclair range and elsewhere; Southern Alps, ascending to 6000 ft.,
Sinclair and Saast. Var. y. Nelson mountains, Bidwill (with G. pleurogynoides ) ; Port
Cooper, Lyall (very large state) ; Upper Wairau, Sinclair (root leaves 3 in. long, linear-
oblong) ; Mount Darwin and mountains near Lake Tekapo, alt. 3-5000 ft., Haast (very
stout forms with veiy broad and fleshy leaves). The calyx of var. y, in conjunction with
its habit, would indicate a different species, were it not that the same calyx occurs in ge-
nuine G. saxosa, var. o.

5. G. cerina, Hook.f. FI. Antarct. i. 55. t. 36. Eoot perennial, stems
very numerous, branched, stout, trailing, very leafy, 8-16 in. long, as thick
as a quill. Leaves very thick, coriaceous, obovate- or spathulate-oblong,
f-li in. long ; radical and eauline similar, 3-nerved. Flowers several together,
crowded towards the ends of the branches, sunk amongst the leaves, £ in.
long. Calyx deeply divided ; lobes large, oblong-spathulate, often recurved,
longer than the corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes broad, white, with red-purple
nerves.

Lord Auckland’s group : on rocky islets, etc., near the sea, abundant, J. I). H.
A most beautiful plant ; remarkable for the thick, trailing leafy stems, bright-green, shining,
succulent foliage, and large calyx-lobes.

2. SEBiEA, Solander.

Erect, glabrous, annual herbs, with simple or divided, sparingly leafy stems.
Flowers cymose, small. — Calyx 4- or 5-parted; lobes keeled or winged. Corolla
4- or 5-fid, persistent in fruit; tube straight; lobes twisted after flowering.
Stamens 5, at the mouth of the corolla; anthers finally twisted a little.
Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, straight, stigmas capitate. Capsule of 2 linear-
pointed valves, separating from a seed-bearing axis.

A small, tropical, and Southern African genus, also found in Australia and Tasmania.

1. S. ovata, Br ; — FI. N. Z. i. 179. Stem slender, 4-10 in. high,
4-angled. Leaves 2 or 3 pairs, i in. long, sessile, obtuse, very broadly ovate.
Flowers i in. long, yellow, 5-fid. Calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, keeled. —
S. gracilis, A. Cunn. Prodr.

Northern and Middle Islands: bogs at Hokianga, A. Cunningham; grassy places,
Ahuriri, Colenso ; Port Cooper, Lyall. Also found in Australia and Tasmania, and very
nearly related to a Madagascar species.

Order L. BORAGINE^.

Herbs, often hispid with stiff hairs. Leaves alternate, simple, quite entire,
exstipulate. Flowers rarely solitary, usually in 1-sided, scorpioid racemes or
spikes, often variable in colour. — Calyx 5-lobed or -partite. Corolla regular,

193

XLIX. BORAGINEAS.

5-lobed, imbricate in bud, throat often closed with swellings or scales oppo-
site the lobes. Stamens 5, inserted in the throat of the corolla, included or
exserted. Anthers with 2 parallel cells. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, 4-celled ;
style inserted between the lobes, stigma capitellate ; ovule 1 in each cell.
Fruit of 4 simple, smooth crested spinous or winged nuts, often resembling
naked seeds. Embryo straight ; albumen little or 0.

A large Natural Order, especially iu Europe and oriental regions ; also found all over the
globe. The above character does not include the tribe Cordiace a, of which there is no
New Zealand representative, and which includes shrubs and large trees, with the leaves often

serrated, the ovary not lobed, and the fruit a 4-celled drupe or nut.

Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens included. Nuts minute, polished . . 1. Myosotis.

Corolla more or less campanulatc. Stamens exserted. Nuts minute,

polished 2. Exarrhkna.

Corolla rotate. Nuts large, with broad wings 3. Mysohdium.

1. MYOSOTIS, Linn.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves usually spathulate or ovate, radical
petioled, cauline sessile. Flowers small, in scorpioid racemes, or solitary and
axillary, or solitary sessile and terminal. — Calyx 5-lobed or -partite. Co-
rolla slender, long or short, cylindric; limb expanded; lobes 5, patent;
throat with 5 swellings. Stamens 5 ; anthers sessile or filaments very short,
included. Nuts minute, ovoid, compressed, very shining.

A large European genus, to which the “ Forget-me-not ” belongs. Three New Zealand
species differ from all their congeners in having solitary sessile terminal flowers.

1. Flowers solitary , sessile, terminal. Leaves small, imbricate.

Stems 1 in., tufted. Leaves narrow linear-oblong 1. M. uniflora.

Stems 1 in., tufted. Leaves broadly oblong-quadrate 2. M. pulvinaris.

Stems 1 in., tufted. Leaves broadly obovate-spathulate 3. iJ/. Hectori.

2. Flowers all solitary and in the axils of the leaves or beloio them.

Leaves distant, petioled. Flowers pedicelled 4. M. spathulata.

Leaves close-set, sessile. Flowers minute, sessile 5. M. antarctica.

3. Flowers all in terminal racemes, or the lower only axillary.

Erect, very hispid. Flowers all racemose. Pedicels short. Nuts ovoid,

black 6. 31. australis.

Prostrate, slender. Lower flowers axillary. Petioles and pedicels

slender. Nuts orbicular, pale 7 . M. Forsteri.

Stout, erect. Petioles broad. Flowers pedicelled. Calyx-hairs ap-

pressed 8. 31. capitata.

Stout, erect, very hispid. Flowers sessile. Calyx-hairs speading . . 9. M. Traversil

1. M. uniflora, Hook.f., n, sp. A small, densely-tufted, much-branched
perennial, forming rounded masses ; hoary with appressed, rigid, spicular
hairs, that are rough under the microscope ; root woody, tortuous ; branches
slender, erect, fascicled, in. high, densely leafy throughout. Leaves

erect, imbricating, close-set, i in. long, sessile, narrow linear- oblong,
obtuse, a little dilated at the base and often above the middle, nearly glabrous
on the upper surface, rather coriaceous. Flower terminal, yellow, solitary,
sessile, nearly ^ in. long. Calyx-lobes linear-oblong, covered with straight
rigid hail’s. Corolla with a long, rather slender tube, twice or more as long
as the calyx ; lobes short, rounded. Stamens included. Nuts ovoid,
acute.

Myosolis .]

L. BORAGINEjE.

193

Middle Island : on shingle beds on the mountains, often forming rounded masses ;
Hopkins river, alt. 2-3500 ft., Haast.

2. M. pulvinaris, Hook. /., n. sp. A small, densely-tufted, much-
branched perennial, forming soft, rounded, mossy cushions, hoary with soft
white hairs. Branches 2-3 in. long. Leaves most densely imbricated in
many series all round the branches, closely overlapping, sessile, | in. long,

broad, broadly obovate or oblong-quadrate, rounded or retuse at the her-
baceous tip, slightly narrowed below and very membranous, 1-nerved.
Flower white, terminal, solitary, sessile, nearly i in. long. Calyx-lobes
linear, obtuse, covered with soft white hairs. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped,
twice as long as the calyx ; lobes short, rounded. Stamens included. Nuts
not seen.

Middle Islaud : alps of Otago, alt. 6000 ft.. Hector and Buchanan. A most remark-
able little plant.

3. IvT. Hectori, Hook. /., n. sp. Habit and appearance of M. pulvi-
naris, but less soft. Leaves broadly obovate-spathulate, contracted into a
broad, coriaceous, glabrous petiole. Flowers white, shortly peduncled. Nuts
narrow ovate-oblong, shining.

Middle Island : Otago, dry localities in the lake district, Hector and Buchanan.

4. M. spathulata, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 201. A flaccid, decumbent,
pilose or slightly hispid annual. Stems branched from the base, prostrate,
ascending at the tips, 3-10 in. long, leafy at intervals. Leaves with short or
long petioles, Tlo~1r in. long, blade *-■ g- in. long, orbicular-obovate or -oblong,
apiculate, membranous, hispidulous on both surfaces. Flowers all axillary
or on the stem below the leaves, solitary, on slender peduncles longer than the
petiole, white with a yellow eye. Calyx-lobes linear, acuminate, shorter than
the short funnel-shaped corolla-tube. Corolla £ in. diam. ; lobes rounded.
Stamens included. Nuts ovoid, pale, very shining, compressed edges thin.
— Anckusa spathulata, Hawn, and Schultes.

Northern Island : dry stony places, not unfrequent, Banks and Solander, etc. Mid-
dle Island: Nelson, Travers; Wakefield, Munro. Both this and M. Forsteri are figured
amongst Forster’s drawings as M. spathulata.

5. M. antarctica, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 201. A small, very hispid,
much-branched, depressed perennial. Stems many, spreading from the root,
1-4 in. long, prostrate with ascending tips, rather stout, very leafy. Leaves
sessile, somewhat recurved, Jin. long, obovate- or spathulate-oblong, obtuse
or apiculate, hoary on both surfaces with rigid white hairs. Flowers solitary,
axillary, blue yellow or white, nearly sessile, in. long. Calyx-lobes short,
ovate-lanceolate, subacute, hispid with appressed straight hairs. Corolla-
tube cylindric, as long or twice as long as the calyx ; lobes short, rounded.
Stamens included. Nuts ovoid, very shining, black. — FI. Antarct. 57. t. 38.

Northern Island : mountainous districts of the east coast and interior, Colenso.
Middle Island: Upper Waihopai, Munro; Tarndale plains, alt. 4000 ft., Travers; ter-
races on the Hopkins, alt. 2-3000 ft., Haast ; Otago, Torbury Heads, Dunedin, Lindsay ;
lake district, subalpine, Hector and Buchanan. Campbell’s Island, J. I). II. This seems
to be identical with a plant from the Straits of Magalhaens.

6. M. australis, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 201. An erect hispid annual herb,

VOL. i. o

194

' L. B0KAGINEA2.

[My oxo Ilk.

6-10 in. high, branched from the base; branches rather stout, ascending,
sparingly leafy. Leaves, radical 1-2 in. long, narrowed into long petioles,
oblong-spathulate, obtuse, hispid on both surfaces ; cauline shorter, sessile,
linear-oblong or spathulate, all very hispid with rigid hairs on both surfaces.
Eacemes terminal, elongate, many-flowered, hispid with spreading simple and
hooked hairs. Flowers yellowish, shortly pedicelled. Calyx oblong, 5-lobed
to near the base ; lobes linear, acute, hispid with spreading hooked hairs.
Corolla very variable, -|— J in. broad, tube funnel-shaped ; lobes short,
rounded. Stamens included. Nuts ovoid, black, very shining.

Middle Island : abundant in dry stony places, Hurumui and Wairau valleys, 1-3500 ft.,
Travers ; Tarndale, alt. 4-5000 ft., Sinclair ; terraces and moraines at Lake Okau, Haast ;
Waihopai and Aglionby plains, Munro ; Otago, Lyall. Also a native of Australia and Tas-
mania.

7. M. Forsteri, Rcem. and Sch. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 200. A prostrate,
branched, slender, subhispid and pilose annual. Stems branching from the
base, ascending, flaccid, 8-16 in. long. Leaves, radical and lower cauline with
long slender petioles, \-2 in. long ; blade oblong-spathulate, obtuse, membra-
nous, hispidulous on both surfaces ; upper leaves oblong-obovate. Flowers
axillary and in terminal hispid racemes, "variable in size, lower on pedicels
if— | in. long. Calyx in. long, campanulate, 5-lobed to the middle ;
lobes linear-oblong, acute, hispid with spreading hooked hairs. Corolla-tube
funnel-shaped, as short as or longer than the calyx; limb -A^— A in. broad ;
lobes rounded. Stamens included. Nuts nearly orbicular, pale, very shining.

Northern Island : dry places, east coast, etc., Banks and Solander, Colenso. Mid-
dle Island : Nelson, Sinclair : Milford Sound, Lyall; Canterbury, Raoul; Travers.

8. M. capitata. Hook. f. FI. Antarct. 56. t. 37 ; FI. N. Z. i. 201. A
robust perennial, covered with soft, appressed, scarcely hispid hairs ; stems
ascending 6-18 in. high, stout, leafy. Leaves, radical linear- obovate or lanceo-
late, obtuse, 2-4 in. long, narrowed into broad petioles, hispid-pilose on both
faces ; cauline linear-oblong or spathulate, sessile. Eacemes large, simple or
branched, often forming a dense very many-flowered head. Flowers very
crowded, violet-blue or purple ; pedicels short, stout. Calyx A-|- in. long,
5 -partite; lobes hispid with appressed straight hairs. Coi’olla-tube cylindric,
little longer than the calyx ; limb % in. diam. ; lobes rounded. Stamens in-
cluded. Nut ovoid, obtuse, polished.

Middle Island: upper part of Macrae’s Run, Munro; Ruapuke Island and Port Wil-
liam, Lyall ; trap cliffs at Shaw’s Bay, Otago, Lindsay. Lord Auckland’s group, J.
L. H.

9. M. Traversii, HooJc.f., n. sp. An erect, rather rigid, densely hispid
perennial, 3-8 in. high; stems several from the root, stout, erect or ascend-
ing, leafy, very hispid with erect or spreading hairs. Leaves : radical narrow
linear-spathulate, obtuse, 1-1^ in. long, narrowed into short petioles, hispid
on both surfaces ; cauline linear-oblong. Eacemes densely hispid, capitate,
many-flowered. Flowers almost sessile, lemon-coloured. Calyx A in. long,
5-partite ; lobes linear, hispid with rigid, spreading, simple and hooked
bristles. Corolla funnel-shaped, rather longer than the calyx ; lobes rounded.
Stamens included. Nuts narrow ovoid, obtuse, very polished.

Middle Island : shingle beds on Tarndale, alt. 5-6000 ft., Sinclair ; Wai-au valley and

Myosotis.~\

L. BOBAGIN EJE.

195

Discovery Peaks, alt. 5500 ft., Travers ; Waimakeriri valley, alt. 2500 ft., and Mount
Darwin, alt. 4500-0500 ft., Haast ; Otago, lake district. Hector and Buchanan. Near
M. capitata, but smaller, much more hispid, with often hooked bristles on the calyx, and
nuts much longer and narrower. In the form of the flower this tends towards Exarrhena.

2. EXAEEHEN A, Br.

Hispid, erect, rarely prostrate herbs. Leaves, radical petioled, cauline ses-
sile. Flowers usually large, in scorpioid cymes. — Calyx narrow, 5-lobed or
-partite. Corolla narrow, funnel-shaped or tubular, with an expanded limb ;
throat usually without thickenings ; lobes 5, spreading-. Stamens with long
exserted filaments. Nuts as in Myosotis.

An Australian, Tasmanian, and New Zealand genus, very near to Myosotis , hut no species
of the latter genus have flowers so large and campanulate as the majority of Exarrhena
have, and the length of the filaments, though a very variable character, is a very manifest

one.

Slender, diffuse, prostrate. Leaves broad, on slender petioles . . . 1. E. petiolata.

Stout, suberect, very hispid. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla § in. long.

Nuts linear : ... 2. E. macrantha.

Stout, suberect, sparingly hairy. Flowers pedicelled. Calyx 5-lobed.

Nuts broad, short, black 3 . E. Lyallii.

Suberect, hispid. Flowers sessile. Calyx 5-partite. Corolla i— £ in.

Nuts linear 4. E. saxoSa.

1. E. petiolata, Hook. f. — Myosotis petiolata, FI. N. Z. i. 202. A

slender diffuse perennial ?, covered with short scabrid or hispid hairs. Stems
many from the root, 3-12 in. long, slender, prostrate and ascending, sparingly
leafy. Leaves : radical and lower cauline with long slender petioles, £-2 in.
long, rounded elliptic-oblong, apiculate, f- 1| in. long ; cauline sessile, obo-
vate-spatliulate ; all membranous, with short scattered hairs on both surfaces.
Racemes slender, elongate, many-flowered, simple or forked. Flowers on
slender pedicels. Calyx i in. long, parted deeply ; lobes linear, hairs straight,
appressed. Corolla with a very short funnel- shape tube, and 5 oblong-
spreading lobes, in. diam. Filaments very slender, elongate ; anthers
shortly oblong. Nuts broadly ovoid, very shining, red-brown.

Northern Island : dry stony places and alluvial river banks, Cape Turnagain, Puehutai,
Hawke’s Bay, etc., Colenso. Habit of Myosotis E'orsteri, but flowers totally different.

2. E. macrantha, Hook. /., n. sp. A rather stout, suberect perennial,
covered with appressed or spreading, rather hispid hairs. Stems 6-12 in.
high, ascending, stout, leafy. Leaves : radical 2-4 in. long, lanceolate-
oblong, narrowed into broad petioles; cauline 1-2 in., linear- oblong, all
softly hispid on both surfaces. Raceme short, many-flowered, simple or
branched, very hispid. Flowers purple or white, close-set, large, all pedi-
celled. Calyx | in. long, deeply 5-partite ; lobes linear, hairs appressed
or spreading, simple or hooked. Corolla in. long, tube much longer than
the calyx, funnel- or almost bell-shaped ; lobes broad, oblong. Stamens
exserted, filaments slender ; anthers linear. Nuts linear-oblong, in. long.

Middle Island : Dun mountain, Sinclair; Wairau and Wai-au, on mountains, alt. 3-
5000 ft., Travers ; Hopkins river, by waterfalls, alt. 3500 ft., Haast; Otago, Lindis Hills,
subalpine, Hector and Buchanan. A good deal like Myosotis capitata in habit, foliage, and
pubescence.

O 2

196

l. boraginea:.

[ ExarrJiena .

3. E. Xjyallii, Hook. f. — Myosotis Lyallii, El. N. Z. i. 202. A rather
short and stout tufted perennial, slightly hispid with appressed hairs.
Stems several from the root, erect or ascending, rather stout, 2-6 in. high.
Leaves: radical oblong-spathulate or obovate-lanceolate, subacute, 1-1^- in.
long, narrowed into rather slender petioles ; cauline narrow linear-oblong or
oblong-spathulate ; all slightly hispidulous on both surfaces with appressed
hairs. Raceme short, simple or forked. Flowers very shortly pedicelled.
Calyx ^ in. long, hispid with appressed or patent, simple and hooked bristles.
Corolla i— I in. long; tube cylindric, longer than the calyx; lobes short,
rounded. Stamens with long slender filaments ; anthers linear. Nuts broadly
ovate or orbicular, very black and shining.

Middle Island : Milford Sound, Lyall. Habit of a small specimen of Myosotis capitata,
but the flower is very different. I have but two specimens.

4. El. saxosa, Hook. f. — Myosotis saxosa, FI. N. Z. i. 202. A small,
rigid, prostrate perennial, more or less densely hispid (sometimes white) with
rather spreading white hairs. Stems 2-6 in. long, rather stout, leafy,
prostrate ; racemiferous branches ascending, stout or slender. Leaves : radical
obovate- or lanceolate-spathulate, acute, f- in. long, narrowed into a broad
or narrow petiole, rather harsh and rigid, uniformly hispid-pilose on both
surfaces ; cauline linear-oblong, in. long. Raceme small, few-flowered.
Flowers nearly sessile. Calyx | in. long, deeply partite ; lobes linear,
acute. Corolla-tube cylindric, short or rather elongate ; lobes short, rounded,
i in. diam. Stamens exserted ; filaments slender ; anthers linear-oblong.
Nuts in. long, narrow linear-oblong.

northern Island: east coast, crags at Tetiokura, Colenso (very white and hispid).
Middle Island : Dun mountain, in open stony places, Munro, Travers (much less hispid).

3. MYOSOTIDIITM, Hook.

A succulent herb, 1-3 ft. high, perennial or biennial. Leaves large, lower
petioled, ovate, obtuse, with parallel veins. Flowers pale blue, in dense
branched scorpioid racemes. — Calyx 5-partite. Corolla rotate ; lobes 5,
rounded, expanded ; throat closed with 5 protuberances. Stamens 5, in-
serted within the tube ; anthers included. Ovary 4-lobed ; style very short,
stigma capitate. Fruit large, between globose and pyramidal, 4-angled,
of 4 dorsally much-flattened coriaceous winged nuts, adhering to a central
fleshy column.

A remarkable genus, perhaps too near to Cynoglossum and Omphalodes, differing from the
former in the margined nuts, which do not bear barbed bristles, and from the latter in the
wing of the nut not being indexed ; all should probably merge into one genus.

1. M. nobile, Hook. Hot. May. t. 5137. Stem stout, pilose. Radical
leaves a span long, broadly ovate or ovate-cordate, very thick and fleshy, gla-
brous, shining, bright green ; cauline sessile, oblong. Racemes collected
into a dense large subglobose head, 2-5 in. diam. Flowers pedicelled.
Calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, hispid. Corolla | in. diam., deep azure in the
centre with a purple eye, fading towards the ends of the lobes. Fruit as
large as a hazel-nut. — Cynoglossum nobile , Hook. f. in Gard. Chron. 1858,
p. 240.

Myosotidium.']

L. B0RAGINEA5.

197

Chatham Island, Watson. I have no native specimens, the above description being
drawn up from cultivated ones.

I find amongst Sinclair’s plants, without habitat, a small scrap of a Cynoglossum, from the
neighbourhood of Auckland. The geuus may be known from Myosotis by the nuts covered
with barbed bristles; the species looks like the common tropical C. micranthum, and is
probably an introduced weed.

Order LI. CONVOLVULACE^.

Climbing or trailing, rarely erect herbs or shrubs, usually with milky juice.
Leaves alternate, exstipulate (0 in Cuscuta). Flowers regular, hermaphro-
dite, axillary or terminal, solitary or cymose, often large. — Sepals 5, rarely
united, imbricate, persistent. Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped or rotate, limb
5-angled and plaited or 5-lobed and imbricate. Stamens 5, inserted on the_
corolla, alternate with its lobes, often unequal ; anthers free. Ovary free,
undivided or 2-lobed, 2-4-celled ; style simple or 2-fid, or styles 2, stigmas
various ; ovules 1 or 2, erect in each cell. Fruit various. Albumen, mucila-
ginous or 0 ; cotyledons usually folded ; embryo curved or spiral in Cus-
cuta.

A very large tropical Order, rarer iu the temperate zones, though common in Europe.

Stems leafy, prostrate or twining.

Corolla plaited. Style 1 ; stigmas 2 1 . Convolvulus.

Corolla plaited. Style 1 ; stigma capitate, lobed 2. Iposkea.

Corolla rotate. Styles 2; stigmas capitate 3. Dichonbra.

Stems leafless, twining, parasitic 4. Cuscuta.

1. CONVOLVULUS, Linn.

Climbing or prostrate herbs, with milky juice, slender stems, and usually
large perennial rhizomes. Flowers large, axillary, solitary or cymose. — Co-
rolla funnel- or bell-shaped, border 5 -angled, plaited. Stamens nearly equal,
included. Ovary on an annular disk, incompletely 2-celled; style slender,
stigmas 2 ; ovules 4. Capsule 1-celled, 2-4-seeded.

A very large and widely distributed geuus.

Bracts large, enclosing the calyx. Peduucles terete.

Climbing. Leaves 2-4 in., oblong-sagittate, acuminate, deeply 2-lobed

at base 1 . C. Sepium.

Prostrate. Leaves ^-14 in., ovate or deltoid cordate, acute . . . 2. C. Tuguriorum.

Prostrate. Leaves reniform 3. C. Soldanella.

Bracts enclosing the calyx. Peduncles winged 4. C. marginata.

Bracts small, on the peduncles 5. C. erubescens.

1. C. Sepium, Linn. ; — Calystegia Sepium, Br. ; FI. N. Z. i. 183. Stem
slender, climbing, and leaves glabrous or pubescent. Leaves large, 2-4 in.
long, oblong-sagittate, acuminate, deeply lobed at the base, lobes rounded
angled or truncate. Bracts enclosing the calyx and longer than it, ovate or
oblong, obtuse or acute. Peduncles 1 -flowered, generally twice as long as the
petioles, angled or margined. Corolla 2-4 in. broad, white or rose-coloured.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. The common Convolvulus
or “ Bindweed ” of England. Rhizome eaten by the natives. Also common in Europe, Aus-
tralia, and various temperate countries in both hemispheres.

19S

LI. CONYOLVTJLACEiE.

[ Convolvulus .

2. C. Tuguriorum, Forst. ; — Calystegia Tuguriorum, Br. ; FI. N. Z. i.
183. t. 47. Stem slender, prostrate, rarely climbing, 12-24 in. long, and
leaves glabrous. Leaves 1|- in. long, broadly ovate-cordate or deltoid,
acute or obtuse, entire lobed sinuate or angled, sinus at the base broad. Pe-
duncles longer than the petioles, terete or margined. Bracts as long as the
calyx and enclosing it, orbicular or cordate. Corolla 1-2 in. across, white or
rose-coloured. Capsule ovate, acute, \ in. long. Seeds yellow, small.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. A much smaller plant than
the preceding, but large specimens are often difficult to distinguish. The same plant is found
in Valdivia and Chiloe.

3. C. Soldanella, Linn. ; — Calystegia Soldanella, Br. ; PI. N. Z. i. 183.
Stems prostrate, glabrous or pubendous, 1 ft. long, stouter than in the pre-
ceding. Leaves broader than long, |-1^ in. diam., reniform or cordate-reni-
form, acute or obtuse and apiculate, sometimes rather fleshy, sinus at the base
broad and open, entire or rarely lobed. Peduncles terete, longer than the
leaves. Bracts enclosing the calyx, broadly orbicular or cordate, obtuse or
apiculate. Corolla rose-red, 1-2 in. broad. Capsule large, globose. Seeds
large, black.

Northern Island: shores near Auckland, Sinclair. Middle Island: Canterbury,
Haast ; Bluff Island, Lyall. The southern specimens are identical with the European and
Australian ; the Auckland ones approach C. Tuguriorum in foliage, and in the absence of
fruit may be referable to' a state of that plaut. This species is found in many temperate
and tropical shores.

4. C. marginata. Hook. f. — Calystegia marginata, Br. ; PI. N. Z. i. 184.
t. 48. Stems slender, climbing, quite glabrous. Leaves 1-2 in. long, broadly
sagittate, acuminate, the basal lobes long, diverging, obtuse or acute, entire
lobed or 2-fid. Peduncle shorter than the petiole, with two often crisped
wings. Plowers small. Bracts cordate-ovate, obtuse, half as long as the co-
rolla. Corolla white, \ in. diam.

Northern Island : Wangarui and Owai, on the east coast, Colenso ; Bay of Islands P,
Sinclair. Als.0 a native of eastern Australia.

5. C. erubescens, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 185. Stems prostrate, 4-12 in.
long, rarely twining, and leaves glabrous pubescent or silky. Leaves very
variable, -i— ^ in. long, oblong hastate or cordate, obtuse, quite entire or sinuate.
Peduncles longer than the petioles, with two small subulate bracts above the
middle. Sepals broadly oblong, rounded at the tip, coriaceous, silky. Co-
rolla white or rose-coloured, -|— | in. diam. Capsule globose. Seeds rugose.

Northern Island : south-west head of Palliser Bay, Colenso. Middle Island : banks of
the Waihopai, Munro ; Port Cooper, Lyall, Bolton ; Otago, Lower Waitaki river, Hector
and Buchanan. The flowers appear to be most frequently white in New Zealand. A very
common Australian plant, closely allied to the European C. arvensis, and some others of very
wide distribution.

2. IPOMGSA, Linn.

Climbing herbs (rarely erect), with milky juice, resembling Convolvulus ,
except that the stigma is capitate, 2- or 3-lobed, and the capsule 2- or 3-celled.

A very large tropical and subtropical genus, to which the Sweet-Potato, or Kumerabo, of

IpomeaJ]

LX. CONVOLVULACE/E.

199

the New Zealander belongs ; this ( Batatas edulis , Choisy ; Convolvulus chrysorhizus, Forst.)
is cultivated all over the Pacific, and was introduced by the earliest inhabitants.

1. I. tuberculata. Rerun, and Sell. ; — I. pendula , Br. ; FI. N. Z. i. 185.
Stems slender, glabrous, twining, sometimes tubercled. Leaves 5-foliolate ;
leaflets |-1^ in. long, sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, quite entire, the outer
sometimes 2-lobed. Peduncles 1-3-flowered. Flowers drooping, large, rose-
coloured. Sepals obtuse. Corolla 1-3 in. diam. Seeds silky. — Convolvulus
mucronatus, Forst.

Northern Island: east coast, Banks and Solander ; Bay of Islands, Cunningham;
Cavalhos Island, Colenso. An Australian, Pacific island, and Indian plant, probably the
same as I. palmata, Forst.

3. DICHONDRA, Forst.

Prostrate herb. Flower solitary, axillary, small. — Calyx 5-partite. Corolla
nearly rotate, 5-lobed, imbricate. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels; styles 2, dis-
tinct, stigmas capitate ; ovule 1 in each carpel, erect. Capsule membranous,
indehiscent, 1 -seeded.

1. D. repens, Forst.; — FI. N. Z. i. 185. A small, procumbent, branched,
creeping, tufted, silky herb. Leaves petiolate, reniform, ^-1 in. broad, entire
or emarginate at the tip. Flowers small, yellow. Corolla shorter than the
calyx.

Abundant throughout the islands. Banks and Solander, etc. A very common tropical
plant in both hemispheres; also found in Tasmania, Australia, and the warmer regions of
America.

4. CTTSCUTA, Linn.

Leafless, rootless, slender, twining, parasitical herbs, adhering by small
lateral suckers to herbs or shrubs, which they derive their nutriment from, and
eventually strangle. Flowers white yellow or pink, marked with transparent
oil-glands, small, clustered or racemose. — Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla ovoid glo-
bular or urceolate. Stamens very short, inserted at the union of the lobes of
the corolla, with as many scales below them. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2, stig-
mas capitate ; cells 2-ovuled. Capsule membranous, 2-celled, 2-seeded,
dehiscing transversely at the base. Seeds albuminous ; embryo terete curved
or spiral : cotyledons 0.

A considerable genus, found in Europe and many tropical and temperate parts of the globe :
it resembles Cassytha in habit ; and some species (Dodders) are pests in clover-fields and
other crops in England.

1. C. densiflora. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 186. Stems slender, matted
and twisting together, as thick as stoxxt thread. Flowers crowded into very
short 6-10-flowered racemes. Calyx-lobes short, oblong, obtuse. Corolla -g in.
long, bell-shaped ; lobes short, rounded, recurved. Scales oblong, fimbriated,
united at their bases by a thin membrane. Filaments longer than the an-
thers ; styles rather long.

Middle Island : Port Underwood, Lyall. Dr. Engelmann, who has examined ail the
Cuscutce of the Hookerian Herbarium, observes of this that it hardly differs from the South
Brazilian C. racemosa, Martins; but according to the descriptions of that plant, the corolla-
lobes are erect and acute, aud the filameuts and style much shorter.

200

LII. SOLANEjK.

OltDER LII. SOLANE.®.

Herbs slirubs or trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers usually in
cymes, regular or irregular, hermaphrodite. — Calyx usually 5-lobed, inferior.
Corolla 5-lobed, folded in bud. Stamens inserted on the corolla, alternating
with the lobes ; anthers free or cohering, opening by slits or pores. Ovary
superior, 2-celled ; style simple, stigma entire or lobed ; ovules numerous, on
placentas attached to the axis. Fruit a berry (rarely capsular) indehiscent,
several-seeded ; albumen copious, fleshy ; embryo usually curved or spiral.

A very extensive Natural Order, abounding in all temperate and hot latitudes.

1. SOLANUM, Linn.

Herbs shrubs or small trees. Flowers regular. — Calyx 4- or 5 -cleft. Co-
rolla rotate or bell-shaped, 4- or 5 -fid, with plaited aestivation. Stamens 4
or 5, equal or unequal, filaments short; anthers linear, free or conniving,
opening by 2 terminal pores. Style simple, stigma obtuse ; ovules very nume-
rous. Berry oblong or globose, 2- celled, cells many-seeded. Seeds flattened
or reniform ; embryo curved.

A very large genus, found in all temperate and tropical parts of the world, absent in the
coldest.

Tall and stout. Flowers 5-5 in. diam., blue or purple. Anthers spreading 1. S. aviculare.
Slender. Flowers k in. diam., whitish. Anthers connivent 2. S. nigrum.

1. S. aviculare, Foi-st.; — FI. N. Z. i. 182. Stem tall, herbaceous,
glabrous, angled, shrubby at the base, branched, leafy. Leaves very variable,
4-1 0 in. long, lanceolate or oblong, entire or variously lobed or pinnatifid,
membranous, glabrous, veins divaricating at right angles. Flowers in axillary
or supra-axillary 3-10-flowered cymes, large, purplish or bluish. Calyx-lobes
short, obtuse. Anthers spreading. Berry ovoid, edible.— S. laciniatum,
Aiton; Bot. Mag. t. 349.

Throughout the islands, common in woods, Banks and Solander, etc. Also found in
Norfolk Island, in Southern Australia, and Tasmania. The spreading anthers are unusual in
the genus.

2. S. nigrum, Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 182. Stems slender, branched,
glabrous, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves petioled, 1-4 in. long, ovate, acuminate,
rarely sinuate or lobed. Flowers L~i hi- diam., umbelled, umbels on long
supra-axillary peduncles. Berry | in. diam., globose, black or red.

Abundant in waste places near houses, etc., throughout the islands. One of the commonest
weeds in the world.

The “Cape Gooseberry,” Phgsalis peruviana, Linn., is naturalized in the northern dis-
tricts of New Zealand. The Potato, Capsicum, and Tomato also occur as escapes from cul-
tivation.

Order LIII. SCEOPHULARINE^.

Herbs, shrubs, or small trees. Leaves opposite, (except Pygmcea) ex-
stipulate. Flowers axillary or in terminal racemes cymes or panicles, irre-

LIII. SCROPHULARINEiE.

201

gular, rarely regular, hermaphrodite. — Sepals 5, free or variously cohering,
inferior, very rarely half-superior, persistent. Corolla regular or 2-lipped,
imbricate in bud. Stamens 2 or 4, with sometimes a rudimentary fifth
between the upper corolla-lobes. Ovary 2-celled ; style simple, stigma
simple or 2-lobed, or of 2 plates ; ovules numerous in each cell. Capsule
2-colled, many-seeded. Seeds albuminous.

One of the most extensive Natural Orders, found in all quarters of the globe. The
New Zealand genus Pygmcea , of which I have seen no fruit, is a doubtful member of the
Order; unlike its co-ordinates, the leaves appear to he imbricated all round the stem, and

not opposite.

Stamens 2.

Calyx 4-partite. Corolla with 2 inflated lips. Stigma suhcapitate . 1. Calceolaria.

Calyx 5-partite. Corolla 2-lipped. Stigma 2-lamellate 4. Gratiola.

Calyx 4- or 5 -partite. Corolla 4- or 5-lobed. Stigma subcapitate. Leaves

opposite 7. Veronica.

Calyx 5- or 6-partite. Corolla 5- or 6-lobed. Stigma suhcapitate. Leaves

imbricate, alternate 8. Pvgmasa.

Stamens 4.

Calyx 5 -toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, tumid at throat. Stigma 2-lamel-
late 2. Mimulus.

Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla 2-lipped, not tumid at throat. Stigma 2-la-
mellate 3. Mazus.

Calyx 3-5-lobed. Corolla minute. Anther 1-celled. Stigma spathu-
late 5. Glossostigma.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla minute, rotate. Anther 1-celled. Stigma

clavate 6. Limosella.

Calyx 5-partite. Corolla 5-lobed. Stigma capitate 9. Ourisia.

Calyx 4-lobed or -toothed. Corolla 2-lipped. Stigma dilated . . . 10. Euphrasia.

1. CALCEOLARIA, Linn.

Herbs. Leaves radical and cauline. Llowers in axillary or terminal
racemes. — Calyx 4-partite, inferior or half-superior. Corolla-tube very short ;
limb 2-lipped ; lips nearly equal and both inflated in the New Zealand species,
the upper small and lower very large and inflated in the American ones.
Stamens 2 ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-celled ; style simple, stigma sub-
capitate ; ovules numerous, placentas on the septum. Capsule ovoid, septi-
cidal, 2-valved ; valves 2-fid. Seeds numerous, striate.

A very large South American and especially Andean genus, of which the only extra
American species are the New Zealand ones, which belong to a section ( Jovellana ), having
the two lips of the corolla nearly equal.

Stem erect. Leaves obloug, 2-4 in. long. Calyx inferior 1 . C. Sinclairii.

Stem creeping. Leaves ovate, J-f in. long. Calyx half- superior. . . 2. C. repens.

1. C. Sinclairii, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 561 ; — FI. N. Z. i. 187. An erect,
slender, glandular, pubescent herb, 6-18 in. high. Leaves with slender pe-
tioles, 2-4 in. long, oblong, coarsely-toothed or tabulate, the lobes again toothed,
very membranous, sometimes cordate at the base. Panicle branched. Calyx-
lobes ovate, obtuse or acute. Corolla downy, in. diam., yellow ? spotted
with purple. Capsule i in. long.

Northern Island : East Cape, Sinclair ; Hawke’s Bay, Colenso. Very closely allied to
the Chiliau C. punctata, but differing a little in foliage, and in the corolla apparently yellow,
not purple.

202

LIII. SCROPHULAKINEiE.

[' Calceolaria .

2. C. repens. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 187. A very slender, branched,
creeping, pubescent herb. Leaves with slender petioles, -j-f in. long, orbicular,
broadly ovate-oblong or ovate-cordate, irregularly and unequally doubly-
toothed or crenate, very membranous. Panicles very few-flowered. Flowers
} in. across. Calyx half-superior.

Northern Island: ravines and forests at the hase of the Ruahine range, Colenso.

2. MIMILLUS, Linn.

Erect or creeping herbs. Flowers solitary and axillary in the New Zealand
species. — Calyx tubular or short, terete or 5-angled, 5 -toothed or -lobed.
Corolla campanulate, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect or reflexed, 2-lobed ; lower
3-lobed, usually with 2 protuberances at the throat, lobes all flat. Stamens
4 ; anther-cells diverging, finally confluent. Stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule
loculicidal, 2-valved ; valves separating from the placentas.

A considerable genus, found in various parts of the world, hut not in Europe, except as

an introduced plant.

Glabrous. Leaves sessile 1. M. repens.

More or less pilose. Leaves petiolate 2. 31. radicans.

1. M. repens, Br .; — FI. N. Z. i. 188. A small, creeping, succulent,
perfectly glabrous herb ; stems branched, 1-5 in. long. Leaves -g— J in. long,
oblong or broadly ovate, sessile or stem-clasping, quite entire. Peduncle
axillary, 1-flowered, longer or shorter than the leaves. Calyx variable
in form, from obconic to hemispherical ; lobes obscure. Corolla large, \ in.
across, pale-blue with yellow throat. — Bot. Mag. t. 5423.

Northern and Middle Islands : not rare in muddy places, bogs, etc., Banks and
Solander, etc. Also a common Tasmanian and South-Eastern Australian plant.

2. M. radicans, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 188. Stem creeping and root-
ing, with short, leafy branches. Leaves spreading, close together, ^—1 in.
long, petiolate, obovate, obtuse, quite entire, glabrous or pilose. Peduncle
stout, erect, longer or shorter than the leaf, 1- or 2-flowered, with a subulate
bract in the middle or at the fork. Calyx 5 -cleft, pilose. Corolla large, £
in. broad.

Northern Island : Tararua mountains and Wairarapa valley, Colenso. Middle Island :
common in swampy places, ascending to 1200 ft., from Nelson, 3Iunro, etc., to Otago,
Lindsay.

3. MAZUS, Loureiro.

Herbs. Leaves opposite or fascicled. Flowers in terminal, leafless racemes,
or solitary. — Calyx bell-sliaped, 5-fid. Corolla: upper lip 2-fid ; lower larger,
3-fid, with two protuberances at the throat. Stamens 4 ; anther-cells
diverging. Stigma equally 2-lamellate. Capsule globose or compressed, lo-
culicidal, 2-valved ; valves entire, separating from the placentas.

A small Indian, Chinese, and Australian genus.

1. M. Pumilio, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 189. Stem creeping underground,
sending out very short, leafy branches. Leaves fascicled, spreading, \-2 in.
long, petioled, narrow obovate-spathulate, obtuse, nearly entire or lobulate,
membranous, glabrous or sparingly pilose. Scape slender, 1-6-flowered.

Mazus.]

LXII. SCR0PHULARINEJ3.

203

Flowers on slender, curved pedicels, with a subulate bract at the base or
middle. Corolla blue, in. diam. — Iiook. Ic. PI. t. 567.

Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc. : common as far south as
Canterbury. Also common in South-Eastern Australia and Tasmania.

4. G-RATIOLA, Linn.

Erect or creeping herbs. Leaves small, usually sessile. Peduncles axil-
lary, 1 -flowered.— Calyx 5-partite. Corolla : upper lip entire or shortly

2- fid ; lower 3-fid ; throat without protuberances. Stamens 2 fertile, and 2
reduced to filaments ; anther-cells distinct, parallel. Stigma inflated or 2-
lamellate. Capsule 4-valved ; valves falling away from the placentas. Seeds
numerous, small.

A considerable tropical and subtropical genus, scattered over the world, rare in temperate
regions though found in Europe.

Leaves t—f in. long, glabrous, toothed 1. G. sexdentata.

Leaves -r-j in. long, glabrous or puberulous, obtusely toothed ... 2 . G. nana.

1. G. sexdentata, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 189. Stems stout, ascend-
ing or suberect, 6-18 in. long, glabrous. Leaves \ in. long, sessile, ob-
long, subacute, with scattered teeth. Peduncles very short. Flowers ■§ in.
long, yellow. Anthers 2-celled, one cell sometimes empty ; sterile filaments
elongated.

Northern Island: marshy places, not uncommon, Banks and Solander, etc., probably
overlooked in the Middle Island. Also found in South-Eastern Australia and Tasmania;
and most closely allied to the South American G. peruviana.

2. G. nana, Benth. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 189. Stems short, matted, creeping,
and as well as the leaves, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves i- £ in. long, ob-
long, obtuse, obtusely-toothed. Peduncles very short. Flowers as in G. sex-
dentata.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, R. Cunningham, and elsewhere probably common
but overlooked. Middle Island : Kowai valley, Haast. Much smaller than G. sexden-
tata. Flowers white or pinkish. Also found on the alps of Tasmania. Very like Mimulus
repens, in general appearance.

Herpestes cuneifolia, Spr., is introduced into Raoul’s catalogue of New Zealand plants,
no doubt by mistake for a Gratiola, or for Mimulus repens, which it closely resembles.

5. GLOSSOSTIGMA, Arnott.

Minute, tufted, creeping herbs. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. — Calyx
bell-shaped, 3-5-lobed. Corolla most minute, upper lip 2-lobed, lower

3- lobed. Stamens 2-4; anthers 1-celled, exserted. Stigma large, dilated,
spathulate. Capsule subglobose, loculicidal, 2-valved ; valves separating
from the placentas.

Minute Indian, African, and Australian herbs.

1. G. elatinoid.es, Bentli.; — FI. N. Z. i. 189. Glabrous. Stems root-
ing at the nodes, 1-2 in. long. Leaves petioled, spathulate, A— \ in. long,
quite entire, obtuse. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Flowers ^ in.
long. Stamens 4 ; anthers peltate, exserted. — Triclioloma elatinoides, Benth. ;
Lobelia submersa, A. Cunn.

Northern Island: common in wet places, A. Cunningham, etc.

204

LI1I. SCROFHULATtINEiE.

6. LIMOSELLA, Linn.

Small, tufted, marsh or water plants. Leaves linear or linear-spathulate.
Peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered. Plowers minute. — Calyx campanulate,
5-toothed. Corolla rotate; limb 5-fid; segments unequal. Stamens 4;
anthers 1-celled, included. Stigma subclavate. Capsule subglobose, 2-valved ;
valves entire, separating from the placenta.

A small genus of plants found in all parts of the globe, probably all the species enume-
rated in books are varieties of one.

1. L. aquatica, var. tenuifolia, Linn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 190. Leaves
in. long, obtuse. Peduncles solitary or several together. Plowers
white, -Jj in. across or less. — L. australis, Br. ; L. tenuifolia, Nuttall.

Throughout the islands, common in wet places. A widely distributed plant in the tem-
perate and cold regions of both hemispheres and tropical mountains.

7. VERONICA, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely small trees. Leaves very various, opposite, often
connate at the base, small and scale-like or large, sometimes minute and
most densely imbricating quadrifariously. Plowers small, usually in axillary
racemes, sometimes spiked corymbose or panicled, rarely solitaiy. — Sepals 4,
rarely 5 (one being 2-fid or 2-partite). Corolla with a short or long tube,
and expanded 4- rarely 5-lobed limb ; lobes unequal. Stamens 2, filaments
long or short, inserted at the throat of the corolla. Ovary small, compressed,
2-celled; style slender, stigma capitate; ovules numerous. Capsule 2-celled,
ovoid orbicular or didymous, dorsally or laterally compressed, septicidally
dehiscing ; valves often splitting longitudinally, falling away from the seed-
bearing septum. Seeds numerous or few.

A very large European, Oriental, and New Zealand genus, comparatively rare in other
parts of the globe. In New Zealand it forms a more conspicuous feature of the vegetation
than in any other country, both from the number, beauty, and ubiquity of the species, from
so many forming large bushes, and from the remarkable forms the genus presents. The
species are excessively difficult of discrimination, present numerous intermediate forms
between many most distinct-looking ones, vary extremely in all their organs and hybridize
most freely ; many probably are, if not bisexual, still partially so, the two sexes presenting
differences in the size of the stamens and calyx and capsules, a point worthy of the close
attention of the colonist.

Between the first 19 species it is most difficult to draw any contrasting specific characters,
they appear to present a graduated scale of forms. V. elliptica alone, I find it impossible to
confound with any other which is the more remarkable, as it is the only New Zealand shrubby
species that extends beyond the islands, and inhabits South Chili, etc. ; yet, except for the
large size of the white flower and large fruit, it is difficult to point out any character of
importance to distinguish it from forms of several others.

Of the curious species of section 4 (viz. 20 to 25), all seem very distinct and well marked;
though intermediates are quite conceivable, and may be found, it would be instructive to
know if they will hybridize together and with the other sections.

Section 5 also presents a most remarkable form of the genus, quite new, and peculiar to
New Zealand ; the two species it includes seem distinct.

Of the 5 species in section 6, V. macrantha and Benthami are very distinct, and the
latter a most beautiful and remarkable plant; the three others are more closely allied, but
I think distinct.

Veronica.]

LIII. SCROPHULARINEjE.

205

In section 7, V.linifolia and Anagallis are very different from one another and any others;
34 to 37 are probably all forms of one plant, as is perhaps V. spathulata of V. elongata.

So many new species of this genus (19) have been found since the publication of the
‘ Flora Novse-Zelaudise,’ that probably many more will reward the researches of collectors ;
on the other hand, no doubt some of the species here described will be reduced by future
observers.

In the following Conspectus I have had regard to prevalent prominent differences only ;
there is not an organ that does not vary conspicuously in every species, and I regret to add
that 1 have been obliged to neglect sundry specimens from inability to refer them exactly to
any species. In such a genus as this, characters must be arbitrarily adopted, and be regarded
as provisional only.

I. Capsule dorsally compressed , ovoid, turgid ; valves °l-fid at the tip.

A. Leaves quite entire ( rarely toothed in V. Haastii).

§ 1. Large shrubs. Leaves oblong or obovate 1-4 in. long, obtuse or subacute. Racemes

simple, short, stout, many-flowered.

Leaves 2-4 x 1£ in., obovate. Stamens stout. Capsule i in. . . 1. V. speciosa.
Leaves 3x1 in., linear-oblong. Stamens sleuder. Capsule \ in. . 2. V. Dieffenbachii.
Leaves ]-2xi-l in., obovate-oblong, subacute. Stamens slender.

Capsule £ in 3. V. mawoura.

§ 2. Large shrubs. Leaves linear or lanceolate, 2-6 in. long. Racemes simple, long,
slender, very many-flowered .

Leaves 2-6 in. Capsule in., scarcely longer than sepals . . . 4. V. salicifolia.

Leaves 3-6 in. Capsule \ in., 2 or 3 times as long as sepals . . 5. V. macrocarpa.

Leaves 1-3 in. Capsule a little longer than the small, obtuse sepals 6. V. parviflora.

Leaves 1-3 in. Capsule i in., 2 or 3 times as long as the lanceolate

sepals 7. V. ligustrifolia.

Leaves 1-2 in., hairy on both surfaces 8. V. pubescens.

§ 3. Large or small, erect shrubs. Leaves g— 1 in. long, coriaceous. Racemes or spikes
peduncled, usually short, simple or corymbose, or collected into heads. Bracts
usually small, large in 13 and 18.

a. Leaves lax, spreading, not imbricate. Branches even.

Leaves f-1 x £-3 in. Racemes long. Pedicels usually distinct . . 9. V. Traversii.

Leaves xi-| in. Spikes attenuate. Pedicels 0 10. V. vernicosa.

Leaves ^-f x i-J in., petioled and apicnlate. Branches hoary. Co-
rolla i-f in., white 11. V. elliptica.

Leaves |-f x £ iu., keeled. Flowers corymbose. Pedicels slender . 12. V. diosmafolia.

Leaves ^-1 x 3-^ in., not keeled. Spikes short. Pedicels 0. Bracts
large 13. V. Colensoi.

fi. Leaves excessively thick, concave, more or less imbricate, often closely. Branches with
close-set transverse scars.

Leaves 3—5 x 3-7 in., keeled, not truncate nor cordate at base . .14. V. tcevis.

Leaves 3- 3 x£-i in., keeled, subcordate at base 15. V. buxifolia.

I, eaves j-f x 3-3- in., midrib obscure. Capsule ovate, acute, glabrous 16. V. carnosula.

Leaves x A-3 in., midrib obscure. Capsule broad, obtuse, pu-
bescent 17. V. pinguifolia.

Leaves in. Spikes tomentose, distichous. Bracts large, concave 18. V. pimeleoides.

Leaves g-3 in., orbicular, spreading and recurved. Spike tomentose,

dense. Ovary villous 19. V. Buchanani.

§ 4. Erect or decumbent shrubs. Leaves very minute, thick and short, 'Ln- long,

densely is-fariously imbricate, or in distant pairs. Flowers fascicled or capitate at
the ends of the branches.

a. Leaves most densely imbricate, connate in pairs.

Branches square, T'5— i in. diam. Leaves black when dry, tumid,

obtuse 20. V. tetragona.

206

LIII. SCROPHULAUINE.*.

[ Veronica .

Branches square, in. diam. Leaves brown when dry, abruptly

acuminate 21. V. lycopodioides.

Branches square, Tl2 in. diam. Leaves very broad, subacute, black

when dry 22. V. tetrasticha.

Branches terete. Leaves connate to middle, brown when dry . . 23. V. Hectori.

Branches terete. Leaves truncate, yellowish when dry 24. V. salicornioides.

/3. Leaves in. distant, opposite pairs 25. V. cupressoides.

§ 5. Small decumbent shrubs , with short jlexuous branches, densely clothed with short,
broad, rigid, densely imbricating leaves, j in. long. Flowers in terminal, sessile ,
ovoid heads, continuous with the branches.

Leaves in., not keeled. Sepals not ciliate 26. V. Haastii.

Leaves g— -i in., recurved, keeled. Sepals ciliate 27. V. epacridea.

B (§6). Leaves more or less toothed or serrate. ( See Haastii, in § 5.)

Glabrous. Flowers racemose, J in. diam 28. V. macrantha.

Flowers sessile on branches of a loose panicle 3-10 in. long . . . 29. V. Hulkeana.

Flowers sessile, in short, spreading, pnberulous panicles. Bracts acute 30. V. Lavaudiana.

Flowers sessile, in dense oblong panicles. Bracts obtuse . . . . 31. V. Raoulii.

Flowers indense, leafv racemes. Leaves edged with down . . . 32. V. Benthami.

II (§7). Capsules laterally compressed, didymous. — Herbs with creeping, diffuse, slender
stems (or erect in 40). Leaves serrate or toothed, except in V. linifolia. Flowers in
slender, axillary, long-peduncled racemes ( short in 38 and 39).

Leaves J-l in., linear, obtuse, quite entire 33. V. linifolia.

Leaves in., ovate, glabrous, serrate. Raceme glandular . . . 34. V. nivalis.

Leaves 5-5 in., ovate or oblong, serrate, glabrous. Peduncle long . 35. V. Lyallii.

Leaves xj-i in., ovate or oblong, glabrous, with 1 or 2 teeth on each

side. Peduncle long 36. V. Bidwitlii.

Leaves 1-5 in., oblong ovate or lanceolate, glabrous, deeply serrate . 37. V. cataractce.

Leaves j-l in., glabrous or pubescent, broad, ovate-cordate, coarsely

toothed 38. V. elongata.

Leaves <j-4 in., glandular-pubescent, ovate-spathulate. Peduncles

very short 39. V. spathulata.

Erect glabrous. Leaves oblong, 1-2 in., crenate 40. V. Anagallis.

1. V. speciosa, R. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 191. A glabrous stout shrub ;
branches angled, as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves sessile or with very short
thick petioles, 2-4 in. long, 1-li broad, obovate-oblong, rounded at the
tip, very coriaceous, shining, quite entire, downy on the midrib above, veins
obsolete. Racemes dense-flowered, not longer than the leaves, 1 in. diam.,
stout, erect ; pedicels short. Calyx-lobes oblong-ovate, subacute.. Corolla
deep blue-purple, -5 in. diam., lobes obtuse. Stamens and style very long and
stout. Capsule g- in. long, broadly ovate, thrice as long as the calyx. — Bot.
Mag. t. 4057.

Northern Island : seacoast at Hokianga, Cunningham. Middle Island : Ship Cove
and Port Nicholson, Lyall. I have a cultivated hybrid between this and V. elliptica,
with leaves only 1 ) in long, and racemes 1 in. long, of blue flowers, raised by I. A. Henry,
Esq., of Trinity, Edinburgh.

2. V. Diefifenbachii, Benth. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 191. A stout glabrous
shrub ; branches terete, almost as stout as a quill. Leaves sessile by a sub-
cordate base, 3 in. long, 1 broad, linear-oblong, acute, rather coriaceous,
quite entire, downy on the edges towards the base. Raceme longer than the
leaves, f in. diam., strict, glabrous ; pedicels slender. Sepals small, ovate-

Veronica.]

LIII. SCROPHULARIKEA:.

207

lanceolate, acute. Corolla £ in. diam. Stamens and style slender. Cap-
sule } in. long, broadly ovate, thrice as long as the calyx.

Chatham Island, Dieffenbach. I have seen but one specimen.

3. V. macroura, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 191. A glabrous shrub, 1-6 ft.
high ; branches terete, as stout as a crow-quill. Leaves narrowed into
very short petioles, 1-2 in. long, |-1 broad, linear-oblong or slightly obovate,
acute, glabrous. Racemes rather longer than the leaves, stout, slightly
curved, dense-flowered, |-1 in. diam., puberulous or pubescent ; pedicels
slender. Sepals small, ovate, acute. Corolla i— §- in. diam. ; tube rather
long. Stamens and style slender. Capsules small, i in. long, most densely
crowded, recurved, very little longer than the sepals.

Northern Island : East Cape, Wangarei, Cook’s Straits, etc., Colenso. Middle Island :
Tarndale, Sinclair (flowers i in. diam.).

4. V. salicifolia, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 191. A large glabrous shrub ;
branches terete, as thick as a crow-quill. Leaves sessile, 2-6 in. long, linear-
or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, quite entire, glabrous. Racemes much longer
than the leaves, simple, very many-flowered, pubescent or glabrate ; pedicels
slender. Flowers extremely variable in size and length of tube of corolla,
bluish-purple or white. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, rarely acute, gla-
brous or pubescent. Corolla g- in. diam. Capsule in. long, ovate, acute,
not twice as long as the calyx. — V. Lindleyana , Paxt. Mag. Bot. ; V. stricta,
Banks and Solander.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and Solander , etc. The V. Foukii, Philippi, of
Chili, is (no doubt) founded on cultivated specimens of the New Zealand plant, erroneously
supposed to have been sent from Guaytieas Archipelago. This species passes into V. parviflora
by becoming smaller-leaved, and into macrocarpa by the fruit. Many varieties of this, and
hybrids between it and V. speciosa, macrocarpa, and others, are extensively cultivated in
England under various names ( Kermesina , Lindleyana, and Andersoni of gardens, versicolor
and linariafolia , Visiaui, etc. etc.).

5. V. macrocarpa, Vahl; — FI. N. Z. i. 192. Characters of V. salici-
folia, but flowers usually larger, and capsule nearly i in. long, three times
as long as the calyx. — V. myrtifolia, Banks and Solander; V. salicifolia ,
A. Cunn. Herb.

Northern and Middle Islands : not uncommon, Bay of Islands, A. Cunningham, etc.;
Mount Egmont, Dieffenbach; Cook’s Straits, D’Urville; Bay of Islands, Logan; Port
William, Lyall. I have specimens of this from Lyail, gathered at Otago and Port William,
with oblong-lanceolate leaves, 1 in. long, and short broad racemes 1-2 in. long, with very
large flowers upwards of l in. diam. This species is too closely allied to V. salicifolia, and
indeed differs materially in the capsule only.

6. V. parviflora, Vahl ; — FI. N. Z. i. 192. A glabrous shrub, usually
4-6 ft. high. Leaves erect or spreading, 1-3 in. long, lanceolate oblong-
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, flat or concave and keeled, quite entire, acute
or acuminate. Racemes generally strict, about twice as long as the leaves,
dense-flowered, pubescent ; pedicels short. Flowers small. Sepals small,
ovate, obtuse, puberulous. Corolla h in. diam. Capsule ■§- in., a little
longer than the calyx. — V. angustifolia, A. Rich. ; V. stenopliylla, Steud.

Northern and Middle Islands: abundant. This seems to be a small-leaved form of
V. salicifolia. Specimens with more oblong obtuser leaves almost pass into V. macroura.

308

liii. scrophularinea:.

[ Veronica .

Vahl describes the capsule as twice as long as the calyx ; it is rarely so long in my specimens
hut it is variable in this respect, passing thus into V. ligustrifolia, as B. salicifolia does into
V. macrocarpa, and V. macroura into V. Bieffenbachii. Colenso sends specimens from
Cook’s Straits with very narrow leaves, and fruit as large as in V. ligustrifolia.

7. V. ligustrifolia, A. Gunn. ; — FI. N.Z. i. 193. A large glabrous
diffusely-branched shrub. Leaves 1^-3 in. long, usually very narrow linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, in. broad, flat or concave and keeled at the back,
quite entire, sometimes broader, |-f in. and more, obtuse. Racemes about
twice as long as the leaves, rather slender, lax-flowered, puberulous ; pedicels
slender, often g~^ in. long. Flowers rather large. Sepals lanceolate, acumi-
nate. Corolla i in. across. Capsule nearly i in. long, twice or thrice as long
as the calyx. — V. angustifolia, A. Cunn. not A. Rich. ; V. acutiflora , Renth.

Northern Island : abundant at Bay of Islands, near the falls of the Keri Keri and else-
where. Middle Island : Otago and Port William, Lyall. Kermadec Island, M'Gi/li-
vray. This is probably a ‘small-leaved form of V. macrocarpa: it differs from V. parviflora
in the usually larger flowers, acuminate lanceolate sepals, and larger capsule.

8. V. pubescens, Banks and Solander ; — FI. N. Z. i. 193. A shrub,
6 ft. high, covered everywhere with (when dry) red-brown hairs. Leaves
1-3 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, entire. Racemes many-flowered. Sepals
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent. Capsule twice as long as the
calyx.

Northern Island : Opuragi, in woods. A remarkable plant, of which I have seen no
specimens but the Bauksian.

9. V. Traversii, Hook. /., n.sp. A small glabrous sbrub ; branches
terete. Leaves spreading, sessile, f-1 in. long, broad, obovate or linear-
oblong, acute or obtuse, entire, coriaceous, flat ; midrib strong. Racemes
longer than the leaves, subterminal, 1-3 in. long, many-flowered, puberulous ;
pedicels distinct, slender or reduced to 0 ; bracts very small. Sepals -Jg^ in.
long, ovate, obtuse or subacute, ciliate, 3-5 times shorter than the cylindric
corolla-tube. Corolla-tube long or short ; lobes j in. diam. Capsule a in.
long, oblong, acute, 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx.

middle Islaud : hills near Canterbury and abundantly in river beds, Travers ; Southern
Alps, abundant, ascending to 4000 ft., Haast ; Otago, abundant in the lake district. Hector
and Buchanan. Allied to V. parviflora, of which it has the calyx, whilst the fruit is like that
of V. ligustrifolia. Mr. Travers sends an instructive series of specimens, showing the pas-
sage from long to no pedicels, and from long to very short corolla.

10. V. vernicosa, Hook. /., n. sp. A small stout glabrous shrub.
Leaves close-set, spreading, petioled, -g— % in. long, broad, obovate-oblong,
obtuse or apiculate, varnished on the upper surface, entire, flat or a little con-
cave ; midrib evident. Racemes crow'ded at the ends of the branches, pube-
rulous, 1-1 1 in. long, often peduncled, tapering or caudate ; pedicels 0 or
very short ; bracts very small. Sepals Tg- in. long, oblong, obtuse. Corolla-
tube very short ; limb \ in. diam. Capsules pedicelled, ovoid, \ in. long,
twice as long as the calyx.

Middle Island: common, Canterbury hills, alt. 1200 ft., Travers; Upper Wairau,
Munro ; Southern Alps, alt. 1500-3000 ft., Haast ; Nelson mountains, Bough (flower very
large) ; Otago, Dun mountains, 3900 ft., Lindsay. A very pretty and distinct-looking
plant, remarkable for the numerous spreading, broad, short, varnished leaves, and much at-
tenuated racemes of nearly sessile flowers.

Veronica.']

LI1I. SCROPIIULARINEiE.

209

11. V. elliptica, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 193. A bushy large shrub or

small tree, 5-20 ft. high ; branches stout, hoary all round or in 2 bnes,
Leaves close-set, spreading, uniform, petiolate, f in. long, i—} broad,

linear-oblong or obovate-oblong, more or less truncate at the base, entire, flat,
coriaceous, not shining; midrib strong, produced at the tip. Eacemes very
short, few-flowered, forming together a loose subcorymbose head at the ends
of the branches, glabrous ; pedicels distinct ; bracts small, lanceolate. Se-
pals large, in. long, ovate, acuminate. Corolla large, white ; tube short ;
limb -§•-■§ in. broad. Capsule ^ in. long, turgid, twice as long as the calyx.
— V. decussata, Aiton ; Eot. Mag. t. 242 ; V. Menziesii, Benth.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Forster ; Canterbury, Haast ; Otago, abundant by the
sea. Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, frequent, J. 1). H. Also found
in South Chili, Fuegia, and the Falkland Islands. A very handsome and most distinct spe-
cies, easily recognized by its oblong, spreading, apiculate, petioled leaves, and large white sub-
corymbose flowers.

12. V. diosmsefolia, R. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 193. A glabrous shrub,
3— 12 ft. high; branches rather slender. Leaves petioled, close-set, spread-
ing, rigidly coriaceous, \ — | in. long, £ broad, linear- oblong, acute at both
ends, entire, not shining, sharply keeled by the midrib below. Corymbs ter-
minal, depressed, many-flowered ; pedicels slender ; bracts lanceolate, acumi-
nate. Sepals small, tV_tV in- long, ovate, obtuse or acute, glabrous. Corolla-
tube short ; limb £ in. across. Capsule twice as long as the calyx.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands and Hokianga, Cunningham, Fdgerly, Colenso, etc.
A very distinct species, kuown by its fascicled branches, narrow rigid acute patent leaves,
and small truly corymbose flowers.

13. V. Colensoi, Hook. f. — V. Menziesii, Benth. in part; El. N. Z. i.
193. A small glabrous shrub. Leaves patent or erecto-patent, almost ses-
sile, -g-1 in. long, in. broad, very coriaceous, linear-oblong, or narrow
oblong-obovate, acute, entire, narrowed into the petiole, flat, not keeled,
opaque, sometimes glaucous ; midrib distinct, excurrent. Eacemes subter-
minal, often compound, short, peduncled, hardly longer than the leaves,
puberulous ; pedicels very short or 0 ; bracts as long as the sepals, coriaceous.
Sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, TJT in. long. Corolla white pink or
bluish ; tube short; limb £ in. diam. Capsule ^ in., twice as long as the
calyx.

Northern Island: Ruahine mountaius, Colenso (racemes simple, leaves glaucous).
Middle Island : Nelson mountains, Bidwill ; Tarndale, Sinclair; Southern Alps, abun-
dant, Haast ; ascending to 4000 ft., Wairau valley, and 3-5000 ft., Travers-, Rotaiti Lake,
Munro (midrib nearly obsolete, and leaves most coriaceous). A very variable plant, difficult
in some states to distinguish from V. lavis and V. Traversii, ; best characterized by the sub-
sessile flowers, large coriaceous bracts, and subcorymbose inflorescence.

14. V. Isevis, Bentli. ; FI. N. Z. i. 194. A small stout glabrous shrub,
2-4 ft. high. Leaves erect and appressed and imbricating, rarely patent,

in. long, j broad, broadly obovate-oblong, obtuse or acute, extremely coria-
ceous, entire, concave, sharply keeled by the stout prominent midrib, narrowed
rather suddenly into the very stout, short petiole. Eacemes short, twice as
long as the leaves, usually crowded at the ends of the branches, puberulous ;
pedicels short ; bracts short, coriaceous. Sepals in. long, oblong-ovate,
obtuse. Corolla-tube short ; lobes -J in, across. Capsule not seen.

vol. 1. p

210

LIII. SCROFHULARlNEiE.

[ Veronica.

Northern Island: Tongariro, Bidivill ; Rnahine range, Colenso. Middle Island:
Nelson mountains, Bidwill, alt. 2-6000 ft. In its normal state well marked by the small,
concave, acute, very coriaceous, keeled leaves, not truncate at the base ; but it passes into
V. buxifolia , which has truncate bases, and into V. carnosula.

15. V. buxifolia, JBenth. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 194. A small stout glabrous
shrub, 2-3 ft. high, very closely allied to V. Icevis, but the leaves are closely
imbricated and cordate at the base. Leaves | in. long, -!■-£ broad, broadly
oblong-obovate, obtuse, suddenly truncate or cordate at the very short thick
petiole, excessively thick and coriaceous, concave, keeled by the prominent
midrib, usually polished. Racemes very short, dense-flowered, crowded at
the ends of the branches and subcapitate, puberulous or glabrous ; pedicels
short ; bracts as large as the sepals. Sepals oblong, obtuse. Corolla-tube
short; limb | in. across. Capsule -§■ in. long, twice as long as the calyx.
— V. odora, FI. Antarct. 62, t. 41.

Northern Island : Tongariro?, Bieffenbach ; Ruahine range, Colenso. Middle Island :
abuudaut on the alps, Nelson, Bidwill ; Wairau mountains, alt. 4-5500 ft., Travers ;
Southern Alps, ascending to 4000 ft., Sinclair aud Haast ; Hopkins river, alt. 3000 ft.,
Haast (with spreading leaves) ; Otago, subalpine, in the lake district, Hector and Bu-
chanan. Lord Auckland’s Island, /. 1). H. Usually a very distinct form, best dis-
tinguished by the closely imbricate, small, concave, keeled leaves, truncate or cordate at the
base, and the crowded terminal inflorescence.

16. V. carnosula, HooJc.f., n. sp. A small, often prostrate, glaucous,
stout shrub ; branches covered with transverse scars, pubescent towards the
tips. Leaves closely imbricate, suberect, -§-f in. long, broadly obovate or ob-
long or orbicular, round at the tip, entire, concave, extremely thick and coria-
ceous, almost sessile or suddenly contracted to the extremely broad thick pe-
tiole, not keeled, midrib very obscure or 0. Spikes short, pilose and pubes-
cent, crowded together and forming heads at the ends of the branches, very
dense-flowered ; pedicels 0 ; bracts coriaceous, as long as the calyx. Sepals
ovate, obtuse, scarcely ciliate. Corolla-tube very short ; limb I in- diam.
Capsules ~ in., ovate, acute, glabrous, twice as long as the calyx. — V. Icevis,
ft. carnosula , FI. N. Z. i. 194.

Middle Island: Nelson, Morse’s Mountain, 5000 ft., Bidwill ; upper Wairau, Munro.
The glaucous habit, broader, obtuse, excessively thick, concave leaves, without keel, dis-
tinguish this at once from V. Icevis ; from V. pinguifolia the ovary and capsules alone
distinguish it.

17. V. pinguifolia, IBooJc. /., n. sp. A small, erect or decumbent,
glaucous, robust shrub, 4 in. to 4 ft. high ; branches pubescent above,
covered with close-set transverse scars. Leaves sessile, erecto-patent, imbri-
cate, \ in. long, |~ §• broad, obovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, excessively thick
and coriaceous, concave, not keeled; midrib very obscure. Spikes very short,
longer than the leaves, pilose and pubescent, crowded into heads at the tops
of the branches, very dense-flowered ; pedicels 0 ; bracts coriaceous, as large
as the sepals, ciliated. Sepals oblong, obtuse, ciliate and puberulous. Cap-
sule obovate-oblong, obtuse, rounded or emarginate, pubescent, not much
longer than the calyx.

Middle Island : common on the mountains of Nelson and Canterbury, Wairau gorge,
alt. 3-5000 ft., Travers ; Southern Alps, common, ascending to 5000 ft., Haast. The small
size, robust habit, glaucous obtuse imbricate excessively thick small leaves without midrib,

Veronica.

LIII. SCR0PHULARINEA3.

211

short dense spikes crowded into a head, distinguish this from all except V. carnosula,
which has very different capsules.

18. V. pimeleoides, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 195. A small, suberect,
branched, shrubby plant, 4-10 in. high ; branches erect, as thick as a sparrow-
quill, pubescent, covered with close-set transverse scars. Leaves sessile, im-
bricate, erecto-patent, a_a in. long, broadly obovate-oblong, obtuse, rather
concave, obtusely keeled, rather glaucous ; midrib obscure. Spikes short,
very pubescent or tomentose, subdistichous. Flowers opposite, in the axils
of large leafy ciliated bracts. Sepals oblong, obtuse, ciliated. Corolla deep
purple ; tube very short ; limb A in. diam. Capsule ovate, acute, glabrous,
twice as long as the calyx.

Middle Island: Port Cooper, Lyall ; stony flats on the Hurumui mountains, alt. 800-
1000 ft., Travers ; Southern Alps, amongst shingle and grass, Hopkins, Godlev, and Macau-
lay rivers, alt. 2-4000 ft., Haast. A very distinct little species, allied in some respects to
V. pinguifolia, hut more so to V. Lavaudiana, etc.

19. V. Buchanani, Hoolc.f, n. sp. Stems much branched from the
base, 4-8 in. high ; branches terete, stout, woody, tortuous, black, closely
scarred, glabrous or upper pubescent. Leaves small, in. long, closely
4-fariously imbricate, spreading or recurved, nearly orbicular, sessile by a very
broad base, concave, very obscurely keeled, nerveless, very thick and coria-
ceous, not shining. Spikes short, dense, terminal, short-peduncled, subcapi-
tate, y— 3- in. long ; peduncle and racliis tomentose. Flowers sessile ; bracts
and sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse, ciliate. Corolla white, about a in. broad.
Ovary and base of style villous,

Middle Island : Otago, lake district, alpine, alt. 3-5000 ft., Hector and Buchanan.

20. V. tetragona, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 580 ; — FI. N. Z. i. 104. A small,
erect or prostrate, much-branched shrub ; branches (with the leaves on)
obtusely 4-angled, TV- i in. diam. Leaves erect, densely imbricate, extremely
coriaceous, ovate, obtuse, tumid, TlT in. long, the upper ciliated or pubescent
on the edges, opposite pairs' connate at the base, brown-black when dry.
Flowers 3-5, sessile amongst the uppermost leaves. Sepals and bract linear-
oblong, obtuse, ciliated. Corolla-tube short ; limb \ in. diam. — Podocarpns
Dieffenbachii, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 547.

Northern Island : Tongariro, Bid will ; Hikurangi, Colenso. Middle Island : Queen
Charlotte’s Sound, Dieffenbach ; Gordon’s Nob, Munro ; Wai-au-na valley, alt. 3000 ft.,
Travers.

21. V. lycopodioides, Hoolc.f., n. sp. An erect ?, very much branched,
stout shrub ; branches (with the leaves on) acutely 4-angled, i~fo in. diam.,
pale yellow-brown when dry. Leaves most densely and closely 4-fariously
imbricate, thickly coriaceous, very broadly reniform-ovate, much broader than
long, abruptly narrowed into an acute tip, about -Ag- in. broad, obtusely keeled,
opposite pairs connate at the base, glabrous or pubescent on the edges. Flowers
sessile, in small, dense, oblong heads at the ends of the branches ; racliis tomen-
tose ; bracts larger than the leaves, not so broad in proportion, grooved in parallel
lines when dry, ciliated. Sepals linear-oblong, obtuse, ciliated. Corolla-tube
very short ; limb -t in. diam. Capsule broadly-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, not
longer than the calyx.

Middle Island : Southern Alps, Ribbon-wood range, Big Ben, Macaulay river, etc., alt.

P 2

212 Liu. SCR0PHULARINE7E. [Veronica.

3- 5000 ft., Sinclair and Haast ; Wairau gorge, alt. 4-5000 ft., Travers; Otago, Lindis
Pass, subalpine, Hector and Buchanan.

22. V. tetrasticha. Hook. /., n. sp. A small, mucli branched, decum-
bent plant, 3-6 in. high ; branches (with the leaves on) acutely 4-farious,
-jL in. diam., black when dry. Leaves spreading, most densely imbricate, coria-
ceous, broadly ovate, subacute, opposite pairs connate at the base, not keeled,
ciliate, not shining. Flowers in very small, short, terminal, 2- or 3-flowered
spikes, distinct from the branches ; rachis tomentose ; bracts and sepals ovate-
oblong, obtuse, ciliated. Corolla-tube very short ; limb yL in. broad. Cap-
sule not seen.

diddle Island: Southern Alps, fissures of rocks on Big Ben, and Hopkins river, alt.

4- 5000 ft., Haast ; Wairau mountains, alt. 4-5000 ft., Travers. Very different from V.
lycopodioides, though not easily defined. Whole plant much smaller, black when dry.
Leaves more spreading, though as densely imbricate ; spikes not forming a sessile head to
the branch ; and flowers very small.

23. V. Hectori, Hook.f., n. sp. A robust, small, much-branched shrub,
6-24 in. high ; branches (with the leaves on) terete or obscurely 4-gonous,
Yo— J in diam. Leaves closely but not densely imbricate, extremely thick
and coriaceous, tumid, broader than long, very broadly ovate or orbicular,
very obtuse, nearly i in. across, opposite pairs connate to the middle, pube-
rulous along the edges, shining, not keeled. Flowers collected into an ovate
terminal head ; rachis villous ; bracts broader than the leaves, striated. Sepals
broadly oblong, obtuse, ciliate. Corolla as in V. lycopodioides, pink and white.
Ovary glabrous. Capsule as long as the sepals.

diddle Island : Southern Alps, Haast ; Otago, Mount Alta, alt. 7-7500 ft., Hector and
Buchanan. Very closely allied to V. lycopodioides, but the branches are scarcely tetrago-
nous and the leaves very different, being conuate to the middle and very obtuse.

24. V. salicornioid.es. Hook. /., n. sp. A small, much branched,

erect or ascending, woody species, yellow-green when dry ; branches (with
the leaves on) terete, iQ- diam. Leaves closely imbricating, and closely

appressed to and adnate with the branch, extremely short, opposite pairs con-
nate almost throughout their length, each pair forming a short narrow ring
about aw—ro in. deep around the branch, truncate, scarcely acute, minutely
ciliate. Flowers in small, short, oblong, terminal, 3-6-tlowered heads ; rachis
villous ; bracts short and very broad. Sepals oblong, obtuse. Corolla with
a very short tube ; limb \ in. diam. Capsule small, oblong, obtuse, glabrous,
a little longer than the calyx.

diddle Island: Nelson mountains, Bough ; Wairau mountains, 4-5500 ft., Travers ;
Rangitata, and Waimakuriri mountains, alt. 3-4000 ft., Haast.

25. V. cupressoides, Hook.f., n. sp. A dense, excessively-branched
bush, 1-6 ft. high ; branches erect, fastigiate, slender, glabrous. Leaves very
minute, Jg- in. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse, not broader than the branch, oppo-
site pairs connate at the base, erect or appressed, glabrous, fleshy. Flowers
very small, 3 or 4 at the ends of the slender branchlets ; bracts much larger
than sepals, both broadly oblong, obtuse, not ciliated. Corolla violet ; tube
short ; limb -Jg- in. diam. Capsule not seen.

diddle Island : Upper Wairau, alt. 4000 ft., and Tarndale, Sinclair ; W'ai-au-na valley,

Veronica .]

LIII. SCROPHULAUINEiE.

213

3500 ft., Travers; Ashburton valley, 2-5000 ft., Haast ; Otago, river flats of the lake dis-
trict and Lindis Pass, Hector and Tvxhunan. A most curious species.

26. V. Haastii, Hook.f., n. sp. A tortuous, decumbent or ascending,
woody, sparingly branched, glabrous species, 4-10 in. long; branches uni-
formly and densely leafy, with the leaves on in. diam., obscurely 4-angled.
Leaves densely 4-fariously imbricated, spreading, sessile, £— §■ in. long, broadly
obovate or orbicular, rounded at the tip, very coriaceous, opposite pairs almost
connate at the base, sometimes with 1 obscure tooth on each side, slightly ciliate
at the very base. Flowers sessile in pairs or more amongst the uppermost
(lioral) leaves, being apparently in reduced spikes, together collected into an
oblong head ^-1^ in. long. Bracts ovate-oblong. Sepals ^ in. long, linear-
oblong, scarcely ciliate. Corolla not seen. Capsule oblong, obtuse, scarcely
longer than the calyx.

Middle Island ; summits of Mounts Darwin, Dobson, Torlesse, and on Mount Cook,
alt. 6-7000 ft., Haast. This and the following are most remarkable plants, of a different
habit from any hitherto described.

27. V. epacridea, 1 look, f., n. sp. A small, tortuous, prostrate or
ascending, glabrous, rigid, much-branched species ; branches uniformly and
densely leafy, with the leaves on ^ in. diam., obscurely 4-angled. Leaves
sessile, densely 4-fariously imbricate, spreading and recurved, in. long,
very broadly obovate-oblong, concave, keeled, rigid, glabrous, round or sub-
acute at the tip. Flowers collected into terminal, ovoid, leafy heads, as in
V. Haastii; bracts broadly ovate, ciliate, shorter than the sepals, which are
linear-oblong, obtuse, ciliate. Corolla with a long tube; limb in. diam.
Capsule small, ovate-oblong, obtuse.

Middle Island : Tarndale, alt. 3500 ft., Sinclair ; Discovery Peaks, alt. 5800 ft., Travers ;
Southern Alps, Ashburton valley, Godley glacier, and forming the highest vegetation on Mount
Darwin, alt. 5-6500 ft., Haast ; Wai-au-ua valley, 3500 ft., Travers. Nearly allied to V.
Haastii, but quite distiuct, much smaller, with recurved leaves and ciliate bracts and sepals.

28. V. maerantha, Hook.f., n. sp. A short, stout, erect, rigid shrub,
perfectly glabrous, sparingly branched ; branches as thick as a small quill,
terete. Leaves 1 in. long, obovate-lanceolate, acute, obtusely serrate, nar-
rowed into a short thick petiole, excessively thick and coriaceous, smooth,
nerveless; midrib very indistinct. Racemes axillary, 5-7 -flowered ; peduncle
longer than the leaves. Flowers very large, on short pedicels ; bracts subu-
late-lanceolate, rigid, and the lanceolate, attenuate, acuminate, coriaceous se-
pals \ in. long. Corolla f in. broad ; tube very short. Capsule not seen.

Middle Island, Travers ; Southern Alps, grassy hillsides, 2500-4000 ft., sources of-
the Waitaki, etc., Haast. This must be a very beautiful plant when fresh, the flowers are
larger than in V. elliptica, white according to Haast.

29. V. Hulkeana, F. Muell. A slender, erect, sparingly leafy shrub,
1-3 ft. high ; stem nearly simple, terete, puberulous above. Leaves in dis-
tant pairs, 1-1 in. long, oblong-ovate, obtuse or acute,' obtusely or acutely
coarsely serrate, rather coriaceous ; petiole J-f- in. long. Spikes spreading,
puberulous and glandular, arranged in long tenpmal opposite- branched
panicles 4-10 in. long and 2-4 broad. Flowers sessile; bracts broadly
ovate, obtuse, T'¥ in. long, nearly as long as the similar but broader sepals.

214 LIII. SCROPHULARINEiE. [Veronica.

Corolla \ in. across, lilac ; tube very short. | Stamens short. Capsule
small, oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the sepals.

Middle Island: Wairau mountains, 1500-2000 ft., Travers ; Macrae’s Run, halfway
up, in rocky places, Munro ; Kaikoras mountains, Sinclair.

30. V. Xjavaudiana, Raoul, Clioix, 1. 10 ;—Fl. N. Z. i. 195. A small,
rather stout, puberulous species ; stem decumbent at the base ; branches
ascending, terete, 4-8 in. high. Leaves rather crowded, short-petioled, i~f
in. long, broadly obovate-spathulate, obtuse, crenate-serrate, very coriaceous.
Spikes short, in. long, crowded on a low spreading puberulous and
glandular corymb 1-2 in. broad. Flowers sessile ; bracts and sepals nearly
equal, ovate or lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate and pubescent, -Jg- in. long.
Corolla -5 in. diam., purple ; tube rather long. Stamens very short. Cap-
sule oblong, obtuse, a little longer than the calyx.

Middle Island: Akaroa, rocky mountains, Raoul ; Port Cooper, on stony ground,
Lyall ; river bed of the Ashley, Canterbury plains, Travers.

31. V. Raoulii, Hoo/c.f., n.sp. A small, robust, much-branched, erect
shrub, 6-12 in. high ; stem often tortuous at the base; branches terete, pu-
berulous, erect or ascending, leafy. Leaves shortly petioled, rather crowded,
suberect or spreading, f in. long, oblong-spathulate, obtuse or apiculate,
crenate, very thick and coriaceous, opaque or shining. Spikes very short,
arranged in terminal pedicelled or subsessile crowded glabrous or puberulous
corymbs \ in. broad, or in heads, or all congested into an oblong crowded
thyrsus 1-2 in. long. Flowers sessile ; bracts and sepals very broadly
oblong-ovate, obtuse, nearly glabrous. Corolla \ in. broad ; tube short.
Stamens short. Capsule broadly oblong, obtuse, rather longer than the
calyx.

Middle Island : Akaroa, Raoul (sent with V. Lavaudiana') ; Upper Wairau valley, alt.
3000 ft., Munro, Travers ; rocks on the Kowui river, alt. 2500 ft., Haast.

32. V. Benthami, Hoo/c.f. FI. Antarct. i. 60. t. 39 and 40. An erect,
much-branched shrub, 2-4 ft. high ; branches very robust, closely transversely
scarred, puberulous on the opposite sides. Leaves crowded towards the ends
of the branches, sessile, y-1 £ in. long, linear- or obovate-oblong, obtuse ;
margin with a few deep serratures and edged with down, very coriaceous,
flat, veinless, opposite pairs connate at the very base. Kacemes terminal,
continuous with the ends of the branches, clothed with imbricating foliaceous
obovate bracts, g— | in. long, which are edged with down. Flower's pedicelled,
shorter than the bracts Sepals unequal, % in. long, oblong-spathulate, edged
with down. Corolla fine bright blue, nearly ^ in. diam. ; tube short. Sta-
mens short. Capsule very broadly ovate, acute, as broad as long, about as
long as the sepals. Seeds broadly winged.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Islands : abundant in rocky places, J. I). H.
A most beautiful plant, quite unlike any New Zealand congener. The flowers are sometimes
5- or 6-merous, with three stamens and a 3-carpelled ovary.

33. V. Hnifolia, Hook. /., n. sp. A small, perfectly glabrous, leafy,
herbaceous, procumbent, branched species ; branches slender, terete, 2-6 in.
long. Leaves rather close-set, spreading, sessile or shortly petioled, g-1 in.
long, tV -$■ broad, linear, obtuse, quite entire, flat, not very coriaceous,

Veronica.']

LIU. SCROPHUJbARINEiE.

215

greenish when dry. Peduncles slender, axillary, longer or shorter than
the leaves, 3-5 -flowered ; bracts leaf-like; pedicels often very long, 1-1 in.
long, curved. Sepals in. long, linear-oblong, obtuse. Corolla f in. broad ;
tube very short. Stamens short. Capsule broadly obcordate, shorter than
the calyx.

Middle Island : Southern Alps, alt. 2500-4000 ft., Trinity Hill, Forest Creek, Ash-
burton and Great Clyde glaciers, clefts of rocks on Mount Darwin, etc., Sinclair and
Haast.

34. V. nivalis. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 196. Stems long, rather stout,
prostrate, sparingly branched, flexuose, puberulous, 6-10 in. long. Leaves
on short petioles, in. long, ovate or broadly oblong-ovate, obtuse, deeply
obtusely serrate, very coriaceous, black when dry. Peduncles 1-2 in. long,
axillary, glandular-pubescent, 6-8-flowered ; bracts minute ; pedicels §■
in. Sepals -§• in. long, oblong, obtuse, glandular. Corolla i in. broad, white
with pink veins ; lower lobe 2-fid ; tube very short. Stamens short. Cap-
sule transversely oblong, shorter than the calyx. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 640 ; V.
Hooker iana, Walp. Pep.

Northern Island: Tongariro, Bidwill ; summit of the Ruahine range, Colenso.

35. V. Lyallii, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 196. Stems slender, prostrate
and rooting, diffusely branched, 5-15 in. long, glabrous or sparingly puberu-
lous. Leaves short-petioled, £— §■ in. long, ovate oblong-ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, obtuse or acute, glabrous, with a few coarse serratures, coriaceous,
black when dry. Peduncles axillary, slender, 3-8 in. long, glabrous, many-
flowered ; pedicels slender, lower in. long ; bracts very variable, oblong linear
or spathulate. Sepals as variable, glabrous. Corolla nearly \ in. diam. ; tube
very short. Stamens very short. Capsule transversely oblong, didymous, as
long as or longer than the sepals.

Northern Island: rocky cliffs near Patea (leaves larger, acute, passing into V.calaracice,fi)
and summit of Ruahine range (plants very small), Colenso. Middle Island : abundant in
many places ; Otago, Hector, etc. ; Milford Sound, Hijall ; rocky rivulets, Ashburton
river and Rangitata range, 2-4000 ft., Haast. This seems to me to be a plant which, as-
suming widely different forms, passes into V. nivalis , by the raceme becoming few-flowered
and glandular; into V. Bidmllii by the leaves becoming much smaller, etc. ; into V.cataractce
by the leaves becoming larger and longer ; and into var. diffusa of V. cataractce by the
leaves becoming larger and broader. Most of these forms, however, appear to keep their
characters over large areas, where several of them occur together, and the extreme states are
very widely dissimilar.

36. V. Bidwillii, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 814 FI. N. Z. i. 196. Stems

prostrate, slender, creeping at the base, 3-6 in. long, glabrous or puberulous.
Leaves minute, subsessile, in. long, broadly ovate oblong or oblong-

ovate, obtuse, with 1 or 2 deep notches on each side, coriaceous, black when dry.
Peduncles axillary, usually very long and slender, 2-10 in. long, few- or many-
flowered, glabrous. Flowers racemed or sometimes in interrupted whorls ;
pedicels slender, lower £ in. long; bracts and sepals very small, -fV— g- in., ob-
long, obtuse, puberulous. Corolla 1 in. diam. or more, violet white or pink ;
tube very short. Stamens small. Capsule didymous, ^ in. broad, longer
than the calyx.

Middle Island : bed of the Wairau, alt. 2-3000 ft., Bidwill, Travers ; Rotnite Lake,
Muuro ; Southern Alps,abuudaut above 1500 ft., Sinclair and Haast ; Otago, lake district and

216

Llil. SCROPHULARINEiE.

[ Veronica .

Lindis Pass, alt. 1-3C00 ft.. Hector and Buchanan. A much smaller plant, than V.
Lyallii , with usually smaller flowers and sepals, and leaves with only one or two serraturcs
on each side.

37. V. cataractse, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 195. Quite glabrous. Stems
suberect or prostrate at the base and ascending, 10 in. to 2 ft. long, branched,
rather slender, terete. Leaves very variable, sessile or petioled, 5 in. long,
ovate-oblong or narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, deeply acutely serrate, coria-
ceous, when dry black above and brown or whitish beneath. Bacemes axil-
lary, slender, 3-8 in. long, very many-flowered ; pedicels very slender, fr-1
long ; bracts linear-subulate. Sepals linear-oblong, acute, glabrous. Corolla
i-f in. diara. ; tube very short. Stamens short. Capsule small, didymous,
-J-g — g- in. broad, as long as or longer than the calyx.

Var. a. Leaves 2-5 in. long, lanceolate, stems long.

Var. 0. d.ffusa. Leaves ovate or oblong, -J-li in. long. — V. diffusa , Hook. Ic. PI. t.
645 ; FI. N! Z. i. 195.

Var. y. lanr.eolata. Stems short. Leaves 1 in. long, Ls broad, very narrow linear-lanceo-
late.— V. lanccolata, Benth.

Northern Island: east coast, Tanpo, Tongariro, and Ruahine range, Colenso and Bid-
will. Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Menzies, Lyall.

38. V. elongata, Bentli.; — FI. N. Z. i. 197. A very slender, pro-
strate, straggling herb, glabrous or pubescent, diffusely branched ; branches
terete. Leaves petioled, £-1 in. long, broadly ovate- cordate or deltoid-ovate,
coarsely irregularly crenate-toothed, 3-nerved, glabrous or hairy; petioles 5— ^
long, dilated at the blade. Peduncles axillary, stout, 2-6 in. long, few- or
many-flowered ; bracts rather large, linear-oblong or spathulate ; pedicels
slender, \ in. long. Sepals foliaceous, obovate-oblong, obtuse, growing out
much after flowering. Corolla small, ■§—- g- in. diam. ; tube very short. Sta-
mens very short. Capsule broadly didymous, enclosed in the calyx.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, Cunningham, etc. A very distinct species, allied to
the Australian Tr. calycina.

39. V. spatbnlata, Benth. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 197. Stems prostrate, short,
stout, tufted, much-branched, leafy, pubescent, 2-4 in. long. Leaves nar-
rowed into broad petioles, in. diam., broadly ovate-spathulate, obtuse,
crenate, coriaceous, pubescent, black when dry. Peduncles shorter or rather
longer than the leaf, stout, erect, pubescent, 2- or 3-flowered ; pedicels stout,
-g- in. long ; bracts foliaceous. Sepals oblong, obtuse. Corolla ^ in. diam. ;
tube very short. Stamens short. Capsule didymous, longer than the calyx.

Northern Island: Tongariro, Bidwill. Perhaps an alpine form of V. elongata. I
have seen hut one specimen.

40. V. Anagallis, Linn. -FI. N. Z. i. 197. A rather stout, erect,
succulent, glabrous herb; stem rooting at the base, 6-18 in. high. Leaves
1-2 in. long, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse, crenate, contracted and half stem-
clasping at the base, membranous when dry. Peduncles extremely slender,
axillary, many-flowered, longer than the leaves ; bracts small, linear or lanceo-
late ; pedicels very slender, } in. long, spreading or reflexed. Sepals oblong,
obtuse, -Jg- in. long, growing out after flowering. Corolla small, | in. diam.,
pale-blue or flesh-coloured ; tube very short. Stamens short. Capsule
broadly oblong, included in the calyx.

Veronica.']

LIII. SCROPHULARINEjE.

217

Northern Island : watery places on the east coast, Colenso. A very common subaquatic
plant, found in very many parts of the world.

Veronica serpyllifolia and V. arvens's are both found as weeds of cultivation.

8. PYGMEA, Hook, f., nov. gen.

Moss-like, tufted, low herbs. Leaves densely imbricated all round the
short branches, ciliated. Flowers solitary, terminal, sessile or shortly pedun-
cled. — Sepals 5 or 6, linear-spathulate, unequal, ciliate. Corolla salver-
shaped; tube longer than the calyx; limb 5- or 6-lobed ; lobes linear- or
oblong-spathulate. Stamens 2, inserted at the throat of the corolla ; fila-
ments variable in length ; anthers large. Disk annular, rather large. Ovary
broadly ovoid, compressed, 2-celled ; style capillary ; ovules numerous, at-
tached to placentas on the septum. Fruit not seen.

The following are the only known species. The genus appears closely allied to Veronica,
but differs in the 5- or 6-parted flowers, and leaves not quadrifariously arranged.

Leaves £ in., ciliate at the edges only 1. P. ciliolata.

Leaves £ in., hispid and ciliate above the middle 2. P. pulvinaris.

1. P. ciliolata, Hook.f., n. sp. Patches broad, moss-like, rather hoary
from the long white hairs on the leaves ; branches in. high, with the leaves
on \ in. diam. Leaves most densely imbricate, in. long, broadly oblong-
spathulate, obtuse, quite entire, ciliate from above the middle, coriaceous, gla-
brous. Flowers ■§• in. long, emerging from the tips of the branches. Sepals
shorter than the corolla-tube.

Middle Island : Discovery Peaks, alt. 5500 ft., Travers ; Hopkins river, Haast.

2. P. pulvinaris. Hook. f.,n. sp. Patches broad, moss-like ; habit and
branches as in P. ciliolata, but more hoary, and almost white from the much
longer white hairs. Leaves most densely imbricate, g- in. long, narrow linear,
somewhat dilated towards the tip, upper half covered with long, white, rigid,
hispid hairs on both surfaces and edges. Flowers shortly peduncled. Sepals
linear, obtuse. Corolla as in P. ciliolata, but larger.

Middle Island : summit of Mount Torlesse, forming large, hoary, moss-like patches,
alt. 5500-6500 ft., Haast.

9. OTJEISIA, Comm.

Perennial herbs. Leaves chiefly radical, petioled, crenate or entire. Scapes
bracteate, 1- or ihany-flowered. Flowers rather large, whorled racemed co-
rymbose or solitary. — Calyx 5-lobed or -partite. Corolla irregular, funnel-
shaped, incurved or oblique ; limb 5-fid. Stamens 4, included, didynamous ;
anther-cells divaricating, confluent. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, locu-
licidal. Seeds numerous ; testa lax.

A beautiful genus, confined to the alps of Tasmania, New Zealand, the Andes of South

America, and Fuegia.

Upper bracts whorled. Calyx i in., glandular. Capsule 4 in. long . 1. O. macrophylla.
Upper bracts whorled. Calyx 4 in. glabrous. Capsule J in. long . 2. O. macrocarpa.
Upper bracts in pairs.

Erect. Leaves crenate ; petioles slender 3. O. Colensoi.

218 liii. scrophularinejE. [ Ourisia .

Erectr Leaves crenate ; petioles short and broad 4. 0. sessilifolia.

Creeping, esespitose. Leaves entire or snbcrenate. Scape and sepals

glabrous 5. 0. caspitosa.

Creeping, crespitose. Leaves crenate. Scape and sepals glandular

and hairy 6. 0. glandulosa.

1. O. macrophylla, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 545, 546 ; — FI. N. Z. i. 197.
Erect, more or less pubescent or tomentose. Bhizome short, decumbent at
the very base. Leaves all radical, long-petioled, 1-6 in. long, oblong or
ovate-cordate, obtuse, crenate. Scape 2—30 in. high. Bracts on the scape,
lower pair opposite, upper whorled, all oblong-obovate or linear, very variable
in form and size, crenate. Flowers umbelled, in superimposed whorls ; pedi-
cels 1-2 in. long, very slender. Calyx 5-partite; lobes glandular hairy or
glabrate, linear or lanceolate, i in. long. Corolla ^ in. long. Capsules
membranous, f in. long, broadly oblong, turgid.

Northern Island : Mount Egmont, Rnahine range, etc., Dieffenlach, Colenso, etc.
Middle Island : common in damp mountainous localities. Upper Wairau, alt. 2500-5000
ft., Sinclair, Travers.

2. O. macrocarpa, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 198. Erect, nearly glabrous.
Rhizome prostrate, as thick as the little finger. Leaves all radical, with long
stout petioles, 4-6 in. long ; blade 1-2 in. long, orbicular broadly oblong
or ovate-oblong, round at the tip, crenate, coriaceous, glabrous, except along
the edges of the petiole, veins strongly reticulate. Scape very stout, 8-1 8
in. high ; lower bracts in pairs, connate, oblong, crenate, upper whorled, all
coriaceous. Flowers umbelled in several whorls. Pedicels stout, 1-3 in.
long. Calyx 5-partite ; lobes glabrous, \ in. long, linear-oblong, obtuse, very
coriaceous. Corolla not seen. Capsule narrow-oblong, \ in. long.

Middle Island : Chalky Bay, Lyall. Well distinguished from O. macrophylla by its *
glabrous condition, stout habit, very coriaceous leaves, very large sepals and elongate
capsule.

3. O. Colensoi, Hook. /., n. sp. — A small, erect, glandular-pubescent
species, 2-6 in. high. Bhizome slender, creeping. Leaves ^ in. long or
less, petiole as long, oblong, obtuse, crenate, pubescent on both surfaces or
glabrate. Scape 1-4-flowered, slender ; bracts all in pairs, oblong, crenate.
Flowers solitary or in pairs ; pedicels slender, -|— | in. long. Calyx 5-partite ;
lobes ]f in. long, narrow-linear, glandular-pubescent. Corolla white, nearly
f in. diarn. Capsule shorter than the sepals, nearly orbicular.

Northern Island: top of the Ruahine range and Lake Taupo, Colenso. Middle
Island: Wairau mountains, alt. 3-3500 ft., Travers.

»

4. O. sessilifolia, Hook, f., n. sp. Erect, hirsute, and glandular; rhi-
zome creeping, as thick as a crow-quill. Leaves all radical, f-lx in. long,
broadly ovate, abruptly narrowed into broad short petioles, crenate-serrate,
upper surface villous with glandular hairs, lower less so or glabrate. Scape
stout, 3-4 in. high ; bracts all opposite, oblong or obovate, crenate. Flowers
in pairs; pedicels rather stout, 1 in. long. Calyx 5-partite; lobes broad,
linear, obtuse, glandular. Corolla large, nearly 1 in. diam. ; lobes long,
rounded, white. Capsule not seen.

Middle Island : Mount Brewster, alt. 5-6000 ft., Eaast. Apparently a very distinct
plant ; I have only one good specimen.

Ourisia.']

LIII. SCROPHULARINE/E.

219

5. O. csespitosa. Kook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 198. Steins creeping, stout,
tufted, leafy, rather fleshy, with very short ascending branches, glabrous or
loosely pilose or subtomentose. Leaves somewhat imbricate, patent, recurved,
thickly coriaceous, | in. long, obovate-spathulate, with recurved 2- or 3-
lobed or crenate margins, sessile or narrowed into short, glabrous or ciliate,
stout petioles. Scape 2-3 in. high, 1-6-flowered ; bracts opposite, like the
leaves. Flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together ; pedicels stout. Calyx 3- in.
long, 5-lobed ; lobes oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Corolla white, in. diam. ;
lobes short, broad. Capsule ~ in. long, ovate-oblong.

Northern Island : tops of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Middle Island : Mil-
ford Sound, Lyall ; Hurumui mountains, alt. 3-3500 ft., Travers; Southern Alps, com-
mon at 3500-6000 ft., Haast ; Otago, lake district, alpine, alt. 6000 ft., Hector and Bu-
chanan.

6. O. glandulosa, Hook.f., n. sp. Stems very stout, succulent, creep-
ing, 3-6 in. long, glabrous. Leaves usually densely 2-fariously imbricate,
■J— | in. long, obovate-spathulate, sessile by a broad base, spreading or re-
curved, thickly coriaceous, ciliated with stout closely articulate hairs, entire
or obscurely crenate. Scapes stout, 1-2 in. long, with several pairs of opposite
spathulate bracts, which as well as the scape and calyx are covered with glan-
dular hairs. Flowers 1-3, pedicels slender. Sepals £ in. long, oblong, ob-
tuse. Corolla white, -§■- f in. diam.

Middle Island : Otago, lake district, alpine, alt., 5000 ft., forming large patches
Hector and Buchanan.

10. EUPHRASIA, Linn.

Small or large, simple or branched, annual or perennial plants. Leaves
small, opposite, toothed lobed or pinnatifid. — Calyx tubular or campanulate,
4-lobed, rarely 5-lobed. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip concave, 2-fid, lobes
broad spreading ; lower spreading, 3-fid, lobes obtuse emarginate. Stamens
4, didynamous ; anther-cells nearly parallel, one or both often spurred.
Stigma dilated. Capsule oblong, compressed, 2-valved.

A genus of which one or two very small species are found throughout northern Europe and
Asia, and as many in colder South America, but of which the majority are Australian and
New Zealand. The species are difficult of discrimination and very variable.

Flowers -§—5 in. long and broad.

Erect, 6-30 in. high. Leaves ^-§ in., margins not revolute . . . 1 . E. cuneata.

Erect, '3-6 in. high. Leaves A— j in. ; margins revolute 2. E. Munroi.

Decumbent or tufted, much branched. Leaves —— J- in., margins cut

and revolute 3 . B. revoluta.

Flowers ^-5 in. long.

Erect, 1-2 in. high, diffusely branched. Leaves cut ; margins revolute 4. E. antarctica.

Creeping and rooting, 1-2 in. long. Leaves Tls in., 3-fid ; margins

fiat 5. E. repens.

1. E. cuneata, Forst.; — FI. N. Z. i. 199. An erect, annual, branched,
glabrous or puberulous, leafy, slender species, 6-30 in. high. Leaves in re-
mote pairs or fascicled on short branchlets, f in. long, obovate-oblong or
spathulate or cuneate-oblong, rarely ovate, nan-owed into stout or slender pe-
tioles, coarsely toothed ; margins not recurved. Flowers numerous, shortly
peduncled. Calyx campanulate, 4-lobed ; lobes short, obtuse. Corolla

220

LIII. SCROPHULARINE2E.

[Euphrasia.

in. long, pink purplish or yellowish; tube slender, funnel-shaped; lobes ob-
ovate, upper notched. Anthers pilose, mucrouate, spurs of the posterior pair
unequal. Capsule -j in. long, linear-clavate.

Northern Island : from the East Cape, southward, Banks and Solander, etc. Middle
Island : common throughout. A very variable plant, allied to the Australian E. collina.

2. E. Munroi, Hook. /., n. sp. A short, erect, perennial (?), leafy
species, 3-6 in. high, glabrous or minutely glandular and pubescent ; branches
ascending, leafy. Leaves rather crowded, spreading and recurved, A— § in.
long, sessile, broadly ovate-oblong or spathulate, obtuse, very coriaceous ; mar-
gins recurved, thick, sparingly crenate. Flowers few, chiefly at the ends of
the branches, very shortly peduncled. Calyx sometimes 2-lipped, lips erect,
one 3-lobed the other 2-lobed or entire ; lobes obtuse, short, with revolute
edges. Corolla ^ in. long ; tube short, funnel-shaped ; lobes short, refuse.
Anthers hairy, anterior pair with 2 obtuse or shortly mucronate cells, posterior
with i cell spurred, the other obtuse or acute. Capsule broadly oblong,
refuse.

Middle Island: abundant ou the alps, Dun mountain, Munro ; Hurumui range and
Discovery Peak, alt. 3500-5000 ft., Travers ; Southern Alps, Sinclair and Haast. I fear
that this may prove nothing but an alpine state of E. cuneata, but it looks very different.
It is very near iudeed to the Tasmanian E. alpina.

3. E. revoluta, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 199. A small, much branched,
slender annual, 1-2 in. high, almost prostrate, sometimes tufted, glandular
pubescent or glabrate. Leaves -A-i in. long, obovate-spathulate, sessile,
obtuse, crenate or lobed ; margins strongly recurved. Flowers solitary or
very few at the ends of the branches ; peduncles shorter or longer than the
leaves. Calyx shortly 4-lobed ; lobes obtuse ; margins recurved. Corolla
nearly ^ in. long, and as much in diameter. Anthers nearly glabrous. Cells
all shortly mucronate, those of the posterior pair unequally. Capsule small,
broad, oblong, obtuse, retuse.

Northern Island : summit of the Ruahine range, Colenso. Middle Islands: Nelson
mountains, alt. 5500 ft., Travers ; Mount Brewster, Haast ; Otago, lake district, alpine,
forming patches, alt. 6300 ft., Hector and Buchanan ; Dusky Bay, Lyall (leaves deeply
cut). A very different-looking plant from E. Munroi, small, stout or slender, much branched,
tufted or straggling, but some specimens are difficult to distinguish. The habit is that of
E. antarctica. The flowers seem variable as to colour. Very near the Chilian E. sub-
exserta.

4. E. antarctica, Benth.; — FI. N. Z. i. 199. A small, slender, rarely

robust, much branched, glabrous or glandular, puberulous annual, 1-2 in.
high. Leaves sessile or very shortly petioled, in. long, deeply lobed

or subpinnatifid, ovate or obovate ; lobes obtuse ; margins recurved. Flowers
small, sessile or shortly peduncled, numerous towards the ends of the branches
or solitary, often amongst crowded subterminal leaves. Calyx oblong ; lobes
very short, obtuse. Corolla in. long; upper lip short, arched ; lobes
short. Anther-cells all nearly glabrous and mucronate. Capsule broadly
obovate-oblong, retuse.

Northern Island: summit of the Ruahine range, Colenso. Middle Island: abundant
on all the alps, from 2-6000 ft. elevation, Munro , Lyall , Travers, Sinclair, Haast, Hector
and Buchanan , etc. Hector traces three forms, corresponding to as many zones of elevation

Euphrasia.']

LIII. SCROPIIULARINEAI.

221

on Mount Alta ; 1st, a slender, erect form, with peduncled flowers, alt. 1-2000 ft. ; 2nd, a
robust spreading form -with the flowers amongst crowded, subterminal leaves, alt. 3-5000
feet; and 3rd, a most minute form, -J- in. high, with a single flower, alt. 6000 ft. I have a
very large robust form, from rivulets, Lake Tekapo, alt. 3500 ft. ( Haast ), with leaves and calyx
1 in. long. This is a common Chili and Fuegian plant, and has a very nearly allied Austra-
lian alpine representative in E. aha, F. Muell.

5. E. repens, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 200. A very small, slender, creep-
ing, glabrous or puberulous plant, 1-2 in. long ; branches prostrate, with
fibrous rootlets. Leaves minute, sessile, ^ in. long, in scattered pairs,
cuneate, 3-lobed ; lobes acute, erect ; margins not recurved. Flowers axil-
lary, shortly peduncled, large for the size of the plant, erect. Calyx oblong,
campanulate, lobes short, acute. Corolla ^ in. long ; tube long ; upper lip
short ; arched ; lower with 3 short lobes. Anthers all nearly glabrous ; cells
all mucronate. Ovary pubescent ; stigma elongate.

Middle Island : Bluff Island, Lyall. A curious little species, of which more specimens
are much wanted.

Order LIY. GESNERIACE^.

{Including Ci'rtandrezE.)

Shrubs or herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite,
usually irregular. — Calyx inferior, 5 -toothed -lobed or -partite. Corolla
usually 2-lipped, 5 -lobed, imbricate. Stamens 2-4, inserted on the tube
of the corolla, with sometimes the filament of a fifth ; anthers 2-celled ; cells
sometimes confluent. Ovary superior, 2-celled; placentas 2, parietal, some-
times meeting in the axis ; style simple, stigma 2-lobed ; ovules numerous.
Fruit capsular. Seeds small ; albumen fleshy or 0.

A large Order, chiefly of tropical plants. The above character does not apply to many
American and other genera, which have inferior ovaries and baccate fruit.

1. RHABDOTHAMNUS, A. Cunn.

A slender, hispid or pubescent shrub. Leaves opposite. Flowers soli-
tary or in pairs. — Sepals 5, unequal, persistent. Corolla-tube campanulate;
limb 2-lipped ; upper lip 2-lobed, under 3-lobed. Stamens 4, the fifth
rudimentary ; filaments slender, arched ; anthers cohering cruciately. Disk
thin, annular, lobed. Ovary 1 -celled, narrowed into a slender style ; stigma
small, obtuse, 2-lobed; ovules numerous, on 2-lobed prominent placentas.
Capsule ovoid, beaked, 2-valved ; valves 2-fid, separating from the placentas.
Seeds very minute, albuminous.

1. R. Solandri, A. Cunn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 186. Shrub 2-4 ft. high;
branches opposite, hispid, terete. Leaves on slender petioles, broadly obovoid
or orbicular, | in. diam., coarsely toothed, harsh to the touch. Flowers
axillary or terminal ; peduncles slender, } in. long. Sepals lanceolate,
acuminate, f in. long. Corolla f in. long, orange with red stripes. - Capsule
shorter than the calyx.

Northern Island : from the Bay of Islands to Wellington, Banks and Solander, etc.
The foliage somewhat resembles Trophis aspera and Carpodetus serratus.

222

LV. LENTIBULARIE.E.

Order LV. LENTIBULARIEiE.

Marsh or aquatic herbs, often floating. Leaves various, sometimes 0, or
reduced to minute bladders. Flowers on leafless scapes. — Calyx usually 2-
lobed or of 2 sepals, rarely 5-lobed. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped, produced
into a prominence or spur behind. Stamens 2, inserted at the base of the
tube; filaments short incurved; anthers 1 -celled. Ovary free, 1 -celled;
style short, stigma 2-lipped ; ovules numerous, on a free central placenta.
Capsule 2 -valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute; albumen 0 ; embryo short.

An Order of two principal genera, one of which {Utricularia) is found in almost all parts
of the world.

1. UTRICULARIA, Linn.

Herbs, often aquatic. Stems 0, or creeping or slender and floating ; rhizome
bearing minute air-bladders. Leaves 0 or cauline or radical, usually linear and
quite entire or multifid. Scape slender, 1- or more-flowered. — Sepals 2, nearly
equal, entire toothed or lobed. Corolla 2-lipped ; lower lip gibbous or
spurred at the base. Stamens 2 ; anthers adnate to the thick filament. Ovary
globose ; stigma 2-lipped.

A large genus, found in all parts of the temperate and tropical world. The New Zealand
species want searching for and working up.

Stems floating. Leaves capillary, multifid. Flowers yellow . . 1. U. protrusa.

Stem 0 or creeping. Leaves linear.

Scape 3-4 in., 1-4-flowered. Upper lip of corolla white, cuneate 2. U. novce-Zelandia.

Scape 1—1 in., 1-flowered. Upper lip of corolla purple, linear . 3. Z7. monanthos.

Scape 3-4 in., l-4-flowered. Upper lip of corolla linear . . . 4. U. Colensoi.

1. U. protrusa, Hook.f. FI. JV. Z. i. 206. Stems floating, slender, a
span long, covered with capillary multifid leaves and bearing minute bladders.
Scape stout, erect, 2-4-flowered. Sepals oblong. Corolla yellow ; upper lip
3-lobed, lower broader, subquadrate, its disk protruded ; margins recurved.
Spur short, obtuse.

Northern Island : bogs. Bay of Plenty, Colenso. The above description is taken from
the ‘Flora of New Zealand,’ the specimens being lost.

2. U. n ova; -Z elan due, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 206. A slender herb.
Roots or rhizomes creeping, fibrous, covered with pedicelled bladders. Leaves
all radical, few, linear-lanceolate, quite entire, 1 -nerved, deciduous. Scape
3-5 in. high, simple, erect, 1-4-flowered at the very top. Flowers shortly
pedicelled ; bracts broadly ovate, obtuse. Upper sepal orbicular, obtuse, 2-
lobed or retuse ; lower concave, obscurely 3-toothed. Corolla white ; upper
lip wedge-shaped, retuse, lower broadly axe-shaped ; margin entire. Spur
prominent, obtuse.

Northern Island : wet rocks at Palliser Bay, Colenso. Allied to the Australian U.
dichotornax but much smaller.

3. U. monanthos, Hook.f. ; — FI. Tasm. i. 298. A small, very slender,
erect plant, not 1 in. high. Rhizomes or roots creeping, bearing minute pe-
dicelled bladders. Leaves narrow linear-lanceolate. Scape 1-flowered, |-1

Ulricularia.']

LV. LENTIBULAE1E7E.

223

in. high. Sepals oblong, obtuse. Corolla purple ; upper lobe linear, notched,
lower axe-shaped. Spur short, broad, notched.

middle Island : Rangitata range, Sinclair and Haast. Also found in Tasmania.

4. U. Colensoi, Hoolc.'f. FI. N. Z. i. 206. Altogether like U. novce-
Zelandice, but with upper lip of the corolla linear-oblong. 2-lobed, lower
broadly cuneate, 3-lobed, middle lobe retuse ; disk with 3 gibbous pro-
minences.

Northern Island : east coast, Colenso. The only specimens were preserved in fluid
with TJ. protusa, and lost with them.

Order LVI. VERBENACE^.

( Including Myoporine.e.)

Shrubs or trees, more rarely herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate, exsti-
pulate. Flowers hermaphrodite. — Calyx inferior, 4- or 5 -toothed -parted or
-lobed. Corolla regular, or irregular and 2-lipped, imbricate in bud. Sta-
mens usually 4 or 5, inserted in pairs on the corolla, or equidistant and al-
ternating with its lower lobes. Ovary entire or 4-lobed, rarely deeply, 2-4-
celled ; style slender, entire or 2-fid ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, erect or
pendulous. Fruit dry or fleshy, indehiscent, sometimes divided into cocci.
Seed with little or no albumen ; cotyledons thick, straight or conduplicate.

A large, chiefly tropical Order, found n all parts of the globe. The Myoporinece, usually
considered as a Natural Order, cannot be separated ; they are chiefly confined to Australia

and the Pacific islands.

Tree. Leaves opposite, 3-5-foliolate. Corolla 2-lipped. Drupe 4-

celled 1. Vitex.

Shrub. Leaves opposite, simple. Corolla 2-lipped. Fruit dry, 4-partite 2. Teucribium.
Tree, maritime. Leaves opposite, simple. Corolla regular. Seed ger-
minating on the tree 3. Avicennia.

Shrub. Leaves alternate, with pellucid glands. Corolla regular . . 4. Mvoporum.

1. VITEX, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate. Flowers in axillary or
terminal cymes or panicles.— Calyx 5-toothed or -lobed. Corolla 5-lobed,

2- lipped. Stamens 4 ; filaments long, declinate. Ovary 4-celled ; style 2-fid ;
ovules pedulous. Drupe with a 4-celled nut.

A large tropical and subtropical genus.

1. V. littoralis, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 203. A large tree, 50-60 ft.
high ; trunk 20 in girth ; wood hard. Leaves on petioles 2-4 in. long ;
Leaflets 3-5, petioled, oblong dr obovate, acute, glabrous, 3-4 in. long.
Panicles axillary, spreading, 4-8-flowered, diehotomously branched ; pedun-
cles and pedicels slender. Calyx cup-shaped, obscurely lobed. Corolla 1 in.
long, pubescent, pink or dull red ; upper lip arched, 2-fid ; lower deflexed,

3- fid. Drupe obovoid, bright red. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 419, 420.

Northern Island : along the east coast, common, middle Island : Canterbury, Haast.

Wood much used, extremely hard, said to be indestructible under water.

224

LVI. VERBENACEJE.

2. TEUCRIDIUM, Hook. f.

Shrubs, with slender 4-angled branches. Leaves small, simple. Flowers
axillary, solitary. — Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla cain-
panulate, 2-lipped ; upper lip of 4 short lobes, lower longer. Stamens long,
exserted, arching downwards ; anthers 1-celled. Ovary 4-lobed, 2-celled ;
cells incompletely divided again; style 2-fid; ovules 4, pendulous. Fruit
sunk in the calyx, small, 4-lobed, hispid, splitting into 4 nuts. Testa thin.
Cotyledons large, ovate ; inferior radicle short.

A genus of two species, one found in subtropical Australia (T. sphcerocarpum , MuelL), the
other the following. The lobed ovary is anomalous in the Order, and shows a tendency
towards Labiata, but the reversed position of the flower at once distinguishes this.

1. T. parvifolium, Hook./. FI. N. z. i. 208. t. 49. A much-branched
slender, twiggy shrub, 2-5 ft. high, forming thickets, dichotomously branched,
more or less pubescent. Leaves orbicular, broadly ovate or spathulate, jr in.
long, with petioles i— | in. long. Peduncles short, 2-bracteolate. Calyx-teeth
acute. Corolla hairy, blue, in. long.

Northern Island: Wairarapa valley, Colenso. Middle Island: Nelson, Bidwill,
Travers ; Akaroa, Raoul ; Canterbury plains, Travers.

8. AVICENNIA, Linn.

Evergreen, littoral trees, hoary with down; roots branching over the mud.
Leaves opposite, quite entire. Peduncles short, axillary, 3-chotomous.
Flowers sessile, surrounded by bracts. — Calyx equal, 4- or 5-partite. Corolla
small, coriaceous, campanulate; limb 4- or 5-fid; lobes equal or posterior
larger, nearly valvate. Stamens 4, filaments short ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary
ovoid or conical, silky, 2-celled; style short or 0, stigmas 2 short erect,
finally diverging ; ovules 2, collateral, pendulous in each cell. Fruit obliquely
ovoid, compressed, coriaceous, 1-celled, 1 -seeded. Seed consisting of an
immense embryo, with scanty albumen and imperceptible testa ; cotyledons
cordate, very broad ; radicle long, thick, woolly, descending from the fruit
before it falls.

A small genus of littoral, tropical, and subtropical trees, abounding in brackish, muddy
creeks and estuaries.

1. A. officinalis, Linn. — A. tomentosa , Jacq. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 214. A
small tree. Branches spreading. Leaves petioled, 2-3 in. long, ovate or
oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, turning black when dry. Flowers silky, | in. long,
in short, 3-chotomous, capitate panicles ; bracts 3, ovate, silky. Style 0,
or short. — A. resinifera, Forst. Prodr.

Northern Island : from the Thames river northward. Chatham Island, Dieffenbach.
Forster erroneously supposed that this plant yielded an edible (?) gum, whence his name
A. resinifera : it is abundant in Australia and throughout Asia, and very nearly related to
the American species, if not a form of it.

4. MYOPORUM, Banks and Solander.

Shrubs, glabrous; branches sometimes viscid at the tips. Leaves alternate,
quite entire or serrate, studded with pellucid glands. Flowers axillary, soli-

LV1. VERBENACE;®.

225

tary or fascicled, white or purplish. — Calyx equal, 5-partite. Corolla cam-
panulate; tube short; limb 5-lobed, lobes nearly equal 2 upper approximate.
Stamens 4, nearly equal ; anthers 2-celled, cells becoming confluent. Ovary
ovoid, 2-5-celled; style slender, stigma obtuse; ovules usually solitary when
the cells are more than 2, geminate in each cell when these are only 2.
Drupe ovoid, 2-5-celled; cells 1- rarely 2-seeded. Seeds pendulous ; albu-
men scanty, fleshy ; embryo terete ; radicle superior.

A large Australian and Pacific Island genus.

1. M. 1 set urn, Forst.; — FI. N. Z. i. 204. A shrub or small glabrous
tree, 8-10 ft. high. Leaves 2-4 in. long, lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, serrulate above the middle, narrowed into petioles, bright
green and lucid. Flowers 2-6 in a tuft; peduncle -j—f in. long. Sepals
subulate or narrow-lanceolate, variable in size. Corolla •§-*§• in. broad; lobes
rounded, villous inside. Drupe j in. long. — Cytharexylon perforatum, Forst.

Northern and Middle Islands: common on the shores, as far south as Otago.
Kermadec Islands, M'GilUvray. Very closely allied to the Norfolk Island M. obscurum
but the calyx is smaller. Kermadec Islaud specimens, however, are intermediate in this
respect. It is also very near M. serratum of Tasmania, and some Pacific Island species.

Of Forster’s M. pubescens nothing is known ; it may be a Scavola.

Order LVII. LABIATiE.

Herbs or shrubs, usually aromatic. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled.
Flowers in small, sessile or stalked, opposite axillary cymes, or solitary or
whorled, rarely panicled racemose or spiked, regular or irregular. — Corolla-
tube usually long and cylindric or funnel-shaped ; limb often 2-lipped.
Stamens 2 or 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla, alternating with its lower
lobes. Ovary 4-lobed, 2-4-celled; style filiform, stigma 2-fid ; ovules 1
in each lobe, erect. Fruit of 4 small nuts enclosed in the calyx. Albumen
little or 0 ; cotyledons flat.

A very large Order in most parts of the world, except the coldest, to which the Mint, Sage,
Horehound, etc. belong. It is singularly rare in New Zealand.

Calyx nearly equal. Stamens equal 1. Mentha.

Calyx 2-lipped. Stamens didynamous 2. Scutellaria.

1. MENTHA, Linn.

Herbs, erect or procumbent, aromatic when braised. Flowers solitary or in
few- or many-flowered axillary whorled cymes. Bracts subulate. — Calyx tubular
or campanulate, 5-toothed; throat naked or villous. Corolla-tube short, in-
cluded in the calyx; limb equally 5-lobed or 2-lipped, the upper lip larger
often 2-lobed. Stamens 4, equal, straight, erect ; anther-cells 2, parallel.
Style 2-fid at the tip. Nuts dry, smooth.

A very large European and Oriental genus, comparatively rare in other parts of the
world. Several English species, as the Water-Mint, M. aquatica, L. ; Peppermint, M. pipe-
rita, Sm. ; Spearmint, M. viridis, L., etc., have been introduced into New Zealand.

1. M. Cunninghami, Renth. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 205. A fragrant, prostrate,

VOL. I. Q

226

LVII. LABIATE.

[Mentha.

slender, diffusely branched, wiry herb; branches 2-10 in. long, often matted,
pubescent. Leaves sessile or petioled, A— | in. loug, rounded or oblong-
ovate, obtuse, quite entire, covered with pellucid dots. Flowers solitary, axil-
lary, on short or long, slender pedicels. Calyx TV-i in. long, campanulate,
villous externally, and on the teeth internally. Corolla lobes short. Stameus
included in the corolla-tube of some flowers, exserted in others. — Micromeria
Cunninghamiiy JBenth.

Northern and Middle Islands : abundant in rather dry places from the Bay of Islands
to Otago, Banks and Solander, etc.

2. SCUTELLARIA, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs. Flowers racemed or wliorled in the upper pairs of
leaves. Bracts obscure or 0. — Calyx campanulate, 2-lipped ; lips entire,
upper with a flat shield or scale adnate to its upper surface, closed after
flowering. Corolla-tube exserted, dilated above ; limb 2-lipped, upper lip
entire or notched, lower dilated 3-lobed. Stamens 4, exserted; anthers
meeting in pairs, of longer stamens with unequal cells. Ovary on a long or
short curved pedicel. Nuts dry, tubercled.

A very large genus, found in almost all quarters of the world.

1. S. novae-Zelandise, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. ii. 335. S. humilis, i. 205,
not of Brown. A slender, sparingly branched, nearly glabrous herb, 6-12 in.
high. Stem square, suberect or ascending. Leaves small, in distant pairs,
i— ^ in. long, petioled, ovate orbicular or subreniform, obscurely 3-5-lobed or
crenate or quite entire, petioles £-1 in. long. Flowers in opposite pairs in
the axils of the uppermost leaves ; peduncles stout, in. long. Calyx short,
puberulous ; lips obtuse, rounded, scale shorter than the upper lip, but be-
coming much larger in fruit. Corolla ^ in long ; lobes of lips short and
obtuse, villous. Anthers all glabrous.

Middle Island : Nelson, Bidwill ; Fox Hill, Munro. Closely allied to the Australian
S. humilis , Br.

Of Plectranthus australis, Br., an Australian and Pacific Island plant, introduced into
Raoul’s ‘ Choix de Plantes,’ I know nothing.

Order LVIII. PLANTAGXNE.E.

Herbs, with radical tufted leaves, rarely having leafy stems. Flowers solitary
or spiked on slender leafless scapes, inconspicuous, green or brown. — Sepals 4.
Corolla scarious ; tube cylindric ; lobes 4, spreading, with incurved margins.
Stamens 4, long, inserted on the corolla-tube, alternating with its lobes ; an-
thers versatile. Ovary 1, 2- or 4-celled ; style long, filiform, stigma downy ;
ovules 1-6 in each cell, inserted on the septum. Capsule usually bursting
transversely. Seeds peltate; albumen dense ; embryo generally cylindric.

A small Order, widely diffused.

1. PLA3STTAGO, Linn.

Herbs, with usually ribbed, rosulate, radical leaves. Scapes few- or many-
flowered. Flowers usually densely spiked, green, hermaphrodite. — Sepals

Plantago.~\ Lvm. tlantaginEjE. 227

with broad, membranous margins. Capsule bursting across the middle.
Seeds attached to either face of a free longitudinal septum, sessile, peltate.

A large genus, found in all temperate and many tropical countries, including the Plantains

and other common weeds.

Scapes 1-3, rarely 4-5 -flowered.

Small. Leaves villous at the base. Scape 1-flowered. Bracts and
sepals acute 1. P. uniflora.

Small. Leaves nearly glabrous. Scape 3-5-flowered. Bracts and

sepals obtuse 2. P. Brown 'd.

Small. Leaves very villous. Scape 2- or 3-flowered. Bracts and sepals

subacute 3. P. lanigera.

Scapes many-flowered. Flowers spiked.

Spikes 2-1 in. long. Bracts and sepals pilose and ciliated . . . . 4. P. spathulata.

Spikes f-f in. Scapes slender. Bracts and sepals glabrous . . . 5. P. Raoulii.

Spikes 1-6 in. Scapes stout. Bracts and sepals glabrous . ... 6. P. Auck/andica.

1. P. uniflora. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 207. Stems short, stout, \ in.

high, tufted (?), villous at the crown. Leaves few, in. long, narrow-

lanceolate, sinuate-toothed or quite entire, glabrous, villous at the base ; nerve
1, obscure. Scape slender, as long as the leaves, 1-flowered, hairy. Sepals
linear-oblong, acute, longer than the lower half of the capsule.

Northern Island: top of the Ruahine range, Colenso. Very near P. Brownii, of which
it may be a variety, but the leaves are narrower, scapes more slender, flowers solitary, and
sepals narrower aud more acute. My specimens are indifferent and past flower.

2. P. Brownii, Rapin. — P. carnosa, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 207. A small,
tufted, rather fleshy species; root stout. Leaves very numerous, rosulate, lr-1 v,-
in. long, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, sinuate-toothed, glabrous or pi-
lose, often villous at the base or in patches on the upper surface. Scapes stout,
erect or prostrate, numerous, as long as or longer than the leaves, pilose, 3-5-
flowered. Flowers in a small, dense head. Bracts and sepals broadly ob-
long, obtuse, nearly glabrous, with fleshy keel. Capsule short ; cells 2-4-
seeded. — FI. Antarct. i. 65, t. 43.

Northern Island : summits of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Middle Island :
hills and valleys, Hurumui, alt. 1200-1600 ft., Travers. Lord Auckland’s group : oil
maritime rocks, common, J. I). H. Closely allied to the Antarctic American P. pauciflora.
Lamb., but the habit is different. This is a common Tasmanian plant. The Auckland Island
specimens have foliage nearly glabrous ; the Ruahine mountain ones present patches of vil-
lous hairs on the upper surface of the leaves ; the Tasmanian individuals are intermediate in
this respect ; Travers’s specimens are broader-leaved, and resemble small states of P. spathu-
lata in foliage. This, like the P. i naritima aud P. Coronopus of Europe, inhabits both
the monntain-tops and sea-level ; P. paradoxa. Hook, f., of Tasmania, is probably another
state of it ; P. barbata, Forst., of Fuegia, is its American representative.

3. P. lanigera, Hook. /., n. sp. Leaves densely rosulate, oblong-lan-
ceolate, subacute, sessile, quite entire, 1 in. long, above densely woolly with
matted, white, tortuous, jointed hairs, below glabrous or nearly so. Scapes
short, inclined, tomentose, 1-3-flowered at the top. Bracts and sepals ovate-
oblong, subacute.

Middle Island : Otago, lake district, in rocky alpine places, alt. 6000 ft., Hector and
Buchanan. The flowers are long past in my specimens, iu Buchanan’s drawing they are
large, the corolla much exceeding the calyx.

4. P. spathulata, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 208. Glabrous or villous with

Q 2

228

LVIII. PLAN TA GIN EA3.

[. Plantago .

weak, jointed, soft hairs. Leaves all radical, horizontally spreading, 1-4 in.
long, spathulate or oblong- or lanceolate-spathulate, fleshy, quite entire or sinu-
ate or toothed, petioles villous at the base. Scapes several or numerous, vil-
lous or pilose ; spikes oblong, cylindric, obtuse, dense- and many-flowered*
7t— 1 in. long. Bracts and sepals §■ in- l°nr> ovate, acute, with thick mid-
rib, pilose and ciliate. Corolla-lobes ovate, acute. Stamens and style mode-
rately long. Anthers large. Capsule short ; cells 2 -seeded. •

Northern Island : east coast., near Pahawa, in gravel, rocks, and sand, Colenso.
Middle Island : terraces and river beds in the Kovvai valley, Haast. The spikes are some,
times compound.

5. P. Raoulii, Decaisne ; — FI. N. Z. i. 208. Pilose or almost hispid
or villous. Leaves all radical, horizontally spreading, 2—10 in. long, rather
flaccid, linear- or oblong-lanceolate, acute, coarsely irregularly sinuate-
toothed. Petioles villous at the base Scapes slender, few or numerous,
pilose. Spikes cylindric, f in. long, obtuse, densely many -flowered. Bracts
and sepals in. long, broadly ovate, obtuse, glabrous, with broad fleshy
keel. Corolla-lobes very small. Capsule twice as long as the calyx, acute ;
cells 2-seeded.— P. varia, A. Cunn., not Brown.

Northern and Middle Islands : abundant in pastures and waste grounds. This is a
representative of the common Australian P. varia.

6. P. Aucklandica, Hook.f. FI. Antarct. i. 65, t. 42. Rhizome fleshy,
stout, as thick as the thumb. Leaves densely crowded, 1-3 in. long, broadly
ovate, obtuse, glabrous, fleshy, obscurely sinuate or quite entire, 7-10-nerved ;
petioles very short, broad, densely villous or woolly at the base. Scapes nu-
merous, longer than the leaves, very stout, hairy. Spikes 1-6 in. long. Flowers
small, crowded above the middle of the spike, in scattered tufts below it.
Bracts and sepals tV~tV iQ- long, broadly ovate, obtuse, glabrous, with broad
fleshy centre. Corolla-lobes small, linear-oblong. Capsule twice as long as
the sepals, acute ; cells 1-seeded.

Lord Auckland's Island : common on the hilltops, in wet places, J. I). H.

Two European species of Plantago are now naturalized in New Zealand, viz. P. major,
Linn., with large ovate or subcordate, long-petioled, 5-9-ribbed leaves, and a very long spike ;
and P. lanceolata, Linn., also a large species, with lanceolate, 5-7-ribbed leaves, and short,
stout, deuse-flowered spikes. Both are troublesome weeds in pastures.

Order LIX. NYCTAGINEJS.

Trees shrubs or herbs. Leaves usually opposite, quite entire, exstipulate.
Plowers usually hermaphrodite, often panicled. — Perianth tubular or funnel-
shaped, 5-lobed, persistent, closing over the fruit. Stamens 1 or more, hypo-
gynous, free or united at the base, equal or unequal. Ovary free, 1-celled ;
style filiform, stigma lobed or capitate ; ovule 1, erect. Utricle enclosed in
the hardened perianth-tube. Seed usually loug ; embryo with foliaceous co-
tyledons coiled round mealy albumen.

An Order of no great extent or importance, chiefly tropical, containing the common
garden Mirabilis, or “ Marvel of Peru.”

LIX. NYCTAGIN EjE.

229

1. PISONIA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite alternate or whorled, exstipulate.
Flowers in tenninal cymes or corymbs, green or reddish, usually small. —
FlowerS hermaphrodite or unisexual, with minute bracts at the base. Pe-
rianth cylindrical-campanulate ; lobes 5, small, plaited. Stamens 6-10, in-
cluded or exserted, unequal. Ovary elongate ; style lateral or terminal,
stigma entire lobed or. plumose. Utricle enclosed within the thickened, smooth
or costate, glabrous aculeate or glandular perianth.

A considerable genus, of chiefly littoral plants, found in tropical and subtropical parts of
the world.

1. P. Brunoniana, Endl. Prodr. Flor. Ins. Norf. 43. — P. Sinclairii,
FI. N. Z. i. 209. t. 50.. A small tree, 12-15 ft high, glabrous. Leaves
opposite or 3 in a whorl, 4-12 in. long, broadly oblong, obtuse or acute,
quite entire, flaccid. Cymes compound, pubescent, 2-4 in. broad. Pe-
rianth pedicelled, pubescent, A in. long. Stamens 7, included. Style
terminal, stigma cordate. Perianth of the fruit ribbed, viscid, 1-ly in.
long.

Northern Island: east coast, near Ngunguru, Colenso ; Wangarei harbour, Sinclair.
This, which is also a native of Norfolk Island and Eastern Australia (P. Moorei, Muell.),
is very near the Pacific island and Javanese P. inermis, Eorst. (P. Forsteriana , Endl. ; P.
exce/sa, Blume), but the perianth is longer, with shorter lobes, and the stamens are included.
In De Candolle’s ‘ Prodromus ’ these species and their synonyms are in confusion.

Order LX. CHENOPODIACEiE.

Herbs, rarely shrubby, usually flaccid or fleshy. Leaves alternate or 0 ;
stipules 0. Flowers small, regular, often in small clusters, but very va-
riously disposed, not rarely unisexual. — Perianth 2- or 4- or 5-lobed or -cleft,
imbricate, herbaceous, persistent. Stamens 1-5, perigynous, opposite the
lobes, free or united at the base. Ovary free, 1 -celled ; styles 2-5, stigma
acute; ovule 1, usually pendent from a basilar cord. Nut or utricle small,
1-seeded, enclosed in the perianth. Seed orbicular or reniform, flattened, erect
or horizontal ; embryo terete, coiled round mealy albumen, or spiral and
without albumen.

A very large Order, including many saline plants, very difficult of determination.

Stems leafy, not jointed.

Perianth ebracteate, 3-5-parted, not altered in fruit. Embryo

annular 1. Chenopodium.

Perianth bracteolate, 5-parted, fleshy in fruit. Embryo spiral . . 2. Su/F.da.

Female fl. enclosed in 2 bracts, which are much enlarged in fruit . 3. Atriplex.

Perianth bracteate, 5-parted, winged or keeled in fruit. Embryo

spiral 4. Salsola.

Stems leafless, cylindrical, jointed. Flowers sunk in the joints . . . 5. Salicornia.

1. CHENOPODIUM, Linn.

Herbs, often powdery or glandular. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, en-
tire toothed or lobulate. Flowers very small, greenish, in small subglobose

230

LX. CHENOPODIACE7E.

[Chenopodium.

fascicles, often subspieate. — Flowers without bracts, hermaphrodite or uni-
sexual. Perianth 3-5 -parted, not enlarged in fruit. Stamens 1-5. Ovary
globose or depressed; styles 2 or 3. Utricle depressed or erect. Seed hori-
zontal or erect ; embryo surrounding mealy albumen.

A very large, ubiquitous genus, comprising many weeds of waysides, dunghills, and culti-
vated grounds, several of which are no doubt introduced into New Zealand.

§ 1. Seed horizontal, rarely vertical in C. glaucum.

Leaves -J— f in., quite entire, glaucous and pulverulent 1. C. triandrum.

Leaves 1-li in-, triangular, toothed, not glaucous 2 . C. urbicum.

Leaves 1-1 in., oblong or deltoid, mealy below 3. C. glaucum.

Leaves 1-2 in., glandular, aromatic, not glaucous 4. C. ambrosioides,

§ 2. Seed vertical. ( See glaucum in § 1.)

Tall, erect. Perianth-segments mnch thickened 5. C. carinatum.

Small, much-brauched, very slender. Perianth membranous . . . 6. C. pusillum.

1. C. triandrum. Ford. — FI. N. Z. i. 212. A small, much-branched,
pulverulent herb, 6-12 in. high; branches very slender. Leaves opposite
and alternate, -5 — | in. long, with slender petioles, oblong-hastate, truncate cor-
date or cuneate at the base, rounded at the tip, quite entire. Flowers very
minute, in axillary spikelets, and fascicled towards the ends of the branches.
Fruiting perianth open. Stamens 2-4. Seed punctate, adhering to the
utricle.

Northern and Middle Islands, from Auckland to Otago, frequent, Banks and Solander ,
etc. Apparently confined to New Zealand. (The plant bearing this name in A. Cunning-
ham’s Herbarium is Euxolus viridis.)

2. C. urbicum, Linn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 213. A tall, erect or prostrate,
coarse, branching, green herb, 2-3 ft. high, quite glabrous, not glaucous nor
pulverulent ; stems angled. Leaves 1-1|- in. long, with slender petioles, tri-
angular or subeordate-hastate, margin irregularly notched, crumpled, lobulate.
Flowers in dense axillary and terminal spikes. Seed punctate ; margins obtuse.

Northern Island: Tanenuiarangi, Colenso. Middle Island: New River, Hb. A.
Richard ; Ashburton river and Rangitata range, Haast. A common weed and wayside
plant in many parts of the world, perhaps not indigenous to New Zealand.

3. C. glaucum, Linn., var. ambiguum ; — FI. N. Z. i. 213. Pro-
strate, much-branched, succulent; stems and branches 4-18 in. long, flaccid,
glabrous. Leaves |-1 in. long, lower petioled, upper sessile, ovate-oblong
trapezoid or subhastate, quite entire lobulate or coarsely unequally toothed,
obtuse, pulverulent below. Spikes short, glomerate, axillary. Perianth 3-5-
parted. Seed erect or horizontal, punctate. — C. ambiguum, Br.

Northern and Middle Islands: not uncommon on muddy flats, shingle, etc., near th&
sea, Banks and Solander, etc. A common extratropical plant in the southern and also
abundant in the northern hemisphere.

4. C. ambrosioides, Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 213. Tall, erect, branched,
herbaceous, 1-3 ft. high, glabrous or pubescent, everywhere glandular, very
aromatic ; stems and branches terete. Leaves 1-2 in. long, ovate- or oblong-
lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate, cuneate at the base, shortly petioled,
coarsely obtusely or acutely toothed and cut. Flowers on short, axillary, spi-
ciform, leafy branches. Stamens usually 5. Seed horizontal.

Northern Island : cultivated ground, Colenso, perhaps introduced. Middle Island :

Chenopodium .]

LX. C HEN 0 PODIA CJJiE.

231

Otago, Waitaki valley and lake district, Hector and Buchanan. An abundant tropical and
subtropical weed ; the seeds are described as sometimes vertical.

5. C. carinatum, Br.; — FI. N. Z. i. 213. A branched, erect, glan-
dular-pubescent, strong-scented herb ; stem 1-2 ft. high. Leaves petioled,
small, -j-l in. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse, sinuate-toothed. Flowers very
minute, copious, in axillary glomerules, green. Perianth-segments 5, incom-
pletely covering the fruit, oblong, with prominent, thick, but not succulent
back. Stamen 1. Seed erect, compressed, brown, minutely punctate. — 0.
Botrys, A. Cunn. not Linnaeus.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, Cunningham , etc.; Auckland, Sinclair. I have
seen no authentic Australian specimens of C. carinatum, Br., but suppose this to be it ; it is
the C. glandulosum, Moq. Tand., also a native of Australia.

6. C. pusillum, Hook. /., n. sp. — C. Bumilio, Br. ; FI. N. Z. i. 214.
A small, much-branched, pubescent and glandular plant ; stem very short ;
branches 3-6 in. long, very slender, leafy. Leaves petioled, g- in. long, ob-
long-ovate, obtuse, quite entire or obscurely sinuate, pubescent on both surfaces.
Flowers in very minute axillary glomerules. Perianth 3-5-cleft, membranous,
segments not thickened, not closing over the fruit. Stamen 1. Seed very
minute, erect, compressed, brown, minutely punctate.

Northern Island : shores of the east coast aud sandy shores of Lake Taupo, abundant
in native cultivated ground, Colenso. This differs from Brown’s C. Pumilio in the mem-
branous perianth-segments.

2. SXJ2EDA, Forskal.

Erect or prostrate, succulent herbs, sometimes shrubby at the base. Leaves
terete, fleshy. Flowers minute, clustered in the axils of the leaves, herma-
phrodite ; bracts 2, minute. — Perianth urceolate, 5 -partite, fleshy, tumid in
fruit. Stamens 5. Ovary truncate; styles 2-5. Utricle compressed, in-
cluded in the tumid perianth. Seed free, vertical or horizontal ; albumen little
or 0 ; embryo spiral.

A small genus of chiefly maritime plants, scattered over the globe.

1. S. maritima, Bumortier ; — FI. N. Z. i. 316. Erect, branched,
perfectly glabrous ; stem shrubby at the base ; branches slender. Leaves
sessile, in. long, subcylindric, linear, glabrous or farinose. Utricle mem-
branous. Seed punctate, horizontal or oblique ; margin rather acute. — Cheno-
vodiurn australe , Br. ; C. maritimum, A. Cunn. ; Salsola fruticosa, Forst.

Northern and Middle Islands : not uncommon in maritime swamps, muddy shores,
etc., as far south as Otago, Banks and Solander, etc. A frequent plant on most temperate
and many tropical coasts.

3. ATRIPLEX, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs, often fleshy, sometimes scaly or powdery. — Flowers small,
green, crowded in clusters, which are axillary or sessile on the terminal naked
tips of the branches, unisexual. Male ebracteate. Perianth 3-5-parted.
Stamens 3-5. Ovary rudimentary. Female 2-bracteate. Perianth 0 or 5-
partite. Ovary small ; styles 2, united at the base. Bracts in the fruit
much enlarged, erect, dilated, closely pressed together and enclosing the utricle.
Seed horizontal ; albumen farinaceous ; embryo annular.

232 lx. c henopodiace.cE. [ Atriplex .

A large genus, abounding in shores and waste places of temperate (more rarely in tropical)
regions.

Plants covered with white scales 1. A. cinerea.

Glabrous or powdery, erect. Fruiting bracts rhomboid 2. A. patula.

Glabrous, fleshy, and papillose. Fruiting bracts urceolate . . . . 3 .A. Billardieri.

1. A. cinerea, Poiret ; — FI. N. Z. i. 214. A small shrub, 1-4 ft. high,
everywhere covered with white glistening scales ; branches angled, leafy. Leaves
1-2 in. long, narrow-oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed into short petioles.
Male fl. : clustered in dense globose or oblong spikes, which are panicled at
the ends of the branches. Female fl. : axillary, clustered or solitary. Bracts
of fruit -g— ! in. long, broadly ovate, obtuse, corky, with thin margins. — A.
Halimus, Br. Prodr. not Linn.

Northern Island: sandy shores of Palliser Bay, Colenso. Middle Island: Canter-
bury, Haast (nearly glabrous; leaves sinuate, perhaps different, but specimen imperfect).
An abuudant Australian and Tasmanian plant. Closely allied to the European A. Kali-
mas, L.

2. A. patula, Linn. ; — Fl. N. Z. i. 215. A glabrous or slightly powdery,
usually tall and erect, branched, leafy herb, 2-4 ft. high ; stems terete.
Leaves 1-3 in. long, shortly petioled, narrow ovate oblong or hastate, quite
entire or lobed, rarely laciniate, subacute or obtuse, uppermost often linear.
Flowers in spikes, which are axillary, and terminate the slender branches.
Female bracts -Jg in. diam., rhomboid in fruit, toothed, their back smooth or
tubercled.

Northern Island: salt marshes on the east coast, plentiful, Colenso. Abundant in
Australia, Tasmania, and many other parts of the old world.

3. A. Billardieri, Hook. f. Fl. N. Z. i. 215. A prostrate, branched,
glabrous, succulent, papillose herb; stems angled, 6-12 in. long; branches
ascending. Leaves small, ^ in. long, oblong, obtuse, entire or sinuate,
shortly petioled. Male fl. : fascicled, shortly pedicelled ; female : solitary or 2
together, sessile ; bracts combined into an urceolate, 2-lipped, fleshy cup,
enclosing an erect utricle. Utricle nearly orbicular, with 2 rather slender
styles. Seed erect, compressed, its edges opposite the 2 bracts (not parallel,
as is usual in the genus). — Theleophylon Billardieri , Moq.-Tand. in A. DC.
Prodr.

Northern Island, A. Cunningham ; sandy places, Wangururu Bay, Colenso. A native
of Tasmania.

4. SALSOLA, Linn.

Shrubs, or rigid, often spinescent herbs. Leaves small, subcylindric, fleshy,
or rigid and pungent. — Flowers small, axillary, sessile, hermaphrodite, 2-brac-
teate. Perianth 4- or 5-partite, segments dilating greatly, closing over the
fruit, and becoming transversely ridged, or membranous and broadly winged.
Stamens 5 ; filaments often united at the base. Ovary depressed ; styles 2.
Seed horizontal ; albumen 0 ; embryo spiral.

A large genus, especially in the saline districts, inland and maritime, of the temperate and
subtropical regions of the globe.

1. S. australis, Br. ? ; — Fl. N. Z. i. 216. A rigid, woody, low, sub-
erect or prostrate, much-branched plant, 1-2 ft. high ; stems and branches

Salsola .]

LX. CHEN OPODIACBJE.

233

ribbed, ratber rough. Leaves small, } in. long, scattered, patent or re-
curved, rigid, ovate or broadly subulate, pungent. Flowers very inconspi-
cuous, shorter than the bracts. Perianth 5 -parted, segments after flowering
expanded into a broad, horizontal, membranous, veined wing.

Northern Island : gravelly shores of Port Nicholson harbour, Colenso, who observes
that it is perhaps introduced. A. native of Australia, and very closely related to the common
European S. Kali. My only specimen has shorter leaves than the Australian plant, which
is sometimes pilose ; it has not ripe fruit. I have from Canterbury what appear to me
to he seedlings of this, sent by Mr. Travers.

5. SALICORNIA, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs ; stems leafless, succulent, jointed. — Flowers minute,
sometimes in approximate short joints, which form a sort of cone at the end
of the branch, hermaphrodite, ebracteate, hidden in or between the tops of the
joints of the stem. Perianth fleshy, turbinate. Stamens 1 or 2. Ovary
ovoid; styles 2. Utricle compressed, included in the perianth. Seed vertical ;
albumen usually scanty ; embryo annular or conduplicate.

Maritime or salt lake plants, found in all parts of the world.

1. S. indica, Willd.? ; — FI. N. Z. i. 216. Stems prostrate, 3-6 in.
long, rather woody ; branches ascending, 2-6 in., terminated by cylindrical
cones. Joints very variable in length, i- 1 in., rather compressed, dilated at
the tip and obscurely 2-lobed, about as thick as a small quill. Cones ^-2
in. long, rather thicker than the branches. Flowers numerous, sessile, whorled
in the axils of the short joints of the cone. Perianth urceolate, fleshy, trun-
cate, with a small central orifice. Stamen, 1 only seen. Fruiting perianth
obpyramidal, with a flat top and closed orifice. Utricle membranous. Seed
flattened, nearly orbicular ; testa papillose, rather thick ; albumen 0 ; embryo
with very thick, plano-convex, pyriform cotyledons, and incumbent terete
radicle. — S. australis, Forst.

Northern and Middle Islands : abundant on muddy shores and in sandy and rocky
places. Banks and Solander, etc. This appears to be the same as the Indian plant
figured in Wight’s ‘ leones,’ t. 757, and quoted by Moquiu-Tandon, and which is also found
in Tasmania and Australia. The structure of the flower and fruit wants careful' re-examina-
tion on living specimens. It does not agree with any description in Moquin’s monograph
of the genera in A . DC.’s ‘ Prodromus,’ but is, I suppose, referable to his genus Arthro-
cnemon.

Order LXI. AMARANTHACE^.

Herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves opposite or alternate ; stipules 0. — Floral
characters of Chenopodiacece, but the perianth is usually membranous or sca-
rious, of 5 distinct leaflets ; the stamens are most often united into a mem-
branous cup with membranous expansions between the filaments, and the
anthers are 1 -celled in many. One tribe of the Order has several ovules in
the ovary.

A large tropical and subtropical Order, including a few weeds of cultivation, as Amaran-
thus ( Eu.rolus) viridis, which Cunningham has, under the name of Chenopodium triandrum,
from the Bay of Islands ; it resembles a Chenopodium , but has acute bracts and perianth-
leaflets, and a minute hard nut -like fruit.

234

LXI. AMAltANTHACEAI.

1. ALTERNANTHERA, Forskal.

Herbs, rarely shmbs ; stems often branched, jointed, rooting. Leaves
opposite. Flowers minute, white, in axillary or terminal clusters, 3-brac-
teate. — Perianth 5 -parted, erect. Stamens 5 ; filaments united in a mem-
branous cup ; anthers 3-5, 1-celled ; style very short, stigma 2-fid or capitate.
Utricle erect, compressed, included in the perianth. Seed vertical, compressed.

A rather large tropical aud subtropical genus.

1. A. sessilis, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 212. Stems much branched from
the root, herbaceous, prostrate, 2-6 in. long, with 2 lines of pubescence.
Leaves 1 in. long, narrow obovate or oblong, obtuse, rather fleshy, pubes-
cent in the axils. Flowers minute, white. Perianth-segments acuminate,
glabrous. Anthers, 3 fertile, 2 imperfect. — A. deniiculata , A. Cunn.

Northern Island : not unfrequent in boggy places. A very common tropical and sub-
ropical weed in the old world, and very variable.

Okdek LXII. PAEONY CHIEiE.

Herbs, often small. Leaves opposite or alternate, stipulate or exstipulate.
Inflorescence various. Flowers small, regular, hermaphrodite. — Perianth
4- or 5-lobed or partite, persistent, and enclosing the fruit. Stamens 1-10, pe-
rigynous or hypogynous ; filaments subulate ; anthers small, 2-celled. Ovary
ovoid, free, sessile, 1-celled; style 1, terminal, 2- or 3-fid, stigmas capitellate
or subulate ; ovule 1, erect. Utricle or nut included in the persistent calyx,
1-seeded. Seed erect or pendulous from a basilar funicle; testa coriaceous;
embryo usually annular, surrounding farinaceous albumen.

A small Order, scattered all over the globe.

1. SCLERANTHUS, Linn.

Small, densely tufted, dichotomously branched, rigid herbs. Leaves con-
nate by their base in opposite pairs, subulate, pungent, exstipulate. Flowers
minute, solitary in pairs or cymose. — Perianth very coriaceous, 4- or 5 -fid, veiy
hard in fruit. Stamens 1-1 0, perigynous. Style 2-fid. Ovule pendulous
from a basilar funicle. Embryo annular.

A small genus found in the temperate regions of both hemispheres.

1. S. biflorus, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 74. A very densely branched,
mossy, rigid herb, 1-2 in. high, forming compact tufts. Leaves closely im-
bricated, TV~? in. long, subulate, serrulate. Flowers in pairs, with 4 bracts
at their base placed crosswise, at length carried up on a short, rigid peduncle.
Perianth 4-fid. Stamen 1. — Mniarum bijiorum, Forst. ; M. pedunculatum,
Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. t. 2 ; M. fasciculatum, Raoul, not Br. ; Bitoca muscosa,
Banks and Solander.

Dry, rocky, and sandy places throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Also
found in Tasmania and Australia.

LX1II. POLYGONS®.

235

Order LXIII. POLYGONE.®.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire ; stipules membranous, tubular,
often lacerated. Flowers regular, small, solitary, spiked racemed or panicled.
— Perianth 5- or 6-partite, imbricate, persistent, enclosing the fruit. Stamens
usually 6-9, perigynous. Ovary free, 1-celled; styles 1-8, stigmas capitate;
ovule 1, erect. Fruit a usually compressed or 3-gonous nut enclosed in the
dry or fleshy, often enlarged perianth. Seed filling the nut ; embryo cylindric,
straight or curved ; albumen mealy.

A very large tropical and temperate genus, containing various European weeds that may
he expected to occur in New Zealaud, besides the Buckwheat.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth not succulent in fruit .... 1. Polygonum.

Flowers unisexual. Base of the perianth succulent in fruit ... 2. Muhlenbeckia.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Two or three inner lobes of perianth en-
larged and closing over the fruit 3. Rumex.

1. POLYGONUM, Linn.

Herbs, rarely shrubs ; prostrate or erect, simple or branched. Flowers
white or red, small, racemed spiked or axillary and solitary, spikes rarely pa-
nicled.— Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth 5 -partite, persistent. Stamens
usually 6-8, rarely fewer. Ovary 3-gonous or compressed ; styles 2 or 3,
very short. Nut 3-gonous or compressed, included in or protruding from

the withered, dry perianth.

A very large, tropical and temperate genus.

Flowers spiked. Nut flattened 1. P. minus.

Flowers axillary, 1-3 together. Nut 3-gonous 2. P. aviculare.

1. P. minus, Huds., var. decipiens ; — P . prostratum, A. Cunn.; — FI.
N. Z. i. 209, not Br. Stems herbaceous, prostrate at the base or suberect,
glabrous or pilose, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves scattered, 2-8 in.
long, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, eglandular, margins scabrous; stipules
long, brown, with ciliated aperture. Spikes long, slender, terminal, simple
or compound, 1-2 in. long. Flowers small, not crowded, reddish, T’T in.
long. Bracts truncate, glabrous or ciliate. Perianth lobes oblong, obtuse,
eglandular, glabrous. Nut flattened, with obtuse edges.

Northern and Middle Islands : not uncommon, Banks and Solander, etc. This is a
southern state of the common North- European P. minus ; it entirely resembles P. salidfolium,
Del., and P. serrulatum, Lag., except that the nuts are llatteued and uot 3-gonous; it
abounds in Australia, tropical and subtropical India, Africa, and America, and is also found
in Southern Europe ; it differs from the typical P. minus in the more sleuder erect habit,
and few, long, simple, long-peduncled spikes ; it is the P. decipiens, Br., of Australia.

2. P. aviculare, Linn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 210. Stems herbaceous, much
branched, prostrate, woody at the base; branches spreading, 6-24 in. long,
hard, wiry, grooved, rough or smooth’. Leaves small, scattered, coriaceous,
f-lf in. long, linear-oblong or sublanceolate, obtuse or acute, margins re-
curved ; stipules membranous, silvery, ragged, long or short. Flowers small,
solitary or 2 or 3 together, axillary, pedicelled. Nut acute, 3-gonous, longer
than the perianth.

236

LXIIT. POLYGONEjE.

[Polygonum.

Var. 0. Dryandri. — P. Dryandri, Spr. ; FI. N. Z. i. 210. Smaller. Stipules shorter.

Northern Island: east coast, Ahuriri, Colenso. Middle Island: Akaroa, Raoul;
var. 0, east coast, Ruamahanga and Tuki-tukimiu, Colenso ; Port Cooper, Lyall ; Otago,
covering acres of ground by roadsides, Hector and Buchanan. A very common plant in all
temperate and some tropical parts of the world, perhaps introduced into New Zealand, where
it is spreading with extraordinary rapidity.

2. MUHLENBECKIA, Meisn.

Shrubs and undershnibs, sometimes small, often rampant, and climbing
with much-intertwined slender branches. Flowers small, whitish or greenish,
spiked, or axillary and few or solitary ; spikes sometimes panicled. Pedicels
jointed below the perianth. — Flowers unisexual, monoecious or polygamous.
Perianth 5-lobed, lower part becoming fleshy, often white in fruit. Stamens
8 ; filaments short ; anthers oblong ; very reduced thick and short in the
female flowers with imperfect anthers. Ovary sessile, 3-gonous, with 3 very
short, papillose or. fimbriate stigmas. Nut ovoid, acuminate, 3-quetrous,
black, enclosed in the perianth, whose basal part is succulent.

A small genus of Australian, New Zealand, and South American plants.

Leaves 1-2 in. long, broad, ovate or cordate. Spikes panicled . . . 1. 31. adpressa.
Leaves in. long, broad, ovate or cordate. Spikes usually simple . 2. M. complexa.
Leaves x‘o_i in. long, orbicular or oblong. Flowers subsolitary . . 3. 31. axillaris.

Leaves 0, or minute and narrow. Male flowers spiked, female often

solitary 4. M. ephedroides.

1. IVI. adpressa. Lab.; — Polygonum australe, A. Rich.; — FI. N. Z. i.
210. A large, rambling and climbing, leafy bush, glabrous. Stem and
branches often twining, flexuous, grooved ; branchlets often minutely scabe-
rulous. Leaves ^-2 in., long, petioled, cordate or broadly oblong and trun-
cate at the base, obtuse acute or apiculate, glabrous, in young plants 3-lobed ;
stipules deciduous. Spikes panicled, many-flowered, glabrous ; bracts obtuse,
1-3-flowered. Flowers small, unisexual. Stigmas plumose. Perianth fleshy
in fruit. Nut 3-gonous, black. — Coccoloba australis, Forst.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Common in Norfolk Island,
Australia, and Tasmania. Meisner (A. DC. Prodr. xiv. 146) distinguishes the New Zealand
from the Australian plant by the stigmas plumose, not papillose, but 1 find the stigmas of
the Australian plant to be the most plumose of the two. The Chilian M. Chilensis, Meisn.,
seems to be the same species.

2. M. complexa, Meisn. — Polygonum complexum, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N.
Z. i. 210. Stems slender, prostrate or climbing over bushes, much interlaced,
flexuous, scaberulous or glabrous, grooved, 1-5 ft. long. Leaves petiolate,
quite glabrous or puberulous at the base and on the petiole, £-■ J in. long,
broadly obovate-cordate or orbicular, often contracted in the middle, some-
times dotted below, rarely acute ; stipules deciduous ; petiole long or short.
Spikes simple or panicled, sometimes very short and reduced to 1 or 2
flowers, glabrous pubescent or tomentose. Bracts obtuse, 1-6-flowered.
Perianth fleshy in fruit. Stigmas papillose. Nut 3-gonous, black.

Throughout the islands, abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. Some large states of this
seem to pass into 31. adpressa, Lab., and small ones into 31. axillaris.

3. M. axillaris, HooJc.f. — Polygonum axillare, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 2 11. A
small species, 1-6 in. high; quite glabrous, except the branchlets and petioles,

Muhlenbeckia. ]

LXIII. POLYGONEjE.

237

which are sometimes puberulous. Branches slender, tufted, spreading from
a woody stock. Leaves small, petioled, in. long, elliptic-oblong, obtuse,
flat, glabrous ; stipules short, truncate. Flowers solitary, axillary, pedicelled.
Stigmas papillose. Perianth fleshy in fruit.

Northern Island : Wairarapa valley, Colenso. Middle Island : abundant on the
mountains, ascending tb 6500 ft., Bidwill, etc. Much smaller than either of the preceding,
and of a very different habit, but possibly only a mountain variety ; it is excessively variable,
and found also in the Australian and Tasmanian alps, where it attains a larger size.

4. M. ephedroid.es, Hook. f. — Polygonum epltedroides ; — FI. N. Z. i.
211. A shrubby, prostrate, diffusely branched, nearly leafless species. Stems
6 in. to 2-3 ft. long, rigid, wiry, rush-like, deeply grooved, the twigs sca-
berulous. Leaves none or few and scattered, j-1 in. long, petioled or sessile,
linear, subacute, base often dilated or subhastate ; stipules short, truncate.
Male fl. in simple, axillary, lax, quite glabrous spikes, with a few female
flowers intermixed; — -fern. fl. often axillary and solitary. Stigmas fimbriate.
Perianth rather fleshy in fruit.

Northern Island : east coast, near the sea at Ahuriri, Colenso. Middle Island :
Otago, Lower Waitaki, Hector and Buchanan. A remarkable species, resembling Rushes
scattered on the ground. I suspect that the Polygonum. Cunninghamii, Meisuer, which
forms impassable thickets in some parts of Australia, is the same plant as this.

2. RUMEX, Linn.

Herbs, rarely almost shrubby. Leaves usually long. Flowers hermaphro-
dite, usually pedicelled, pendulous, small, green, whorled on branched spread-
ing or close panicles. — Perianth of 6 pieces ; 3 inner enlarging, dry, veined,
and closing over the fruit. Styles 3, short, stigmas fimbriate. Nut small,
usually 3-gonous, enclosed in the much enlarged, dry, often toothed or ciliate
perianth.

A large genus, found in all temperate and many tropical parts of the world.

1. R. flexuosus, Ford.; — Fl. N. Z. i. 211. Prostrate, glabrous,
diffusely branched, 1-2 ft. long; branches flexuous, deeply grooved. Leaves
4-8 in. long, narrow linear-oblong, plane or waved at the margin, obtuse or
acute, base truncate acute or cordate, upper nearly sessile. Flowers in distant
3-8-flowered whorls, lower whorls leafy. Peduncles curved, as long as the
fruiting perianth. Inner lobes of fruiting perianth in. long, rhomboid,
with long attenuated tips, veined, without thickened knobs, quite entire, or
with 1-4 spines on each side, keeled in the middle, keel sometimes spinulose.
— R. Cunninghamii, Meisn. in A. DC. Prodr. 14. 62 ; R. Brownianus, Raoul,
Choix; R. Jimbriatm, A. Cunn. not Br. ; R. cuneifolius, (3, Fl. Antarct. i.
67.

Northern and Middle Islands : common, Banks and Solander, etc. Lord Auck-
land’s Island,./.!). II. ; very nearly allied to the Australian R. Brownii, but apparently differ-
ing in the prostrate habit. It is perhaps R. dumosus, A. Cunn., of New South Wales, which
has the same habit.

Besides the above, the common English Docks R. crispus, L., and R. obtusifolius, L.,
together with the small R. acetosa, have been introduced into New Zealand, and are quasi-
indigenous ; some of them, indeed, are spreading at an enormous rate.

238

LXIV. LAURTNEAL

Order LXIY. LAURINE^3.

Trees or shrubs, often aromatic ; one genus is of climbing leafless herbs.
Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, quite entire, exstipulate. Flowers usually
hermaphrodite, small, green, fascicled panicled or umbelled. — Perianth of 4-8
(often 6), herbaceous, imbricate segments, rarely 0. Stamens usually 12-15,
in 2 or 3 series, all fertile or the inner sterile, filaments naked or glandular at
the base ; anther-cells 2-4, opening in front or behind by upturned valves.
Ovary free, 1-celled ; style short, stigma simple or 3-lobed ; ovule 1, pendu-
lous, rarely 2. Drupe or berry free or enclosed in the perianth, 1-seeded. Seed
with membranous testa, large plano-convex cotyledons, and no albumen.

A very large tropical Order, to which the Bay Laurel, Camphor, and Cinnamon belong.
Leafy shrub or tree. Flowers in a 4- or 5-leaved involucre .... 1. Tetranthera.

Leafy trees. Flowers pauicled 2. Nesodaphne.

Leafless, twining, string-like herb 3. Cassytha.

1. TETRANTHERA, Jacquin.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite. — Flowers usually axil-
lary, dioecious, umbelled within a 4- or 5 -leaved, deciduous involucre. Peri-
anth 0 or 4-8-parted. Male fl. : Stamens 6-15 ; all or the inner filaments
glandular at the base ; anthers 4-celled. Ovary rudimentary. Female fl. :
Stamens rudimentary. Ovary oblong, with a dilated stigma. Berry ovoid.

A very large genus in the tropics of the Old World.

1. T. calicaris, Hook. f. Fl. N. Z. i. 216. A small, evergreen, glabrous,
umbrageous tree. Leaves petioled, 3-4 in. long, ovate or oblong, obtuse,
quite entire, sometimes glaucous below. Involucral leaves 4 or 5, concave,
A-i in. long, 4- or 5 -flowered. Pedicels silky, as long as the involucral leaves.
Perianth of 5-8 oblong segments. Stamens about 12 ; filaments slender,
all 2-glandular ; anthers dilated, 4-valved, bursting inwards. Berry ovoid,
f in. long ; peduncle thickened at the top. — Laurus calicaris , A. Cunn.

Northern Island : from the Bay of Islands to the east coast, Banks and Solander, etc.

2. NESODAPHNE, Hook. f.

Forest trees, with evergreen, alternate leaves and axillary or terminal pani-
cles.— Flowers hermaphrodite, panicled. Perianth 6-partite, deciduous. Sta-
mens 1 2, in 2 series ; 6 outer fertile opposite the perianth lobes, with eglan-
dular filaments and introrse anthers ; of the 6 inner, 3 are antheriferous with ex-
trorse anthers, and glands opposite the bases of their filaments ; the 3 others
have imperfect anthers. Style short, stigma simple. Berry ovoid, top of the
fruiting peduncle swollen.

A genus confined to New Zealand, as far as at present known.

Branches stout and petioles and panicles tomentose 1. N. Tarairi.

Branches slender, and petioles and panicles nearly glabrous 2. N. Tawa.

1. N. Tarairi, Hook. f. Fl. N. Z. i. 217. A lofty forest tree, 60-80
ft. high. Branches stout, petioles panicles and costa of leaf below densely

Nesodaphne .]

LXIV. LATJRINEiE.

239

tomentose. Leaves 3-6 in. long, coriaceous, obovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous
above, puberulous and glaucous below. Panicles branched, 1-2 in. diam.
Mowers shortly pedicelled, L in. diam. Berry 1| in. long, ovoid, purple.
— Lau,rus Tarairi, A. Cunn.

Northern parts of the Northern Island, Banks and Solander , etc. Wood white, splits
freely, A. Cunningham. Berry much eaten by birds, and, when boiled, by man. Embryo
said to be poisonous when raw.

2. N. Tawa, Hook. f. Fl. N. Z. i. 217. A lofty forest tree, 60-70 ft.
high. Branches slender, youngest silky. Leaves variable, 3-4 in. long,
lanceolate or narrow elliptic-oblong, acute, finely reticulated on both surfaces,
glaucous below. Panicles slender, branches elongate. Blowers small, quite
glabrous. Berries small. — Laurus Tawa , A. Cunn. ; L. Victorianu , Colenso.

Northern parts of the Northern Island, Banks and Solander, etc. Wood poor, very
destructible, used for spears. Berries eaten. Leaves very aromatic and pungent.

3. CASSYTHA, Linn.

Leafless, twining, herbaceous or half shrubby plants, attached by suckers
to shrubs, etc., on which they are parasitical, as with Cuscuta. Stems and
branches slender, terete, like whipcords. Flowers spiked capitate or pani-
cled, hermaphrodite. — Perianth 6-partite ; tube very short ; segments erect,
in 2 series. Stamens 12, in 2 series, the 3 interior opposite the inner seg-
ments of the perianth with imperfect anthers, the rest fertile, the filaments
of some 2-glandular at the base. Anthers 2-celled ; of outer row opening
inwards, of inner row outwards. Fruit enclosed in the baccate perianth.

A large genus, abounding in Australia, with a few Indian, Pacific, and American species.

1. C. paniculata, Br. ,—Fl. N. Z. i. 218. Branches glabrous, j\~xo
in. diam., smooth ; tips silky ; scales at the axils of the branches small, ovate,
acuminate, membranous. Spikes 1-2 in. long, simple or branched. Flowers
shortly pedicelled, distant, cylindrical, in. long, sometimes pubescent,
with several orbicular, minute bracts at the base. Ovary glabrous.

Northern part of the Northern Island, Bieffenhach, Colenso. A native of New South
Wales.

Order LXV. MONIMIACE^).

Trees or shrubs, often aromatic. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate, exsti-
pulate. Flowers racemose or cymose, hermaphrodite or unisexual. — Perianth
rotate or subcampanulate, 4-1 5-lobed. Male fl. : Stamens indefinite, all or
most fertile; filaments short; anthers 2-celled, opening by slits or by ascend-
ing valves. Female fl. : Stamens 0 or reduced to scales. Ovaries numerous,
1 -celled; style terminal or lateral, stigma simple; ovule 1, erect or pendu-
lous. Fruit of numerous drupes, or of aclienes with persistent plumose styles,
often included in the urceolate tube of the perianth. Seed pendulous ; em-
bryo in the axis of oily and fleshy albumen ; cotyledons very short, divari-
cating.

A small Order, native of the tropics of South America, South India, and its islands, and
extratropical America, Tasmania, and Chili.

240

LXV, MONIMIACE.®.

Anthers with valves. Ovule erect. Achenes with plumose styles . 1. Atherospekma.

Anthers with slits. Ovule pendulous. Drupes stipitate .... 2. Hedycarya.

1. ATHEROSPEKMA, Lab.

Trees. Leaves opposite, aromatic. Flowers panicled, dioecious. — Perianth
5-8-fid ; lobes in many series. Male fl. : Stamens 6-20 ; filaments 2-glan-
dular at the base ; anthers with 2 ascending valves. Female fl. : Stamens
•reduced to scales. Ovaries 5-20, villous. Achenes with long plumose styles,
included in the urceolate perianth, which splits laterally.

A small genus, including the following, two Australian, and a Chilian species.

1. A. novae-Zelandiae, Ilook.f. — Laurelia novce-Zelandiae, A. Cunn.;
— Fl. N. Z. i. 218. t. 51. A tree, 150 ft. high, with buttressed trunk, 3-7
ft. diam., the buttresses 15 ft. thick at the base [Bid, will') ; bark white, wood
soft, yellowish ; branches whorled and petioles pubescent. Leaves petiolate,
coriaceous, 1^-2| in. long, ovate or oblong, obtuse, glabrous, obscurely serrate.
Flowers in axillary racemes, silky, ^ in. diam. Stamens 6-10. Fruiting
perianth narrow-urceolate, elongate. Achenes 6-10, with their plumose styles
1 in. long, very narrow.

Northern and northern parts of the Middle Island, Banks and Solander. Wood used
for boat-building.

2. HEDYCARYA, Foist.

Aromatic trees. Leaves evergreen, opposite, toothed or entire. Flowers
panicled, dioecious. — Perianth rotate, 5-10-lobed. Male fl. : Anthers very
numerous, sessile in the base of the perianth, opening by slits. Female fl. :
Ovaries numerous ; stigma sessile, obtuse ; ovule pendulous. Drapes few, sti-
pitate, seated on the perianth, which does not enlarge.

A small genus of Australian and New Zealand plants.

1. H. dentata, Foi-st.; — Fl. N. Z. i. 219. A small evergreen bush or
tree, 20-30 ft. high ; branches pubescent. Leaves 1-4 in. long, obovate or
linear-oblong, obtuse or acute, coarsely serrate, rarely entire, glabrous or slightly
pubescent. Panicles axillary, pubescent, shorter than the leaves. Perianth
pubescent, ^ in. diam. Anthers hairy at the tip. Drupes oblong, obtuse, %
in. long, red ; endocarp coriaceous. — Eaoul, Choix, t. 30 ; II. dentata aud
H. scabra, A. Cunn. ; Zantlioxylon novce-Zelandice, A. Rich.

Northern and Middle Islands : as far south as Akaroa, Banks and Solander, etc.

Order LXYI. PROTEACE^].

Shrubs or trees, usually rigid and dry. Leaves usually alternate, exstipu-
late. Inflorescence various. Flowers hermaphrodite. — Perianth of 4 narrow
segments, usually connate below, their free portion revolute, valvate in bud.
Stamens 4, inserted on the lobes of the perianth or below them ; filaments
short ; anther adnate, linear, bursting by 2 slits. Hypogynous glands usually
4. Ovary free, 1-celled ; style usually long, stigma simple ; ovules solitary,
geminate or numerous. Fruit a nut drupe samara or follicle, 1-celled or

LXVI. PROTEACEiE.

34.1

almost 2-celled by a false septum formed by tbe coats of the ovules, which
when 2 are placed back to back. Seed various ; albumen 0 ; embryo straight.

A large Australian and South. African Order, rare elsewhere, but found in South India,
Japan, the Malayan, some of the Pacific islands, and in South America.

lofty, slender tree. Leaves serrate. Pruit a dry follicle 1. Knightia.

Small tree. Leaves narrow, entire. Fruit a drupe 2. Persoonia.

1. KNIGHTIA, Br.

Flowers densely racemed in subsessile cylindrical cones. — Perianth-segments
cohering by their margins into a long club-shaped tube, ultimately separating.
Stamens inserted towards the ends of the segments ; anthers long, linear. Hy-
pogynous glands 4. Ovary sessile, narrowed into a long, very stout style,
stigma vertical j ovules. 4. Follicle coriaceous, 1-celled.- Seeds winged at
the tip. .

A small genus, containing a New Zealand and New Caledonian species.

1. K. excelsa, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 219. A lofty, slender tree, 100 ft.
high, with the habit of a Lombardy Poplar ; branches very stout, woody, and
as well as the inflorescence densely covered with rusty, velvety down. Leaves
4-8 in. long, hard, pet.ioled, obovate- or linear-oblong, obtuse, coarsely toothed.
Bacemes sessile, 2-3 in. long, 2 in. diam. Flowers in densely crowded pairs,
shortly pedicelled, 1-1 £ in. long before expansion, ^ in. diam. in the middle.
Ovary tomentose ; stigma clavate. Follicle woody, narrow linear-oblong,
terete, downy, pedicelled, contracted into the stout, straight, persistent style.
— Br. in Linn. Trans, x. 194. t. 2.

Northern Island : common in the forests, Battles and Solander, etc. Wood mottled
red and brown, used for furniture and for shingles.

2. PERSOONIA, Smith.

Evergreen shrubs and trees. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, various in shape,
etc. Flowers usually in short axillary spikes or racemes. — Perianth-segments
cohering by their margins into a club-shaped tube, ultimately separating.
Stamens on the middle of the segments. Hypogynous glands 4. Style slender,
stigma obtuse; ovules 1 or 2. Drupe with a 1-or 2-celled nut.

A large Australian genus. ■

1. P. Toro, A. Cunn,. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 219. Small evergreen tree;
branches woody, glabrous. Leaves 3-8 in. long, coriaceous, very narrow,
linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowed into the petiole, acuminate or obtuse and
apiculate, quite entire, smooth and polished on both surfaces, lateral veins
nearly parallel. Flowers ^ in. long, very shortly pedicelled, in short, axillary,
pubescent, 6-10-flowered racemes 1 in. long. Ovary glabrous, sessile. —
Bot. Mag. t. 3513,

Northern Island : from Auckland northwards, Banks and Solander, etc.

Order LXYII. THYMELE$3.

Shrubs with very tough bark, often acrid. Leaves opposite or alternate,
simple, quite entire. Flowers usually in terminal corymbs, hermaphrodite.

VOL. I. R

242

LXVII. THYMELEjE.

— Perianth inferior, tubular campanulate or urceolate ; limb 4-lobed, imbricate;
throat naked or with glands. Stamens inserted on the tube of the perianth,
usually 2 or 4, rarely more, then in 2 series, the upper opposite its lobes.
Ovary 1-eelled ; style lateral or terminal, stigma capitate ; ovule usually
solitary, pendulous. Fruit a nut drape or berry, 1-seeded. Seed pendulous ;
testa usually thin ; albumen 0, scanty or abundant ; cotyledons plano-
convex.

A large European, Oriental, South African, Australian, and New Zealand Order (to which
the Daphne and Mezereou belong), comparatively rare elsewhere. The bark yields excellent
fibre ; paper is made of it in India, China, and Japan. The above character does not in-
clude the tribe Aquilariece ; Indian trees yielding Aloes- or Eagle-wood, in which the ovary
is 2-celkd and fruit capsular.

Stamens 2 1. Pimelea.

Stamens 4 2. Drapetes.

1. PIMELEA, Banks and Solander.

Shrubs, much branched, erect or prostrate. Leaves opposite, coriaceous,
often imbricate ; florals sometimes larger and whorled, forming an involucre.
Flowers capitate, white rosy or yellow. — Perianth tubular, coloured ; limb 4-
lobed, throat naked. Stamens 2, opposite the outer perianth-lobes ; filaments
slender. Ovary ovoid ; style lateral, slender. Fruit dry or baccate, naked or
included within the perianth-tube. Albumen scanty or copious. — Banksia,
Porst. Char. Gen. ; Passerma, Forst. Prodr. ; Cookia, Gmelin.

A very extensive Australian and New Zealand genus, not found elsewhere, extremely vari-
able in foliage. In the New Zealand species the periauth is not jointed in the middle as in
many Australian ones, and the nut is often enclosed in the persistent tube of the perianth, which
is membranous or fleshy. The species are most variable, and difficult of discrimination.
I have forms that appear intermediate between the best-marked species.

Erect shrubs. Branches and leaves perfectly glabrous.

Leaves 1-2 in., lanceolate. Flowers £ in 1. P. longfolia.

Leaves 4~ f in., oblong or lanceolate. Flower? 4 in. ; .... 2. P. Gnidia.

Leaves 4~ 4 in., oblong or obovate, obtuse. Florets large .... 3. P. Traversii.

Erect , rarely prostrate shrubs. Branches silky villous or pubescent.

Leaves -j-1 in., lanceolate, glabrate pilose or silky 4. P. virgata.

Leaves 4 in., coriaceous, keeled, glabrous, floral large 5. P. buxifolia.

Leaves 4-4 in., with appressed, shining, silky hairs below .... 6. P. arenaria.

Procumbent or prostrate, rarely erect shrubs. Branches pubescent or villous.
Branches villous with white hairs. Leaves 4 in., very thick, obtuse,

glabrous 7 ■ P. Urvilleana.

Branches grey. Leaves -Ug— 4 in., glabrous, oblong or lanceolate . 8. P. prostrata.

Branches silky. Leaves 4~4 in-, silky, oblong or lanceolate . . . 9 . P. Lyallii.

Branches villous. Leaves 4-4 in., silky-villous above and below,

linear-oblong, obtuse 10. P. sericeo-vil/osa.

1. P. longifolia, Banks and Sol.; — FI. N. Z. i. 220. A small, erect
shrub, 2-6 ft. high, perfectly glabrous, the inflorescence excepted. Leaves
crowded, not imbricate, very shortly petioled, spreading, 1-2 in. long,
broad, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, often glaucous below ;
veins distinct ; floral similar or rather broader. Flowers numerous, silky, |

Pimelea.]

LXVIl. THYMELE/E.

243

in. long, white, odorous. Stamens and style exserted. Nut crustaceous, en-
closed in the base of the perianth.

Northern Island : common, Banlcs and Solander, etc. ; and northern parts of the
middle Island : Nelson mountains, ascending to 2000 ft., Travers.

2. P. Gnidia, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 221. A short, erect, robust, gla-
brous (or nearly so) species, 1-5 ft. high; branches very stout ; bark pale or
dark, always glabrous. Leaves crowded, very coriaceous, shining above, pe-
tioled, i-f- in. long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, almost or
quite keeled, veinless ; floral not very different. Flowers in. long, silky
and villous. — Passerina Gnidia, Forst. ; Cookia Gnidia, Gmel.

Northern Island : thickets near the top of the Euahine range, Colenso. Middle
Island: Dusky Bay, Forster, Menzies ; South Island, Lyall (leaves longer, nearly' flat).
The var. 0. Menziesii , of FI. N. Z., is, I now believe, the true P. Gnidia , Forst., distin-
guished from P. buxifolia, which is confounded with it in that Flora, hy the perfectly
glabrous branches, and floral leaves not much differing from the cauline.

3. P. Traversii, Hook, f, n. sp. A short, very robust, glabrous,
alpine, usually erect species, 4-24 in. high, densely branched ; branches very
stout, often tortuous, always glabrous, tubercled with close-set scars at the
insertion of fallen leaves. Leaves densely 4-fariously imbricate, very coriace-
ous, sessile, g— £ in. long, obovate oblong or almost orbicular, quite glabrous,
obtuse, nerveless, midrib often obscure, yellowish when dry ; floral large
(sometimes 4 times as large), broader, often edged with purple, often verdigris-
green when dry. Flowers very silky, £ in. long, white.

Middle Island: Macrae’s Run, Murtro ; Hurumui and Wai-au-au mountains, Travers;
Southern Alps, in various places, alt. 2-4000 ft., Sinclair and Haast ; Otago, tVaitaki valley,
Hector and Buchanan. One of the most distinct species, though sometimes prostrate, and
sometimes having a few hairs on the branches, when it approaches forms of P. prostrata.

4. P. virgata, Vuld ; — Fl.N. Z. i. 220. A small, erect, dense shrub,
1-2 ft. high. Branches slender, strict, silky. Leaves spreading, not imbri-
cate, ijr-1 in. long, linear- or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse acute or acuminate,
glabrous or pilose or glabrous above and silky below ; floral similar. Flowers
small, about 8-10 in a head, ^ in. long, silky ; tube swelling below; lobes
broad, obtuse. Nut obovate, enclosed in the dry or baccate base of the pe-
rianth, brittle. — P.pilosa, Vahl; Passerina pilosa, Forst. Prodr.; P. axillaris,
Thunb. ; Banksia tomentosa, Forst. Gen.

Abundant throughout the islands. Banks and Sc lander, etc. I think this passes into
P. prostrata.

5. P. buxifolia. Hook. /., n. sp. A small, stout, erect, rigid shrub,
1-5 ft. high, much branched ; branches very stout, hirsute with short grey
hairs ; bark black, minutely verrucose. Leaves close-set, 4-fariously imbri-
cate, very coriaceous, £ in. long, oblong-ovate, keeled, acute or obtuse, lateral
nerves conspicuous when dry ; floral half as large again and broader than the
cauline, often green when dry. Flowers | in. long, densely silky.

Northern Island, Bieffenbach ; base of Tongariro and top of Euahine range, Colenso.
Very similar in habit to Veronica buxifolia. Closely allied to P. Gnidia, hut the hairy
branches and larger floral leaves at once distinguish it. The evident lateral nerves on the
leaf are a good character. I have a small specimen from Colenso (stony hanks, Ahuriri),
which has the foliage of this, hut habit of B. prostrata. . .

R 2

244

LXVII. THYMELEjE.

[Pimelea.

6. P. arenaria, A. Cunn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 221. A very beautiful,
erect, rarely prostrate, small shrub, 8-24 in. high, much branched, villous
with white, shining, silky hairs ; branches stout, much scarred, most densely
villous. Leaves close-set, but not imbricating, spreading or reflexed, flat,

% in. long, broadly oblong or orbicular, obtuse, pilose above, very silky and
shining below ; floral rather larger and broader. Flowers ^ in. long, villous
or shaggy. Fruiting-perianth baccate. — Bot. Mag. t. 3270 ; Passerina villosa,
Tkunb. ; Gymnococca arenaria , Fisch. and Mey.

Northern Island: especially on sand dunes, near the sea, Banks and Solander , etc.
Chatham Island, Bieffenbach. Fruit eaten ; bark used for cloth string, etc. Procumbent
specimens are best distinguished from P. Urvilleana by the large flowers and silky leaves.
Very closely allied to the Tasmanian F.sericea, and altogether similar to it, except that the
perianth is not transversely articulate.

7. P. Urvilleana, A. Rich.; — FI. N. Z. i. 221. A small, widely
spreading, procumbent species ; branches 2-12 in. long, horizontally extend-
ing, white with short silky wool. Leaves close-set, often imbricate, very
thick and coriaceous, J in. long, sessile, broadly oblong or obovate-oblong,
obtuse, concave, nerveless, glabrous or sparingly hairy ; floral rather larger and
broader. Flowers very small, vilious, A in. long ; lobes as long as the tube.
— P. prostrata, (3, Meisner in A. DC. Prodr. xiv. 517 ; Gymnococca micro-
carpa, Fisch. and Mey. (?), according to Meisner.

Northern Island: rocky places near the sea and inland, Banks and Solander, etc. ;
Bay of Islands, A. Cunningham; Mount Egmont, Bieffenbach. The bark of this was
chewed and beaten out to make the cloth of which the top-knots of the chiefs were formed,
etc. Meisner unites this with P. prostrata, not without some reason ; but by the same
rule most of the other New Zealand species must be united too, for there appear to he forms
uniting many of them ; this keeps its characters well, both on the coast and inland, and
these are as marked as between any two consecutive species.

8. P. prostrata, Vahl; — FI. N. Z. i. 220. A small, prostrate, spread-

ing, extremely variable species; branches slender, 2-10 in. long, more or less
hairy, but seldom white with villous hairs, as in P. Urvilleana. Leaves crowded
and imbricated, erect patent or recurved, or sparse, sessile, not thickly coria-
ceous, in. long, rarely more, oblong-obovate or lanceolate, obtuse or

acute, usually nerveless or with a stout midrib below, glabrous ; margins often
incurved when dry ; floral usually a little larger and broader. Flowers £
in. long, villous silky or pilose ; lobes of perianth shorter than the tube.
Fruit often baccate. — P. laevigata , Gsertn.

Var. o. Stems stout, suberect, or branches ascending. Leaves oblong or lanceolate.
Flowers very silky.

Var. (3. Stems very diffusely branched, more slender ; branches spreading. Leaves ob-
long or broadly obovate. Flowers very small, silky or nearly glabrous.

Var. y. Stems suberect, black, tortuous, and scarred. Leaves erecto- patent, ovate or
linear-lanceolate, acute, glabrous.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands : var. a, abundant, ascending to 4000
ft.. Banks and Solander, etc.; var. /3 also abundant, especially in hilly districts; var. y,
alpine regions of the Middle Island, from Nelson ( Travers ) to Otago, Hector. A most
abundant and most variable plant ; alpine states, with slender, nearly glabrous branches, and
short, obtnse, rounded leaves, look different, hut pass insensibly into the ordinary states. The
prostrate habit, glabrous, small foliage and small flowers, distinguish this from P.virgata; the
grey (not snovv-white) villous hairs of the branches, and less coriaceous leaves, from P. JJrvil-

Pimelea.]

LXVII. TIIVMELE/E.

245

leana ; the glabrous leaves and smaller flowers, from P. Lyallii; the var. 7 looks different,
but is certainly ouly an alpine form.

9. P. Lyallii, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 222. A small, prostrate or sub-
erect, very pilose, rarely glabrescent species ; branches short and suberect, or
long and trailing, 2-20 in. long, covered with grey or silky pubescence, rarely
glabrous, bark brown. Leaves usually close-set and imbricating, erect or
patent, i— | in. long, oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, silky with
long hairs chiefly on the lower surface, concave, nerveless ; floral the same
as the cauline. Flowers J in. long, silky. Ovary pilose.

Northern Island: between the Ruahine range and Taupo, Colenso. Middle Island:
Ruapuke Island and Port William, Lyall ; Southern Alps, alt. 1500-2500 ft., Sinclair and
Haast ; Gordon’s Nob, Munro ; Wairau mountains, alt. 3-5500 ft., Travers ; Otago, Waitaki
valley, abundant, Hector and Buchanan. This resembles small specimens of P. virgata, but
is of a totally different habit. From P. prostrata the silky leaves distinguish it. Travers and
Buchanan send excellent series of forms, amongst which some have all hut glabrous leaves,
and hence run into prostrata. Haast sends from shingle flats ou the Macaulay and Godley
rivers, alt. 3000 ft., a stout, erect, small plant, with much the habit of states of P. Lyallii,
but the leaves are more coriaceous and glabrous.

10. P. sericeo-villosa, Hook. /., n. sp. A small, prostrate, much
branched, densely tufted species, densely villous with w'hitish shining silky
hairs ; branchlets very short, leafy. Leaves close-set, £ in. long, linear-
oblong, obtuse, concave, equally villous above and below. Flowers few, densely
silky, i in. long. Ovary villous with long hairs.

Middle Island: Macrae’s Run, Munro ;■ Wairau mountains, Travers ; Otago, Waitaki
river, Hector and Buchanan. This, from all the above habitats, keeps its characters so
perfectly, that it is difficult to suppose it to be a form of P. Lyallii, from which it differs
iu the more depressed habit, much shorter branchlets, and far more copious, silky clothing.

2. DRAPETES, Lamarck.

Small, tufted, moss-like herbs or suft'ruticose plants. Leaves small, linear,
crowded. Flowers solitary or few together, inconspicuous, terminal. — Pe-
rianth tubular or funnel-shaped ; limb 4-fid ; throat sometimes furnished with
4 small glands or scales opposite the lobes. Stamens 4, alternate with the
lobes ; filaments subulate. Style terminal or lateral, filiform ; stigma capi-
tate. Nut small. Albumen copious.

A small southern alpine and Antarctic genus, containing a New Zealand, a Tasmanian, a
Ruegian, and a Bornean species ; it has been split into three genera by Endlicher and Meisner,
according as the tube of the perianth is continuous or transversely articulate, and its throat
naked or provided with glands.

Leaves linear or linear-oblong. Perianth funnel-shaped . . . . 1 . D. Bieffenbacliii.

Leaves ovate-oblong. Perianth campanulate 2. D. Lyallii.

1. D. Dieffenbachii, Hook. Lond. Journ. Pot. ii. 497. t. 17 ; — FI. N.
Z. i. 222. A small, densely tufted, moss-like plant; branches slender, 6-12
in. long. Leaves imbricated, £ in. long, linear, obtuse, bearded at the tip,
keeled at the back. Flowers terminal, solitary or fascicled, as long as the
leaves, very shortly pedicelled. Perianth not articulate ; throat with 4
glands.

Northern Island: Mount Egmont, Bieffenbach ; Tongariro, Bidwill ; Ruahine range

246

LXVIII. THYJ1ELEA5.

[ Drapetes .

Colenso. Middle Island : abundant on the alps, ascending to 5000 ft., from Nelson,
Bidwill, etc., to Otago, Sector and Baclianan. This is, I think, the same with the Tasma-
nian Z>. tasmanica of my ‘ Flora Tasmania,’ which has also been found on the Australian
alps by Mueller.

2. D. Lyailii, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. ii. 336. — D. muscosa, FI. N. Z. i.
223, not Lamarck. Stems short, densely tufted, rarely with long straggling
branches. Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, ciliated at the tip. Perianth almost
campanulate.

Middle Island : Nelson, Wai-au-ua valley, Tracers ; Southern Alps, Sinclair and Haast ;
Otago, lake district, alpine, Hector and Buchanan ; Southern Island, Lyall. A very dis-
tinct plant from I). Bieffenbachii, to which it has been reduced by Meisuer, of different
habit, with shorter, broader, closer-set leaves, and shorter, broader perianth.

Order LXVIII. SANTALACEiE.

Trees shrubs or herbs. Leaves usually alternate, quite entire, exstipulate.
Flowers usually small, very inconspicuous, in heads cymes or spikes, herma-
phrodite or unisexual. — Perianth wholly or partially superior; lobes 3-6,
persistent or deciduous, valvate. Stamens as many as and inserted on the pe-
rianth-lobes ; filaments usually very short ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary inferior or
superior, ] -celled; style usually short, simple or 3-fid; ovules 3-5, pendulous
from an erect central placenta. Fruit a 1-seeded nut or berry, indehiscent.
Albumen fleshy ; embryo usually terete and small ; radicle superior.

A widely-diffused Order in various parts of the globe, temperate and tropical.

Trees or shrubs, leafless. Flowers in minute spikes ....... 1. Exocarpus.

Trees. Leaves long. Flowers in axillary cymes 2. Santalum.

1. EXOCARPUS, Labillardiere.

Shrubs or trees, with naked, twiggy, leafless branches, bearing scales at the
ramifications, rarely leafy. Flowers minute, green, in axillary spikelets or
clusters, hermaphrodite or unisexual. — Perianth of 4-6 spreading, deciduous
lobes. Stamens 4-6, short, inserted on the base of the lobes ; filaments
glabrous. Disk 5-lobed. Ovary superior, fleshy; style very short, conic;
stigma subcapitate ; ovules not ascertained. Nut oblong, seated on the
swollen drupe-like tip of the peduucle or base of the perianth. Embryo
minute, cylindric ; cotyledons small.

An Australian, New Zealand, and Pacific Island geuus.

1. E. Bidwillii, Hook. f. FI. AT. Z. i. 223. t. 52. A small, rigid, pro-
cumbent shrub, 8-16 in. high, much branched; branches stiff, short, grooved,
terete, leafless, with minute triangular scales at the bases of the branches.
Flowers 8-10, in short puberulous axillary spikes. Perianth 5- or 6-parted.
Stamens 5 or 6. Nut black, drupaceous; peduncle red.

Middle Island: Warrau mountains, Bidwill-, river beds of the Kowai and Waitald
rivers, alt. 2000-3500 ft., Haast ; Hurumui mountains, Travers. Closely allied to the
E. humifusa of Tasmania, and probably a variety of that plant, but the flowers are more
spiked and 5- or 6-merous. I think two plants are confounded in the ‘ Tasmanian Flora ’
under E. humifusus, one the true plant of Brown, resembling this, the other much smaller,
with compressed stems, which I originally called E. nanus.

LXVIII. S ANTALACEjE

247

2. SANTALUM, Linn.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers green, in axil-
lary cymes, hermaphrodite. — Perianth-tube campanulate, with 4 or 5 spi’ead-
ing, ovate-triangular, deciduous leaflets, having a tuft of hairs at the inner base
of each. Stamens 4 or 5 ; filaments short; anthers ovoid. Disk concave,
4- or 5-lobed. Ovary superior in the bud, afterwards inferior ; style conic or
cylindric, stigmas 2-4 ; ovules 2-4. Drupe inferior, globose or turbinate,
crowned with the remains of the perianth, 1-seeded. Seed inverse; albumen
fleshy ; embryo cylindric ; cotyledons very short.

A genus of few species, scattered through the tropics of Asia, Australia, and the Pacific
islands. Several species produce Sandal-wood.

1. S. Cunninghamii, JJoofc. f. FI. N. Z. i. 223. A small tree. Leaves
excessively variable, alternate, opposite in young plants, shortly petioled, 2-4
in. long, from narrow linear-lanceolate to broad obovate, veined, minutely
dotted. Flowers green, in short axillary cymes. Perianth in. long ;
tube hemispherical ; lobes 4 or 5, deciduous. Drupe nearly £ in. long. — ■
S. Mida, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 563 and 575 ; Mida salicifolia, eucalyptoides,
and myrtifolia, A. Cunn.

Northern Island : from the east coast, northwards, A. Cunningham, etc.

Order LXIX. EUPHORBIACE.®.

Herbs trees or shrubs, usually abounding in milky juice. Leaves various,
alternate or opposite, often stipulate. Inflorescence very various. Flowers
always unisexual (incomplete males are crowded round a female in Euphor-
bia, within an involucre, which hence resembles a perianth). — Stamens few
or many ; anthers usually didymous. Perianth 0, or very various from a
scale to an almost perfect perianth in 2 rows. Ovary usually 2- or 3-lobed,
2- or 3-celled ; style 2- or 3-lobed ; segments stigmatic along the inner face ;
ovules 1 or 2, pendulous in each cell. Fruit very various, a 2- or 3-valved
capsule in the New Zealand genera, consisting of 3 carpels, finally separating
and dehiscing dorsally. Seeds pendulous, albuminous ; embryo with flat
cotyledons and small radicle.

One of the largest and most important Orders of plants, containing a vast number of diffe-
rent forms, with flowers of very different structure, found in all parts of the world, but rare
in cold countries. The Croton-oil, Castor-oil (almost naturalized in the Northern Island),
and a vast number of other medicinal and economic plants belong to it.

Herbs. Flowers collected in a perianth-like involucre, $ of naked sta-

mens, 9 °f a simple, naked pistil 1. Euphorbia.

Shrubs or trees. Flowers in long, slender spikes 2. Carumbium.

1. EUPHORBIA, Linu.

Herbs, with abundant milky juice, rarely shrubs or subarboreous. Leaves
opposite or alternate, quite entire or toothed. Flowers usually in terminal
cymes. — Involucre (resembling a perianth) urceolate or cup-shaped, contain-
ing many stamens of unequal length, the filaments jointed in the middle.

248

LXIX. ETJPHORBIACEiE.

[ Euphorbia .

and 1 central stalked pistil. Each stamen is regarded as a pedicelled male
flower, without perianth.' The pistil represents a pedicelled female flower,
also without a perianth. Ovary 3-celled ; style 3-fid ; ovules 1 in each cell.
Capsule 3-lobed, separating from a central axis into 3 cocci. Testa crusta-
ceous, polished, grey.

An enormous genus, found in all temperate and tropical parts of the world.

1. E. glauca, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 227. Perfectly glabrous, glaucous ;
stems herbaceous, 1-2 ft. high, rising from a woody rhizome, sometimes as
thick as the finger, erect, umbellately branched at the top, very leafy. Leaves
spreading, 1-4 in. long, from oblong-obovate to narrow- or ianceolate-obovate,
obtuse or mucronate ; floral leaves whorled below the divisions of the umbel,
broadly oblong. Involucres hid amongst the foliage, shortly pedicelled, cam-
panulate, in. diam., fleshy, with 4 or 5 flat purple lunate glands at the
mouth. Capsule subglobose, quite smooth, about as large as a pea.

Throughout the islands, common on the beach, Banks and Solander, etc.

E. helioscopia, Linn., a common annual English weed, smaller than E. glauca,, with
shorter, toothed leaves, is introduced into some parts of New Zealand.

2. CARTJMBIUM, Reinwardt.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves stipulate, alternate, quite entire, glabrous ;
petioles long, 2-glandular at the tip. Flowers bracteate, in terminal spikes,
monoecious.— Male : crowded. Perianth of 1 orbicular or 2 semi-orbicular
leaflets, often connate, with a large gland on either side of the base of each.
Stamens 6 or many ; filaments short, more or less connate ; anthers didymous,
bursting laterally. Female : solitary. Perianth as in the male. Ovary sessile,
2- or 3-celled ; style stout, 2- or 3-partite, stigmas 2 or 3 linear or oblong.
Capsule 2- or 3-celled, 2- or 3-valved, 2- or 3-seeded. — Omalanthus, A. Juss.

A small genus, natives of tropical Australia and the Pacific islands.

1. C. polyandrum, TIook.f., n. sp. — Omalanthus nutans, Hook. f. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 127, not Guillemin. A small tree ; branches terete, brittle,
glaucous. Leaves 2-3 in. long, with petioles 2-4 in. long, triangular-ovate or
nearly orbicular, acute, quite entire, membranous, somewhat undulate, glau-
cous below ; stipules % in. long, membranous. Raceme terminal, slender,
nodding, 4-6 in. long. Male fl. : very numerous, rather distant, shortly pedi-
celled, Jg- in. long; bracts minute; perianth of 1 small orbicular scale; an-
thers very numerous, in a globose stipitate head;— /m. fl. : at the base of the
raceme, shortly pedicelled ; perianth of 2 leaflets; styles very short, 3-fid;
stigmas linear, tortuous, minutely 2-fid at the tip and base.

Kermadec Islands, M‘ Gillivray. A very distinct species, not hitherto found elsewhere.

Order LXX. CUPULIFEE.®.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, with or without stipules. Flowers
small, in catkins or fascicled or solitary, unisexual. — Male : Stamens 1 or
-more, surrounded by scales or in a 4-6-leaved or lobed perianth ; filaments
usually slender ; anthers 2-celled. Female : solitary or 2-4 together, usually

LXX. CUPULlFERiE.

249

surrounded by scales, which often form a simple or lobed or parted perianth-
like involucre. Perianth adnate with the ovary. Ovary 2-6-celled ; styles
2-6, short, usually stigmatiferous on the inner surface ; ovules usually 2, pen-
dulous in each cell. Fruit usually of 1 or more 1-seeded nuts, seated in a cup
or capsular involucre. Albumen 0 ; embryo various.

A very large Order, found in most countries, embracing the Oak, Beech, Chestnut, etc.,
unknown in tropical and South Africa, and in tropical America.

1. FAGUS, Linn.

Shrubs or trees ; buds scaly. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, evergreen or
deciduous, sometimes plaited, often unequal-sided ; stipules deciduous, mem-
branous. Flowers monoecious. — Male : Perianth campanulate, 5- or 6-fid.
Stamens 8-12, inserted round a central disk ; anthers 2-celled, apiculate.
Female .- 2 or 4, minute, sessile in a 4-lobed involucre, which is covered with
adnate bracts. Perianth urceolate ; tube adnate with the ovary ; mouth laciniate.
Ovary inferior, 3-celled ; styles 3, filiform ; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous.
Fruit 2—4 3-cornered nuts, enclosed in a 4-valved capsule-like woody lamet-
lated involucre, each 1-seeded. Seed pendulous ; testa thin; cotyledons thick,
plaited, coherent.

A small genus, of 2 or 3 European and North American species, and several Antarct:c-
American, Chilian, New Zealand, and Tasmanian ones. Though true Beeches, these are
usually called Birches in the southern hemisphere, because of their small foliage.

Leaves glabrous, doubly creuate, veinless 1. F. Menziesii.

Leaves glabrous or pilose, deeply serrate, veined 2. F. fusca.

Leaves white and downy below, oblong, entire 3. F. Solandri.

Leaves white and downy below, ovate rounded or cordate at the base,

entire 4. F. cliff ortioides.

1. F. Menziesii, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 229. A handsome tree, 80-100
ft. high; trunk 2-3 diam.; bark silvery, outer layers deciduous; branches
tabular ; twigs with fulvous pubescence. Leaves deep green, rigid, glabrous,
■§■ in. long, rhomboid ovate or orbicular, obtuse, deeply doubly creuate ; sti-
pules linear oblong. Fruiting involucre puberulous, }--} in. long ; segments
erect, with 5-7 tiers of soft spines having thickened glandular tips. Nuts
downy, 2- or 3-winged ; wings produced upwards into sharp points. — Hook.
Ic. PI. t. 652.

Northern Island : Ruahine range and TYaikare Lake, Bidwill, Colenso. Middle
Islaud : abundant from Nelson, alt. 3000 feet, Bidwill, to Dusky Bay, Menzies. This is
fhe representative of the Tasmanian F. Cunninyhamii and Fuegian F. betuloides. The
“ Birch ” of Otago, and “ Red Birch ” of other colonies. The only species between Lake
lVainaka and the west coast, Haast.

2. F. fusca, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 229. A handsome tree, 80-100
ft. high, sometimes 12 ft. diam. ; branches pubescent. Leaves petioled,
evergreen, young pilose above and glandular below, not very coriaceous, 1-1}
in. long, oblong-ovate, deeply serrate ; stipides linear-oblong, very deciduous.
Male fl. : 1-3 at the end of a viscid, short peduncle; perianth 5-toothed. Fruit-
ing involucre broadly ovate ; segments with entire or cut membranous scales
at the back. Nuts winged; wings toothed at the tip. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 631.

Var. 0. Leaves more coriaceous, teeth smaller and obtuser, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 630.

Northern Island : common on the mountains, Banks and So/ander, etc. Middle

250

LXX. CUPULIFERA3.

[Fag us.

Island : abundant, ascending to 3500 ft., Bidtvill, etc. “ Black Birch ” of the colonists.
I have a small specimen from Travers, without flower or fruit, iu which the leaves are quite
entire.

3. F. Solan dri, IIooJc. f. Fl. N. Z. i. 230. A lofty, beautiful, evergreen
tree, 100 ft. high; trunk 4 or 5 ft. diain. ; bark when young white, smooth,
old black, cracked ; wood white, close, tough ; twigs densely pubescent. Leaves
shortly petioled, small, f in. long, linear- or ovate-oblong, obtuse, quite
entire, oblique and cuneate at the base, finely reticulated above, white and
downy below ; stipules very deciduous. Male fl. on short 1 flowered pe-
duncles; perianth broad, shallow. Fruiting involucre glabrous or tomentose,
-5- in. long; segments with unequally toothed or entire scales. — Hook. Ic. PI.
t. 639.

Northern Island : abundant in mountain forests, Banks and Solander. diddle Is-
land : asceuding to alt. 3000-6000 ft., Bidwill, etc. “ White Birch.” I have what appears to
be a form of this, with the leaves glabrous below, Colenso (Ruahine range) and Sinclair.

4. F. cliffortioid.es, Hook. f. Fl. N. Z. i. 230. Very similar indeed
to F. Solan dri, but a much smaller plant, with leaves ovate or oblong-ovate,
rounded or cordate at the base. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 673.

Northern Island: top of the Raahine range, Colenso. Middle Island : abundant ou
the alps of Nelson and Canterbury, alt. 5-7000 ft., Bidwill, Travers, Haast, etc.; Otago,
Hector and Buchanan , to Dusky Bay, Menzies. “ White Birch.” At first sight this looks
like a variety of F. So/andri, but wherever found it retains its character, of the leaves round
or cordate at the base, and I know of no intermediate forms.

Order LXXI. URTICB^l.

Trees shrubs or herbs, juice often milky. Leaves and inflorescence
various ; stipules membranous. Flowers small, inconspicuous, usually cymose
or fascicled, unisexual. — Perianth 1-5-lobed or -partite. Stamens usually as
many as and opposite to the segments of the perianth ; filaments often re-
curved, elastic; anthers 2-celled. Ovary free, 1 -celled; style short or 0,
stigma elongate or penicillate. Ovules 1 or 2. Fruit a small nut drupe or
samara, 1 -seeded. Seed with fleshy albumen or 0 ; radicle superior.

A very extensive and widely-diffused Order, including the Nettle, Fig, Hemp, Mulberry,

and Breadfruit tree. Bark often very stringy, used as cordage, etc.

Tree. Juice milky. Male flowers spiked. Ovule pedulous ... 1. Epicakpurus.

Shrubs or herbs. Juice watery. Flowers solitary or racemed or spiked.

Ovule erect.

Perianth of male 4- or 5 -parted. Stamens 4 or 5. Flowers spiked or

racemed 2. Urtica.

Perianth cup-shaped. Stamen 1. Flowers solitary or few ... 3. Australina.
Perianth of male 4- or 5-parted, of female tubular, 4-fid .... 4. Parietaria.
Herbs. Flowers small, iu a fleshy discoid receptacle. Ovule erect . 5. Elatostemma.

1. EPICARPTTRUS, Blume.

Trees or bushes. Leaves evergreen, harsh and rigid, alternate. Spikes
axillary. Flowers dioecious. — Male: spiked or in catkins. Perianth of 4
spreading leaflets. Stamens 4, longer than the leaflets. Female : spiked.

Epicarpurus.~\

LXXI. URTICE.E.

251

Perianth of 4 leaflets. Ovary ovoid ; styles 2, with subulate stigmas ;
ovule suspended. Fruit a drape or nut, 1-seeded. Seed pendulous ; albu-
men 0 ; cotyledons conduplicate ; radicle curved upwards.

A small, tropical Asiatic genus.

1. E. micropLylius, Raoul, Choix, 14. t. 9 ; — Trophis (?) opaca, Banks
and Sol. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 224. A large tree, 50-60 ft. high, variable in habit
and foliage, abounding in milky sap ; branches brittle, pubescent at the tips ;
bark brown. Leaves petioled, 4-2 in. long, ovate-oblong, serrate, obtuse or
acute, with reticulate veins on both surfaces. Male fl. : minute, in catkins
■y—f- in. long, which are solitary or panicled ; — -fern. fl. in much shorter-
fewer-flowered spikes. Drupe small, red.

Northern and Middle Islands: as far south as Akaroa, Banks and Solander.
“ Milk-tree ” of the colonists ; the male spikes often become diseased, and present panicled
branches covered with minute bracts.

2. URTICA, Linn.

Herbs or small shrubs, with stinging hairs, rarely glabrous. Leaves oppo-
site. Flowers unisexual, glomerate, on simple or branched spikes. — Male:
Perianth 4-partite. Stamens 4. Ovary imperfect. Female: Perianth un-
equally 4-partite. Ovary ovoid ; stigma sessile ; ovule erect. Fruit a small,
dry nut. Seed compressed ; albumen scanty ; cotyledons plano-convex.

A considerable genus of tropical and temperate plants, iucluding the common “ Stinging
Nettle,” now probably naturalized in New Zealand.

Herbaceous. Stinging hairs copious. Leaves variable I. U. incisa.

Herbaceous, stout. Stinging hairs few. Leaves very broadly cordate 2. U. australis.
Shrubby. Stingiug bairs most copious, 4 in. long. Teeth of leaves

bristle-pointed 3. TJ.ferox.

Herbaceous. Stinging hairs few. Leaves very pubescent .... 4. It. aucklandica.

1. u. incisa, Poiret; — U. lucifuga. Hook. f. Fl. N. Z. i. 225. A
slender herb, sparingly covered with stinging hairs, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves with
long petioles, extremely variable in form, length, and breadth, 2 in. long,
from naraow -lanceolate or linear to broadly ovate-cordate, acute, acutely
deeply toothed ; petiole very slender ; stipules oblong or lanceolate, acute.

Northern and Middle Islands: common. Banks and Solander, etc. Also common
in Southern Australia and Tasmania. The female perianth is sometimes tubular and
4-toothed.

2. U. australis, Hoolc.f. Fl. N. Z. i. 225. A stout, succulent herb,
1-2 ft. high, glabrous, except for a few scattered, weak, stinging hairs.
Leaves large, upper sometimes ternate, 3-4 in. long, very broadly ovate- or
almost orbicular-cordate, acute, deeply toothed or crenate ; petioles 1-3 in.
long ; stipules large, 2-fid. Flowers racemose, monoecious ?

Northern Island: southern extreme, Bidwill. Lord Auckland’s Islands: in
woods, J. I). H.

3. U. ferox, Forst. ; — Fl. N. Z. i. 224. A tall, slender shrub, copiously
covered with rigid stinging hairs r in. long, stem woody ; branchlets,
petioles, and leaves below, puberulous. Leaves 2-5 in. long, narrow ovate-
cordate or linear- or lanceolate-oblong, always broader at the cordate some-

252

LXXI. URTTCEA!.

[ Urtica.

times lobed auricled or hastate base, acuminate, very coarsely toothed, teeth
ending in a rigid bristle ; petioles ^-1 \ in. long, bristling with rigid stinging
hairs ; stipules linear-oblong, entire, obtuse. Flowers racemed.

Northern and Middle Islands : not uncommon in woods from the east coast to Otago,
Banks and Solander, etc. The pain of the sting sometimes lasts four days, Colenso.

4. U. au.eklan.dica, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. i. 68. Herbaceous, robust,
softly downy all over, except the upper surface of the leaves, where there are a
very few stinging hairs. Leaves broadly ovate-cordate, coarsely serrate or
toothed, rather coriaceous or rigid; petioles stout, -|-1 in. long; stipules
foliaceous, 2-fid or 2-partite. Flowers imperfect.

Lord Auckland’s group: sandy shore aud edges of the woods, J. D. H. My spe-
cimens are too young for a good description.

3. PARIETARIA, Gaudichaud.

Herbs, rarely shrubs, usually very flaccid and slender, often pubescent.
Leaves quite entire, almost exstipulate. — Flowers polygamous, cymose, 1-3-
bracteate. — Male and hermaph. : Perianth 4-partite, pubescent. Stamens 4.
Female: Perianth tubular, 4-fid. Ovary ovoid or oblong; stigma capitate
or spathulate, recurved. Ovule erect. Nut minute, included in the perianth.
Seed exalbuminous ; cotyledons plano-convex.

A small genus, abundant in waste places in almost all parts of the world.

1. P. debilis, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 226. A slender annual; stems
6-24 in. long, erect or decumbent, simple or branched. Leaves extremely
variable in size, J-2 in. long, broadly ovate, acute, membranous, quite entire ;
petioles slender. Cymes dense or lax-flowered ; bracts generally linear, not
enlarging after flowering. Female flowers most numerous.

Common throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. An abundant plant in
Australia and in many tropical and temperate climates.

4. AUSTRALINA, Gaudichaud.

Small, tufted, slender, creeping herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate, cre-
nate, 3-nerved, stipulate. Flowers minute, monoecious, in small, few-flowered,
axillary clusters. — Male: pedicelled. Perianth boat- or funnel-shaped; limb
unequally 2-lipped. Stamen 1. Ovary 0. Female: sessile. Perianth ven-
tricose; limb somewhat 5-toothed. Stamen 0. Ovary ovate-lanceolate,
narrowed into a straight style; stigma lateral, villous; ovule erect. Nut
minute, ovate, included in the perianth. Seed exalbuminous ; cotyledons
plano-convex.

A small genus found in extratropical Australia, Abyssinia, and New Zealand.

1. A. pusilla, Gaud.; — A. novee-Zelandice, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 226.
Stems slender, intricate, rooting, rather pubescent, 4-8 in. long. Leaves
alternate, -j in. long, membranous, orbicular or broadly ovate, coarsely crenate ;
petiole as long as the blade ; stipules subulate. Male fl. : in pairs from the
upper axils, on a peduncle as long as the petioles ; — -fern. fl. : solitary or
few together. Perianth compressed, flagon-shaped ; style exserted.

Northern Island : damp woods or roots of trees, etc., Bay of Islands, Manawata river,
etc., Colenso, etc. Also a native of Tasmania.

LXXI. URTICEj®.

253

5. ELATOSTEMMA, Forst.

Herbs, rarely shrubby, usually succulent. Leaves distichous, opposite or
alternate, unequal-sided ; stipules axillary. Flowers minute, unisexual,
densely crowded on axillary, fleshy, unisexual involucres. — Male: Perianth
of 3 or 4 mucronate leaflets. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary imperfect. Female: Pe-
rianth minute, imperfect. Stamens imperfect. Ovary ellipsoid ; stigma
sessile, penicellate; ovule erect. Nut minute, ovate or elliptic, compressed.
Seed exalbuminous ; cotyledons plano-convex.

A very large tropical genus in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands.

1. E. rugosum, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 304. Erect or decumbent,
1-2 ft. high, stout, succulent, glabrous or puberulous. Stem branching’
below. Leaves 4-10 in. long, alternate, sessile, narrow obovate-lanceolate
or lanceolate, acuminate, curved, auricled at the base and half amplexicaul,
deeply serrate or rugose ; stipules membranous, lanceolate. Flowers dioecious.
Male: receptacles discoid, fleshy, } in. diam., surrounded by adnate bracts,
solitary or 2 together, sessile or shortly peduncled ; perianth pedicelled, hid-
den amongst membranous bracteoles ; — -fern. : receptacle smaller, more pu-
bescent ; perianth nearly sessile ; stigma capitate.

Northern Island : in dense moist woods, abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. Closely
allied to an Australian and South Sea Island species.

Order LXXTI. CHLORANTHACE^].

Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves evergreen, opposite, the petioles connate
at the base, usually serrated, stipulate. Flowers minute, green, uni- or bi-
sexual, in terminal and axillary spikes. — Bracts boat-shaped or 0. Perianth
0. Stamens 1-3, epigynous in hermaphrodite flowers; filament very short;
anthers bursting laterally or inwards. Ovary sessile, 1-celled; stigma ses-
sile, obtuse, deciduous; ovule 1, pendulous. Drupe small, fleshy, 1 -seeded.
Seed with a membranous testa, fleshy albumen, and minute embryo.

A very small, tropical and subtropical Order.

1. ASC ARINA, Forst.

Flowers dioecious, loosely spiked; bract small. — Stamen 1. Anther linear-
oblong, 2-celled, bursting laterally. Ovary ovoid.

1. A. lucida, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 228. A small tree or shrub, 12-14
ft. high, everywhere perfectly glabrous, evergreen and shining; branches
terete. Leaves 1^-2^ in. long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse,
coarsely obtusely serrate, rather glaucous below ; stipules subulate. Spikes

8 in. long, solitary or racemed.

Northern Island: Totara-nui, Banks and Solander ; swamps in the Wairarapa valley,
Colenso. Kermadec Islands, M‘ Gillivray . I find that the Kermadec Island plant with
larger leaves, which I distinguished as A. lanceolate, (Journ. Linn. Snc. i. 129) is only a
variety of the New Zealand one. Dr. Seemann refers a Fiji Island plant to the same.

254

lxxiii. piperacea:.

Order LXXIII. PIPERACE.E.

Herbs or shrubs, often aromatic. Leaves alternate opposite or whorled,
Avith or without stipules, blowers most minute, usually crowded on very
slender catkins, amongst minute, angular, flat-topped scales.- — Perianth 0.
Stamens 2 or more ; filaments very short. Ovary 1-celled ; style 0 or very
short, stigma entire or 2-6-lobed, capitate or plumose ; ovule 1, erect. Berry
1-seeded. Seed with fleshy or horny albumen and minute embryo.

A considerable tropical and subtropical Order.

Small berb. Leaves succulent. Stigma deciduous 1. Peperomia.

Shrub, aromatic. Leaves membranous. Stigmas 2-5 2. Piper.

1. PEPEROMIA, Ruiz and Pavon.

Succulent herbs. Leaves opposite alternate or whorled. Flowers her-
maphrodite.— Bracts peltate. Stamens 2. Ovary sessile; stigma sessile,
deciduous, pencilled. Berry sessile.

A large genus, found in all tropical parts of the world.

1. P. Urvilleana, A. Rich.; — FI. N. Z. i. 228. A small, glabrous or
puberulous, succulent herb, 4-10 in. high, creeping, branched. Leaves alter-
nate, shortly petioled, -j— 1 in. long, broadly obovate or elliptic-oblong, ob-
tuse, 3-nerved at the base. Catkin peduncled, axillary, solitary, erect, 1-1J
in. long.

Northern Island: common in damp woods, on mossy trees, rocks, etc., Ranks and
So/ander, etc. Kermadec Islands, M‘Gillivray. Also a Norfolk Island plant, and closely
allied to some Pacific Island and Australian species.

2. PIPER, Linn.

Small trees, or climbing or erect shrubs. Leaves alternate, petioled ; stipules
adnate or deciduous. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. — Bracts nearly
sessile. Stamens 2. Ovary sessile, ovoid ; stigmas 2-5.

A very large tropical genus, to which the Black and Betle Peppers belong, and the Kava
of the South Sea Islands.

1. P. excelsum. Ford.; — FI. N. Z. i. 228. A large bush or small
tree, often 20 ft. high, quite glabrous, very aromatic. Stem flexuose, jointed.
Leaves 3-5 in. long, broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate, 5-7-nerved at the
base ; petioles 1-2 in. long ; winged by the adnate stipules at their bases.
Catkins solitary or 2 together, axillary, erect, strict, slender, 1-4 in. long.
Berries yellow.

Northern and Middle Islands : as far south as Canterbury, Batiks and Solan der, etc.
Kermadec Islands, M‘ Gillivray. Also found in Norfolk Island and Lord Howe’s Island.
The plant which I referred to P. macrophyUum, in a short account of the vegetation of the
Kermadec group (Linn. Journ. i. 127), is, I think, only a large state of this. The leaves
are eaten, but seeds rejected. Leaves used as Tea, etc., to cure toothache.

LXXIV. BALA N OPHORETE.

255

Order, LXXIV. BALANOPEOEE^l.

Stout, succulent, leafless root-parasites. Stem reduced to a tuberous, often
lobed Potato-like rhizome, giving off simple, thick, erect scapes, often bearing
concave scales, and at the top ovoid, spikes or spadixes of minute, unisexual,
very imperfect flowers. — Male fl. : Perianth 0 or 3-cleft, lobes valvate. Stamens
1-3 ; filaments free or united, short or long ; anthers 2-many-celled. Ovary 0 .
Female fl. : minute. Calyx adherent, with a lobed limb or 0. Ovary ovoid or
globose, 1-celled, styles 1 or 2 ; stigmas simple; ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit
a very minute nut or utricle enclosing an adherent seed, usually consisting
of a homogeneous mass of granular albumen ; embryo when found excessively
minute, lodged in the albumen.

A small Order of chiefly tropical root-parasites ; one is a native of the Mediterranean ,
Cynomorium, the “Fungus Meliteusis” of the Crusaders. The only New Zealand genus
is a most remarkable one, found nowhere else. ■

1. DACTYLANTHUS, Hook. f.

A fleshy root-parasite ; rhizome subterranean, globular or misshapen,
tubercled, giving off numerous club-shaped peduncles or stems, covered with
concave, obtuse, imbricating scales, the upper larger and surrounding the
spadixes. — Flowers minute, dioecious, crowded on erect, columnar spadixes.
Male : a solitary, almost sessile, 2-celled anther. Female : Perianth adnate to
the globose ovary, limb of 2 or 3 superior subulate lobes ; style filiform, stigma
simple.

1. D. Taylori, Hook. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii. 427. t. 75. Rhi-
zome as big as the fist or smaller; stems 2-4 in. high; scales ovate, lower
smaller, shorter, \ in. long ; upper more oblong, larger, 1 in. long. Spadixes
cylindric, numerous, crowded at the top of the stem, hidden by the upper-'
most scales, 1-1^ in. long; male covered by crowded anthers; — -fem. by the
erect, slender ovaries.

Northern Island : Wanga-nui, alt. 4000 ft., on roots of Fagus and Pittosporum , Rev.
R. Taylor. Native name “ Pua reinga.”

Order LX XV. CONIFEEJE.

Shrubs or trees, usually resinous. Leaves stiff, very various, often reduced
to scales. — Flowers monoecious or dioecious, very minute and imperfect ;
males reduced to crowded naked stamens ; anthers 2- or more celled. Female
of one or more naked ovules, without ovary style or stigma, inserted on coria-
ceous scales, which are solitary or spiked, or collected into catkins or cones.
Ripe seeds nut- or drupe-like ; testa membranous, crustaceous or osseous ;
albumen copious; embryo usually terete ; cotyledons 2 or more.

A very extensive Order, found in all parts of the world, to which the Yew, Juniper, Pine,
Cypress, etc. etc., belong.

Leaves oblong, 1-3 in. Cones large, of many imbricating scales . , 1. Dammara.

Leaves small. Cone of few, erect, woody scales 2. Lihocedrus.

256

LXXV. CONIFER.®.

Leaves linear or scale-like. Drupe inverted, adnate to a fleshy pe-

duncle 3. Podocarpijs.

Leaves linear or scale-like. Nuts erect, in fleshy cups 4. Dacrydium.

Leaves fan-shaped. Nuts on the leaves, erect, iu fleshy cups ... 5. Phyllocladus.

1. DAMMARA, Linn.

Lofty trees. Leaves, when young distichous, flat, coriaceous, with nume-
rous parallel veins. Cone large. — Inflorescence dioecious. Male .- cylindric
catkins of sessile imbricated stamens; anthers of 8-15 cells, pendulous from
a peltate connective. Female : terminal, cones ovoid obovoid or globose, formed
of many closely imbricating, woody or coriaceous, deciduous scales. Ovide
solitary at the base of each scale, inverted. Seed unequally winged. — Jga-
this, Salisb.

A considerable genus, confined to Australia, New Zealand, the Malayan and Fiji islands,
New Caledonia, and New Hebrides.

1. D. australis, Lambert ; — FI. N. Z. i. 281. A very large, lofty tree,
120 ft. high ; trunk sometimes 10 ft. diam. ; branches whorled in the young
plant ; bark thick, very resinous. Leaves coriaceous, sessile, lanceolate in
young plants, 2-3 in. long, in old oblong or obovate, 1-1^ in. long, glaucous.
Male cones I in. long ; — fem. obovoid or club-shaped, 2-3 in. long. — Podo-
carpus zamicefolius, A. Kich.

Northern Island : east coast, from Mercury Bay northwards, Banks and So/ander, etc.
The famous Kauri or Kaudi Pine. Though not now found south of Mercury Bay, the gum
was stated (Mr. Haast thinks erroneously) to be dug up iu the Middle Island. The great
lumps now found in the Northern Island are said to be much larger than the existing trees
produce.

2. LIBOCEDRUS, Endl.

Trees or shrubs. Branches compressed when young, 4-gonous when old,
imbricate. — Inflorescence monoecious. Male: cylindric catkins of 6 or 7
stamens; anthers sessile, of 4 cells pendulous from a peltate connective.
Female : terminal cones formed of 4 erect woody persistent scales, the alternate
smaller. Ovules 2 at the base of each scale, erect. Seeds solitary at the base
of each scale, compressed, unequally winged.

A small genus, consisting of two Chilian and two New Zealand species.

Branchlets all much compressed 1. L. Doniana.

Branches for the most part 4-gonous 2. L. Bidwillii.

1. L. Doniana, Endl. — Thuja Doniana, Hook.; El. N. Z. i. 231. A
tree, 60-100 ft high and 8-10 ft. circumference ; bark flaking off and stringy,
wood fine-grained, heavy, dark-coloured; branches distichous, vertical and
flat in young plants (like the Arbor-Vitse), much compressed, ^ Jn. broad,
fastigiate, more 4-gonous in old plants. Leaves in 4 rows, of two sizes,
the lateral larger, those in the upper and lower faces of the branches very
small. Cones ovate, obtuse, | in. long ; scales with a sharp curved spine at
the back. — Thuja Doniana, Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 571. t. 18; Dacry-
dium plumosum, Don.

Northern Island: forests on the Bay of Islands, Bennett, A. Cunningham, etc.
Hokianga, Edgerley. Wood said to be excellent both for planks and spars.

Likocedrus.]

LXXV. CONIFERS.

257

2. L. Bidwillii, Ilook. f. Young leaves and branches similar to
L. Boniana, but not so broad, old branches with fastigiate 4-gonous twigs,
•jSg- in. diam.

Northern Island : Ruahine mountain, Colenso. Middle Island : abundant from the
Nelson mountains, where it ascends to 6000 feet, Bidwill, to Otago, where, at Dunedin, it
descends to 2000 ft. Haast’s Pass, alt. 1000 ft., Haast. I advance this species with much
hesitation ; it is difficult to suppose that a timber-tree described as having excellent wood, and
growing at the Bay of Islands at the level of the sea (I gathered L. Boniana on the banks of
the Kawa-kawa river), should be the same as one inhabiting the mountains of the Middle Is-
land, and described by Buchanan as having soft, worthless wood ; but I can find very little
difference between the specimens. The fruiting and other branches of all my specimens of
L. Boniana are fiat; of some of those of L. Bidwillii also flat ; but of most, including all
the fruiting ones, tetragonous. This is a character however of little importance in these
Conifers. My cones of L. Bidwillii are unripe, and therefore can only be compared with
unripe ones of Boniana, which they entirely resemble. Buchanan says that the heartwood
of L. Bidwillii is so soft that soap-bubbles may be blown through a foot length of it. Colenso
says his Ruahine mountain plant is quite distinct from the Bay of Islands one, and is called
“ Pahautea,” but gives no distinctive characters.

3. PODOCARPUS, L’Heritier.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves very various, scattered or imbricate or disti-
chous, large or minute, often of 2 forms on each plant or branch of the plant.
— Inflorescence dioecious or monoecious. Male: axillary or terminal, spiked
racemed or solitary cylindric cones, formed of imbricating stamens ; anthers
sessile; cells 2, pendulous from a peltate connective. Female : a short rachis,
with 1 or 2 scales, each bearing an inverted ovule adnate to its face. Drupe
inverted, with a ridge on one side (the adnate scale), seated on a fleshy pe-
duncle.

A considerable genus, found in various mountain-districts of the tropics, in Japan, and in
the south temperate zone commonly, but not in Eastern Asia, Europe, or North America.

Leaves uniform, all linear. Male catkins solitary or 2 or 3.

Leaves distichous, falcate, Hi in., acute 1. P . ferruginea.

Leaves imbricate, erect or recurved, i-J in., obtuse 2. P. nivalis.

Leaves distichous or imbricate, -g-li iu., rigid, pungent .... 3. P. Totara.

Leaves uniform, distichous, linear, obtuse. Male catkins spiked . . 4. P. spicata

Leaves some in. distichous, falcate, others rV in., imbricate ... 5. P. dacrydioides.

1. P. ferruginea, Bon; — FI. N. Z. i. 232. A lofty timber-tree,
50-80 ft. high; trunk 3 ft. diam. ; bark rather scaling; wood brittle, close-
grained, durable, reddish. Leaves distichous, linear, acute, falcate, 1-nerved,
5—f- in. long, red-brown when dry. Male catkins axillary, solitary, shorter than
the leaves ; connective obtuse. Drupe f in. long, red-purple, glaucous. — Hook.
Ic. PI. t. 542.

Northern Island: common in woods, Banks and Solander, etc. Middle Island:
Otago, ascending to 1000 ft. “Black Pine” of the colonists, Hector and Buchanan.
Drupes taste of turpentine, greedily eaten by birds.

2. P. nivalis. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 232. A small, woody, densely
branched shrub, 1-20 ft. high ; trunk 3 ft. diam. Leaves not distichous,
spreading or recurved, very thick and coriaceous, \ in. long, linear-oblong,
obtuse, apiculate ; midrib stout, green when dry. Male catkins short, often 3
together; connective obtuse. Drupe apparently dry.— Hook. Ic. PI. t. 582.

VOL. i. s

258

LXXV. C0NIFER2E.

[Podocarpus.

Northern Island: on the mountains, Tongariro, Bidicill ; Ruahiue range, Colenso.
Middle Island: Southern Alps, alt. 2500-5000 ft., Sinclair and Haast ; forming much
of the subalpine forest ; Wairau mountains, alt. 4-5000 ft., Travers. Perhaps an alpine form
of P. Totara ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Very nearly allied to the Tasmanian P . alpina.

3. P. Totara, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 233. A lofty and spreading tree,
60 ft. high ; trunk 2-4 ft. diam. ; bark rather flaking ; wood red, close-grained,
very durable. Leaves distichous or not so, very coriaceous, erect, spread-
ing or recurved, straight or falcate in. long, linear, acuminate,, pungent ;
midrib indistinct, pale-green when dry. Male catkins short, stout, obtuse,
solitary or 2 or 3 together, bracteate at the base ; connective toothed. Drupes
solitary or 2, on a swollen peduncle as big as a cherry. — Hook. Lond. Journ.
Bot. l 572. t. 19.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands: Menzies, etc. Wood the most valu-
able in the islands. Drupe eaten. Bark used for roofing.

4. P. spicata, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 232. A large tree, 80 ft. high; bark
bluish-black, almost smooth ; wood white, soft, close, and durable. Leaves
more or less distichous, -j— | in. long, linear, straight or falcate, obtuse or api-
culate, glaucous below. Male catkins numerous, spiked, horizontal. Drupes
often spiked, very numerous, globular, in. diam. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 543 ;
Dacrydium taxifolium, Banks and Sol. ; D. (?) Mai, A. Cunn.

Northern and Middle Islands : abundant, Banks and So/ander, etc. “ Black Rue ”
of Otago. Drupe sweet, eatable.

5. P. dacrydioid.es, A. Rich. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 233. Trees gregarious,
very lofty, 150 ft. high, 4 ft. diam. ; wood white, soft, spongy. Leaves of 2
forms, of young trees and on twigs of old, distichous, ~ in. long, linear, fal-
cate, tip turned up and acuminate, nerveless; on old branches imbricated,
small, subulate, -i.- a in. long, keeled. Male catkins terminal, small, \ in.,
solitary, sessile ; connective acute. — Drupes small, gibbous, on swollen pe-
duncles.— P. thuyoides, Br.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands : in swamps, Banks and So-
lander, etc. Twigs used for eel-baskets. WTood bad. Drupe eaten. The rootlets bear
singular minute globular bodies, containing cells with spiral markings. The wood of Otago
specimens is described as close-grained and heavy (Buchanan).

4. DACRYDIUM, Solander.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves linear and distichous or subulate and imbricating.
— Inflorescence dioecious. Male : small, terminal, ovoid, solitary cones, formed
of imbricating stamens ; anthers sessile ; cells 2, pendulous from a peltate
connective. Female : a short rachis, with 1 or more scales, 1 or 2 of which
bear an inverted ovule, which becomes erect as it ripens. Nut ovoid, erect,
outer coat short, sheathing at its base, sometimes fleshy.

A small genus, confined to the Malayan and Pacific islands, Tasmania and New Zealand.

Lofty tree, branches weeping. Leaves subulate 1. B. cupressinum.

A tree, brauches erect or spreading. Leaves obtuse 2. I). Colensoi.

A small, creeping bush. Leaves lax, obtuse 3. B. laxifolium.

1. D. cupressinum, Boland. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 233. Tree pyramidal,
pale-green ; branches weeping ; trunk 80 ft. high, 4-5 ft. diam. ; bark scaling ;
wood red, heavy, solid. Leaves closely imbricating all round ; on the young

Dacri/dium.']

LXXV. CONIFEE/E.

952

branches, rigid, 3-gonous, decurrent, subulate, curved, ■£- in. long, keeled ; on
old much smaller, more closely imbricated, xV-to bi. long. Nuts ovoid, i
in. long, on the curved tips of the branchlets.— Kichard, Conif. 827. t. 2.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, abundant, Banks and Solander, etc.
“ Red Pine” of Otago colonists. Spruce beer was made of the young branches by Captain
Cook ; the wood is excellent, the fleshy cup of the nut eatable.

2. 13. Colensoi, Hook. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 234. A tree, 12-40 ft. high,
very variable in habit ; bark whitish or pale-brown with white patches ; wood
light, yellowish ; branches stout, woody. Leaves of various forms, some
linear and spreading, \ in. long, obtuse, with stout costa, others small,
densely 4-fariously imbricated, triangular, keeled, coriaceous, xV~iV bn long.
Male catkins terminal, solitary, sessile ; anthers 4-6 ; connective obtuse.
Nut small, on a horizontal resinous cup-shaped disk. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 548 ;
Podocarpus (?) Inform is, Hook. Tc. PI. t. 544.

Northern Island : Tongariro and Ruahiue range, Colenso. Middle Island : Nelson
mountains, alt. 4-6000 ft., Bidwill ; alps of Canterbury, alt. 2-4000 ft., Sinclair and
Haast ; Otago, alt. 3000 ft., Hector and Buchanan.

3. D. laxifolinm, Hook. /., FI. N. Z. i. 234. A small, weak, strag-
gling, prostrate shrub; branches trailing, 6-12 in. long, flexible. Leaves as
in 1). Colensoi, but much smaller, linear ones spreading, -jV-xV l°ng, im-
bricating ones very broadly ovate or trapeziform, oblong, keeled, Jj in. long.
Nuts small, erect, in red fleshy cups. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 825.

Northern Island: Tongariro, Bidwill; Ruahine range, Colenso. Middle Island:
Nelson mountains, alt. 5000-6000 ft., Bidwill ; Black Hills, alt. 4000 ft., Haast ; Otago,
Hector and Buchanan. Perhaps a small form of D. Colensoi.

5. PHYLLOCLADTTS, Br.

Trees with whorled branches. Leaves of two forms, some minute and scale-
like, others linear, seen only in young plants, but which in older are connate into
flat fan-shaped or ovate coriaceous organs (phyllcdes) resembling simple leaves,
which bear the inflorescence on their edges. — Inflorescence monoecious ; male
and female close together. Male as in Dacrydium. Female a short rachis with
a few scales, each bearing a solitary, sessile, erect ovule ; girt at the base with
a cup-shaped disk. Nut solitary, erect, girt by the fleshy disk and fleshy con-
nate scales.

A small genus, natives of the mountains of Borneo, of Tasmania and New Zealand.

Flowers on the margins of the phyllodes 1. P. trichomanoides.

Flowers at the base of the phyllodes 2. P. alpinus.

1. P. trichomanoides, Don ;—Fl. N. Z. i. 235. A slender tree, 60
ft. high ; wood pale, close-grained. Phyllodes distichous, with scales (rudi-
mentary leaves) at their base, very coriaceous, -|-1 in. long, obliquely rhom-
boid cuneate or ovate, simple or pmnatifidly lobed ; lobes truncate, erose ; veins
radiating from one central one outwards. Nuts compressed, solitary, on the
margins of the phyllodes. — Pfook. Ic. PI. t. 549, 550, 551 ; P.r/iomboidalis,
A. Eich. Flora.

Northern Island : not rare in forests. Banks and Solander , etc. Bark used for dye-
ing red. Wood excellent, white, used for planks and spars.

S 2

260

LXXV. CONIFER.

[. Fliyllocladus .

2. P. alpinus, Iluok. f. FI. N. Z. i. 235. t. 53. A small, very rigid,
densely-branched shrub or small tree, sometimes 2 feet diam. Leaves very
much thicker, smaller and more coriaceous than in F. trichomanoid.es, some-
times linear-oblong and only % in. long, often glaucous below. Nuts at the
base of the phyllodes, small.

Northern Island : Tongariro, Bidmll ; Ruahine range, Colenso. Middle Island :
Nelson, alt. 6000 ft., Bidwill ; Wairau mountains, alt. 4-5500 ft., Travers, etc.; alps of
Canterbury, Sinclair and Haast ; alt. 2300-5000 ft. ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Per-
haps only a form of B . trichomanoides , but a very distinct one. Also verjr closely allied to
the Tasmanian P. aspleniifolia.

Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Order I. OECHIBEiE.

Herbs, sometimes almost shrubby, either terrestrial with tubers or bulbs,
or epiphytes with leafy branches, which are often thickened and called pseudo-
bulbs. Leaves sheathing at the base. Flowers braeteate, extremely various,
often beautiful, hermaphrodite. — Perianth superior, of 6 pieces in 2 series, 3
outer ( sepals ) usually nearly equal ; of the 3 inner 2 are lateral ( petals ) ; and
the innermost {lip) is either largest or differs in shape, direction, or surface ;
it is sometimes superior (or posticous), at others inferior (or anticous). Axis
of the flower occupied by a column facing the lip, consisting of a stamen com-
bined with the style and reduced apparently to 2-8 masses of pollen contained
in a fixed or moveable, deciduous or persistent cap-like anther ; pollen co-
hering in 2-8, often pyriform, waxy or granular masses, often attached
in pairs by a caudicle to a gland, which is easily detached from the tip {ros-
tellum ) of the column. Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; stigma a glandular depres-
sion or swelling ou the front or base of the column, opposite the lip ; ovules
very numerous on 3 parietal placentas. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, many-
seeded. Seeds very minute, light, with loose reticulated testa, and a solid
embryo.

A very extensive Older, abounding in beautiful plants, the flowers always of curious struc-
ture. Theoretically the flower consists of 15 parts: viz. 3 sepals; 3 petals; 3 outer sta-
mens, opposite the sepals, of which, that answering to the sepal opposite the lip is aloue de-
veloped (the other 2 being suppressed and confluent with the lateral veins of the lip) ; 3
iuner stamens all suppressed, of which 2 are theoretically confluent with the sides of the
column, and the 3rd with the midrib of the lip) ; lastly, 3 stigmas, of which, that opposite
the lip is aloue developed. The correctness of this theory is supported by the presence of 2
lateral appendages which represent undeveloped stamens on the sides of the column of such
genera as Thelymilra, Prasophyllum, etc., and by three crests or ridges on the lip, repre-
senting as many others (as Chiloijlottis ) ; also by the arrangement and direction of the vas-
cular bundles in the ovary, column, and perianth. For the development of this view, and
an account of the wonderful processes by which fertilization is effected in this Order by in-
sects, see Darwin’s work ‘ On the Fertilization of Orchids.’

I. ORCHIDEiE.

261

1. ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA.

A. Perennial epiphytes, with evergreen leaves. Pollen waxy, except in 1.

Stems slender, leafy. Sepals free. Disk of lip naked. Pollen gra-
nular 1. Earina.

Stem slender, leafy. Lateral sepals adnate with column. Lip with

crests on face 2. Dendrobium.

Leaves in pairs on pseudobulbs 3. Bolbophyllum.

Stems very short, leafy. Lip concave, middle lobe solid .... 4. Sarcochiia's.

B. Stems annual ; roots terrestrial, bulbous, tuberous, or rarely creeping,
a. Leaf solitary, broad, membranous.

Flower 1, sessile, purple, large. Sepals very long, filiform ... 9. Corysanthes.

Flower 1, long-peduncled. Sepals broad, upper concave .... 8. Adenockilus.

Flowers few. Sepals and petals acuminate or awned 6. Acianthus.

Flowers few. Sepals and petals linear, obtuse 7. Cyrtostylis.

j3. Leaf solitary ( rarely 0 in Prasophyllum), slender, flat or terete (2 broad in Caladenia

bifolia).

Leaf tubular. Flowers many, minute, with the lip below' . . .10. Microtis.

Leaf linear or terete. Flowers many, minute, with the lip uppermost 17. Prasophyllum.

Leaf flat, pubescent. Flowers 1-4, pink. Lip glandular . . .11. Caladenia.

Leaf terete, thick. Flowers 1 or more, yellow or blue. Lip sepals

and petals all similar 15. Thelymitra.

y. Leaves 2 or more, rarely 0 in Pterostylis ( see Caladenia bifolia, in /3).

Flower solitary, large, green, galeate. Lip small, uarrow . . .12. Pterostylis.

Flower solitary. Upper sepal arched. Lip with large, purple glands 13. Chiloglottis.
Flowers several. Upper sepal galeate. Lip with 5 ridges . . . 14. Lyperanthus.

Flowers several. Upper sepal galeate. Lip 3-lobed 18. Orthoceras.

Mowers numerous. Upper sepal oblong. Lip with crumpled edges 16. Spiranthes.

5. Leaves 0. Stem stout, with brown sheathing scales.

Flowers numerous, brown. Sepals united in an urceolate tube . . 5. Gastrodia.

2. NATURAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE GENERA.

1. Anther terminal, deciduous. Pollen masses granular, attached to a short caudicle : —

1, Earina.

2. Anther terminal, deciduous. Pollen masses wasy, attached to a broad caudicle: —

2, Dendrobium; 3, Bolbophyllum : 4, Sarcociiilus.

3. Anther terminal, deciduous. Pollen masses of large loose grains, without caudicle : —
5, Gastrodia.

4. Anther terminal, persistent. Pollen masses attached by their bases to the stigmatie
gland: — 6, Acianthus; 7, Cyrtostylis; 8, Adknochilus; 9, Corysanthes; 10,
Microtis; 11, Caladenia ; 12, Pterostylis; 13, Chiloglottis ; 14, Lyperanthus.

5. Anther parallel to the stigma, at the back of the column, persistent. Pollen masses
attached by threads to the stigmatie gland : — 15, Thelymitra; 16, Spiranthes, 17,
Prasophyllum; 18, Orthoceras.

1. EARINA, Linclley.

Rigid, erect, tufted epiphytes. Stems leafy, simple, compressed. Leaves
distichous, narrow linear, numerous. Flowers small, whitish, in terminal
simple or branched bracteate spikes or panicles. — Sepals and petals nearly
equal, spreading, ovate or oblong. Lip superior, sessile or shortly stalked,
3-lobed, disk eglandular, lateral lobes incurved. Column short. Pollen-
masses 4, granular, united in pyriform pairs to a small short caudicle, which
comes away with them.

262 l. onouiDEyE. [ Earina .

A small genus, confined, as at present known, to New Zealand. The two species were
confounded by Cunningham.

Leaves 4-6 in. long, acuminate. Panicles slender \. E. mucronata.

Leaves 2-3 in. long, obtuse or acute. Panicle stiff 2 . E. autumnalis.

1. 32. irmcronata, Lindl. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 239. Stems slender, 1-3 ft.
long, two-edged. Leaves narrow linear or strap-shaped, 4-6 in. long, ~ in.
broad, acuminate. Panicle slender, sparingly branched. Flowers remote,
i in. diam. ; bracts obtuse. Sepals and petals linear-oblong. Lip deeply
3-lobed, spotted. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 431.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.

2. 32. autumnalis, FLooJc.f. FI. N. Z. i. 239. Stems stout, 1-1 1 ft.
high, slightly compressed. Leaves narrow linear, 2-3£ in. long, ^ in. broad,
rigid, nerved and striated. Panicle short, stiff, usually distichously branched.
Flowers as in E. mucronata , but crowded, white, speckled ; bracts short, ob-
tuse, imbricated. Sepals broadly oblong. Petals ovate. Lip broad, ob-
scurely 3-lobed, refuse.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, not uncommon, Banks and Solander ,
etc.

2. DENDSOBIUM, Linn.

Rigid, tufted, epiphytes. Stem stout or slender, leafy. Leaves distichous,
numerous, usually narrow. Flowers panicled racemed or axillary and soli-
tary, usually large and handsome. — Sepals spreading, the lateral adnate to the
base of the column. Petals usually smaller. Lip inferior or superior, sessile
and jointed on to the base of the column or adnate to it, usually large and
3-lobed, disk often with ridges or plates. Column semiterete, usually pro-
duced at the base. Pollen-masses 4, adhering in pairs to a strap-shaped
caudicle.

A very large Asiatic, Australian, and Pacific Island tropical and subtropical genus, con-
taining many most beautiful species, cultivated extensively in England ; these differ greatly
in habit, foliage, and inflorescence.

1 . I>. Cnnnmghamii, Lindl. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 240. Stems tufted, pen-
dulous, slender, rigid, polished, branched, 1-2 ft. long. Leaves numerous,
1-1 -J- iu. long, i in. broad, linear, acuminate, pale green, striated, 3-nerved.
Flowers in axillary slender 2- or many-flowered racemes, which are shorter
than the leaves, f in. diam., pale rose-coloured; pedicels slender; bracts
short. Sepals acute, upper narrow, lower broad produced into a short spur
behind. Petals as long, oblong, obtuse. Lip with a short claw, adnate to the
lateral sepals and column, 3-lobed, lateral lobes small, middle broader than
long, wavy, retuse or truncate ; disk with 5 plates. — D. bijlorum, A. Rich,
not Swartz.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, abundant, Banks and Solander, etc.
Very nearly related to the South Sea Island D. bijlorum.

3. BOLBOPHYLLTJM, Thouars.

Very coriaceous, tufted epiphytes, with running matted stems bearing fleshy
green tubers (pseudobulbs), each crowned with 1 or 2 leaves. — Flowers soli-

Bolbophjllumi]

I. ORCHIDE.E.

263

tary or spiked on a scape rising from the' base of the pseudobulb ; their
structure very similar to Dendrobium, but the column is very short, produced
at the tip into 2 short horns.

A large genus, with, the same distribution as Dendrobium.

1. D. pygmajum, Lindl. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 240. Minute, forming patches
on mossy trunks of trees. Pseudobulbs as large as a pea. Leaf solitary,
sessile, coriaceous, linear-oblong, ^ in. long, grooved down the middle.
Flowers minute, solitary, on a short bracteate scape. Upper sepal convex,
.subacute ; lateral, broadly ovate, acute. Petals shorter, linear-oblong, obtuse.
Lip ovate, obtuse, disk with thickened lines down the centre. Ovary gib-
bous, hairy. — Dendrobium pytjmreum, Smith.

Throughout the Northern aud Middle Islands: common, Banks and Solander, etc.

4. SARCQCHILTJS, Br.

Small, coriaceous epiphytes. Stems short. Leaves distichous, linear-
oblong. Flowers large or small, in bracteate spikes or racemes. — Perianth
fleshy, open. Sepals nearly equal, obtuse, lateral adnate to the base of
the lip. Petals smaller, obtuse. Lip continuous with the column, concave,
fleshy; spur 0. Column short, erect. Anther terminal. Pollen-masses 4,
waxy, cohering in globose pairs, attached to a broad strap-shaped caudicle,
which is flxed to the gland of the stigma.

A small genus, native of subtropical Australia, the Fiji and Mala) Islands.

1. S. adversus, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 241. Boots long, wiry, strag-
gling. Stems short, 1-2 in. long. Leaves few, linear-oblong, obtuse or
subacute, 1-2 in. long, jointed near the base when dry. Scape 1-2 in. long,
subterminal, slender. Spike 1 in. long, 10-20-flowered, rachis thickened.
Flowers minute, yellow-green, TU in. diam. Sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse.
Petals linear-oblong, obtuse. Lip subquadrate, obscurely lobed.

Northern Island: Opuragi, Banks and Solander ; Bay of Islands and Wairanaka
Valley, Colenso, Edgerley. A very small-flowered species, compared with the Australian.

5. GASTRODIA, Br.

Tall, slender, leafless, whitish or brown terrestrial herbs. Boot long, thick,
fleshy, twisted, or tuberous. Stem with sheathing brown scales. Flowers
racemed, pendulous, dirty-white or brownish.— Perianth gibbous at the base,
subcampanulate or urceolate. Sepals united into a tube to near their tips,
which are shortly reflexed ; petals smaller, adnate to the tube, their tips re-
flexed exserted. Lip included, superior, clawed, linear- oblong ; margins
crenulate. Column short or long, scarcely winged, without lateral appendages.
Anther terminal, horizontal, 2-celled, deciduous. Pollen-masses 4, united
in pairs, curved, free, composed of very large grains. Stigma at the base of
the column, with a free opening to the ovary. Ovary small.

A curious genus, found in Australia and Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Indian Islands.

1. G. Cimninghamii, Hook./., FI. N. Z. i. 251. Boot sometimes 18
in. long, very stout. Stem 1-2 ft. high; scales scarious, short, distant, al-

I. OltCHIDEiE.

\_Gastrodia.

2C4

ternate or opposite and connate. Racemes 6-10 in. long. Flowers 10-20,
dirty-green, spotted with white; bracts short, scarious. Perianth fleshy, -3— i
in. long. Claw of lip winged, blade linear-oblong, membranous, waved, with
2 thick ridges down the middle. Column very short. — G. sesumoides, Br. ?,
A. Cunn.

Northern and Middle Islands : in damp shaded woods, not uncommon, but easily
overlooked; Bay of Islands, etc., A. Cunningham ; Port Preservation, Ly all; Haast’s Pass,
Lake IVanaka, etc., Haast. The root is full of starch and mucilage, aud was eaten by the
natives. Odour of plant aromatic but disagreeable (Haast).

6. ACIANTHUS, Br.

Slender, small, flaccid herbs. Root of tubers at the end of long fibres. Leaf
1, sessile, cordate. Racemes few-flowered. Flowers rather large, green or
brown, spreading. — Sepals and petals slender, acuminate or curved, upper
sepal sometimes broad. Lip pendulous, or pointing forwards, entire, with 2
glands at the base, and sometimes a glandular disk or tip. Columns slender,
terete, arched. Anther small, terminal. Pollen-masses 8, or 4 each 2-partite,
powdery.

A small Australian, Tasmanian, and New Zealand genus.

1. A. Sinclair!!, HooJc.f. FI. N. Z. i. 246. Stem 1-8 in. high, very
delicate. Leaf broadly cordate, deeply 2-lobed at the base, acuminate, ^-1 in.
long. Flowers 2-6, green, i-i in. diam. Bracts short, ovate, acute. Sepals
linear-subulate, aristate, upper broad, 3-nerved ; lateral narrower, 1-nerved,
toothed towards the tip. Petals small, lanceolate. Lip ovate-lanceolate,
with 2 glands at the base, and a thickened tip.

Common throughout the Northern Island. Kermadec Island : M‘ Gillioray .

7. CYRTOSTYLIS, Br.

Habit of AciantJms , but sepals and petals not acuminate or awned, and
column winged above.

A small genus of Australian, Tasmanian, and New Zealand plants.

Leaf oblong 1. C. oblonga.

Leaf orbicular, deeply 2-lobed at the base 2. C. rotundifotia .

1. C. oblonga, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 246. Very slender, 1-8 in. high.
Leaf oblong or oblong-cordate, obtuse or acute, cordate or rounded at the
base. Flowers 1-3, nearly in. diam. Sepals and petals nearly equal, nar-
row linear, acute. Lip as long as the sepals, linear-oblong, obtuse or rather
truncate at the tip, with 2 small glands at the base.

Northern Island aud northern parts of the Middle Island : frequent in shaded woods,
Sinclair , Colenso , Travers, etc.

2. C. rotundifolia, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 246. Quite similar to C.
ollonga , but the leaf is orbicular, and often 1-1 ^ in- diam.

Northern Island: east coast, Raukawa ridge, Cape Kidnapper, etc., Colenso. My C.
macrophylla is, I think, nothing but a large state of this, which may itself prove to be a
variety of C. oblonga.

X. ORCHIDE J5.

265

8. ADENOCHILUS, Hook. f.

A very slender glabrous herb. Stem simple, with one sessile, ovate, acute
leaf in the middle, 1 -flowered. — Perianth downy. Upper sepal concave, acu-
minate, adnate to the back of the column ; lateral oblique, 3-nerved, lanceo-
late, placed under the lip. Petals suberect, linear-lanceolate. Lip shortly
clawed, 3-lobed, middle lobe caudate, disk and middle lobe with about 4
rows of stipitate glands. Column slender, curved, winged ; wings produced
upwards into 2 toothed lobes. Anther hidden behind the stigma and between
the lobes of the column, persistent. Ovary very long, erect.

A curious genus, of but one species, allied to Caladenia, Chiloglottis, and the Austra-
lian genus Eriochilus.

1. A. gracilis. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 246. t. 56 A. Stem 6-10 in.
high. Leaves membranous, acute, f in. long ; sheath short. Stem above
the leaf with one sheathing bract in the middle, and another at the base of
the peduncle. Ovary | in. long. Perianth in. broad ; segments all very
acuminated, veined. Lip small, concealed within the perianth. Anther or-
bicular, mucronate.

Northern Island : Bay of Plenty, Colenso.

9. CORYSANTHES, Brown.

Very small, delicate, succulent, terrestrial herbs. Root of small tubers on
slender caulicles. Leaf 1, very broad. Flower 1, large, purple, almost sessile
on the leaf ; peduncle elongating after flowering. — Upper sepal very large,
long, curved forward from the base, narrow boat- or helmet-shaped ; lateral
free or connate at the base, very small, or long and filiform. Petals usually
very small. Lip very concave or involute, usually fimbriate at the edges.
Column short or slender. Anther terminal, 1-celled, persistent. Pollen-
masses 4, powdery.

A remarkable genus of beautiful little plants, natives of the Malayan islands, temperate

Australia, and New Zealand. The genus Nematoceras , established in the New Zealand
Flora, 1 think merges into Corysanthes through the Malayan species. The species are diffi-
cult of discrimination, and perhaps are not all permanently distinct.

Leaf reniform, 3-lobed at the tip. Lip 2-partite, recurved .... 1. C. triloba.

Leaf oblong-ovate ; petiole short. Lip convolute, truncate, toothed . 2. C. oblonya.

Leaf orbicular-cordate 3. C. rotundifolia.

Leaf ovate-oblong orbicular or cordate ; petiole short. Lip tubular,

recurved 4. C. rivularis.

Robust. Leaf large, cordate ; petiole and scape very thick. Lip

broad, recurved, undulate 5. C. macrantha.

1. C. triloba, Ilook.f. — Nematoceras ,F1. N. Z . i. 250. Leaf f-li in.
diam., membranous, orbicular- reniform, 3-lobed at the very tip; middle
lobe acute ; petiole ^-3 in. long. Peduncle sometimes 8 in. long after
flowering. Flower in. long. Lateral sepals and petals filiform, sometimes
2 in. long, 5 times longer than the lip ; upper dilated and obtuse at the tip.
Lip very large, of 2 large recurved lobes, margins nearly entire. Column
very small.

Northern Island : damp woods, east coast, Cape Palliser, Cape Titiokura, etc., Colenso ;
Auckland, Sinclair; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. The Middle Island specimens alluded

I. OKCHIDEiE.

2G6

[ Corysanthes .

to in FI. N. Z ., I think are rather referable to C. macrantha, which differs in the much
larger size, very coriaceous, rarely 3-lobed leaf.

2. C. obionga, Hoo/c. f. — Nematoceras , FI. N. Z. i. 249. t. 57 B.
Leaf f-li in. long, sessile, membranous, ovate-oblong, apiculate, rarely sub-
cordate at the base. Flower small, i- £ in. long, on a short scape. Upper
sepal rather narrow ; lateral and petals filiform, f— 1 in. long. Lip involute
and truncate, when spread out broadly cordate, deep blood-red ; margin
pale, toothed. Column short, curved.

Northern Island, Edgerley ; interior, Cotenso ; Auckland, Captain IJaultain. Middle
Island: Nelson, Travers; Otago, lleclor and Buchanan.

3. C. rotundifolla. Hook. f. — Nematoceras , FI. N. Z. i. 251. Leaf
sessile or petioled, ^-1 in. diam., membranous, orbicular, acute or apiculate,
cordate or 2-lobed at the base. Flower subsessile, very small, in. diam.
Upper sepal rather narrow, lateral and petals filiform. Lip involute, trun-
cate as in C. oblonga.

Northern Island : Manawata harbour, etc., Cotenso. Middle Island : Nelson, Tra-
vers. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell’s Islands, J. B. H. Perhaps a variety
of C. oblonga.

4. G. rivuiaris, Hook.f. — Nematoceras, FI. N. Z. i. 251. Leaf nearly
sessile, orbicular ovate ovate-cordate or oblong-cordate, obtuse acute or acu-
minate, membranous, often 2-lobed at the base. Flower ^— §■ in. long. Upper
sepal narrow, acuminate ; lateral and petals filiform, 1-1 4 in. long. Lip
involute, when spread open trowel-shaped, recurved ; tip retuse or apiculate ;
margins undulate. — Aciantlms rivuiaris, A. Cunn.

Northern aDd Middle Islands: common on mossy trees, etc., in shady ravines.
Lord Auckland’s group, Bolton.

5. C. macrantha, Hook.f. — Nematoceras, FI. N. Z. i. 249. Much the
largest and stoutest species, often 6-10 in. high. Leaf usually with a long
very stout petiole, 1-1^- in. broad, coriaceous or fleshy, oblong-orbicular, cor-
date or 2-lobed at the base, obtuse or apiculate, rarely 3-lobed, with a broad
thickened margin, much reticulate. Flowers on short scapes at the base of
the petiole, 1 in. long, lurid purple. Upper sepal narrow, acuminate ;
lateral and petals very narrow linear, almost filiform, 1-2 in. long. Lip
large, recurved, very broad, almost 2-lobed, strongly undulate.

Throughout the central parts of the Northern and all the Middle Island: not un-
common in damp shady woods, Cotenso, etc. Lord Auckland’s group, Bolton.

10. MICROTIS, Banks and Solander.

Erect, slender, green herbs. Boot of oblong tubers. Leaves 1—2 in., very
slender, sheathing at the base. Flowers minute, green, spiked, fleshy, spread-
ing.— Sepals : upper connivent with the petals, and together with them form-
ing a hood ; lateral placed under the lip. Petals small, ascending. Lip pen-
dulous, small, entire, sessile, with 2 thickened glands at the base. Column
short, with 2 lateral lobes ; anther terminal. Pollen-masses 4, powdery.

A genus of several Australian and a few New Caledonian, Java, and New Zealand species.

1. M, porrifolia, Sprengd ; — FI. N. Z. i. 245. Very variable in

Microtis.']

I. ORCHIDEA!.

267

stature, robustness, and number of flowers, 6-24 in. high. Leaf solitary,
terete, tubular. Spike 1-6 in. long, 2 0-80- flowered. Flowers ^ in. long;
bracts very short. Upper sepal broadly ovate. Lip oblong, obtuse, crenate
or crisped, rounded or obscurely 2-lobed at the tip, with 2 glandular lumps
at the base and 1 towards the tip. — M. Ban/csii, A. Gunn. ; Epipactis porri-
folia, Swartz ; Ophrys unifolia, Forst.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands: abundant, Banks and Solander, etc.

11. CALADEKTA, Br.

Slender, small, pubescent pilose or villous herbs. Roots of small tubers
terminating underground caulicles. Leaf solitary (rarely 2), radical or cau-
line, sheathed at its base. Scape 1-4-flowered ; bract 1 or 0. — Perianth
open, suberect, 2-lipped, glandular. Upper sepal erect or arched, lateral
placed under the lip. Petals erect or spreading. Lip clawed, concave,
3-lobed, obovate or trowel-shaped ; disk with rows of stipitate glands.
Column slender, curved, winged above. Anther terminal, exposed, mucronate.
Pollen-masses 4.

A large extratropical Australian, Tasmanian, and New Zealand genus.

Leaf solitary, linear. Scape very slender. Flower i-J in. : .... 1. C. minor.

Leaf solitary, linear. Scape stout. Flower -§-1 in 2. C. Lyallii.

Leaves 2, obloug. Scape stout. Lip undivided 3. C. ? bifolia.

1. O. minor, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 247- t. 56 B. A small, very slender
herb, 2-8 in. high, pilose with spreading hairs. Leaf very narrow, linear, at
the very base of the stem. Flower 1, rarely 2, pink, in. diam. Sepals
linear, obtuse, narrower than the petals. Lip broad, 3-lobed ; lateral lobes
broad, banded with purple ; middle subulate, glandular at the margin ; disk
with 2 series of stipitate glands.

Northern Island : dry clay hills, abundant. Middle Island : Otago, Lyall.

2. G. Lyallii, Hoo/c.f. FI. N. Z. i. 247. Much stouter than C. minor, with
longer spreading hairs, 4-8 in. high. Leaf narrow linear, sometimes £ in.
broad. Scape stout, curved, 1-2-flowered. Flowers 1 in. diam. Sepals
obovate-oblong, acute or obtuse and apiculate ; upper shorter, arched. Pe-
tals narrower. Middle lobe of lip subulate, recurved. Other characters as in
C. minor.

Middle Island: Gordon’s Nob, Munro ; swampy places, Hurumui mountains, Lake
Tennyson, and Mount Brewster, alt. 4-5000 ft., Haast, Travers; Otago, grassy places,
Lyall. Lord Auckland’s group, immature, J. L>. H. Very closely allied indeed to the
Tasmanian 0. carnea.

3. C. (?) bifolia. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 247. Glandular-pubescent,
3-5 in. high, rather stout. Leaves 2, radical, oblong, spreading, f-1^ in.
long, pubescent or ciliated. Scape stout, 1 -flowered, ebracteate. Flower
erect, f-1 in. broad. Sepals obtuse ; upper linear-oblong, obtuse, suberect ;
lateral and petals linear, nearly equal. Lip broad, almost sessile, orbicular-
obovate, membranous, quite entire, with 2 short narrow lines of glands near
the base.

Northern Island, Colenso. Middle Island: Lake Tennyson, alt. 4400 ft., Travers;
Mouut Brewster, alt. 4-5000 ft., Haast; grassy hills, Otago, Lyall. Lord Auckland's

268 i. orchidea:. [ Caladenia .

group, J. B. H. A singular plant, differing from Caladenia in several respects, tut bardly
generic-ally.

12. PTEROSTYXilS, Br.

Usually slender, leafy, erect, simple, rather succulent, glabrous herbs.
Roots of small tubers terminating underground caulicles. Leaves radical or
cauline, sheathing at the base. Flowers 1 in the N. Zealand species, mem-
branous, green. — Perianth closed or open. Upper sepal and petals combined
or conniving and forming a very concave boat-shaped hood ; lateral sepals con-
nate, ascending or deflexed. Lip small, clawed, its tip exserted between the
free tips of the lateral sepals, or wholly exposed, often irritable, furnished
with an erect or curved appendage at the base. Column slender, curved,
broadly winged above. Anther terminal, persistent. Pollen- masses 4.

A large temperate Australian, Tasmanian, and New Zealand genus, not found elsewhere.

A. Lateral sepals erect. Lip glabrous, included, or the tip only exserted.

Leaves all cauline, or cauline and radical, all similar or nearly so.

Flower 2-3 in. long. Leaves all linear, grass-like 1. P. Banlcsii.

Like P. Banksii, tut smaller. Flower f-l in. long .... 2. P. graminea.

Lower leaves oblong. Flower 1 in. long 3. P. micromega.

Radical leaves broad, cauline reduced to bracts.

Glabrous. Leaves oblong. Bracts large, sheathing .... 4. P.foliata.

Glabrous. Leaves long-petioled, ovate-cordate 5. P. trultifolia.

Puberulous. Leaves sbort-petioled, ovate-cordate 6. P. puberula.

B. Lateral sepals deflexed. Lip filiform, plumose, exserted . . . 7- P- squamata.

1. P. Banksii, Brown; — FI. N. Z. i. 248. Tall, leafy, 6-18 in.
high. Leaves numerous, alternate, sheathing the whole stem, rising above
the flower, narrow linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Flower solitary, 2-8 in.
long. Upper sepal arched forwards, and lateral produced into long slender
tails. Lip linear, glabrous, its tip exserted; appendage linear, curved, villous
at the tip. — Bot. Mag. t. 3172.

Var. fj. Leaves broader, in. Sepals less produced into long tails. P. australis.
Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 248.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands to Otago, Banks and Sol under,
etc. Var. £, Middle and Southern Islands : Port William and Thomson’s Sound, Lyall.

2. P. graminea, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 248. Slender, leafy, 6-10 in.
high. Leaves sheathing, narrow linear-lanceolate, 1-3 in. long. Flowers
solitary, f-l in. long, of the same form as P. Banksii, but much smaller, and
the sepals less produced into slender tails.

Northern and Middle Islands, not uncommon: east coast, Colenso ; Auckland, Sin-
clair ; Otago, Lyall. Probably only a small state of P. Banksii, but approaching the Aus-
tralian P. pracox.

3. P. micromega, 1 Took. f. FI. N. Z. i. 248. Slender, 3-8 in. high,
leafy. Lower leaves large, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute, sessile
or petioled, in. long ; cauline smaller, more acuminate, f—f in. Flower
solitary, suberect, 1 in. long. Upper sepal narrow, slightly arched, caudate-
acuminate ; lateral erect, with narrow slender points. Petals narrow, acumi-
nate. Lip glabrous, its tip exserted ; appendage villous.

Northern Island, Edgerley ; east coast, and bogs near Wairarapa, Colenso , -^Coro-
mandel gold-fields, Jolliffe. Approaching the Australian P. cucullata, hut smaller.

4. P. foliata, IIooIc. f. FI. A Z. i. 249. Rather stout, scapigcrous.

Pterostylis.']

I. OUCHIDEiE.

269

2-10 in. high, quite glabrous. Leaves : radical petioled, oblong or elliptic-
oblong, 1-2 1 in. long, obtuse ; cauline reduced to 1 or 2 large, erect, sheatil-
ing bracts, f— 1-^ in. long. Flower solitary, erect, |-| in. long. Upper
sepal much curved towards the tip, acuminate ; lateral erect, their points fili-
form, exceeding the upper. Petals as long as the upper sepal, obtuse or
subacute. Lip glabrous, its tip a little exserted ; tip of appendage villous.

Northern Island: east coast, bogs near Oroi ; hillsides, Cape Palliser; Wairarapa val-
leys ; and tops of the Ruahiue mountains, Cotenso.

5. P. trullifolia, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 249. Small, slender, glabrous,

2- 5 in. high. Leaves radical, or towards the base of the scape, petioled,
broadly ovate or orbicular-cordate or trowel-shaped, obtuse or acute, 1,-
in. long; petiole slender. Bracts 3-5, spreading, lanceolate, acuminate,
the lower sometimes petioled. Flower solitary, erect, •§- in. long. Upper
sepal abruptly arched forward beyond the middle, acuminate ; lateral erect,
their points filiform, longer than the upper. Petals narrow, acuminate. Lip
glabrous, its tip shortly exserted ; tip of appendage villous.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, Edyerley, Cotenso , etc.

6. P. puberula, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 249. Small, slender, puberu-
lous, especially below, 3-5 in. high. Leaves radical, crowded, small, short,
shortly petioled, in. long, ovate-cordate, acute. Bracts numerous, erect,
sheathing, lanceolate, acuminate. Flower erect, solitary, f in. long. Upper
sepal slightly arched, acute ; lateral erect, thin ; points filiform, as long as or
exceeding the upper. Petals broad, as long as the upper sepal, tips broad,
obtuse or truncate. Lip with the tip exserted ; tip of appendage divided.

Northern Island, Colenso ; Auckland, Sinclair. Very closely allied to the Tasmanian
P. nana.

7. P. squamata. Brown; — FI. N. Z. i. 249. Stout, glabrous, erect,

3- 8 in. high. Leaves radical, crowded, sessile, erect, \ in. long, ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminate ; bracts 3-4, sheathing, acuminate. Flower solitary, f-1
in. long. Upper sepal slightly arched, acuminate ; lateral deflexed, their tips
linear, straight. Petals linear-subulate. Lip filiform, exserted, pendulous,
plumose with long golden hairs, terminated by a large purple gland ; appen-
dage curved, villous at the tip. Wings of column each with a long erect tooth.

Northern Island : Auckland, Sinclair. Also a native of Tasmania and east and west
temperate Australia.

13. CHILOGLQTTIS, Br.

Erect, rather stout, scapigerous, small herbs. Roots of small tubers at the
end of underground caulicles. Leaves 2, at the base of the stem. Scape
with 1 bract and 1 flower. Flowers suberect, lurid purple ; peduncle lengthen-
ing after flowering. — Perianth 2-lipped. Upper sepal arched ; lateral placed
under the lip. Petals ascending or reflexed. Lip with a claw, with large
glands or protuberances at the base and on the disk. Column long, 2-fid at
the tip. Anther terminal, persistent. Pollen-masses 4.

A small south-east Australian and Tasmanian genus, with one Auckland Island species.

1. C. cor nut a, Hook. f. FI. Antarct. i. 69. A small herb, 2-4 in.
high. Leaves 1-1^ in. long, linear-oblong, acute ; veins reticulate. Scape

270

I. ORCHIDEiE.

[Chilo glottis.

stout, lengthening much after flowering. Flower \ in. diam. Upper
sepal ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; lateral linear. Petals erect, short, ovate,
acuminate. Lip trowel-shaped, shortly clawed, acuminate, with a horn-like
projection at the base of the disk, one broader protuberance on each side
of it, and 3 broad, flat tumid purple glands on the surface.

Lord Auckland's group, Bolton. Campbell's Island : mossy shady places, Lyall.

14. LYPEBANTHUS, Br.

Erect, rather stout, leafy, glabrous, terrestrial herbs. Root tuberous.
Leaves sheathing at the base ; bracts large. Flowers spiked or racemed,
lurid, rather fleshy. — Upper sepal large, arched, concave, boat-shaped ; la-
teral small, deflexed. Petals similar to the lateral sepals, spreading or reflexed.
Lip small, sessile, ascending, entire, oblong ; disk with small ridges or
glands. Column short ; anther erect, persistent. Pollen-masses 4, granular.

A small Australian, Tasmanian, New Caledonian, and New Zealand genus.

1. 3j. antarcticus, Rook. f. FI. Antarct. ii. 544. A span high, stout.
Leaves 1-3, linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 in. long, upper smaller.
Flowers 2 or 3 ; bracts large, cucullate, f in. long. Perianth horizontal, £
in. long. Upper sepal very deeply arched, helmet-like, acute ; lateral and pe-
tals linear-subulate, falcate, acute. Lip broad, ovate-oblong, obtuse, with 5
slender ridges on the disk. Column rather slender, arched.

Middle Island : open land, Waipori Creek, alt. 2500 ft., Hector and Buchanan. Lord
Auckland’s Islands, Le Guillon, Bolton.

15. THELYMITRA, Forst.

Erect, stout or slender, scapigerous, glabrous herbs. Roots of ovoid tubers.
Stem with a membranous sheath below the leaf. Leaves 1 or rarely 2,
narrow, much elongated, thick and coriaceous. Flowers few, spiked or racemed.
— Perianth spreading. Sepals and petals all oblong ovate or obovate, equal
and nearly similar. Lip like the petals, but rather smaller. Column hooded,
3-tid ; lateral lobes (staminodia) erect or prominent, cremate or produced into
feathery appendages; middle small, entire, notched or 3-fid. Anther posticous,
almost hidden between the lateral lobes of the column, attached to the middle
one, persistent. Pollen-masses 4, fixed to the gland of the stigma, powdery.

A large Australian aud Tasmanian genus, also found in New Zealand and the lofty moun-
tains of Java. The species are most difficult of discrimination in a fresh state and impos-
sible in a dried one ; aud the following all require revision. The only good characters I
have been able to find are in the length and direction of the lateral lobes of the column.

Flowers llue or purple.

Column much longer than its short plumose appendages 1. T. longifolia.

Column longer than its erect toothed appendages 2. T. pulchella.

Column as long as its erect 2-toothed appendages 3. T. unifiora.

Flowers yellowish, few, 1-3. Stems slender.

Column much shorter than its erect plumose appendages 4. T. Colensoi.

Column as long as its crenate or fimbriate appendages 5. T. imberbis.

1. T, longifolia, Forst. Char. Gen.- — T. Forsteri, Swartz; — Fl.N.Z. i.
243. Stout or slender, 8-16 in. high. Leaf variable, ■--] in. broad, linear,
very narrow and channelled or long linear-lanceolate, nerved and flat, coria-

Thelymitra .]

I. 0RCHIDEJ3.

271

ceous. Spike 2-10-fiowered. Flowers excessively variable in size; sepals
blue or purple, in. diam. ; petals paler ; both ovate-lanceolate, acute.
Lip obovate. Column with rounded tip, the appendages excessively short,
villous anteriorly. — T. stenopetala, Hook. f. FI. Antarct. i. 69; Serapias re-
gular is, Forst. Prodr.

Abundant throughout the Northern aud Middle islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
Xaord Auckland’s Island, J. B. H., Bolton. A most variable plant in stature and ro-
bustness, the length and breadth ot' the bracts and leaves, and the number and size of the
flowers. Apparently identical with the Tasmanian aud Australian T. nuda, Br.

2. T. pulcbella. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 214. A very handsome species,
differing from T. longifolia in the usually broader sepals and petals, and the
longer, erect, toothed appendages of the column. Flowers f~l in. diam.,
fine blue-purple.

Northern Island, Colenso. Middle Island: Moutere hills, Munro ; Otago, Lyall.
Probably a state of T. Forsteri.

3. T. uniflora. Hook. f. FI. N~. Z. i. 70. Short, stout, 6-8 in. high.
Leaf narrow-linear, fleshy, obtuse, channelled, curved, shorter than the scape.
Flowers 1-3, pale blue, | in. diam. Sepals and petals linear-oblong,
acute or acuminate. Lip obovate-cuneate. Appendages of column erect,
linear, 2 -fid at the tip.

Middle Island : Milford Sound, Lyall. Eiord Auckland’s group, Le Guillon, etc.

4. T. Colensoi, Hook. f. — T. paucijiora, FI. N. Z. i. 244, not Br.
Very slender, 8-12 in. high. Leaf very narrow linear, flexuous. Flowers
1-3, yellowish, on slender pedicels, \ in. broad. Sepals and petals very
narrow, linear-oblong, acute. Column very short; appendages very long,
subulate, erect, plumose at the tip. Anther with a long point.

Northern Island, Colenso. This differs from all the other species, and from the Aus-
tralian T. paucijiora, to which I had united it, in the very narrow sepals and petals, very
short column, and very long erect appendages.

5. T. imberbis, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 244. Small, slender, 4-10 in.
high. Leaf very narrow linear. Flowers 1 or 2, yellowish, about £ in. diam.
Sepals and petals very broad, orbicular-ovate, obtuse. Column rather short ;
appendages curving upwards and forwards, with crenate fimbriate or slightly
villous tips. Anther with a long broad point.

Northern Island, Colenso. Much better specimens of this aud the preceding arc
wanted to establish their distinctness ; this is very like the Tasmanian T. carnea, but the
flowers are said to be yellow.

16. SPIRAiNTHES, Richard.

Terrestrial, erect, glabrous or puberulous herbs. Root of unbranched
fibres or much divided tubers. Stem simple, leafy. Flowers spiked or ra-
cemed. — Perianth nearly closed. Lateral sepals usually saccate at the base;
upper ascending. Petals similar but narrower. Lip inferior, shortly clawed,
quite entire, concave, embracing the column at its base. Column short,
without lateral appendages. Anther at the back of the column, persistent,

I. ORCHIDE*.

272

[Spirani/tes.

stipitate. Pollen-masses 2, narrow, pyriform, powdery, fixed to the 2-fid
rostellum above the stigma.

A considerable genus, found in various parts of the world.

1. S. australis, Lindl. ; — S. novee-Zelandia, Hook. FI. N. Z. i. 242.
A span high and upwards. Leaves 2 in. long, linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
narrowed into long petioles. Scape covered with loosely sheathing bracts.
Spike spiral, 1-2 in. long. Flowers L in. long, white ; bracts ovate,
acuminate, as long as the flowers. Sepals and petals narrow, ovate-oblong,
obtuse. Lip oblong, disk thickened ; margins crumpled and waved. Ovary
glandular-pubescent.

Northern Island, Co/enso. The lip is very variable in form, narrower in the New
Zealand than Australian specimens. A very common Australian plant, also found in China,
India, and Siberia, and perhaps not different from a European species. The lip of the
New Zealand plant indeed quite agrees with that of the European S. aslivalis.

17. PRASOPHYLLTTM, Br.

Terrestrial, glabrous herbs ; roots of round tubers often coated with matted
fibres. Stem with a membranous sheath below the leaf. Leaf solitary, radi-
cal, linear, fistular, rarely short or 0. Flowers small, spiked, with the lip
above. — Sepals oblong or ovate, lateral free or combined, recurved. Petals
nearly as large as sepals, unequal-sided. Lip superior, clawed, ascending,
undivided, often with an adnate plate on the disk. Column erect, small,
with lateral appendages (staminodia). Anther at the back of the column,
persistent, obtuse or with a long mucro. Pollen-masses 2, powdery, fixed
to the rostellum above the stigma.

A large Australian and Tasmanian genus, more rare in New Zealand. I have very in-

sufficient specimens of all the species except P. Colensoi.

Leaf sheathing the scape halfwav up. Perianth 5 in 1. P. Colensoi.

Leaf sheathing the scape to the top ; blade very short or 0.

Perianth pointing forwards 2. P. nudum.

Perianth pointing downwards 3. P. pumilum.

1. P. Colensoi, Book. /. FI. N. Z. i. 241. Stout, erect, 4-10 in. high.
Leaf exceeding the spike, its sheath seldom rising more than halfway up the
scape. Spike 1-3 in. long, many-flowered ; bract small, obtuse. Perianth
horizontal, greenish yellow, y in. diam., sweet-scented. Sepals ovate-ob-
long, acuminate, lateral free. Petals linear-oblong. Lip trowel-shaped, claw
short, blade fleshy, subacute, thickened towards the tip. Column extremely
short ; staminodia broadly notched. Ovary obovoid, tumid. — FI. Tasman,
ii. 12. t. 112 A.

Northern and Middle Islands : abuudant from Auckland southwards to Otago. I
suspect that this is a variety of the sweet-scented Tasmanian P. alpinum, but the lip is
shorter, more coriaceous, and thicker towards the tip.

2. P. nudum, Hook. /.; — P. lunicatum, FI. N. Z. i. 242. Ycry
slender, 8 in. high. Stem and leaf coated below with a fibrous lacerated
sheath. Scape included throughout its length in the slender leaf-sheath.
Blade of leaf very short, i in. long. Spikes f-1 in. long; bracts minute,
obtuse. Perianth horizontal, yellowish, T’y in. long. Lateral sepals free, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate. Petals much smaller, same shape. Lip ovale-

X. OKCHIDEAL

273

Frasophyllum .]

lanceolate, with a flat, glandular, adnate plate; claw long. Column short;
lateral lobes broad, acuminate, deeply 2- or 3-toothed. Anther apiculatc.-
Ovary linear.

Northern Island: east coast, clay hills, Te Hawara, Port Nicholson, and Lake Taupo,
Colenso. I have only three specimens. This entirely agrees with my Hobarton (Tas-
manian) specimens described in ‘ Flora Tasmania:,’ ii. 13, as P. nudiscapum , to which the
name nudum should be transferred. The P. nudum of the same work (p. 14), differs
according to Archer’s specimens only in the rather longer teeth of the appendages of the
column ; but according to his figure (t. 113 C) in the more oblong, shorter, obtuse lip, with
ciliate edges.

3. P. pumilum, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 242. Habit and leaf of P. nudum ,
but perianth bent downwards. Lateral sepals ovale, acuminate. Petals
similar but smaller. Lip trowel-shaped, subacute, with a broad, glandular,
adnate plate ; claw rather long. Column short ; its lateral lobes large,
broad, obliquely truncate and toothed. Anther apiculate.

Northern Island, Edtjerley ; Auckland, Sinclair. Very similar to the Tasmanian
P. despectans, H. f., if not a variety of it; but the perianth is shorter, its segments broader
in proportion, and the lateral lobes of the column shorter.

18. ORTHOCERAS, Br.

Erect, glabrous, leafy, terrestrial herbs. Root of oblong tubers. Leaves
narrow, filiform. Flowers rather large, racemed. Perianth closed. — Upper
sepal suberect, hooded, fleshy, obtuse; lateral much longer, very narrow,
almost filiform, quite erect. Petals minute, linear, 2-toothed at the tip. Lip
inferior, small, 3-lobed, with small glands at its base, very shortly clawed.
Column very short; lateral lobes subulate. Anther large, erect, persistent.
Pollen-mosses 2, powdery, attached to the rostellum above the stigma.

A genus of an Australian and a New Zealand species.

1. O. Soiandri, Liudl.; — PL N. Z. i. 243. Stout, erect, 1-2 ft. high.
Leaves filiform, with long sheathing bases, rarely linear. Raceme 1-6 in.
long, many-flowered ; bracts large, spathaceous, exceeding the ovary. Pe-
rianth -3- in. long, greenish-yellow. Lateral sepals \ in. long. — 0. strict um ,
A. Cunn. not Br. ; Diuris nova-Zelandice, A. Rich. Flor. 163. t. 25. f. 1.

Northern Island: abundant on clay-bills, etc., Banks and Solander, etc. Middle
Island: Nelson, ascending to 4000 ft., Bidwi/l. Very near indeed to the Australian 0.
sirictum .

OltDER, II. IRXDEiE.

Herbs with tuberous bulbous or creeping roots or rhizomes. Leaves mostly
radical, alternately sheathing on opposite sides of the stem, linear, late-
rally flattened. Flowers usually large, racemed spiked or panicled, her-
maphrodite.— Perianth superior, of 6 petaloid leaflets. Stamens 3, inserted
at the base of the segments ; anthers opening outwards. Ovary inferior,
3-celled ; style simple, stigmas 3, various ; ovules numerous. Capsule locu-
licidal, 3-valved. Seeds albuminous ; embryo small.

A very large Order, especially in Europe and South Africa, less frequmt els:where.

VOL. I. T

274

II. IRIDE/E.

1. LIBERTIA, Sprengel.

Herbs. Flowers in subumbellate panicles.- — Perianth spreading. Sepals
linear-oblong, white or greenish. Petals larger, obovate, white. Stamens
with filaments connate, or closely applied to the base of the style ; anthers
ovate, versatile. Stigmas filiform. Capsule obovoid or globose, coriaceous
or membranous. Seeds angled and deeply pitted in the New Zealand species.

A small genus, also found in Australia, Tasmania, and Chili. The New Zealand species
are very variable; perhaps two are confounded under L. ixioicles, or perhaps it and grandi-
flora are hut forms of one.

Leaves -i— 5 in. broad. Umbels panicled. Capsule in 1. I. ixioides.

Leaves J in. broad. Umbels pauicled. Capsule J-f in 2. L. grandiflora.

Leaves da — ^ in. broad. Umbels solitary. Capsule globose ... 3. A. micrantha.

1. Ij. ixioides, Sprengel; — FI. N. Z. i. 252. Variable in size, from 6
in. to 2 ft. Leaves rigid, narrow linear, acuminate, f- in. broad. Scape
panicled above ; branches alternate, arising from membranous spathes, bear-
ing 2-10-flowered umbels; pedicels 1-2 in. long, with membranous bracts.
Perianth white, 1 in. diam. or less ; sepals oblong ; petals much larger.
Capsule 'in. long, yellow or brownish, oblong or narrow pyriform. —
Reichenbach, Ic. Exot. t. 157.

Var a. Bracts all lanceolate. Capsule narrow, pyriform.

Var. /S. Upper bracts ovate, acute. Capsule oblong.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
Var. /3. Canterbury, Lgall, Travers. Klatt (‘ Linnfea,’ 31, 383) distinguishes this (erro-
neously called vestinides ) by the margins of the leaves being scabrid, but in all my specimens
of both varieties they are quite smooth, or scarcely perceptibly rough.

2. Ij. grandiflora. Sweet. Stout, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves f in. broad.
Scapes panicled above, branches alternate, sheaths, etc. as in L. ixioides, but
petals usually larger in proportion to the sepals, and capsule very much
larger, A—f in. long, very turgid, broadly obovoid. — L. macrocarpa, Klatt,
Linnaea, 31. 385 ; Renealmia grandiflora, Br.

Northern Island, Banks and Solander ; Auckland, Herb. Sinclair. Middle Island:
Port Cooper, Lgall. In the PI. N. Z. I erroneously regarded this as a variety of L. ixioides.

3. Ij. micrantha, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 252. Much smaller than
the above, 4-6 in. high. Leaves rather membranous, jL—Jg- in. wide. Scape
as long as the leaves, pubescent above, bearing a solitary 3-8-flowered umbel.
Perianth in. diam., its leaflets nearly equal; pedicels pubescent, sur-
rounded by a many-leaved involucre. Capsule globose, membranous.

Northern and Middle Islands: common in damp, especially mountain woods, Banks
and Solander, etc., ascending to 4000 ft. in the Nelson mountains.

Order III. HYPOXIDE^l.

Herbs, usually perennial, with tuberous, bulbous, or tufted roots. Leaves
parallel-veined, mostly all radical. Inflorescence various. Flowers her-
maphrodite.— Perianth superior, of 6 equal leaflets. Stamens 6 ; anthers
opening inwards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled ; style simple, stigmas usually 3 ;

III. HYPOXIDE.E.

275

ovules numerous. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds with copious albumen
and nearly straight embryo.

A large, chiefly subtropical family, most, abundant in South Africa.

1. HYPOXIS, Linn.

Small herbs. Eoot bulbous or tuberous, covered with matted fibres.
Leaves all radical, enclosed in a membranous sheath at the base. Scapes
1- or many-flowered. Flowers yellow. — Perianth leaflets nearly equal, yellow.
Stamens 3 ; anthers erect. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled. Seeds with a
short beak at the hilum.

A large South African genus, also found in India, Australia, and America.

1. El. pusilla, Hook.f. Fl. Tasman, ii. 36. t. 130 B; — II. Tiygromelrica ,
Br. P FI. N. Z. i. 253. Very small, 1-2 in. high. Leaves narrow linear,
nearly glabrous. Scape shorter than the leaves, 1 -flowered. Perianth gla-
brous, i in. diam. ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate. Ovary obovate, narrowed below.

Northern Island: east coast, Ahuriri, Te Hautotara, etc., C.olenso. Middle Island,
Banks’s Peninsula, Travers. Also found in Tasmania.

Order IV. PANDANEiE.

Erect or climbing shrubs or trees, rarely stemless, often branched. Leaves
usually long, narrow, and spinous-serrate. Spikes or heads often clustered,
peduncled. — Flowers unisexual. Perianth 0, or rarely of 3 or 4 valvate
leaflets. Male fl. : stamens numerous ; filaments filiform ; anthers inserted
by their base, linear, 2-4-celled. Female fl. : ovaries 1 -celled, usually numerous
and variously connate ; stigma sessile ; ovules solitary or numerous, on parietal
placentas. Fruit a drupe or berry. Seeds oblong ; albumen fleshy or horny ;
embryo minute.

A rather large, tropical Order, containing many arborescent species.

1. FREYCmETIA, Gaudichaud.

Climbing shrubs, branched, leafy at the ends of the branches. Leaves
sheathing at the base, narrow linear-subulate, margins prickly. Spikes fas-
cicled, terminal, surrounded by bracts at the base of the peduncles. Male fl. :
bundles of stamens surrounding a rudimentary ovary. Female fl. : several
ovaries, variously combined, surrounded by imperfect stamens. Seeds nu-
merous.

An Asiatic tropical genus of no great extent.

1. F. Banksii, A. Cunn. ; — Fl. N. Z. i. 237. t. 54 and 55. A lofty
climber. Leaves 2 ft. long, serrulate, concave, tip 3-gonous. Spike's cylin-
drical, 3-4 in. long, surrounded by white, fleshy bracts. Anthers 2-celled.
Fruit an oblong, green spadix, consisting of a multitude of laterally com-
pressed carpels, about in. long, clavate, truncate ; the lower part soft,
hollow, the walls of its cavity densely covered with pendulous seeds ; upper
part thickened, very hard, solid ; the truncate tip crenate, the crenatures
stigmatiferous. Seeds small, linear-oblong, with a cellular testa.

t 2

IV. FANDaNE/E.

[ ' Frey cinetia .

276

Northern Island : as far south as the east coast. Banks and Solander. The bracts
and young spikes make a very sweet preserve ; the leaves are used for basket-making.

(AROlDErE.)

Calathum esculentum, Vent. ( Colocasia esculenta, Schott ; Arum esculentum, Linn.),
is the Tarro or Tullo of the natives, introduced by them into the islands, and still abundantly
cultivated (Forst. PI. Esc. p. 58) ; it is a staple article of food in many parts of the Old
World.

Order V. TYPHACEiE.

Erect, leafy, marsh or water-plants. Leaves linear, sessile, sheathing at
the base. Elowers unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite, in dense heads or catkins.
Perianth 0, or of irregular scales or hairs. Stamens densely crowded ; fila-
ments slender; anthers linear or ovoid, inserted by their bases. Carpels
densely crowded, narrow, 1-celled, tapering- into a slender style, with a narrow
unilateral stigma; ovule solitary, pendulous. Emit, small nuts or utricles.
Seed pendulous ; embryo straight, in copious albumen.

The following genera are the only ones known.

Flowers in long, dense, cottony, brown cyliudric spikes 1. Typha.

Flowers in globular heads . 2. Sparganium.

1. TYPHA, Linn.

Tall, erect, marsh or water herbs ; rootstock stout, creeping. Leaves all
radical, long, linear, thick, flat, sheathing at the base.— -Flowers in 1 or 2 long,
dense, cylindric, terminal superimposed catkins ; upper, or upper part if one
only, male, lower female. Stamens mixed with hairs. Ovaries very minute,
narrow, surrounded by hairs, which are thickened upwards, and form a copious
brown, cottony mass. Nuts minute, slender, on slender stalks.

A very common tropical and temperate genus, of very few species, called Reed-maces and
often Bulrushes.

1. T. angustifolia, Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 238. Leaves 2-3 ft, long,
broad. Scapes 1-8 ft. high, terete, solid, bearing 2 cylindric, brown catkins
at the top, of which the upper or terminal is male, the lower female. — T. la-
tifolia , Forster, not Linn.

Northern Island: in marshes and river banks, Forster , etc. Common in all parts of
the world, including the Pacific Islands, Norfolk Island, and Australia. I refer this to
T. angustifolia because the catkins, male and female, are separated by an interval, but the
stature is that of T. tatifolia, and I find the position of the catkins to vary extremely in
tropical specimens of both. They are doubtless varieties of one plant. The present is ex-
tensively used for making walls and roofs of houses. The pollen is made into loaves of bread
by the natives, as in Seinde.

2. SPARGANTUM, Linn.

Roots fibrous. Stems erect, simple or branched. Leaves alternate, sheath-
ing at the base, linear, grass-like, erect or floating. Flowering-branches ter-
minal, simple or branched. — Flowers in sessile, globose, spiked or panicled
heads, the lower with leafy bracts at their base. Upper heads male. Stamens
mixed with minute scales. Lower heads larger, female. Ovaries sessile, each

S/jarganium ,~\

V. TYPHACBjE.

277

surrounded by a perianth of 3-6, small linear scales. Nuts ovoid or ob-
ovoid, thick.

A small aquatic genus, found in all temperate climates.

1. S. simplex, Hurls. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 238. An erect, rather flaccid
herb, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves a foot long, in. broad, acute, channelled. Scape
slender, erect, not branched. Nuts broadly obovoid, £ in. long, suddenly
contracted into a slender style.

Northern Island: in watery places frequent, Tiidwill, etc. “Simple Bur-reed” of England,
a common plant in various parts of the New aud Old World, including Australia, but not
found in Tasmania.

Order VI. NAIADEiE.

Floating, submerged, or erect marsh plants (in Lenina reduced to floating
green scale-like fronds). Leaves alternate, linear or oblong, sheathing at the
base. Stipules usually interpetiolar, membranous, sheathing. Inflorescence
various, usually spiked. — Flowers minute, green, inconspicuous, unisexual or
hermaphrodite. Perianth inferior, regular, of 4-6 green pieces in 2 series, or 0,
or reduced to scales, or to a tubular sheath. Stamens 1, 4 or 6; filaments
usually short ; anthers 2- or 4-celled, inserted by their base, dehiscing longi-
tudinally; pollen often of confervoid threads. Ovaries free, 1-6; styles
short or long, stigmatiferous on the inner face; ovule 1, usually pendulous
in each cell. Fruit of 1-6 indehiscent nuts, rarely drupes or capsules.
Seed erect or pendulous, albumen 0 ; testa membranous ; embryo with a very
large radicle, usually curved or indexed ; plumule in a slit on one side of it.

Au extensive family of water plants, scattered over the whole globe.

Small scale-like floating fronds 1. Lemna.

Simple or branched marsh or water plants. Leaves linear or oblong.

Flowers spiked.

Perianth 6-leaved. Stamens 6 ; anthers subsessile ..... 2. Trtgi.ochin.

Perianth 4-leaved. Stamens 4 ; anthers subsessile 3. Potamogeton.

Perianth 0. Stamens 4 ; anthers sessile. Ovaries 4. Nuts on long

stalks 4. Ruppia.

Flowersaxillary. Male fi. : a long stamen. Female: 2-5 ovaries in a

sheathing perianth 5. Zannichei.ua.

1. LEMNA, Linn.

Minute green scale-like fronds, covering the surface of ponds and ditches.
Eoots thread-like, suspended from the frond. Flowers most minute, appearing
by threes in a cleft of the frond, surrounded by a thin membranous spathe. —
Two of the flowers are males and consist of a single stamen each, with slender
filament and 2-celled anther; the other is a female, and is a 1-celled I- or
2-ovuled ovary, with a funnel-shaped stigma. Fruit a most minute 1-4-
seeded utricle. Seed erect or horizontal ; testa ribbed, membranous ; albu-
men 0 ; cotyledon thick, farinaceous, including the radicle and plumule.

A genus of few species, scattered over the globe, rarely found in flower. “ Duckweed.”

Frond oblong or oval, flat below . . 1. L. minor.

Frond oblong or oval, convex below . . . 2. L. gibba.

278

VI. NAIADES.

\Ltmna.

1. L. minor, Linn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 239. Fronds ovate or oblong, green,
about tV- To in- long, with a single capillary root. Flower not seen.

Middle Island : Port Cooper, Lyall. Probably abundaut elsewhere (as throughout the
world), but overlooked.

2. la. gibba, Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 289. Like L. minor , but frond con-
vex below. Flower not seen.

Northern Island : east coast, Colenso. Also a common plant in various parts of the
world, but not so frequent as L. minor. Some of the Tasmanian specimens referred to L.
minor in FI. Tasrn. are referable to this. Fronds of New Zealand and Tasmanian specimens
are of the same size as those of L. minor , and much smaller than of English specimeds.

2. TSIGLOCHm, Linn.

Marsh herbs. Leaves all radical, filiform or rush-like, sheathing at the
base. Scape naked, slender, bearing a terminal spike or raceme of small
green flowers. — Flowers hermaphrodite, green, small, ebracteate. Perianth
of 6, green, concave pieces in 2 series. Stamens 6; filaments very short;
anthers bursting outwards. Ovaries 3 or 6, partially cohering ; stigma sessile ;
ovule solitary, erect. Fruit of 3 carpels (or more, the alternate not ripening),
separating from a central axis. Embryo straight, radicle inferior.

A widely diffused, but not large genus, in the temperate zones of both hemispheres.

1. T. trian&rum, Michaux ; — FI. N. Z. i. 236. A very slender, gla-
brous herb, 3-10 in. high. Leaves filiform, grass-like, semiterete, as long
as or longer than the scape. Flowers minute, green, pedicelled. Fruit glo-
bose, of 3 keeled carpels, alternating with as many or fewer imperfect ones.
Stigmas recurved. — 'l'.Jlaccidum, A. Gunn. ; T.Jili folium. Hook. 1c. PI. t. 579.

Northern and Middle Islands: common in marshes, especially near the sea, Banks
and Solander, etc. Also found in Australia, South Africa, and temperate North and South
America.

3. POTAMOG-ETON, Linn.

Aquatic plants. Stems creeping, jointed and rooting. Leaves 2-ranked,
usually alternate, all similar, or the lower narrow submerged, the upper
broader floating ; stipules membranous, free or united and sheathing. Spikes
on axillary peduncles. — Flowers hermaphrodite, green, small, ebracteate.
Perianth of 4 concave pieces, valvate in bud. Stamens 4 ; filaments very
short. Ovaries 4 ; stigmas sessile or subsessile ; ovule solitary, ascending.
Fruit of 4 small drupe-like nuts, often compressed. Embryo curved.

A large and very abundant genus in all parts of the world, the species of which are very
variable. Much better specimens of the New Zealand species are wanted.

Floating leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong 1. P. natans.

Leaves, lower linear, grass-like, upper floating, oblong, lanceolate, acute 2. P. heterophyllus.
Leaves all narrow linear and grass-like. Stipules free, lacerate . . 3. P. gramineus.

Leaves all very narrow linear. Stipules united with leaf-margins . 4. P. pectinatus.

1. P. natans, Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 236. Stems and branches long or
short according to the depth of the water. Leaves on long petioles, floating,
1-3 in. long, oolong, obtuse or acute, often subccrdate at the base, reddish-
brown; submerged (if present) linear; stipules not winged, without ribs. Scape

Polamo(jeton.\

VI. N-AIADIiiE.

279

not thickened upwards. Nut when fresh obtuse at the back, or obscurely 3-
ribbed.

Northern and Middle Islands: abundant in ponds, rivers, etc. A. most common
aquatic herb in Europe and elsewhere throughout the globe.

2. P. Iieterophyllus, Schreber ? Lower submerged leaves narrow-linear,
membranous, 3-4 in. long, A— J in. broad, margins waved or rather crisped,
upper submerged leaves broader, passing into the floating, which are petioled,
1-lj in. long, oblong, obtuse, coriaceous ; stipules free.

Middle Island: Clethra river, Otago, Lindsay. Without dower or fruit ; apparently
the same as the Tasmanian plant, which is common in various temperate parts of the globe.

3. P. granameuSj Linn.? — P . ockreatus, Raoul, Choix, t. 7 ; — FI. N. 'L.
i. 236, and ii. 336. Leaves all submerged, membranous, grassy, 1-3 in.
long, ^ in. broad, narrow-linear, 3-5-nerved ; stipules free, lacerate. Pe-
duncle very stout, 1 in. long. Spike oblong, continuous. Nuts compressed,
obliquely broadly ovoid, with a mucronate style, T~- in. diam.

Northern and Middle Islands : Akaroa and Bay of Islands, Raoul, Colenso ; Auckland,
Sinclair. A very common European, Australian, aud Tasmanian plant ; also found in many
other temperate countries. In the N. Z. Flora I referred this to P. compressus, Linn., ac-
cording to Fries’ specimens : but Fries’ plant is apparently not the true compressus, and
considered by Prof. Oliver to be more probably a form of ptisillus. My specimens from M.
ltaoul are ticketed as from the Bay of Islands, but in his ' Choix’ he states it to be a native of
Banks’s Peninsula.

4. P. pectinatuss Linn. Leaves all submerged, membranous, grassy,
very narrow-linear, 2-3 in. long, ~ in. broad ; stipules united with the base
of the leaf into an entire sheath. Peduncle very long, slender. Flowers in
distant fascicles. Nuts gibbous, compressed, obliquely very broadly ovoid,
with a very short style.

Northern Island : lagoon at Tangloio and Hawke’s Bay, Colenso.

4. ilUPPIA, Linn.

A slender brackish-water plant. Stems extremely slender. Leaves filiform
with sheathing bases. Flower-spikes first included in the leaf-sheaths, then
lengthening, often twisted spirally, and ascending to the surface. — Flowers her-
maphrodite, small, green, ebracteate, remote on a slender spadix, the stamens
and pistils sometimes so wide apart that the flowers appear to be monoecious.
Perianth 0. Stamens .4; anthers sessile, 1-celled, or 2 with separate anther-
cells. Pollen a long curved cell. Carpels 4, sessile, with sessile stigmas
and solitary suspended ovules. Fruit of 1-4 minute, long stipitate, obliquely
ovoid, obtuse or pointed nuts. Embryo hooked.

Au abundant plant in Europe and many parts of the world.

1. R„ maritima, Linn. ;—Fl. N. Z. i. 236.

Northern and Middle Islands : abundant in salt-water ditches, etc., as far south as
Otago. A very frequent plant throughout the northern aud southern hemispheres ; abundant
in Australia and Tasmania.

5. ZANNICHELLIA, Linn.

Slender, fresh- or brackish- water herbs. Stems forked, capillary. Leaves

280

VI. NAIADES.

[ZannichelUd.

opposite or alternate, very slender, with sheathing membranous stipules. —
Flowers unisexual, very minute, axillary, sessile, naked, usually in pairs (male
and female). Male, a solitary stamen; filament very slender; anther 2-4-
celled. Female, 2-5 carpels in a cup-shaped involucre ; stigma peltate ; ovule
solitary, suspended. Fruit of usually 4 curved, stalked, narrow, beaked nuts.
Embryo bent upon itself; cotyledon slender.

A genus of few species, scattered over the globe.

1. Z. palustris, Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 237. A very slender aquatic,
forming tangled masses in fresh or brackish water. Stems capillary, 3-12 in.
long, branched. Leaves almost filiform, 2-3 in. long. Nuts shortly stalked,
in. long, with filiform styles as long as themselves.

Northern Island: east coast, Colenso, in fresh water. Abundant in Europe and Aus-
tralia, and generally in temperate as well as tropical countries.

Some other both fresh and salt-water plants of this Order may be found in New Zealand,
as Cymodocea and Posidonia, both marine, and common in Australia.

Order YIT. LILIACEiE.

( Including Smilace.e, AsphoDELea, and Asteeiea:.)

Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, of very various habit, sometimes ( Rhipoyonum )
climbing. — Flowers usually hermaphrodite and regular. Perianth inferior, of
G coloured leaflets in 2 series, free or combined into a tube. Stamens 6, at-
tached to the perianth or free from it ; anthers bursting inwards, attached bv
a point. Ovary superior, 3-celled (1-celled in some Asteli.ee) ; style simple,
stigma 3-lobed ; ovules 2 or more (rarely 1) in each cell. Fruit a membra-
nous or coriaceous, 3-celled, loculicidallv 3-valved capsule, or an indehiscent
1-3-celled berry. Seeds few or numerous, globose or flattened ; testa crus-
taceous or membranous ; albumen horny ; embryo terete, straight or curved.
A very large Order, found in all parts of the world but the coldest.

A. Fruit a berry. Seeds turyid ; testa membranous. Leaf-veins netted (Sinilacese).

Climbing shrub. Ovary-cells 1-ovuled 1. Rhipogonum.

Small herb. Ovary-cells few-ovuled 2. Callixene.

B. Fruit a berry. Seeds globose or oblong ; testa crustaceous.

Glabrous. Stem often arboreous. Filaments subulate .... 3. Cordyline.

Glabrous herbs. Filaments curved, thickened upwards .... 4. Dianella.

Herbs with villous silky or chaffy leaves. Flowers dioecious ... 5. Astelia.

C. Fruit a 3-eelled, many-seeded capsule. Seeds flattened or angular ; testa usually

black.

Flowers white, panicled, spreading; pedicels jointed in middle
Flowers racemed, yellow, spreading ; pedicels not jointed .

Flowers panicled, green and orange, tubular, irregular . .

Flowers solitary in spathes. Small herb

1 . RHIPOGONUM, Forst.

Climbing wiry shrubs. Leaves opposite and alternate, petioled, 3 -nerved,
with netted venation. Flowers in spreading axillary and terminal racemes,
hermaphrodite. — Perianth of 6 minute spreading leaflets. Stamens larger

6. Arthropodium.

7. Anthericuh.

8. Phorhium.

9. Herpolirion.

Khipogonum .]

VII. LILIACEjE.

281

than the petals; filaments very short. Ovary 3 -celled ; style short; ovules
1 in each cell. Berry 1- or 2-seeded. Seeds hemispherical ; testa membra-
nous.

Only three species are known, the following and two Australian.

1. R. scandens, Ford. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 253. Stems very slender, knotted,
forming interwoven wiry masses in the forest. Leaves 3-5 in. long, linear
ovate or oblong, subacute, coriaceous. Racemes simple or branched, 1-2 in.
long. Flowers \ in. diam. Berry scarlet. — R. parvijlorum, Br. ; Smilax
R/uporjonum, Forst. Prodr.

Northern and Middle Islands : abundant as far south as Otago, Banks arul Solander,
etc. The long underground rootstocks have been used as Sarsaparilla by settlers, and the
stems as cord and for basket-work by the natives.

2. CALLIXENE, Commerson.

Matted glabrous herbs, with wiry branching creeping stems, knotted at the
joints, with membranous scales at the joints. Leaves alternate, distichous,
with netted veins.- — Flowers solitary, nodding, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6
white spreading leaflets, with 2 glands at the base of 3 or all. Ovary 3-celled ;
style stout, 3-grooved ; ovules few in each cell. Berry few-seeded ; seeds
globose, with a membranous testa.

A genus of 2 species, one a native of Fuegia and S. Chili, the other of New Zealand.

1. C. parviflora, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 254. Stems wiry, 8-10 in. long.
Leaves fin. long, with short twisted petioles, linear or oblong, acute or obtuse,
3-5-nerved. Flower -f in. broad, peduncle usually terminal. Perianth seg-
ments ovate-lanceolate, acute. Filaments glabrous. Berry globose. — Hook.
Ic. PI. t. 632.

Northern Island : mountainous districts, Co/enso. Middle Island: in damp forests,
ascending to 4000 ft., common.

3. CORDYLXNE, Commerson.

Trees or rarely stemless herbs. Leaves alternate, very long, with broad
bases, distichous, or crowded at the ends of the trunk or branches, nerves
obliquely leaving the midrib, parallel. Flowers white, on much branched
panicles, hermaphrodite. — Perianth campanulate, of 6 nearly equal persistent
leaflets, more or less combined at the base. Stamens inserted on the petals,
filaments subulate, glabrous. Ovary 3-celled ; style simple, stigma 3-lobed ;
ovules numerous in each cell. Berry globose, 3-celled, few- or many-seeded.
Seeds angular; testa black, crustaceous. Pedicels 3-bracteate; first and
third bracts 1-nerved, intermediate one with 2 nerves.

A large genus in the southern hemisphere, most frequent in New Zealand, Australia, and
the Pacific Islands.

Trunk arboreous.

Leaves 2 ft. x li-lj in., not petioled, striate. Bracts £ as long as flower 1. C. australis.

Leaves 5-6 ft. x H-2 in., long petioled, nerved. Bracts extremely short 2. C. Banksii

Leaves 2-3 ft. x4-5 in., very thick. Bracts almost as long as flower 3. C. indivisa.
Stem 0, or slender and very short. Leaves 1-2 ft x£- J in 4. C. Pumilio.

1. C. australis. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 257 ; Gard. Chron. 1860, 792 ;

282

Vll. LILIACEAi.

\_Cordyline.

not Endlicher. Trunk arboreous, 10-40 ft. high, branched. Leaves ensiform,
2 ft. long-, 1j-1J in. broad, slightly contracted above the broad base, striated
with numerous parallel veins, all equally fine, midrib obscure. Flowers densely
crowded, white, ^ in. diam., sweet-scented ; bracts from half as long to as
long as the bud before expansion.— Dracaena australis , Forst. Prod. 151.

Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc, apparently common through-
out. There are no specimens of this in the Banksian or Paris Herbariums from Forster
himself, but his drawing identifies the plaut; it is distinguished from C. Banksii by tbe
shorter leaves not contracted at the base, without strong nerves, and by the large bracts. The
Dracaena australis of Bot. Mag. has the short flowers of this species, but the minute bracts
of the following, but differs from both in the much broader leaves. I find the same plaut
from Norfolk Island, whence I suspect Frazer procured it, and not from New Zealand.

2. C. Banksii, Hook.f. in Gard. Chron. 1860, 792. Trunk arboreous,
5-10 ft. high, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves very long, 5-6 ft. long
by If— 2 in. broad, linear-lanceolate, gradually contracted into a petiole 1-2
ft. long, striated, and having 6 or 8 evident uerves on either side of the pro-
minent midrib. Panicle lateral, drooping, 2-5 ft. long. Flowers white,
longer than in C. australis, f in. long, nearly sessile. Bracts small, not f
part as long as the flowers previous to expansion. Berry white.

Northern and BSiddle Islauds : Port Nicholson and Ruahiue mouutaius, Colenso ; Can-
terbury, Tracers, etc. There is a small spccimeu of this in the British Museum, collected
by Bauks and Solander, but uot alluded to in their MSS. nor drawings ; it differs from C.
australis in the shorter truuk, much longer, narrower, petioled leaves, with evident strong
veins, the minute bracts, and longer in the flowers, and (aecordiug to Colenso) in the
drooping lateral panicle.

3. C. indivisa, Kunth ; — FI. N. Z. i. 258. Trunk simple, arboreous,
2-5 'ft. high. Leaves excessively thick and coriaceous, 2-3 ft. long, 4-5 in.
broad, scarcely contracted at the base, glaucous below ; nerves numerous, yel-
lowish, strong, midrib stout. Panicle very large, drooping. Flowers pedicelled,
f-1 in. diam., most densely crowded, imbricate. Bracts nearly as long as
the flower and pedicel. — Fraccena indivisa, Forst. Prod. n. 150; Plant. Esc.
li. 33.

Northern Island : Ruahine range, Colenso. Middle Island : Thompson’s Sound, Lgall ;
"Dusky Bay, Forster. A magnificeut plant, well distiuguished by the broad, excessively thick
leaves, glaucous below, and huge drooping panicle, covered with the large flowers. Flax
from its leaves is used by the natives of the Northern Island to make a garment called Toil
(i Colenso ).

4. C. Pumilio, Hook. f. in Gard. Chron. 1860, 792. — C. stricta, FI.
N. Z. i. 257. t. 58, uot Endlicher. A small plant. Stem 0 or short,
slender, not thicker than the thumb. Leaves 1-2 ft. long, f— §• in. broad,
linear, grass-like, nerves few, midrib stout, prominent. Panicle erect, very
lax, 2 ft. long, branches spreading, slender. Flowers few, scattered, pedi-
celled, white, -i-in. diam. ; bracts subulate, half as long as the flower and twice
as long as the bracts.

Northern parts of the Northern Island: Bay of Islands, A. Cunningham. A very dif-
ferent-looking species from all tbe preceding. The C. stricta of Endlicher ( Dractena stricta ,
Bot. Mag. t. 2575; Bot. Reg. t. 965), is an arboreous species, with bluish flowers. The
present was regarded by A. Cunningham as a young plant of C. australis.

VII. LILlAGEiE.

-283

4. DIANELLA, Lamarck.

Herbs with short tufted rhizomes. Leaves very long, linear, rigid, equitant or
sheathing. Scapes bearing compound panicles. Flowers jointed on the rigid,
curved pedicels, white or blue, drooping, hermaphrodite. — Perianth of 6 nearly
equal, spreading, deciduous leaflets. Stamens 6 ; filaments incurved, thick-
ened upward. Ovary 3-celled ; style filiform, stigma simple ; ovules numerous
in each cell. Berry globose or oblong, many-seeded. Seeds globose, with
metallic crustaceous testa.

A genus of no great number of species, natives of Madagascar, the South Sea Islands, India,
Australia, and New Zealand.

1. D. intermedia, Endl. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 255. Eootstock woody, with
underground runners. Leaves 1-5 ft. long, narrow linear-ensifonn, rigid,
rough on the edges. Panicle 10-18 in. long, much branched ; peduncles and
pedicels very slender, the latter curved. Flowers small, greenish-white, nod-
ding, \ in. diam. Anthers linear. Berry | in. long, dark blue.

Northern and Middle Islands : frequent iu fern lauds and iu woods, Banks and
So/ander, etc. Also a native of Norfolk Island.

5. ASTELIA, Banks and Solander.

Large or small tufted herbs, usually more or less clothed with silky, shaggy,
or chaffy hairs. Leaves all radical, long, narrowed from base to tip, sheath-
ing the scape. Flowers numerous (rarely few) in branched racemes or pani-
cles, white greenish or purplish, dioecious. — Perianth coloured, petaloid or
rather dry in texture, campanulate or rotate, silky, 6-partite. Stamens G.
Ovary 3-gonous, 1 or 3-celled; style short or 0, stigma 3-lobed; ovules few
or numerous, pendulous from the top of the cells, or attached to central or
parietal placentas. Berry 1-3-celled, few- or many-seeded. Seeds oblong,
angled or terete ; testa black, brittle ; albumen fleshy ; embryo small.

A small genus, confined to the alps of Australia and Tasmania, New Zealand, the Pacific
Islands, and Antarctic America. The New Zealand species are all dioecious, and, from grow-
ing usually ou lofty forest trees, it is most difficult to match the sexes. I am not satisfied
with the following determination of the species, which is that proposed in FI. N. Z., since
the publication of which no one has attempted to clear up their limits, as there urgently
desired.

Perianth not enclosing the fruit. Berry \-celled. Seeds terete.

Leaves 2-5 ft., silky and shaggy. Berry globose 1 .A. Cunninghamii.

Leaves 1-6 in., glabrous or scaly. Berry ovoid 2. A. linearis.

Perianth usually enclosing the ripe fruit. Berry Z-celled. Seeds angled.

Leaves 1-3 ft. x in., strong, glabrous or silky ; nerves 3 . . 3. A. nervosa.

Leaves 2-4 ft. x 3 in.; nerves 3. Filaments \ in. long . . . . 4 .A. So/andri.

Leaves 2-5 ft. x J-f in. ; nerves obscure. Perianth rotate. Filaments

subulate 5 .A. Banksii.

1. A. Cunninghamii, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 259. A large, tufted, very
silky herb. Leaves 2-5 ft. long, spreading and recurved, -£-1 in. broad,
plaited, silky and villous. Male : Scape 1— 1J ft., angled, flexuose, shaggy,
much and widely branched. Flowers numerous. Perianth rotate, £ in. diam. ;
segments acuminate, red-brown when dry. Female : Scape 1 ft. ; branches
crowded, erect, 3-8 in. long. Perianth as in male. Ovary globose ; style

284

VII. L'lLl ACE/E.

[Aslelia.

short; ovules from the upper part of 3 parietal placentas, imbedded in
mucilage. Berry globose. Seeds 6-8, linear, terete, curved ; testa thick ; in
germination the embryo pushes before it a small black operculum.

Northern Island: common on limbs of forest-trees. Middle Island: Aorere valley,
Travers. Very like A. Banksii, but differs in the larger flowers, ovary, fruit, and seeds.

2. A. linearis. Hook./. FI. Antarct. i. 76 ; — FI. N.Z. i. 260. A small
tufted herb, glabrous or more or less covered with appressed chaft'v hairs.
Leaves spreading, 1-6 in. long, narrow linear, acuminate, keeled, margins
recurved, silky and villous at the base. Scape few-tiowered, shorter than the
leaves. Berry elongate, obtusely 3-gonous, red. Seeds obovoid, shining,
not angled.

Northern Island : swamps on the summit of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Lord
Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : boggy ground on the bare hillsides,
J. I). H.

3. A. nervosa. Banks and Solander ; — FI. N. Z. i. 260. Densely
tufted. Leaves 1-3 ft. long, narrow linear-subulate, in. broad, silky or
glabrous, rigid, with 3 very strong, often red nerves. Male : Scape 1 ft. long,
glabrate or very silky. Flowers scattered on long branches, pedicelled. Pe-
rianth in. diam., rotate with a hemispherical tube, cut to below the middle ;
segments broadly linear-oblong, acute. Stamens on the middle of the seg-
ments ; filaments slender ; anthers broadly oblong. Female : Scape shorter,
stout, much branched. Flowers stoutly pedicelled. Perianth of the male.
Ovary conical, 3-gonous. Berry 3-celled, with a stout style, sunk in the
baccate tube of the perianth, yellow. Seeds black, shining, angled.

Northern Island: forming dense masses in alpine bogs, Banks and Solander ; Taupo
aud Ruahine range, Colenso. Middle Island: Nelson mountains, alt. 5000 ft., Bidwill ;
Akaroa, Raoul ; Canterbury, alpiue meadows, amongst grass, alt. 2500-5000 ft., Haast ;
Otago, Lindsay.

4. A. Solandri, A. Cann. ;—Fl. N. Z. i. 260. A very large species.
Leaves 2-4 ft long, spreading and recurved, 3 in. broad at the base, and
there clothed with dense, snow-white silky, villous wool, glabrous above, silky
below, with 3 very strong nerves. Male: Scape stout. Panicle 6-18 in.
long; branches, with the flowers on, 1 in. across. Flowers very crowded,
shortly pedicelled. Perianth very large, \ in. long, membranous ; segments
linear, obtuse, silky externally. Filaments y in. long ; anthers linear-oblong.
Female : Scape stout, curved. Panicle with very long slender (rarely short,
stout) branches, 8-12 in. long. Flowers close-set, fascicled or whorled ;
pedicels slender, \ in. long. Perianth much smaller and more scarious than
in the male; tube hemispheric ; segments recurved. Ovary globose, 3-celled ;
style straight.

Northern and Middle Islands : common on trunks of trees, Banks and Solander,
etc. I have no positive assurance of the plints here described as male aud female belonging
to one species, but have no reason to doubt it.

5. A. Banksii, A. Cann.; — FI. N. Z. i. 260. Habit and foliage as in
A. Cunninghamii. Leaves 2-5 ft. long, -|— | in. broad, glabrous or silky.
Male : Panicle densely silky ; branches long, slender. Perianth glabrous, j
in. diam. ; segments narrow, acuminate. Filaments subulate ; anthers broadly

Astelia .]

vix. LIUACEAS.

285

olilong. Female: Panicle shorter; branches stout, crowded, 3-4 in. long.
Perianth broad, silky, not enclosing the berry. Ovary conical, 3-celled.
Berry ovoid, yellowish, in. long’ ; stigma sessile. Seeds 3-6, pendulous
by slender funicles from the top of each cell, sharply angled ; testa thick,
hard. — A. Richardi, Kunth ; ? Hamelinia veratroides, A. Bich. Plor. 1 5 8-.
t. 24.

Northern Island : on limbs of forest trees, probably common ; Mercury Bay, Jolliffe.
It is difficult to distinguish the male of this from that of A. Cunninghainii.

6. ARTHROPODIUM, Brown.

Herbs, with fleshy, fibrous roots. Leaves narrow, radical, flaccid. Blowers
panicled or racemed on a long scape, white ; pedicels jointed in the middle,
hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 spreading, persistent leaflets. Stamens 6 ;
filaments bearded. Ovary 3-celled ; style slender, stigma hispid ; ovules nu-
merous in each cell. Capsule subgiobose, 3-valved, few-seeded. Seeds
angular ; testa black, membranous ; embryo curved.

A small Australian and Tasmanian genus.

Scape 1-2 ft. Flowers f-1 in. diam 1. A. cirrhatum.

Scape 4-8 in. Flowers i in. diam . 2. A. candidum.

1. A. cirrhatum, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 254. A tall herb, 1-2 ft. high,
quite glabrous. Leaves ensifonn-lanceolate, acuminate with attenuated points,
1 ft. long, 1-^ in. broad. Panicle much bi’anched ; bracts foliaceous. Blowers
white, f— 1 in. diam. ; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate. Bilaments bearded
above the middle, 2-glandular at the base. Capsule I in. diam. Seeds black,
opaque, angular. — Bot. Mag. t. 2350 ; Anthericum cirrhatum , Borst.

Northern Island: abundant, Banks and Solander, etc.

2. A. candidum, Raoul, Choix, 14. t. 6 ; — M. N. Z. i. 254. A small,
slender species, 4-8 in. high. Leaves very narrow linear, xg— in. broad,
flaccid and grass-like. Scape rarely branched, very slender, usually simple.
Blowers solitary or in pairs, small, white, } in. diam., on long secund pedi-
cels ; bracts long, leafy, lanceolate. Capsule small, globose, ± in. diam.

Northern and Middle Islands : mountain woods, frequent.

7. ANTHERICUM, Linn.

Herbs, with fleshy fibrous roots. Leaves all radical, linear, sheathing at
the base. Scape radical. Blowers racemed, often yellow, hermaphrodite,
rarely dioecious. — Perianth of 6 equal, spreading leaflets. Stamens 6, inserted
at the base of the leaflets ; filaments glabrous or bearded. Ovary 3-celled ;
style simple, stigma 3-lobed ; ovules 2 or more in each cell. Capsule 3-
celled, 3-valved, few- or many-seeded. Seeds usually compressed and 3-que-
trous ; testa black.

A large genus, found in various parts of both temperate zones.

Scape stout, 2-3 ft. high. Flowers dioecious 1. A. Rossii.

Scape 1 ft. high. Flowers hermaphrodite 2. A. Hookeri.

1. A. Rossii, Hook. f. — Chrysohadron Rossii , Hook. f. Bl. Antarct.
i. 72. t. 44, 45. Yery robust, 6 in.-3 ft. high; stem at the base often

286

VII. LTLIACE/E.

[. Anthericnm .

in. diam. Leaves very numerous, spreading, 8-16 in. long, 1-1J broad, very
thick, concave, recurved, obtuse, nerveless. Scape stout, -J— ^ in. diam.
Raceme very dense, 4-6 in. long, 1-2 diam. Flowers dioecious, bright
yellow, very densely crowded ; pedicels slender, erect, J in. long, lower
bracts nearly as long. Perianth in. diam., expanded in the male plant, erect
in the female ; segments ovate-oblong, obtuse. Stamens glabrous in the male
plant, with slender subulate filaments in the female. Ovary broadly ovoid in
the female ; style straight, small, stigma small lobed ; ovules 1 or 2 in each
cell ; ovary in the male smaller, conical, with 3 subulate styles. Capsule
i-i in. long, ovate-oblong, 3-gonous. Seeds linear-oblong, 3-gonous, testa
black.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island: abundant, J.D. H. A magni-
ficent plant. I have seen a specimen 3-4 ft. high, with 3 crowns of leaves from one root,
and 7 racemes of flowers, some of them 2-fid.

2. A. Hookeri, Colenso. — Clirysobactron Hookeri , Col. ; FI. N. Z. i. 255.
Much smaller than C. Rossii, but most variable in stature. Leaves 8-10 in.
long, broad. Bracts very variable, sometimes as long as the pedicels.
Racemes 3-5 in. long. Flowers -3- in. diam., always hermaphrodite. — Hook.
Ic. PI. t. 817 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4607.

Northern Island: between the Ruahine range and Lake Tanpo, Colenso. Middle
Island : apparently abundant throughout, in subalpine pastures.

8. PHORMIUM, Forster.

Tall, rigid herbs ; stem swollen at the base, with stont, fibrous roots.
Leaves all radical, linear-ensiform, distichous, coriaceous, excessively tough.
Scape very tall, branched at the top, bracteate. Flowers large, panicled, erect,
jointed on the pedicel, hermaphrodite. — Perianth tubular, curved, of 6 leaf-
lets, outer erect, inner with spreading tips. Stamens 6, exserted ; filaments
unequal, 3 smaller. Ovary 3-celled ; style stout, 3-gonous, stigma capitate ;
ovules numerous, 2-seriate in each cell. Capsule oblong or linear-oblong,
obtusely 3-angled, coriaceous or somewhat membranous, loculicidally 3-valved,
many-seeded. Seeds compressed ; testa lax, black.

A remarkable genus, “New Zealand Flax,” confined to New Zealand and Norfolk Island.

Leaves 3-6 ft., obtuse or subaeute 1 . P. tena.r.

Leaves 2-3 ft., more acuminate ' 2. P. Colensoi.

1. P. tenax, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 256. A tall, coarse, dark-green,
stout, densely-tufted plant. Leaves very thick and coriaceous, 3-6 ft. long,
narrow-linear, rigid, erect, dark green above, paler and glaucous below ; tip
acute or apiculnte (not acuminate), keeled, always slit when old. Scapes
5-15 ft. high, dark red, stout. Flowers usually lurid-red or yellow, but
very variable in colour, 2 in. long. Perianth-segments nearly straight, ob-
tuse. Pods very variable in length, 4-8 in., black, 3-gonous, coriaceous,
straight or twisted. — Bot. Mag. t. 3199.

Throughout the Northern Island, abundant, Banks and Solancler, etc. Also found in Nor-
folk Island. In the ‘ New Zealand Flora’ I have gone at length into the question of the specific
identity of this and the following plant. A re-examination of all the specimens does not alter my

Phorminm .]

VII. LILTACE®.

287

opinion of tliis ami the following being races of one plant; they seem, however, to be permanently
distinct, and as they differ in distribution somewhat, and so much in appearance as to be uni-
versally distinguished, I have thought it better to retain them as distinct, from Colenso’s
notes both appear very variable as to colour of flower, from dark-red to yellow, and size,
form, and twisting of the capsule ; but this is the coarser and less useful plant of the two.
The synonymy of the two species, as given in the ‘ Flora of New Zealand,5 has been altered
to suit Mr. Golenso’s notes on Le Jolis5 P. Cookianum, which he asserts to be his P. For-
sterianum, and consequently the following species, to which, however, the name Forsterianum
cannot be applied, as Forster’s plant is undoubtedly the P. tenax.

2. P. Colemsoi, Hook. /., in Raoul, Choix. — P. tenax, fi, FI. N. Z.
i. 256. Smaller in all its parts than P. tenax, and usually of a paler green.
Leaves 2-3 ft. long, more acuminate, rarely split at the tip. Scapes 3-6 ft. high,
usually green. Flowers l-FJ in. long ; inner segments of perianth acuminate,
reflexed. Pod as in P. tenax, but smaller. — P. Forsterianum, Colenso ; P.
Cookianum, Le Jolis.

Northern and Middle Island, from the East Cape southwards, abundant, and often
growing with P. tenax.

Dr. Hector informs me of a third species or variety of Phormium, from the south-west
coast, with short, almost globular capsules.

9. HEEPOLIRION, Hook. f.

Small alpine herbs, with wiry creeping stems, sending up short scapes
clothed with linear leaves, sheathing at the base. Flower hermaphrodite,
when in bud enclosed within 1—3 spathes or bracts. — Perianth tubular, cam-
panulate, 6-partite ; leaflets linear, nearly equal. Stamens 6 ; filaments fili-
form, glabrous or downy ; anthers twisted a little. Ovary 3-celled, oblong ;
style filiform, stigma simple ; ovules numerous in each cell. Fruit ?

A small genus of one Australian and Tasmanian alpine species, and the following.

1. H. novse-Sielandise, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 258. Leaves 1-2 in.
long, spreading or recurved, narrow linear, acuminate, flat or longitudinally
folded, striate, glaucous. Flowers waxy-wliite, tinged with blue in drying,
almost sessile amongst the leaves, ■j— in. long ; bract or spathe solitary. Fi-
laments pubescent.

Northern Island : plains near Taupo, Colenso. Middle Island: swamps in the alps
of Canterbury, of Nelson, Travers, Sinclair, Haast. This may prove the same with the
Tasmanian plant.

Order VIII. PALMEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with simple, erect or climbing stems, or stemless. Leaves
simple pinnate or palmately divided, with sheathing bases. Flowers 3-bracteate,
sessile in panicled spikes ; panicles enclosed when young in one or more sheath-
ing spathes, unisexual.- — Perianth inferior, of 6 thick, coriaceous or fleshy
leaflets, in 2 series, valvate or contorted in bud. Stamens usually 6 ; anthers
2-celled, versatile. Ovary 3-celled, or ovaries 3; stigmas 3, sessile; ovule
1, rarely 2, erect in each cell. Fruit or berry 1-3-celled, or 1-3 drupes.

238

VIII. FALMli/E.

Seed erect or laterally attached, embryo small, in a cavity of the horny albu-
men.

A very large tropical Order, including the Date, Cocoa-nut, etc., which reaches its highest
south latitude in New Zealand.

1. ARECA, Linn.

Trees, with simple ringed trunks. Leaves pinnate, rarely entire. In-
florescence axillary. — Flowers monoecious, panicled ; males numerous, fe-
males few, at the bases of the branches, or flowers ternate, and each female
having a male on either side of it. Spathes 2- or 3-leaved. Stamens 6.
Ovary 1-3-celled. Drupe with a fibrous inner coat. Embryo at the base
of the albumen.

A large tropical, Indian, Australian, and Pacific Island genus, to which the Betel-nut Palm
belongs.

1. A. sapida, Soland.; — FI. N. Z. i. 263. t. 59 and 60. Trunk 6-10
ft. high ; 6-8 in. diam. ; cylindric, green. Leaves 4-6 ft. long, pinnate ;
leaflets very narrow-linear, margin replicate, nerves midrib and petiole
covered with minute scales. Spathes 2 or 3, white, a foot long. Panicles
densely branched, 18-24 in. long, white. Flowers very numerous, crowded,
males and females mixed. Perianth-lobes acuminate, outer smaller. Ovary
3-celled ; ovules lateral, pendulous. Drupe oblong, \ in. long. Albumen
surface smooth (not ruminated). — A. Ban/csii, Martius.

Northern and Middle Islands : as far south as Queen Charlotte’s Sound, Banks and
Solander , etc. Very closely allied to the Norfolk Island A. Baueri, which is a larger
plant ; young inflorescence eaten.

Order IX. JUNCE^l.

Herbs, leafless or with stiff, rush-like or flat grassy leaves. Stems, or culms
cylindric or compressed, bearing cymes heads or panicles of small, bracteate,
hermaphrodite flowers. — Perianth of 6 dry, usually brown, lanceolate acuminate
leaflets in 2 rows. Stamens 6, rarely 3, inserted at the bases of the leaflets.
Ovary 3-angled, 1- or 3-celied; style short or long, stigmas 3, linear; ovules
solitary or many in each cell. Capsule included in the persistent perianth,
1-3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, 1 -many-seeded. Seeds minute, albuminous;
embryo minute.

A large Order, found in every part of the world, most frequent in the temperate zones.

Glabrous. Style short or 0. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled 1. Juncus.

Glabrous. Style long. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled 2. Rostkovia.

More or less hairy. Style short. Ovary 1-celled, 3-ovuled ..... 3. Luzuj.a.

1. JUNCUS, Linn.

Herbs, glabrous, with annual, fibrous roots, on creeping, jointed root-
stocks. Leaves slender or stout, sheathing at the base, terete or flat, jointed
internally or not so, sometimes 0, or reduced to sheaths. — Flowers in terrni-

Juncus.']

IX. JUNCEA3.

289

nal or lateral cymes heads or panicles, rarely solitary. Ovary 3-celled ; style
short, rarely distinct ; ovules numerous.

A large genus, found all the world over. The species are variable and often difficult of
discrimination.

1. Rhizome stout, creeping. Culms terete.

Leaves 0 ; sheaths at the base of the culms, broad, open, obtuse.

Culms 2-3 ft., very stout. Panicle pale. Stamens 6 . . . . 1 . vaginatus.

Culms 1-3 ft., slender. Panicle pale. Stamens 3 2. J. australis.

Leaves few, terete, very long, pungent ; sheaths below them oppressed to the culm.

Culms 1-2 ft., rather stout. Panicle brown. Stamens 6 . . . 3. J. maritimus.

Culms 1-3 ft., slender. Panicle pale. Stamens 3 . . . . 4. J. communis.

2. Roots fibrous ( rhizome creeping in 8). Culms tufted, usually flattened, leafy at the base.
Leaves not jointed internally ( see also 10. J. novae-Zelandiac).

Leaves flat or concave, grass-like. Flowers T'5 in. long .... 5. J. planfolius.

Densely tufted. Leaves slender. Flowers i in. long 6. J. bufonius.

Minute. Leaves terete. Flowers 1-3, terminal 7 . J. antarcticus.

Leaves terete or compressed., the pith jointed internally, often very inconspicuously

in J. novse-Zelandise.

Stout. Cymes divaricating. Flowers capitate, £ in. long . . . 8 . J. Holosckcenus.

Slender. Leaves compressed. Flowers 2-8, terminal. Perianth

as long as the acute capsule 9 . J. scheuzerioides.

Slender. Leaves filiform. Flowers 3-5, terminal, brown. Peri-
anth shorter than the black, shining, turgid capsule .... 10. J. novce-Zelandice.
Slender. Leaves capillary. Flowers 1-3, lateral, pale. Perianth

as long as the acute, pale capsule 11. J. capillaceus.

1. J. vaginatus, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 263. Very stout, tall, pale-coloured.
Culms 2-3 ft. high, minutely striate, nearly £ in diam. at the base, leafless,
covered with large sheaths at the base. Panicle lateral, dense or loose, very
variable in size, branches strict, compressed. Flowers TW- in. long, fascicled ;
bracts short, ovate, acute ; perianth segments lanceolate, acuminate. Cap-
sules pale, obovoid, obtuse, rather longer than the perianth. Testa produced
at each end.

Northern Island: wet clay soil near Wellington, Colenso, Stephenson ; W'aitaki, Sin-
clair. An abundant South Australian and Tasmanian plant, and apparently the same as
the Chilian J. procerus, E. Meyer ( J . Valdivice, Steud.).

2. J. australis. Hook. f. FI. Tasman, ii. 67. t. 131 A.. Quite similar
to J. vaginatus, but much more slender, panicle very much smaller, and
stamens only 3. Culms slender, 1-3 ft. high, leafless. Panicle pale, open
or contracted and almost capitate.

Northern and Middle Islands: marshy places, probably common, Colenso, Sinclair,
Munro ; as far south as Otago, Lindsay. Also abundant in South Australia and Tasmania.

3. J. maritimus, Lamarck ; — FI. N. Z. i. 263. Stout, tall, rather dark-
coloured. Culms 1-2 ft. high, leafless, or with 1 or 2 stout, long, terete,
pungent leaves, surrounded with large sheaths at the base, finely striate.
Panicle large, lateral, effuse, erect, much branched, often a span long, branches
strict, compressed. Flow'ers fascicled, in. long ; bracts as long as the
flowers. Perianth segments lanceolate, acuminate. Stamens 6. Capsule
ovoid, as long as the perianth. Testa produced at each end.

Northern and Middle Islands: abundant on the coasts. Equally abundant in Aus-

VOL. I. U

290 ix. junceas. [ Jioicus .

tralia, Tasmania, all temperate and many tropical countries. European and other speci-
mens are as pale as •/. vagin at us and australis, approaching them very closely.

4. J. communis, E. Meyer ;—J. effusus, Linn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 263.
Culms slender, finely striate, 1-3 ft. high, clothed at the base with cylindrical,
rather appressed sheaths. Leaves few, terete, pungent, finely striate. Panicle
lax effuse and spreading or contracted, sometimes capitate. Flowers not
fascicled, but often crowded, yy- in. long. Perianth-segments lanceolate-
subulate, acuminate, as long as the obovoid capsule. Stamens 3. Testa
loose at each end of the seed.

Northern and Middle Islands : abundant in stiff, wet soil, etc. The slender habit
close sheaths, and presence of leaves, distinguish this from J. australis. One of the com-
monest plants in all temperate countries.

5. J. planifolius, Br ; — FI. N. Z. i. 263. Culms 6-18 in. high, leafy
at the base, stout or slender, compressed, striate. Leaves numerous, grass-
like, flat or concave, membranous, | in. diam. ; sheaths open. Panicles
terminal, capitate and dense, or open, in branched 3-chotomous cymes ; in-
volucral leaves longer or shorter than the panicles or 0. Flowers brown,
fascicled, in. long. Perianth segments acuminate. Stamens 3-6. Cap-
sule prismatic, mucronate, longer or shorter than the perianth. Seeds striate.

Abundant throughout the islands, Banks and Solander , etc. Lord Auckland’s group,
Le Guillon. A common Australian, Tasmanian, and Chili plant. Habit of a Luzula, but
perfectly glabrous.

6. J. bufonius, Linn.;- — FI. N. Z. i. 264. A small, pale, annual species,
1-6 in. high, excessively branched from the base, roots fibrous. Leaves
numerous, slender, compressed, linear-subulate, with long large sheaths,
pith continuous inside. Flowers fascicled, usually in threes ; fascicles lateral,
sessile, solitary, or in loose long pedicelled sparingly-branched cymes, £ in.
long. Perianth-segments narrow, subulate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, with
broad membranous margins. Stamens 6. Capsule elongate, prismatic,
longer than the perianth. Seeds ovate-globose, pale, shining. — J. plebejus,
Br.

Damp clay soil, etc., throughout the Northern and Middle Islands. One of the com-
monest plants in the islands, and in all temperate countries.

7. J. antarcticus, Hook.f. FI. Antarct. i. 79. t. 46. A minute, tufted
species. Cidms 1-2 in. high, branched at the base. Leaves 1 in. long,
subulate, nearly terete, obtuse ; pith continuous inside ; sheath short, rather
broad. Flowers 1-4, fascicled at the top of the culm, y^- in. long, sessile.
Perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate. Stamens 6. Capsule as long as
the perianth, ovoid. Seeds ovoid or oblong, pale, smooth.

Campbell’s Island : on the exposed mountaiu-tops, in wet places, J. 1. H. This ap-
pears to be the same with a small Chilian species, (unnamed) collected by Gillies at San
Pedro Nolasco, but the specimens are insufficient for an accurate comparison.

8. J. Holoschoenus, Br. ; — J. cephalotes , Thunb. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 263.
Culms erect, leafy, from a creeping perennial rhizome. Leaves and involucres
slender, compressed, acuminate, pith jointed within. Flowers fascicled, £ in.
long ; fascicles collected into lateral cymes, with spreading, often divaricating

Juncus.]

IX. JUNCEJS.

291

branches ; involucral leaf solitary. Perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate.
Stamens 6. Capsule prismatic, as long as the perianth. Seeds linear-ob-
long ; testa striate and rugose, produced at each end.

Northern Island: east coast, Colenso. I have only tops of culms, and so cannot cer-
tainly identify this plant, which is common in Australia and Tasmania. It is probably the
same with Thunberg’s /. cepkalotes, which extends over Asia, Africa, Southern Europe, and
parts of America.

9. J. scheuzerioid.es, Gaud.; — FI. Antarct. i. 79. Culms short,
tufted, leafy, fastigiately branched at the base, 1-8 in. high. Leaves com-
pressed, linear-subulate, much longer than the culms ; pith jointed inside.
Flowers 2-8, in a small, terminal fascicle, —— -i- in. long; bract setaceous
or 0. Perianth-segments ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Stamens 6. Style
evident.^ Capsule as long as the perianth, ovate-oblong. Seeds ovoid,
smooth ; testa with a delicate outer membrane.

middle Island : Otago, lake district, alpine, Hector and Buchanan. Lord Auck-
land’s group and Campbell’s Islands : in boggy places, J. B. H. Probably common in
alpine bogs throughout the islands. Also found in the Falkland Islands, Fnegia, Chili, and
the Andes of Ecuador.

10. J. novse-Zelandiae, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 264. Culms very
slender, tufted, 2-6 in. high, leafy. Leaves longer or shorter than the culms,
very slender, filiform, terete, striated ; pith evidently jointed inside where
the leaf is broad enough to observe it. Flowers 3-5, in a small terminal
fascicle, TC- in. long, rarely fascicles 2, superimposed; bracts setaceous or 0.
Perianth-segments obtuse, red-brown, with white membranous margins.
Stamens 6. Capsule broadly obovoid, very turgid, longer than the perianth,
nearly black, shining. Seeds small, pale ; testa scarcely produced at the ends.

Northern Island : bogs, east coast, Manawata and Waipona rivers, etc., Colenso.
Middle Island : Otago, lake district, Hector and Buchanan. Probably common in sub-
alpine bogs throughout the islands.

11. J. capillaceus, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 264. Culms very slender,
tufted, 2-6 in. high, leafy. Leaves longer or shorter than the culms, se-
taceous or filiform, terete, striated ; pith jointed inside. Flowers 1-3 to-
gether, pale, lateral, yL in. long. Perianth-segments acute or acuminate.
Stamens 6. Capsule prismatic, narrow ovoid, pale, longer than the perianth.
Seeds broadly oblong, smooth, minutely striate and reticulate. — FI. Tasman,
ii. 65 t. 134 B.

Northern Island : east coast, skirts of woods near Eparairua, Colenso. Easily dis-
tinguished from J. nova-Zelandice by the pale flowers and capsule.

2. ROSTKOVIA, Desvaux.

Characters of Juncus , except that the flowers are large, solitary, terminal ;
the ovary 1 -celled, and the style long; all have creeping rhizomes, and erect,
rigid, terete culms and leaves. Testa very thick.

A small genus, native of the islands south of New Zealand and of Fuegia.

Flowers i in. long 1 . R. magellanica.

Flowers 1-1 in. long 2. B. gracilis.

1. R. magellanica. Hook./. FI. Antarct. i. 81. Culms simple, tufted,

u 2

292

IX. JUNCEvE.

[. Rostkovia .

compressed below, 6-8 in. long. Leaves longer than the culms, numerous,
strict, erect, rigid, concave in front, pungent, polished. Flowers } in. long,
2-bracteate ; lower bract subulate, scarcely equalling the perianth; upper
2-4 times longer, ovate-lanceolate below, then subulate. Perianth-leaflets
chestnut-brown, linear-oblong, acute or acuminate, outer larger. Stamens
included ; anthers linear ; connective unguieulate. Ovary oblong, 3-gonous ;
style stout ; stigmas exserted. Capsule prismatic, acute, longer than the
perianth, lenticular, obtuse, even. — Rostkovia spharocarpa, Desvaux; Jurteus
Magellanicus, Lamarck.

Campbell's Island : bogs on the hills, J. D. H. Also fonud in the Falkland Islands,
and Fuegia, and on the Andes of Quito, at 13,000 ft. elevation.

2. R. gracilis, Hoolc. f. FI. Antarct. i. 83. t. 47. Much larger than
R. Magellanica. Leaves 9-12 in. long, three times longer than the culms,
very slender, terete. Flowers f— 1 in. long.

Lord Auckland's group : rocky places and bare ground on the hills, J. D. 3. Allied
to the Fuegian R. grandiflora.

3. LUZULA, De Candolle.

More or less hairy, tufted, grass-like herbs. Leaves flat or involute, sheath-
ing at the base. Flowers in terminal branched panicles cymes or heads, 2-
bracteate at the base. — Stamens 6. Ovary 1-celled; style 1, stigmas 3,
filiform ; ovules 3, basal. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded.

A genus of temperate and frigid regions, not found in tropical climates. The species are
excessively variable ; the following are very possibly all referable to one.

Leaves usually flat, 1 or more in. long , ciliate with long hairs.

Culms slender. Bracts nearly entire or toothed, slightly ciliate . . . 1. L. campestris.

Culms stout. Leaves broad, with cartilaginous margins. Bracts sub-

ciliate and toothed 2. L. Oldfieldii.

Culms stout. Leaves broad, with cartilaginous margins. Bracts lace-
rate and ciliate 3. L. crinita.

Leaves less than 1 in. long, subulate, very concave, not ciliate.

Perianth leaflets acuminate 4. L. pumila.

Perianth-leaflets obtuse or acute 5. L. Colensoi.

1. L. campestris. Re Cand. ,—Fl. N. Z. i. 264. Culms slender,
leafy, 2-16 in. high. Leaves ^—12 in. long, flat and grass-like, with long
white hairs on the margins and sheaths towards the base. Flowers fascicled,
arranged in small heads on the long or short branches of irregular cymes, or
collected into dense ovoid heads. Bracts membranous ; margins slightly
ciliated, entire or nearly so. Perianth -jig— £ in. long ; leaflets varying from
oblong to lanceolate, acuminate or almost aristate, white chestnut-brown or
transparent with brown centre. Anthers longer than the filaments. Capsule
broadly obovoid or nearly globose, 3-gonous or 3-lobed.

Var. a. Perianth-segments lanceolate-acuminate, chestnut-brown, with narrow white mar-
gins.

Var. /3. picta. Perianth-leaflets lanceolate, long-acuminate, almost awned, with very broad
white margins and narrow brown midrib. — L. picto, A. Bich. — FI. N. Z. i. 265.

Var. y. pallida.. Perianth-leaflets often white, shorter, broader, acute or acuminate.

Inflorescence usually more capitate.

Luzula .]

IX. JUNCEjE.

293

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands : Banks and Solander, etc.
Var. 0 usually in woods. A most variable plant, found in all temperate parts of the globe ;
extremely common in temperate Australia and Tasmania. Var. /3 is the common Tasmanian
form.

2. L. Oldfieldii, Hook. f. FI. Tasm. ii. 6S. More robust than L.
campestris. Gulin stout, 3-8 in. high, leafy. Leaves coriaceous, often ^
in. broad, flat ; margins cartilaginous, ciliate with very long hairs. Mowers
in dense ovoid or subglobose, simple or compound, sessile or pedicelled heads,

1 in. diam. Bracts ciliate, often lacerate. Flowers as in L. campestris,
but rather larger.

Middle Island: Southern Alps, Haast; Otago, sand dunes, mouth of the Kaikorai,
Lindsay ; Waitaki valley, in swampy ground, Hector and Buchanan. Also a native of the
alps of Tasmania. A very distinct form, but no doubt passing into L. campestris on one
hand, and into L. crinita on the other.

3. Xj. crinita, Houk. f. ; — FI. Antarct. 85. t. 48. Much larger and

stouter than L. campestris. Leaves much ciliated or glabrate, in-

broad. Inflorescence a dense, chestnut-brown, broadly ovate, involucrate head,

| in. long, very woolly at the base. Bracts with fimbriate, ciliate edges.
Perianth-leaflets subulate or lanceolate, much acuminate, with paler but not
white borders.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, J. I). H. Macquarrie’s Island,
Frazer. Closely allied to the Fuegian L. Alopecurus, Desv., and probably only a gigantic
form of L. campestris, a, with broader leaves and more ciliated bracts.

4. L. pumiia, Hook./., n. sp. Small, densely tufted, nearly glabrous,
1-2 in. high. Leaves shorter than the culm, 1 in. long, linear-subulate, ob-
tuse, coriaceous, convex at the back, concave in front. Gulin naked, 1-2 in.
high. Flowers in a small, terminal, 4-10-liowered head, ^ in. long. Bracts
ovate, edges ragged. Perianth-leaflets subulate or lanceolate, long-acuminate,
chestnut-brown, twice as long as the black capsule.

Middle Island: summit of Mount Torlesse and Mount Darwin, alt. 6-7000 ft., Haast ;
Otago, lake district, alpine. Hector and Buchanan.

5. L. Colensoi, Hook, f., n. sp. Very small, densely tufted, nearly
glabrous, 1 in. high. Leaves longer than the culm, •£— | in. long, subulate,
obtuse, coriaceous, convex at the back, very concave in front. Scape stout,
sunk amongst the foliage. Flowers in small, terminal, 6-8-flowered heads,
TV in. long. Bracts ovate, edges ragged. Perianth-leaflets ovate-oblong,
obtuse or acute, white with brown centre, not much longer than the pale
capsule.

Northern Island : summit of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Probably only an
alpine state of L. campestris , y, but totally different in habit and appearance.

Order X. RESTIACEj®.

Grass-like or rush-like herbs. Leaves always narrow, sheathing below,
the sheath usually split to the base. Flowers in terminal heads, or soli-
tary in the sheaths of the leaves, or in spikelets terminating scapes, small,
uni- or bisexual. — Perianth dry, often thin and membranous, of 2-6 leaflets
in 2 series, or reduced to imbricating, flower-bearing scales (glumes). Sta-

294

X. RESTIACE/E.

mens 1-6 (never 5) ; anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-3-celled, or of 2 or more
free or connate 1-celled carpels ; style simple, entire, terminating in 1 or more
filiform stigmas ; ovules solitary and pendulous in each cell. — Fruit a small
nut or utricle or 1 -many-celled capsule, 1- rarely 3-seeded. Seeds usually
oblong ; testa membranous ; albumen copious ; embryo minute, lenticular.

A large Order of obscure plants, most abundant in Australia and South Africa, very rare
in Europe, the rush-like ones differing from Junceoe in the 1-celled anthers aud unisexual
flowers ; the grass-like differing from the Grasses in the leaf-sheaths usually split to the base.

and in the anthers, habit, and fruit.

Flowers dioecious, in panicled spikelets. Perianth of 6 leaflets . . . 1. Leptocarpus.

Flowers unisexual, few, hidden in the leaf-sheaths. Perianth of 6 leaflets 2. Calorophus.
Flowers unisexual, within 2 glumes. Stamens 2. Stigmas 2 ... 3. Gaimardia.
Flowers unisexual, within 2 glumes. Stamen 1 or 0. Stigmas or

ovaries 2-18 .4. Alepyrum.

1. LEPTOCARPUS, Br.

Bush-like plants. Bhizome stout, creeping, scaly. Culms numerous,
erect, terete, harsh, jointed, with sheaths at the joints. Male and female
inflorescence often dissimilar. — Flowers dioecious, in cylindrical spikelets,
which are panicled or fascicled. Male: Perianth of 6 dry leaflets in 2 series.
Stamens 3, seated round a rudimentary ovary. Female: Perianth as in
the male. Ovary 1-celled, 3-gonous ; stigmas 3, deciduous. Nut enclosed
in the perianth, 1-celled, 1-seeded.

A considerable genus, of which the following species is the only extra-Australian member.

1. L. simplex, A. Rich. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 265, not Brown. Variable
in size, 1—3 ft. high. Bhizomes stout, creeping, scaly ; scales chestnut-
brown. Culms numerous, simple, slender or stout, terete, smooth. Sheaths
distant, ^ in. long, 1-3 in. apart. Male : Spikelets cylindrical, red-brown,
peduncled or sessile, in. long, often in lateral panicles ; peduncles gla-
brous or downy. Glumes ovate-acuminate or lanceolate, longer than the ses-
sile flowers. Outer perianth-segments lanceolate, acuminate ; inner half the
size, oblong-lanceolate. Female .- Spikes clustered in ovoid heads, some-
times \ in. long, and as broad. Glumes ovate-acuminate. Outer perianth-
segments lanceolate ; inner smaller, oblong-lanceolate, retuse, apiculate. Stig-
mas 3, slender.

Northern and Middle Islands : abundant in marshy places, Banks and Solander, etc.
Extensively used for thatching, etc. Very near the Tasmanian L. Brownii, Hook. f. (L.
simplex, Br.), but the stigmas are much longer, and the inner perianth-leaflets of the
female different.

2. CALOROPHUS, Labill.

Culms slender, long, flexuose, jointed, simple or excessively branched, with
appressed distant sheaths, which sometimes terminate in small leaves at the
joints.- — Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in short, minute, few-flowered spike-
lets, that are hidden in the sheaths of the leaves, and surrounded by glumes.
Male : Perianth of 6 long narrow leaflets. Stamens 3 ; anthers linear.
Female .- Perianth of 2-6 very short truncate leaflets. Ovary 1-celled ;

Calorojpkus .]

X. RESTIACEjE.

295

stigmas 2 or 3, deciduous. Nut hard, surrounded at the base with the per-
sistent perianth.

A small Australian, Tasmanian, and New Zealand genus.

C. elongata, Lab.; — FI. N. Z. i. 267. Culms prostrate, 1-3 ft. long,
excessively branched from the base ; branches flexuose, slender, semiterete,
not striated, in. diam. ; sheaths | in. long, with spreading, subulate
points. Male: Spikelets 4-6-flowered ; bract obtuse, bearded. Perianth
of 6 linear leaflets, enclosed in pungent glumes. Anthers linear. Female :
Spikelets 3-flowered. Flowers remote, lower with 2, upper with 6 leaflets.
Styles long, tortuous. — Lab. FI. Nov. FIoll. ii. 7. t. 228.

Var. /3. minor. Shorter, more slender. Male spikelet 2-flowered. Female usually 1-
flowered. — C. minor, FI. N. Z. i. 267.

Northern Island: Great Barrier Island, Sinclair; swamps at Wangerei, Colenso.
Middle Island : Port Preservation, Lyall. Var. j8, base of Tongariro, Colenso ; Lake
Tennyson, alt. 4400 ft., Travers ; top of Morse mountain, alt. 6500 ft., Bidwill. Both
varieties are Australian and Tasmaniau plants.

In the ‘ New Zealand Flora ’ I have referred a third New Zealand plant from Chatham
Island, collected by Dielfenbach, which is out of flower, provisionally to this genus ; it has
erect, much-branched steins, 2 ft. high, smooth and polished, neither striate nor flexuose ;
sheaths with acuminate points.

3. GAIMARDIA, Gaudichaud.

Very small, moss-like, densely-tufted plants, glabrous, bright green. Leaves
imbricate, setaceous, with broad membranous sheaths. — Spikelets minute, on
a short terminal scape, of 2 glumes enclosing 1 or 2 unisexual flowers. Pe-
rianth 0. Stamens 2. Ovaries 2, connate; stigmas 2, filiform. Capsule
membranous, 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded.

A small genus found iu the New Zealand islands and Antarctic America.

Leaves setaceous, with acicular points ; sheaths glabrous 1. G. setacea.

Leaves setaceous, obtuse ; sheaths ciliated 2. G. ciliata.

1. G. setacea, Hoolc.f. FI. N. Z. i. 267. Tufted, forming large moss-
like patches ; stems 1-2 in. high. Leaves setaceous, imbricating, in.
long, with long acicular points, and broad, membranous, often lacerate sheaths
produced upwards. Scape erect, in. long. Outer scale larger, -jL in. long,
convolute, linear-oblong, obtuse ; inner narrow, with a terete tip.

Middle Island : Port Preservation, Lyall.

2. G. ciliata, Hoolc.f. ; — FI. Antarct. i. 86. Very similar to G. setacea ,
but the leaves are obtuse, and the membranous sheaths excessively ciliated.

Lord Auckland's group, forming dense moss-like tufts on the hills, J. B. H.

4. ALEPYRUM, Br.

Very small, tufted, moss-like herbs. Leaves subulate, soft, with broad,
membranous white sheaths. — Spikelets minute, on a short terminal scape, of 2
glumes enclosing 1 or 2 flowers. Stamens 1 or 2 ; filament very long and
slender. Ovaries 2-18, connate or free; stigmas as many, free or connate,
filiform. Capsules 2-18, membranous, 1-seeded.

A small Australian, Tasmanian, and New Zealand genus, which should probably be united
with Gaimardia.

296

X. RESTlACEiE.

[ Alepyrum .

1. A. pallidum. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 268. t. 62 C. A minute, tufted,
moss-like, soft, pale green plant ; stems ^-1 in. high. Leaves J in. long,
subulate ; sheaths broad, membranous, transparent. Scape shorter than the
leaves. Stamen 1. Ovary solitary or 2-4, united in pairs or threes (or 2
to each glume) ; styles very long. — Gaimardia (?) pallida, FI. Antarct. 86.

Northern Island: tops of the Ruahine mountains, near the snow, Colenso. Camp-
bell’s Island, forming tufts on the hills, J. D. H.

Order XI. CYPEHACEiE.

Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots. Culms solid, usually 3-
gonous, sometimes compressed flat or terete ; sheaths not split to the base.
— Flowers unisexual or hermaphrodite, in the axils of small scales (glumes),
which form spikelets, being either imbricated all round a rachis or distichous.
Glumes usually rigid, compressed, concave or convolute, obtuse cuspidate
or awned, usually persistent, the lower empty or all floriferous. Perianth
generally 0, sometimes of 3-6 or more hypogynous bristles or scales (the
ovary of Car ex and Uncinia is contained in a utricle or false perianth).
Stamens 1-6 ; filaments flat, slender, sometimes elongating after flowering ;
anthers linear, inserted by the base, 2-celled, often with a claw at the tip.
Ovary 1-celled; style 1, stigmas 1-3, filiform; ovule 1, erect, anatropous.
Nut minute, compressed or 3-gonous. Seed filling the nut ; embryo at the
base of copious floury albumen.

An immense Natural Order, found in all parts of the world, distinguished from Grasses by
the rarely round, solid culms ; leaf-sheaths not split to the base ; absence of evident ligule on
the leaf; often 3-rauked leaves; anthers not versatile ; separable, thick pericarp ; stigmas
not plumose; embryo not on one side of the base of the albumen, but at the very base; and
structure of the spikes and spikelets.

A. Spikelets 1- or more flowered. Flowers hermaphrodite.

Spikelets compressed. Glumes few or many , persistent, more or less distichous ( rarely

imbricated all round in Schnenus).

Glumes many, keeled, all floriferous. Bristles 0 1. Cyperus.

Glumes few, upper 1-3 floriferous. Bristles 0 or 3-6 .... 2. Schcenus.

Glumes free, upper 1 floriferous. Bristles large, flat, plumose . . 3. Carpha.

Spikelets terete. Glumes few or many, imbricate all round. (See Schocnus in previous

section.)

Spikelets usually lateral, numerous. Glumes many, most floriferous.

Stamens 1-3. Bristles 2-8 _ 4. Scirpus.

Spikelets solitary, terminal. Glumes as in Scirpus. Bristles 3-6 . 5. Eleocharis.

Spikelets small, usually lateral. Glumes as in Scirpus. Bristles 0 6. Isolepis.

Spikelets spirally arranged on the leafy culm. Glumes and flowers

as in Scirpus 7. Desmoschcenus.

Spikelets umbelled. Glumes many, most floriferous. Stamen 1.

Base of style tumid, hairy 8. Fimbristylis.

Spikelets fascicled. Glumes many or few, 1-3-floriferous. Bristles 0.

Stamens 3, rarely elongating 9. Cradium.

Spikelets panicled. Glumes few, 1 floriferous. Stamens 3-6, much

elongating. Bristles or scales 0 10. Gahnia.

Spikelets panicled. Glumes few, 1-2 floriferous. Stamens 3. Scales

6, minute II- Lepidosper.ua.

XI. CYPEltACE.35.

297

Spikelets of 2 1 -flowered deciduous glumes. Nut on a naked scape.

Tufted, rigid, low, dense herb, with subulate leaves 12. Oreobolus.

B. Spikelets solitary or numerous, many-flowered. Flowers unisexual.

Female utricle with an ovary and long hooked bristle 13. TJncinia.

Female utricle with an ovary only, or rarely with one straight bristle 14. Carex.

1. CYPERUS, Linn.

Rhizomes creeping or tufted. Culms erect, leafy or leafless. Leaves va-
rious.— Spikelets compressed, many-flowered, very variously disposed, solitary
or numerous, often umbellate ; umbels involucrate. Glumes numerous, dis-
tichous, much compressed, all or most floriferous. Stamens 3. Bristles 0.
Nut 3-quetrous ; style deciduous, not jointed nor tumid at the base. Stig-
mas 3.

A most extensive, chiefly tropical genus, extending sparingly into the temperate zone.

1. C. ustulatus, A. Rich.; — Fl. N. Z. i. 268. Tall, coarse, leafy,
2-4 ft. high. Culms usually 3-gouous, stout, smooth, in. diam. Leaves
long, keeled, coriaceous, margins serrulate or rough. Involucre of many
grassy leaves, 6-12 in. long. Umbels of 6-10 long or short rays. Spikelets

1 in. long, densely arranged in oblong spikes, ^-1 in. long, dark red-brown,
sessile, suberect. Glumes 6-20, broadly oblong, obtuse or mucronate, sulcate,
convex at the base, shining. Nut oblong, narrowed at both ends, dark-
brown. — A. Rich. Flor. 101. t. 17.

Abundant in marshes throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and, Solan-
der, etc.

2. SCHCENLTS, Linn.

( Including Ch/etospora, Br)

Tufted or creeping plants, often rigid, with long or short culms and usually
creeping rhizomes. Leaves narrow or 0. — Spikelets usually few, panicled
fascicled or crowded, compressed, rarely nearly terete. Glumes few, disti-
chous, rarely imbricate all round the rachis, usually convex at the back, often
hard and brown, lower empty, upper 2 or 3 floriferous. Stamens 3. Bristles
0 or 3-6, usually seabrid, rarely plumose. Nut compressed or 3-gonous ;
style continuous with its top, not jointed nor swollen. Stigmas 2 or 3.

A very widely-diffused genus in the temperate zones of both hemispheres. The species
with terete spikelets are with difficulty distinguished from Scirpus, except by habit and the
fewer flowers.

Spikelets solitary, compressed. Glumes obviously distichous.

Small, usually creeping, leafy. Spikelets axillary, subsolitary . . . . 1 . S. axillaris.

Spikelets distinctly compressed , panicled fascicled or crowded.

Culms 1-2 ft. Spikelets panicled, 1 in. long. Bristles 0 2. 6'. tenax.

Culms 1-2 ft. Spikelets panicled, 4 in. long. Bristles very short . . 3. S. Tendo.

Culms 1-3 ft. Spikelets panicled, 4 in. long. Bristles 6, long ... 4. S. pauciflorus.

Culms 4-12 in. Spikelets crowded, -g— to iQ- Bristles 6, long . . . 5 . S. Brownii.

Spikelets terete or obscurely compressed. Glumes obscurely distichous.

Culms 1-2 in. Spikelet solitary. Bristles 6, simple 6. S. concinnus.

Culms 2-10 in. Spikelets crowded. Bristles 6, plumose 7 . S. nitens.

298

XI. CYPKRACEjE.

[Schcenus.

1. S. axillaris, Hook. f. — Chcetospora axillaris, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 274.
t. 62 A. Tufted, small, flaccid, pale green, leafy. Culms branched, often
creeping, 1-4 in. long, very slender, compressed. Leaves spreading, alter-
nate, in. long, g-L- broad, very narrow linear, obtuse. Spikelets 1-3
together, axillary, shortly peduncled, -jV-i in. long, pale brown. Glumes
4-6, lanceolate, acute, pale brown, 1 or 2 upper floriferous ; keel scabrid,
green. Bristles 3-6, longer than the ovary. Stamens 3. Nut small, white,
polished, broadly ovate, 3-gonous, tapering into the slender style. Stigmas
3. — Scirpusfoliatus, Hook. f. in Journ. Bot. iii. 614.

Northern Island : abundant in wet places. Probably overlooked in the Middle Island.
Also found in Australia and Tasmania.

2. S. tenax, Hook. f. — Chcetospora tenax, FI. N. Z. i. 273. Leafless.
Culms rigid, tufted, erect, 1-2 ft. high, terete or compressed, polished;
sheaths at the base red-brown, with subulate blades 1 in. long. Spikelets
compressed, in. long, lanceolate, pale brown, 2- or 3-flowered, in a con-
tracted panicle 2-5 in. long ; branches slender, longer than the sheaths.
Glumes 6-8, distichous, ovate-lanceolate, acute, pale-brown, not shining, con-
cave, nerveless, subciliate. Bristles 0. Nut turgid, 3-gonous; angles thick,
transversely waved. Stigmas 2 or 3.

Northern and Middle Islands: dry hills, abundant, Banks and Solander, etc.

3. S. Tendo, Banks and Solander. — Chcetospora Tendo, FI. N. Z. i. 273.
Very similar to S. tenax , but much more slender. Culms with 1 deep groove
throughout their length. Spikelets oidy i in. long, much darker. Bristles
present, but few and short. Nut quite smooth.

Northern Island: Opuragi, Banks and Solander ; Clay hills. Bay of Islands, Auck-
land, etc., Sinclair, etc., abundant.

4. S. pauciflorus, Hook.f. FI. N. Z. i. 273. Culms tufted, very slender,
1-3 ft. high, pale, leafy at the base, angled aud grooved. Leaves subulate,
grooved, rigid, erect ; sheaths long, grooved, dark chestnut-brown, shining.
Panicle lateral, solitary, short. Spikelets few, slender, pedicelled, £ in. long,
lanceolate, dark-brown, polished, 3- or 4-flowered. Glumes distichous, acu-
minate ; keel green. Bristles 6, capillary, as long as the very long style. Nut
narrow-oblong, pale-brown, shiniug, striated with impressed dots. Stig-
mas 3.

Northern Island: marshes near Patea and base of Tongariro, Colenso. Middle
Island : swamps, base of Mount Sinclair, alt. 2200 ft., Sinclair and Haast ; Otago, Lindis
Pass, subalpine, alt. 2-4000 ft.. Hector and Buchanan. The true “Snow Grass,” according
to Buchanan. Very near the South Chilian Chcetospora antarctica. Hook, f., but the
leaves are much shorter.

5. S. Brownii, Hook.f. — Chcetospora imberbis, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 274.
Culms densely tufted, very leafy, 4-10 in. high, grooved, slender, rather flaccid.
Leaves alternate, very narrow linear, acuminate, channelled above, striate
below longer than the culms ; sheaths red-brown, deeply grooved. Spike-
lets lateral, fascicled, 3-6 together, shortly pedicelled, TV~i in. long, 1-
or 2-flowered, lanceolate. Glumes few, lanceolate-oblong ; upper obtuse,
almost black, margins pale ; lower with hispid points. Bristles 6, slender.

Schcenus.l

XI. CYPERACEAI.

299

Nut (in Tasmanian specimens) white, broadly obovate, 3-gonous, grooved,
with impressed dots in the grooves.

Northern Island : east coast, Colenso. A very common Australian and Tasmanian
plant, allied to S. axillaris, but very much larger with long leaves. The Schcenus imberbis,
A. Cunn., is not the plant of Brown, which has no bristles.

6. S. concinnus. Hook. f. — Cheetospora concinna, FI. N. Z. i. 274.
t. 62 B. Rhizome slender, creeping. Culms tufted, leafy, erect, very slen-
der, 1-2 in. high, rigid, curved. Leaves shorter than the culms, setaceous,
grooved ; sheaths almost black. Spikelet nearly terminal, solitary, suberect,
slightly compressed, in. long, 2- or 3-flowered, dark-brown. Glumes 5
or 6, scarcely distichous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, quite glabrous. Bristles
6, very slender. Nut pale-brown, smooth, with a dense brash of hairs at
the base, broadly ovate, 3-gonous ; tip and style scabrid. Stigmas 3.

Northern Island : foot of Tongariro, and moist bases of cliffs on the east coast, Colenso.

7. S. nitens, HooJc. f. — Chcetospora nitens, Br. ; FI. N. Z. i. 82.
Rhizome slender, creeping. Culms densely tufted, 2-12 in. high, wiry, rigid,
slender, leafy at the base. Leaves slender, erect, longer than the culms,
semiterete, deeply grooved in front ; sheaths black-brown, shining. Spike-
lets sessile, fascicled, 2-10 together, terminal or nearly so, £ in. long,
ovoid, turgid, 2- or 3-flowered, dark-brown, shining. Glumes obscurely dis-
tichous, 4-6, broadly ovate, obtuse, nerveless, grooved. Bristies numerous,
or 6 plumose at the base. Nut pale-brown, smooth, 3-gonous. Stigmas 3.

Northern Island : sandy flats, Porangahau, and Cape Palliser, Colenso. A very common
Tasmanian and Australian plant, most closely allied to a South Chilian one. It is doubtful
whether the bristles are 6 and divided to the base, or very numerous.

3. CARPEA, Banks and Solander.

Tufted, grass-like herbs. Leaves narrow linear, rigid, obtuse. Culm
cylindric, obtusely 3-angled or compressed. — Spikelets in fascicles or corymbs,
subtended by sheathing bracts, pale-yellow, compressed. Glumes distichous,
few; lower small, empty; upper large, opposite, 1 floriferous; uppermost
small. Bristles 3, or 6 in 2 series, as long as the glumes, plumose. Sta-
mens 3. Nut 3-gonous, 3-ribbed ; base of style long, conical, persistent.

A small genus, native of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and Fuegia.

1. C. alpina, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 273. Culms 1-12 in. high, longer
or shorter than the leaves. Leaves grooved above, with broad, shining,
smooth or slightly scabrid sheaths. Spikelets fascicled, -j— | in. long. Glumes
4-6, linear-oblong, glabrous, shining, concave. Bristles large, flat, feathery.
Stigmas 2.

Northern Island : Taupo plains and top of the Ruahine range, Colenso. Middle
Island: Nelson mountains, alt. 4-5000 ft., Bidwill ; Chalky Bay, Lyall.. Also a native
of the alps of South-east Australia and Tasmauia.

4. SCXRPUS, Linn.

Culms erect from creeping rhizomes, 3-gonous or 3-quetrous, stout or
slender, leafy or leafless, sheathed at the base. — Spikelets fascicled umbelled
panicled or corymbose, terete or angled, rarely compressed. Glumes nume-

300

XI. CYPEUACE/E.

[Scirpus.

rous, imbricated all round the rachis, all or most floriferous. Bristles 2-8,
usually scabrid. Stamens 1-3. Nut 3-gonous or compressed, tipped with
the persistent, often swollen base of the style. Stigmas 2 or 3.

A very exteusive genus, found in all parts of the globe, chiefly in watery places.

Culms 3-gonous, leafy. Leaves flat. Spikelets terminal. Involucre long,

leafy 1. S. maritimus.

Culms terete, spongy, leafless. Spikelets lateral 2. S. lac/istris.

Culms 3-quetrous, leafy at base. Leaves 3-quetrous. Spikelets lateral . 3. S. triqueter.

1. S. maritimus, Linn. ;—Fl. N. Z. i. 269. Roots tuberous. Culms
leafy, 2-6 ft. high, acutely 3-gonous. Leaves long, flat, keeled, edges sca-
brid. Umbels terminal, involucrate, irregular; rays 6-10. Spikelets 1-3,
sessile, ovoid, pale brown, | in. long ; involucral leaves long, grassy. Glumes
numerous, glabrous or scaberulous, membranous, ovate, obtuse, entire or 2-
fid, awned or mucronate. Nut 3-gonous or ovate, compressed. Bristles
2 or 3, retrorsely scabrid. Anthers twisted after flowering, apiculate. Stig-
mas 2 or 3.

Northern and Middle Islands : near the sea, Banks and Solander, etc., abundant.
Root formerly eaten by the natives. Abundant in Australia, Tasmania, aud most other
temperate parts of the world.

2. S. lacustris, Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 269. Rhizome stout, creeping.
Culms terete, leafless, spongy, 2-8 ft. high, sheathed at the base. Spikelets
in lateral irregular panicles, ovoid, in. long. Glumes broadly ovate,
membranous, obtusely 3-fid, mucronate, ciliate. Bristles 6, retrorsely scabrid.
Anthers apiculate. Nut 3-gonous, shortly obovoid.

Abundant in lakes, pools, etc., throughout the Northern aDd Middle Islands, Banks
and Solander, etc. Also found in all temperate aud many tropical countries. Used iu
Europe for coopering casks, making mats, packing bottles, etc.

3. S. triqueter, Linn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 269. Rhizomes stout, creeping.
Culms rather slender, 1—2 ft. high, 3-quetrous. Leaves few, like the culms.
Spikelets 1 or more, fascicled, sessile, lateral, | in. long, broadly ovoid,
dark-brown. Glumes membranous, broadly obovate-oblong, often ciliate,
bracteate, 2-fid, with a short stiff awn. Anthers with a rather long point,
twisted after flowering. Nut, bristles, etc., as in S. maritimus.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, in wet places. Banks and
Solander, etc. Also found in Australia, Tasmania, and many other parts of the world.

5. ELEOCHARIS, Br.

Culms tufted, erect, terete, usually simple and leafless, sheathed at the
base. — Spikelet solitary, terminal, erect, terete or angled. Glumes numerous,
imbricated all round the rachis, most floriferous. Bristles 3-6, scabrid.
Stamens 3. Nut 3-gonous or compressed, swollen at the top. Style jointed
at the base, deciduous.

A large genus in the northern hemisphere, temperate and subtropical, rarer in the

southern.

Culms stout, hollow, septate 1. E. sphacelatus.

Culms slender, pith continuous 2. E. gracilis.

1. E. sphacelata, Br. ,- — FI. N. Z. i. 269. Culms as thick as the little

Eleocharis'\

XI. CYPEBACEjE.

301

finger, 1-2 ft. high, cylindrical, hollow, with distant joints, contracted towards
the top, stoloniferous at the base. Spikelet 1-2 in. long, terminal, solitary,
erect, cylindric. Glumes numerous, linear-oblong, obtuse, membranous, flat,
in. long. Bristles 6-8, stout, retrorsely scabrid. Nut obovoid, compressed.

Northern Island: in marshy places, Cunningham, Colenso ; Bluff Island, Lyall ;
Auckland, Sinclair. A common Indian, Pacific Island, and Australian plant, usually tropi-
cal, hut extending into Tasmania.

2. E. gracilis, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 270. Culms creeping, deeply grooved,
slender, striate, cellular, 6-24 in. high, sheathed at the base, sheaths chest-
nut-brown, mucronate. Spikelet very pale, white or reddish, terete, £— §■ in.
long, narrow, ovoid, subacute. Glumes few, linear-oblong or obovate, ob-
tuse, membranous, transparent, flat. Bristles 4-6, retrorsely scabrid. Nut
broadly obovate, compressed, 3-gonous, shining. Stigmas 3.

Var. /3. gracillima. Culms very slender. Spikelet short. Glumes ovate-oblong, lower
longer. Bristles 5 or 6, longer than the nut. — E. acicularis, A. Cunn., not Linn.

Var. 7. radicans. Small, rhizome stout, creeping, almost woody. Culms filiform, 2-3
in. high. Spikelet xV-i in. long. Glumes few. Bristles 6.

Common in boggy places throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and
Solander, etc. Var. fl. Bay of Islands. Var. 7. Bay of Islands, in sandy places. Also abun-
dant in Australia and Tasmania. Too nearly allied to the European and almost ubiquitous
E. palustris, which has only 2 stigmas. The var. 7 is a very peculiar-looking plant, and
may be a different species.

6. ISOLEPIS, Br.

Usually very small, slender, tufted green herbs. Leaves slender or 0. —
Spikelets small, terete, solitary or fascicled, lateral, rarely panicled or solitary
and terminal, basal in I. busilaris. Glumes few or numerous, imbricated all
round the rachis, most floriferous. Bristles 0. Stamens 1-3. Nut 3-go-
nous or compressed, usually tumid at the top ; style jointed on to its top.

Stigmas 2 or 3.

A very large genus, found in all parts of the globe.

Culms stout, leafless, puugent. Spikelets capitate 1. I. nodosus.

Culms slender, leafless, usually flaccid and proliferous 2. 7. prolifer.

Culms very slender, 1 -leaved. Spikelets 1 or 2. Nut smooth . . 3.1. riparia.

Culms short, rigid, 1- or 2-leaved. Spikelets 1-3. Nut pitted . . 4. I. cartilaginea.

Culms slender, leafy. Spikelets 1 or 2. Nut white, smooth . . 5.7. auclclandica.

Culms short, leafy. Spikelets 1 or 2, basilar. Nut obovoid . . . 6. 7. basi/aris.

1. I. nodosa, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 270. Culms stout, tali, leafless, 1-3
ft. high, compressed below, cylindric above, sheathed at the base, tips acute.
Spikelets aggregated into dense globose heads, below the erect pungent top
of the culm, ovoid, \ in. long. Glumes broadly ovate, obtuse, coriaceous, con-
cave. Nut compressed, scarcely 3-gonous, smooth, polished, pale-brown,
apiculate; stigmas 3.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands: abundant in marshy places, Banks
and Solander , etc. Kermadec Islands, M‘ Gmivray. Also common in Australia and
Tasmania, and very closely allied to the widely distributed 7. Holosclicenus.

2. I. prolifer, Br. ;—Fl. N. Z. i. 271. Very variable in size and habit.

Culms stout or slender, weak, often filiform, striate, stoloniferous, usually
leafless, terete or compressed, 2-12 in. long, sheathed at the base, usually
obtuse at the tip. Spikelets small, In- long, ovoid, aggregated on

302

XI. CrPERACEiE.

[Isolepis.

the side of the culm, few or many, rooting and throwing out culms from their
base in wet places. Glumes small, coriaceous, red-brown, obtuse, concave in
flower, keeled in fruit ; striate, red-brown, with green nerves and margin.
Stamen 1. Nut broadly obovate, striate, pale, dotted, compressed, 3-gouous.
Stigmas 3. — I. setacea, A. Cunn. in part, not Br.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, abundant, Banks and Solander, etc.
Equally abundant and variable in Australia and Tasmania; also found in S. Africa, St.
Helena, and I think the same plant occurs in Chili. More than one species (and perhaps
states of some of the following) may be confounded under forms of this.

3. I. riparia, Br. — I. setacea, FI. N. Z. i. 271 in part, not Br. Small,
1-4 in. high, densely tufted. Culms almost dliform, with 1 leaf at the base,
tips acute. Leaf setaceous. Spikelet 1, rarely 2, lateral, ovoid, i— yg in. long.
Glumes 5-8, broadly ovate, obtuse, keeled, green or brown. Stamens 3. Nut
compressed, 3-gonous, smooth or minutely dotted. Stigmas 3. — FI. Tasm.
ii. 89. t. 145 C.; I. setosa (misprint for setacea ), Kaoul.

Common in marshy places throughout the Northern and Middle Islands. Also found
in South Africa and Chili.

4. I. cartilaginea, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 271. Culms short, densely tufted,
rigid, leafy at the base, f- 2 in. high, tips acute. Leaf subulate, channelled,
keeled. Spikelets 1 or more, lateral, small, % in. long. Glumes concave,
grooved, thickly keeled, very coriaceous, with a thick obtuse mucro and chest-
nut-brown lines on each side. Stamens 2 or 3. Nut elliptic-oblong, obtusely
3-gonous, white, punctulate. Stigmas 3. — FI. Tasm. ii. 89. t. 145 A, B.

Northern Island: wet places, probably common, but overlooked, Colenso , Sinclair.
Abundant in Australia, Tasmania, and S. Africa ; and I think also in Chili.

5. I. aucklandica, Hook.f. FI. Antarct. i. 88. t. 50. A bright-green,
flaccid, very leafy, densely tufted species. Culms 3-5 in. high, rather stout,
chestnut-brown, much branched at the base, terete, striate, tips obtuse.
Leaves similar to the culms and as long, plano-convex, obtuse. Spikelet 1,
rarely 2, tV_tV i*1- long, broadly ovoid, pale or brown. Glumes 6-8, ovate,
concave, coriaceous, obtuse, with an obtuse excurrent thick keel. Stamens 3.
Nut 3-gonous, white, quite smooth, not polished. Stigmas 3.

Northern Island : marshy places in the interior, Colenso. Lord Auckland's group
and Campbell’s Island : common in marshes. In many respects this so closely resembles
some states of I. prolifer, that I should not be surprised if they proved identical, meanwhile
the differences in habit are too great to admit of their union ; the nut is usually larger and
stamens 3. Some of the Chilian specimens named I. pygmcea in the ‘ Flora Antarctica’ are
certainly identical with this, the nut being rather smaller than usual. It is also very nearly
allied to, if not the same as, a S. African plant.

6. I. basilar is, Hook. /., n. sp. Culms small, densely tufted, green,
leafy, 1-2 in. high, much branched at the base. Leaves setaceous, plano-
convex, channelled above, obtuse at the tip. Spikelets 1 or 2, almost radical,
i-i in. long, narrow oblong, pale green. Glumes rather numerous, oblong,
obtuse, membranous, with an indistinct, thick, excurrent midrib. Stamens 2.
Nut much smaller than the glume, broadly obovoid, compressed, not angled
nor 3-gonous, pale-brown, smooth, not polished. Stigmas 2.

Northern Island : mud banks of Ngaruroro river, Colenso. A most distinct little spe-
cies, with the almost radical spikelets of the Australian I. acaulis, and the Cape I. humilis,
but differing in character from both.

XI. CYPERACEjE.

303

7. DESMOSCHCENITS, Hook. f.

Culms tall, rigid, obtusely 3-gonous, tufted, erect from a stout, woody,
scaly rhizome. Leaves squarrose, very harsh, margin scaberulous. — Inflo-
rescence a span long, of clusters of sessile, red-brown, globose spikelets, spirally
arranged round the culm, subtended by rigid squarrose subulate leafy bracts.
Glumes numerous, imbricate all round the rachis, all or most floriferous.
Bristles 0. Stamens 3 ; anthers with a terminal awn. Nut compressed ;
style deciduous, not jointed at the base. Stigmas 3.

A very remarkable plant, agreeing with Isolepis in the floral characters, but of most pecu-
liar habit.

1. D. spiralis, Hoolc. f. FI. N. Z. i. 272. Culms 1-3 ft. high, leafy
at the base, glabrous, surmounted by a sort of malformed interrupted catkin,
bearing long squarrose leafy wiry bracts, with decurrent bases. Leaves very
numerous, concave, keeled, 3-gonous towards the long harsh poiuts ; margins
cutting with minute teeth. Inflorescence a span long. Spikelets ^ in. long.
Glumes concave, striated, obovate, obtuse, shining. Nut quite smooth,
broadly obovate, obtuse. — Antliopliyllum Urvillei, Steud. Synops. PI. Cyp.
160; Isolepis spiralis, A. Rich. Pi. 105. t. 19.

Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc., not uncommon in sandy
seashores, as far south as Canterbury.

8. FTMBBJSTYLIS, Yahl.

Culms tufted, usually rather soft, nearly terete or 3-gcnous, generally leafy
below. Leaves grasslike. — Spikelets usually in terminal involucrate corym-
bose or umbellate panicles, terete or angled. Glumes numerous, mostly
floriferous, imbricated all round the rachis. Bristles 3. Stamen 1. Nut
surmounted with the tuberous pilose or villous persistent base of the deci-
duous style. Stigmas 2 or 3.

A large tropical genus, rare in temperate climates.

1. F. dichotoma, Vahl. — F. velala, FI. N. Z. i. 272, not Br. Culms
densely tufted, annual, slender, leafy at the base, 4-8 in. high. Leaves very
slender, shorter than the culms, flaccid, terete, grooved. Umbels with very
many slender rays 1-2 in. long, surrounded with long involucral leaves.
Spikelets b in. long, 3-5 on each ray, pedicelled or sessile, ovoid, pale-
brown. Glumes numerous, spreading, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate ; keel
scabrid. Stamen 1. Nut nearly orbicular, compressed, margins thickened,
ci'owned with the bulbous base of the style, from which long hairs descend
over its face. Stigmas 2.

Northern. Island: Bay of Islands, Auckland, etc., Colenso, Sinclair. A common Aus-
tralian tropical and subtropical weed, perhaps introduced into New Zealand.

9. CLADIUM, Linn.

Tufted, rigid sedges, of various habit. Culms leafy or leafless, erect, slender
or stout, flat terete angled or compressed. — Spikelets generally panicled, often
with leafy or spathaceous bracts, small, terete, 1-3-flowered. Glumes few,
imbricated all round the rachis, mostly empty. Bristles or hypogynous scales

304

XJ. CYPERACEAi.

[ Cladium .

0. Stamens 3 ; filaments' rarely lengthening after flowering. Nut 3-gonous,
usually terminated by the persistent, much enlarged base of the style, but
triquetrous and cuspidate in C. Sinclairii. Stigmas 2 or 3.

A large and widely diffused genus, especially in tropical countries and temperate Australia ;
rarer in the north temperate hemisphere. The species differ from Gahnia more in habit
than in any floral character.

Culms and leaves terete. Filaments not elongating . Nut with a tumid top.

Culms leafy. Bracts spathaceous. Glumes acuminate . . . . 1. C. glomeratum.

Culms leafy. Bracts small. Glumes awned 2. C. teretifolium.

Culms leafy. Pith jointed. Panicle very large 3. C. articulatum.

Culms leafy. Panicle very long, slender. Spikelets 1-flowered . 4. C. Gunnii.

Culms leafless. Sheaths very long, with small flattened tips . . 5. C.junceum.

Culms and leaves flat. Filaments elongating. Nut with a %-quetrous

cuspidate top 6. C. Sinclairii.

1. C. glomeratum, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 275. Culms stout, tufted, 1-2
ft. high, glabrous, terete, soft, leafy; pith not jointed internally. Leaves
terete, subulate. Panicle contracted, distantly much or sparingly branched,
2-6 in. long ; bracts large, membranous, spathaceous, lower 1-2 in. long.
Spikelets very numerous, fascicled, a. in. long. Glumes red-brown, ovate, acumi-
nate, ciliate, glabrous at the back. Nut 3-gonous, polished ; top very large,
tumid, acute, puberulous. — Fuirena rubiginosa, Sprengel.

Northern and Middle Islands : clayey and marshy places, frequent, Banks and Solan-
der, etc. A common Australian and Tasmanian plant.

2. C. teretifolium, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 276. Habit, size, and foliage
of C. glomeratum, but panicle shorter, 2-4 in. long, much more dense ;
primary branches shorter and closer together; bracts short, not spathaceous;
glumes awned ; nut corky, longitudinally grooved and wrinkled.

Northern Island : common in marshy places. Banks and So lander, etc. Middle
Island : Canterbury, Sinclair and Haast. This is identical with C. teretifolium of Sieber’s
‘ Agrostotheca,’ No. 6 (C. rigidifolium, Presl, according to Steudel, Synops. Cyp. 152) ;
it is a native of New South Wales.

3. C. articulatum, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 276. Culms tufted, erect, 3-5
ft. high, very stout, terete ; pith jointed internally. Leaves shorter than the
culms, terete, pungent ; pith jointed like the culms. Panicle very large, lax,
effuse, 6-10 in. long, drooping; branches long. Bracts short compared
with the panicles. Spikelets very numerous, pale-brown, i in. long, 3- or 4-
flowered. Glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute or very shortly awned, puberulous.
Nut unripe, smooth with a large tumid top. Stigmas 2 or 3.

Northern Island : Lake Rotoetara, Colenso ; Auckland, Sinclair. Also found in Aus-
tralia and the Pacific Islands.

4. G. Gunnii, Hook. f. — Lampocarga tenax, PL N. Z. i. 277. Culms
tufted, very slender, 2-4 ft. high, terete, leafy at the base, compressed or
grooved towards the top. Leaves like the culms, with pungent, subulate
points ; sheaths long, narrow, red. Panicle very long, lax, slender, 6-24 in.
long ; branches few, distant, very slender, few -flowered. Spikelets few,
alternate, not crowded or fascicled, A in. long, 1-flowered. Glumes few, all
long, lanceolate-subulate, very acuminate; upper awned, much larger, divari-
cating in fruit. Nut pedicelled, turgid, 3-ribbed, glabrous ; top large, tumid.
(Described chiefly from Australian specimens.) — FI. Tasm. ii. 95, 148 B.

Cladium. .]

XI. CYPERACEiE.

305

Northern Island : Opurago and Otago, Banks and Solander ; Bay of Islands, Cun-
ningham ; Auckland, Sinclair. This is clearly the Australian plant, though the panicle is
very much longer than iu my Tasmanian specimens, being quite like Mueller’s Victorian.

5. C. junceum, Br. — Lepidosperma striata, FI. N. Z. i. 279, not Br.
Culms £-2 ft. high, densely tufted, rigid, rising from a woody scaly rhizome,
terete, leafless, covered with a long oppressed sheath ; tip of the latter ver-
tically flattened, sickle-shaped. Spikelets in a very short, simple or spa-
ringly-branched, few-flowered spike, 1 in. long, 1 -flowered; bracts small,
obtuse, oppressed. Glumes oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or awned, scaberu-
lous at the back. Nut 3-gonous, obovoid ; top tumid, hemispherical, pube-
l’ulous.

Northern Island: abundant in fresh and brackish water marshes, etc., Banks and So-
lander, etc. Also a native of Australia and Tasmania.

6. C. Sinclairii, Hoolc.f. — Vincentia anceps, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 276.
Culms tall, coarse, several ft. high, quite flat, £ in. broad, smooth. Leaves quite
flat, striate, 1 in. broad ; edges sharp but not cutting. Tanicle 1 ft. long, soft,
excessively branched, nodding; bracts sheathing; branches drooping, arising
from smaller bracts. Spikelets small, fascicled, pale-brown, 2- or 3 -flowered.
Lower glumes and bracts awned, striated, scaberulous. Flowers about 3, of
which 1 only seems to ripen fruit. Stamens elongating greatly after flowering.
Nut attenuated at both ends; sharply 3-angled at the cuspidate top, crusta-
ceous, mottled with red, pedicel with a tuberous base.

Northern Island : in swamps. Banks and Solander ; east coast and interior, Colon so ;
Auckland, Sinclair ; Mercury Bay, Jolliffe. I have referred this to Cladium, into which
the genera Baumea, Chapelliera, and Vinceniia must fall. There being a Cladium anceps
renders it necessary to change the specific name of this.

10. GAHKIA, Forst.

{Including Lamfocarya, Br.)

Tall, coarse, leafy, rigid, scabrid sedges. Culm erect, terete or 3-gonous,
stout. Leaves very long, involute, harsh and cutting, with scabrid edges and
points. — Spikelets excessively numerous, small, terete, 1- or 2-flowered, dis-
posed in a terminal branched, often effuse panicle. Glumes few, imbricated
all round the rachis, the terminal (or last 2) minute, floriferous. Bristles and
hypogynous scales 0. Stamens 3, 4, or 6 ; filaments usually lengthening
much after flowering, and often twisting together and holding the nut sus-,
pended. Nut very hard, obscurely 3-gonous, sessile, obscurely thickened at
the top. Stigmas 3 or 4, sometimes 2-fid.

A small geuus, native of Australia, Tasmania, and the Malayan and Pacific Islands.
Closely allied to Cladium , but very different in their more harsh habit and foliage.

Hut of stony hardness, transversely grooved inside. Stamens 4.

Spikelets black, J in. long. Nut pale red-brown 1. G. setifolia.

Spikelets red-brown, J-5 iu. long. Nut pale-brown ,2. G.procera.

Nut not transversely grooved internally. Stamens 3 or 4. (Lampocarva, Br.)
Leaves with very slender points. Stamens 4. Nut black .... 3. G.lacera.
Panicle 2-3 ft. long. Branches very long, pendulous. Stamens 4.

Nut yellow 4. G.xanthocarpa,

Culms robust, angled, scabrous. Stamens 3. Nut black , ... 5. G. arenaria ,

VOL. I. X

306

XI. CYPERACEAb

[GaJtnia.

1. G. setiftolia, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 279. A very large, tall,
coarse, cutting sedge, 2-6 ft. high, forming huge tussocks in woods.
Culms erect, terete, as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves very long, convolute,
with cutting edges and long scabrid points. Panicle 1-2 ft. long, much laxly
branched, very slender ; bracts leafy, with long black sheaths. Spikelets
pedicelled, ovoid, nearly ^ in. long, 2-flowered. Glumes coriaceous, short,
black-brown; outer downy, awned; inner acuminate. Upper flower perfect,
lower male. Stamens 4 ; filaments lengthening much after flowering. Nut
£ in. long, narrow elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends, when ripe red-brown,
polished, grooved on one side, transversely furrowed within. — Lampocarya se-
tifulia, A. Eich.

Northern Island : abundant in woods. Banks and Solander, etc. Middle Island :
Nelson, Travers (panicle broader, excessively branched; nut smaller). Very near the Tas-
manian G. psitlacor/im.

2. G. procera, Forst. ;—Fl. N. Z. i. 278. Habit and foliage of G. se-
tifulia, but smaller. Culms only 2-3 ft. high ; panicle more slender, with
fewer, shorter branches ; bracts more spathaceous ; spikelets much larger,
on longer pedicels. Spikelets | in. long, of a dark purple-brown colour.
Glumes coriaceous, few ; outer longer than the spikelet, acuminate and awned.
Stamens 4 ; filaments very long. Nut pale-brown, scarcely shining (perhaps
not ripe), transversely grooved within.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Forster ; Port Preservation, Lyall.

3. G. lacera, Steudel. — Lampocarya lacera, A. Eich. ; — PI. N. Z. i. 277.
A tall, coarse, harsh, denselv-tufted sedge, 3-5 ft. high. Culms stout, leafy,
as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves very long, involute, with cutting edges and
long scabrid points. Panicle erect or inclined, 1-1^ ft. long, much branched,
leafy. Spikelets alternatej pedicelled, pale-brown. Glumes membranous,
downy, ovate, acuminate, awned, r in. long. Stamens 4 ; filaments much
elongating. Nut -g- in. long, elliptic-oblong, black, shining, obscurely 3-go-
nous, not transversely furrowed within.

Northern and Middle Islands : abundant in woods, Banks and Solander, etc.

4. G. xanthocarpa, Hook. f. — Lampocarya xantliecarpa , PI. N. Z.
i. 278. A very stout, tall, densely-tufted, harsh, leafy sedge. Culms robust,
4-6 ft. high, as thick as the little finger. Leaves very long, involute, with
scabrid, cutting edges. Panicle leafy, 2-3 ft. long, with numerous very long,
pendulous and flexuous branches, a span long. Spikelets alternate, pedi-
celled, v in. long, dark-brown. Glumes rather coriaceous ; outer ovate,
awned ; inner acute. Stamens 4 ; filaments much elongating. Nut in. long,
unripe pale-yellow, not transversely furrowed within.

Northern Island : cast coast, Banks and Solander ; Auckland, Sinclair ; interior, Colenso.
A noble plant.

5. G. arenaria. Hook. f. — lampocarya ajjinis, Prong.; — FI. N. Z.
i. 277. A densely-tufted, harsh, very leafy, subsquarrose sedge. Culm
leafy, 1-1| ft. high, obtusely 3-gonous, scabrous. Leaves excessively nume-
rous, much longer than the culms, narrow, involute, scabrid ; sheaths very
short. Panicle erect, leafy, rigid; branches distant, very short; bracts ex-

Gahnia.~\

XI. CYPEKACE.'E.

307

cessively long and foliaceous. Spikelets in dense ovoid fascicles, |-1 in.
long, narrow-lanceolate, very shortly pedicelled, turgid. Glumes rather coria-
ceous, obscurely distichous, very concave, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, all
awned, lower shorter. Stamens 3, filaments scarcely lengthening after flower-
ing. Nut elliptic-oblong, subacute, black, polished, obscurely 3-gonous, not
transversely grooved within. — Morelotia Ga/inicpformis, Gaudichaud, in Freyc.
Yoy. 416. f. 28.

Northern and Middle Island: common on hills, sandy shores, etc.,' Banks and Bo-
lander, etc. Very near a Sandwich Island species.

11. LEPIDOSPEBMA, Labill.

Culms tufted, erect, from a stout creeping rhizome, very rigid, compressed
terete angled or flat and leaf-like, with cutting edges, leafy at the base only.
Leaves usually equitant, rigid, cutting. — Spikelets small, in rigid branched
compressed spikes or panicles, 1- or 2 -flowered, with an awned bract at the base.
Glumes few, imbricating all round the rachis, brown, rigidly coriaceous, the
upper 1 or 2 floriferous, lower flower alone fertile. Stamens 3. Hypogynous
scales 6, thick, very small, adnate to the base of the nut. Nut coriaceous or
osseous, terminated by the base of the style.

A very large Australian and Tasmanian genns, of which a few species are found in New
Zealand and the Malay Islands, China, and Ceylon.

Culms and leaves 3- or 4-angled 1 . L. ietrayona.

Culms and leaves flat . 2. L. concava.

1. L. tetragona, Labill. FI. Nov. Boll. t. 17. — L. australis , Hook. f.
FI. N. Z. i. 279. Culms tufted, 1-li ft. high, irregularly 3- or 4-angled,
very rigid, smooth. Leaves rigid, 2-8 in. long, 3- or 4-angled. Spikelets
crowded, forming a short, oblong, terminal head \ in. long; bract short,
sheathing, with a subulate erect point. Spikelets nearly | in. long. Glumes
6-8, very coriaceous, acuminate, lower awned, terminal floriferous. Stamens
and stigmas 3. Scales connate into a small 6-lobed cup. Nut with a tumid
top. — Vauthiera australis, A. Rich. FI. 107. t. 20.

Northern Island : banks of lakes, etc , common, Banks and Sol under, etc. Middle
Island: Nelson, Sinclair Akaroa, Raoul. A native of Australia and Tasmania.

2. Xj, concava, JBr. — L. longitudinalis. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 279, not
Labill. Culms flat, 3-4 ft. high, i in. broad, with scabrid cutting edges,
thin, concave on one side. Leaves flat like the culms, acujninate. Panicle
erect, rigid, sparingly branched, 2-3 in. long ; branches distant ; bract acute,
spathaceous. Spikelets few, short, in appressed fascicles of 2 or 3 within an
awned bract, 1-flowered. Glumes ovate, puberulous, rough on the back,
awned. Stamens 3. Scales minute, connate. Nut obovate, terminated by
the tumid base of the style. — FI. Tasm. i. 91 . t. 146 B ; L. elatior, A. Cunn.
not Br.

Northern Island : not uncommon in clay hills and Bay of Islands, Cunningham ; Auck-
land, Sinclair. A native of Australia and Tasmania.

X 2

308

XI. CYPEEACEjE.

12. OREQBOLUS, Br.

A low. rigid, densely tufted plant, forming large cushion-like patches ou
the mountains. Culms short, densely compacted, leafy throughout, divided.
Leaves subulate, distichous or imbricated all round. — Scape axillary, short,
compressed, 1-flowered, strict, rigid, lengthening after flowering. Glumes 2,
deciduous. Hypogynous scales 6, in 2 series, perianth-like, persistent. Sta-
mens 3. Style deciduous, bulbous at the base; stigmas 3. Nut enveloped
above the middle in the oppressed scales, crustaceous, obovoid, 3-gouous, with
a broad, terminal, depressed area.

A remarkable genus, confined to the alps of Tasmania, Australia, New Zealaud, and
Fuegia.

1. O. Pumilio, Br. — 0. pectinatus, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 275. Culms
1-3 in. long, usually flattened. Leaves closely densely imbricated, distichous
and -spreading, or suberect and imbricating all round, curved, linear subulate,
|—1 in. long, pungent ; sheaths hard, striated. Spikelets minute. Scape an
inch long after flowering. Glumes lanceolate, ^ in. long. Scales lanceolate
subulate. — 0. pectinatus, FI. Antarct. i. 87. t. 49.

Northern Island : mountainous regions, Taupo plains, and tops of the Ruahine range,
Colenso. Middle Island: Morses mountain, alt. 6000 ft., Bid will ; Southern Alps,
llaast. Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, abundant, J. I). II. Found
also in the Tasmanian and Victorian Alps.

13. UNCmiA, Persoon.

Tufted, usually grass-like sedges, with fibrous roots. Culms stout or stem
der, more or less 3-gonous. Leaves long, narrow, flat, involute or keeled. —
Spikelet solitary at the end of the culm, linear-elongate, terete, many-flowered,
upper part contracted, male. Glumes imbricated all round the rachis, all
floriferous ; upper male with 3 stamens, and no rudiment of scales or ovary ;
lower female ; ovary contained in a compressed urceolate utricle ( perigynium
of authors) ; its style and 3 stigmas exserted ; a long rigid exserted bristle,
hooked at the tip, arises from the base of the ovary, also within the utricle.
Nut 3-gonous, flattened, included in the utricle.

A considerable genus, native of Tasmania, Australia, New Zealand, Tristan d’Acunha,
Abyssinia, Fuegia, and the Andes of S. America. The species have been elaborated by the
late Dr. Boott for the ‘ New Zealand Flora,’ which descriptions have in great part been em-
bodied in the following pages. The New Zealand forms are most puzzling, U. leptostacluja,

Banksii, Sinclairii, rubra, and ferruginea, seem all very distinct, the rest are very difficult
of discrimination.

Utricle scabrous towards the top.

Culms slender. Bract subulate or 0. Spikelet very slender . . . 1 . V. leptostacluja.

Cuims short, stout. Bract subulate. Spikelet short, stout . . . 2. U. Sinclairii.

Utricle perfectly smooth. Glumes closely imbricate.

Culms short. Spikelet i~i in. Bract 0 3. U. compacta.

Culms long. Spikelet 3-6 in. Bract leafy. Glumes in. . . 4. U. australis.
Culms long. Spikelet 3-6 in. Bract leafy. Glumes in. . . 5. U. ferruginea.

Utricle perfectly smooth. Glumes lax, all or the lower distant.

Leaves longer than culm, green when dry.

Leaves in. broad. Spikelets 2-4 in. Bract leafy . . . 6. U. caspilosa.

Uncinia. ]

XI. CYPERACEiE.

309

Leaves ig~is in. broad. Spikelets 1-2 in. Bract 0. Glumes

equalling utricle 7 ■ TJ. rupestris.

Leaves ■?V"31o in. broad. Spikelets f-lij in. Bract 0. Glumes

equalling utricle 8 . TJ. filiformis.

Leaves -jo-jo in. broad. Spikelets 2-3 in. Bract 0. Glumes

4 as long as utricle 9. 771 Banlcsii.

Leaves shorter than culm, red when dry 10. TJ. rubra.

1. U. leptostacliya, Raoul, Ckoix, 12. t. 5 ; — FI. N. Z. i. 286. Culms
filiform, scaberulous upwards, 1-2 ft. long. Leaves longer than the culms,
narrow, T\- in. broad. Spikelet 1|— 4 in. long, very slender, lax-flowered,
upper male part filiform ; bract setaceous. Glumes small, distant, ovate- or
subulate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, membranous. Utricle about as long as
the glume, fusiform, nearly \ in. long, scabrid above, margins ciliate, faintly
nerved.

Var. P. distans. Spikelet 1-2 in. long. Utricles as long as the acuminate glumes. — U.
distans, Boott, El. N. Z. i. 285.

Var. 7. scabra. Spikelets 1-2 in. long. Utricle longer than the acute glumes. — TJ. scabra,
Boott, El. N. Z. i. 286.

Northern and Middle Islands: probably common; top of the Buahine range and
Titiokura, Colenso ; Akaroa, Raoul. I can hardly distinguish the above varieties as such.

2. U. Sinclairii, Boott, mss. Culms 4-8 in. high, stout, smooth.
Leaves flat, grassy, t’q in. broad, shorter than the culm. Spikelet f— 1 in. ;
long, robust ; male portion very short, narrow, cylindric ; bract 0. Glumes im-
bricate, broadly ovate-oblong, obtuse, green with white membranous margins.
Utricle longer than the glumes, } in. long, narrow obovate-lanceolate, 3-go-
nous, scabrous above, edges ciliate ; style tumid at the base.

Middle Island: Tarndale?, Sinclair ; Lake Tennyson, alt. 4400 ft., Travers.

3. TJ. compacta, Br. ; var. divarieata. — U. divarieata, Boott; — FI.
N. Z. i. 286. Culms short, stout, 4-6 in. high, smooth. Leaves much
longer than the culms, flat, TL— in- broad, rigid. Spikelet short, in.,
rather stout, } in. diarn., upper finale; bract 0. Glumes closely imbri-
cate, lanceolate, acute, deciduous, pale, the lower cuspidate. Utricle i in.
long, rather turgid, lanceolate, quite glabrous, spreading when old ; bristle
incurved, as long, stout.

Northern Island: top of the Ruahiue range, Colenso. Middle Island: Milford
Sound, Lyall. This differs from the Tasmanian plant only in the pale-green, not brown,
glumes; it is also near the TJ. King'd of Fuegia.

4. U. australis, Pet-soon ; — FI. N. Z. i. 287. Culms 6-12 in. high,
rigid, smooth. Leaves very numerous, twice as long as the culm, flat, -jt-y
in. broad, smooth or scabrid. Spikelet 3-6 in. long, cylindrical, g- in. broad,
upper lr or 7 slender male ; bract long, foliaceous. Glumes closely imbri-
cating, ovate, subacute, yy in. long, pale-green, faintly browned. Utricle as
long as or shorter than the glume, elliptical-oblong, or fusiform and turgid in
the middle, equally narrowed at both ends. — TJ. compacta, A. Rich., not Br. ;
Car ex nncinata, Forst.

Northern and Middle Islands : common in woods.

5. U. ferruginea, Boott. in FI. N. Z. i. 388. t. 64 B. Very similar
in habit, stature, and dimensions, to U. australis, but the glumes are much

XI. CYFEltACEjE.

\_Unciuia.

3 10

longer, | in. long, subulate-lanceolate, long acuminate, (lark-brown with
green keel, and the utricle is more attenuate upwards, and less at the base.

Northern Island: sides of streams, base of Ruahine range, Colenso ; Wellington,
Ralphs.

6. U. caespitosa, Boott , in FI. N. Z. i. 287. Culms 6-12 in. high,
rather stout. Leaves much longer than the culms, slender, xj— xo in- broad,
flat or 3-gonous, rather scabrid. Spikelet 1-4 in. long, rather stout; bract
leafy. Glumes rather close, lower remote, lanceolate, obtuse acute or acumi-
nate, pale-green. Utricle as long as the glume, narrow ovate or fusiform,
narrowed at both ends, 3-nerved.

Northern Island : frequent in mountainous districts, Colenso, etc. A very variable plant,
small forms, with narrow leaves aud small spikelet, are seen to pass into U. filformis, others
with broader leaves run into U. rupeslris, and the large form with foliaeeous bracts into U.
australis.

7. U. rupestris, Raoul, Cltoix, 13. t. 5; — FI. N. Z. i. 286. Culms
slender, 3-6 in. high. Leaves very much longer than the culm, flat, tV“to
in. broad, nearly smooth. Spikelet small, slender, 1-2 in. long; bract seta-
ceous or 0. Glumes very laxly imbricate, I in. long, narrow oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse or acuminate, pale-brown. Utricle about as long as the glume,
very narrow-ovate or fusiform, attenuate upwards, 3-nerved. — U. Hookeri,
Boott, in FI. Antarct. i. 91. t. 51 ; U. riparia, Hook. f. in Hook. Journ.
Bot. iii. 417, not Br.

Northern Island : Wellington, Stephenson. Middle Island: Akaroa, Raoul; Can-
terbury, Travers. Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, J. B. II. Ex-
tremely near the Tasmanian TJ. riparia, Br., aud perhaps only a form of that plant.

8. U. filiformis, Boott, in FI. N. Z. i. 286. Culm extremely slender,

4-10 in. high. Leaves filiform, much longer than the culm, bi. broad,

3-gonous, grooved, scabrid. Spikelets filiform, f— 1^ in. long ; bract 0.
Glumes approximate, •§• in. long, lanceolate, acuminate, pale-green. Utricle
as long as the glumes, lanceolate, 3-nerved.

Northern Island : top of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Middle Gland, Lyall.

9. U. Baisksii, Boott, in FI. N. Z. i. 287. Habit and foliage of TJ.
Jiliformis, but the spikelets are 2-3 in. long, male portion sometimes female
at the top, the glumes distant, short, not half the length of the slender, al-
most terete, 3-nerved utricle.

Northern and Middle Islands: not uncommon in damp woods, Banks and Solander,
etc.

10. U. rubra, Boott, in Ft. N. Z. i. 287. t. 64 A. Whole plant red-
brown when dry. Culms rigid, 6-12 in. high, scabrid above. Leaves shorter
than the culm, rigid, long, striate, concave, jV-iV in. broad. Spikelet rigid,
1 -2 in. long, male portion short, of few glumes ; bract 0. Glumes few, dis-
tant, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, concave, rigid, persistent. Utricle as
long as or shorter than the glume, oblong-lanceolate, terete, faintly nerved.

Northern Island : east coast, Tehawera, and summit of Titiokura, Colenso.

14. CAREX, Linn.

Tufted, usually grass-like sedges, with creeping rhizomes and fibrous roots.

Garex.]

XI. CYPERACEAb

311

Culms stout or slender, obtusely or acutely 3-gonous. Leaves long, narrow,
flat involute or keeled. — Spikelets solitary or numerous, simple or compound,
usually arising from the sheaths of long, leafy bracts, unisexual or bisexual,
oblong or linear, terete, many-flowered. Glumes imbricated all round the
rachis, entire or 2-fid, obtuse cuspidate or awned, all floriferous. Male fl :
stamens 3; ovary 0. Female: an ovary contained in a sessile or stalked,
urceolate, compressed utricle ( perigynium of authors) ; style exserted ; stig-
mas 2 or 3. Nut 3-gonous or flattened, included in the utricle, rarely ac-
companied with a slender bristle which is not hooked at the tip.

An immense genus, found in all parts of the world, but especially in mountainous regions ;
it has been a subject of special study by my friend the late Dr. Boott, F.L.S., who prepared
the descriptions of the New Zealand species (and of TJncinia) for the ‘New Zealand Flora.’
On re-examining the specimens with additional ones received since, for the present work,
I have found it necessary to unite C. fascicularis, Soland., with C. Forsteri, Wahl., and C.
secta, Boott, with C. virgata, Soland. ; and C. Lamiertiana, and perhaps vacillans should
also be united with C. dissita, Soland. There are, no doubt, many other species to be found
in New Zealand ; in the Middle Island they have been scarcely at all collected.

A. Spilcelet solitary , simple, small ; upper part male. Stigmas usually 3.

Culms 3-6 in., shorter than the flat leaves 1. C. pyrenaica.

Culms 2-6 in., aud leaves wiry, terete, grooved 2. C. acicularis.

B. Spikelets collected into a solitary compound spike , small , androgynous. Stigmas 2.

Spikelets with male flowers below.

Leaves llattish. Spikelets 1-3, pale.' Utricle ovate, beaked, ser-
rate above 3. C. inversa.

Leaves involute, wiry. Spikelets 1-4, brown. Utricle broad,

not beaked, serrate above 4. C. Colensoi.

Leaves keeled. Spikelets many, squarrose. Utricle spreading,

longer than the glume 5. C. stellulata.

Spikelets with male flowers above. ( Utricle with serrate wings above.)

Culm 1-2 ft., slender. Spike short. Utricle as long as glume . 6. C. teretiuscula.

Leaves 1-3 ft., £ in. diam., harsh. Spike very long and slender . 7. C. virgata.

Leaves 1-3 ft., i-J in. diam., harsh. Spike very long and stout 8. C. appressa.

C. Spikelets several , distinct, axillary, in long leafy bracts, usually peduncled.
a. Spikelets all unisexual, or the female with a few male flowers at top. Stigmas 2.

( Utricle not serrate above in any.)

Spikelets 3-6, peduncled, erect. Glumes obtuse, smaller than

the flat utricle 9. C. Gaudichaudiana .

Spikelets 5-7, peduncled, erect. Glumes mucronate or cuspidate,

smaller than the flat utricle 10. C. subdola.

Spikelets 15-24, peduncled, long, pendulous, brown. Glume

awned 11. C. ternaria.

Spikelets 4, sessile, short, pale. Glumes cuspidate. Utricle

shining 12. C. testacea.

P. Spikelets all unisexual, or the females with male flowers below. Glumes cuspidate.
Stigmas 2, rarely 3 in C. lucida.

Spikelets 4-6, approximate, sessile, short 13. C. Raoulii.

Spikelets 4-8, distant, peduncled, cylindric 14. C. lucida.

y. Spikelets unisexual, or the females with a few male flowers above or below. Stigmas 3.

f Utricles spreading after flowering , glabrous.

Culm shorter than leaves. Spikelets short, crowded, brown . . 15. C.pumila.

Culm tall, leafy. Spikelets cylindric, large, green 16. C. Forsteri.

312

XI. CYPERACE.E.

[Carex.

Culms short, leafy. Spikelets short, obtuse, green 17. C. cataracta.

ft Utricles erect, pubescent. Culms short 18. C. breviculmis.

ftt Utricles erect, glabrous. Culms slender ( except in C. trifida), long.
Spikelets 6-10, stout, very large, brown, 2-4 in. Glumes 2-lid. 19. C. trifida.

Spikelets 6-10, slender, pedieelled, f-j in. Glumes entire . . 20. C. Neesiana.

Spikelets 5-8, stout, suberect, ^-1 in. Glume 2-lid . . . .21 . C. dissita.

Spikelets 5-8, stout, suberect, 1-1^ in. Glumes 2-fid . . . 22. C. Lambertiana.

Spikelets 5-9, drooping, l-2£ in. Glumes entire 23. C. vaciUans.

1. C. pyrenaica, Wahlenberg ; — FI. N. Z. i. 280. Culms small, 3-6
in. high, 3-gonous, quite glabrous. Leaves flexuous, longer than the culm,
coriaceous, flat, grooved below, edges scabrid. Spikelet terminal, solitary, -§-f
in. long, linear-ovoid, pale red-brown ; male flowers at the top. Glumes
ovate, acuminate or obtuse. Utricle longer and narrower than the glume,
stipitate, lanceolate, compressed, nerveless ; beak pale, membranous, emargi-
nate. Stigmas 3, rarely 2.

Northern Island: tops of the Ituahine mountains, forming clumps in snow runs,
Colenso. A native of Europe and North America.

2. C. acicularis, Boott ; — FI. N. Z. i. 280. t. 63 C. Culms small,
2-6 in. high, rigid, wiry, very slender, nearly terete. Leaves as narrow as
the culm, nearly terete, grooved in front, quite smooth. Spikelet solitary, ovoid,

1- in. long, pale red-brown ; male flowers at the top ; bract long or short.
Glumes few, lanceolate, acuminate, lower foliaceotts ; utricle stipitate, lan-
ceolate, 3-quetrous, acuminate; edges serrate above; beak 2-fid. Nut 3-
gonous, with a linear bristle at its side. Stigmas 3.

Northern Island: tops of the Euahine range, Colenso.

3. C. inversa, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 2S1. Small, rather slender, 1-10
in. high, quite smooth. Bhizome stout, creeping. Culms leafy below only,
slender, 3-gonous, grooved. Leaves shorter, flat, keeled, very narrow, in.
broad. Spikelets solitary, or broken up into 2 or 3, in- long, ovoid,
pale ; male flowers below ; bracts very long, unequal. Glumes ovate, acumi-
nate, cuspidate or awned. Utricle as long as the glume, oval, beaked, nerved,
margins serrate above. Stigmas 2.

Northern Island: Hawke’s Bay and Euahine range, Colenso. Also a native of Tas-
mania and Southern Australia.

4. C. Colemsoi, Boott; — FI. yV. Z. i. 281. t. 63 B. Small, slender,
wiry, flexuous, 6-12 in. high; rhizome stout, creeping. Culms leafy at the
base only, very slender, 3-gonous, grooved. Leaves longer or shorter, as
narrow as the culms, involute, deeply grooved. Spikelets solitary or broken
up into 2-5, ovoid, turgid, 3 in. long; male flowers below; bracteate or not.
Glumes ovate, acuminate, pale-brown ; margins broad, white. Utricle shorter
and narrower than the glumes, broadly ovate or oblong, not beaked, obscurely
nerved ; margins serrulate above. Stigmas 2.

Northern Island : dry plains, road from Patangata to Manawarakau, Colenso. Middle
Island: Southern Alps, 3000-3500 ft., Sinclair and Haast ; Acheron valley, 4000 ft.,
Travers.

5. G. stellulata, Goodenongh ; — FI. N. Z. i. 281. Culms very slender,
tufted, glabrous, leafy at the base only, 3-gonous, grooved. Leaves as long
and narrow as the culms, or broader, flattish or involute, grooved. Spikelets

Car ex.]

XI. CYPERACE.'E.

313

3 or 4, very small, y^-yj in. long, very few-flowered, divaricating in fruit ;
male flowers below, uppermost male only ; bracts 0. Glumes very few, ovate,
acute, keeled, pale ; margins broad, membranous. Utricle longer than the
glume, ovate, acuminate, 3-gonous, nerved, serrate at the margin, beaked,
2-dentate. Stigmas 2.

Northern Island : bogs near Lake Taupo, Colenso. Middle Island : Acheron valley,
4000 ft., Travers. Also found throughout the temperate northern hemisphere, but only in
New Zealand in the southern.

6. C. teretiuscula, Goodenovcjli ; — FI. N. Z. i. 281. Culms tall,
slender, erect, 1-2 ft. high, 3-quetrous, smooth or scabrid, grooved, leafy at
the base only. Leaves shorter and broader than the culms, flat, deeply grooved ;
margins scabrid. Spikelets very small, i- y in. long, collected into a linear
head f in. long, few-flowered ; male flowers at the top ; bracteate or not.
Glumes pale-brown, ovate, acute ; margins broad, membranous. Utricle
about as long as the glume, ovate, plano-convex, nerved at the back, winged
and serrate above ; beak 2-dentate. Stigmas 2.

Northern Island : bogs, Tangoio village, Hawke’s Bay, Colenso. Middle Island :
watercourses near Lake Okau, Haast ; Otago, lake district, Hector and Buchanan. Com-
mon throughout the north temperate zone, but not found elsewhere in the southern.

7. C. virgata, Solander ; — FI. N. Z. i. 283. Culms densely tufted, tall,
harsh, leafy, 3-gonous, edges scabrid, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves rigid, flat, keeled,
narrow, \ in. broad, much longer than the culms ; margins scabrid. Spike-
lets very numerous, distantly spiked or panicled along the slender end of the
culm, small, sessile, yhy in. long, pale brown ; male flowers at the top. Glumes
ovate, acute, cuspidate or awned ; margins broadly membranous. Utricle as
long as the glume, 2-convex, oblong or broadly ovate; beak short, with
serrate wings, obliquely 2-dentate; nerves strong. Stigmas 2. — Boott, 111.
Carex, t. 121, 122 ; C. collata, Boott, in Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 447.

Var. 0. secta. — C.secta, Boott, 1. c. 283. Spike more lax slender and drooping. Utricle
faintly nerved. — Boott, 111. Carex, t. 123, 124.

Northern and Middle Islands : Var. a and 0, common in marshes and bogs, abundant, as
far south as Otago, Colenso , Sinclair , etc. Var. 0 forms tufts of roots sometimes 1-G ft.
high and 6-18 in. diam., like the stem of a Tree-Fern, Buchanan.

8. C. appressa, Br. ; — FI. Antarct. i. 90. A large harsh species, of
the same habit and with nearly the same characters as C. virgata, but the leaves
are upwards of \ in. broad, the culms acutely 3-quetrous, very stout and sca-
brid, the spike erect, more rigid, with shorter, stouter branches, and the
utricles are plano-convex, with incurved margins and nerved faces. — Boott,
111. Carex, t. 119, 120 ; FI. Tasm. ii. 99.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, abundant in woods near the sea,
J. D. II. Also a most common Tasmanian and temperate Australian plant. This again I
am inclined to regard as a form of C. virgata.

9. C. Gaudichaudiana, Kunth. Culms leafy, tufted, 2 in.-2 ft. high,
nearly smooth, rather slender. Leaves shorter than the culms, flat, rather
soft. Spikelets 3-6, erect, £-f in. long, ovoid or cylindric, purple, shortly
peduncled or the lower long-peduncled, the lower female or with very few
male flowers at the top ; bracts long, leafy. Glumes oblong or lanceolate-
oblong, obtuse or rounded at the tip, dark-purple with green margin and

314

XI. CYPERACEA3.

[Care x.

keel. Utricle broader and longer than the glume, ovate- or elliptic-lanceolate,
compressed, strongly nerved, green, when ripe dotted with brown ; beak short,
entire or 2-dentate. Stigmas 2. — FI. Tasm. ii. 99. t. 151 A.

Middle Island : Southern Alps, Sinclair and Haast, Travers ; Otago, banks of the
Clulha, Lindsay ; lake district, Hector and Buchanan. All Sinclair’s, Ilaast’s, and Tra-
vers’s specimens have an almost wholly unisexual spikelet. Lindsay’s have male flowers at top.
Buchanan remarks that it is a most important plant, filling up bogs, etc., and preparing the
way for other vegetation. Also a native of South-East Australia and Tasmania.

10. C. subdola, Boott ; — FI. N. Z. i. 2S2. Very similar in habit and
characters to C. Gaudichaudiana, but usually taller, 2-3 ft. high, and with
the glumes mucronate or shortly aristate.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, Colenso, etc. Middle Island : Acheron valley, alt.
4000 ft., Travers.

11. C. ternaria, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 282. A large, tall, very leafy
species. Culms 2-4 ft. high, stout, leafy throughout ; angles very scabrid.
Leaves very long, flat, g~ | in. broad, smooth or scabrid. Spikelets very nu-
merous, cylindric, 1-4 in. long, long-peduncled, nodding or pendulous, soli-
tary or 2- or 3-nate, dark-brown, unisexual or the female with male flowers
at top ; bracts very long and leafy. Glumes ovate or lanceolate, truncate
emargmate or acute, with hispid awns. Utricle shorter than the glume,
flattened, broadly ovate- or elliptic-obovate, entire or emarginate, nerved,
shortly beaked. Stigmas 2. — C. polystac/iya, A. Rich. ; C. geminata, Sckkuhr.

Northern Island, Banks and Solander ; Great Barrier Island, Sinclair; Wellington,
Stephenson ; Hawke’s Bay, Colenso. Middle Island, abundant. laord Auckland’s
group, J. B. H.

12. C. testacea, Solander , — FI. N. Z. i. 282. A rather small, perfectly
smooth species. Culms 4-10 in. high, very slender, leafy. Leaves as long
as or longer than the culms, very narrow, flat, -y-g—iV in. broad. Spike-
lets 4, very close together, sessile, shortly cylindric, |-1 in. long, stout,
uppermost very slender, male ; bracts very long. Glumes broadly ovate,
shortly awned, membranous, pale-brown. Utricle as large as the glumes,
very broadly ovate, turgid, plano-convex, nerved, shining ; beak short,
usually broadly 2-cuspidate. Stigmas 2.

Northern Island : Tigada , Banks and Solander ; Auckland, Sinclair. Middle Island :
banks of the Clutka, Lindsay ; Canterbury, Sinclair and Haast. Boott, who describes tbe
utricles as serrated above, — but I do not find them so, — informs me that it is possibly a
variety of C. Raou/ii ; but the 2-fid glumes of the latter readily distinguish it.

13. C. Raoulii, Boott; — FI. N. Z. i. 283. Culms 2-3 ft. high,
slender, leafy, smooth. Leaves long, narrow, A in. broad, nearly smooth,
flat. Spikelets 4-6, pale, close together or the lower distant, sessile, shortly
cylindric, •§— 1 in. long, male flowers below, upper longer with more male flowers
below ; bracts very long and leafy. Glumes broadly ovate, 2-lobed, with a
short hispid awn ; margins broadly scarious and lacerate. Utricle as large as
the glume, obovate, turgid, plano-convex, purplish, strongly nerved, toothed
or entire on the edges above ; beak emarginate. Stigmas 2.

Middle Island: Akaroa, Raoul ; Southern Alps, Sinclair and Haast.

14. C. lucida, Boott ; — FI. N. Z. i. 283. A rigid, rather harsh, leafy
species. Culms slender, leafy all the way up, 1-2 ft. high, slightly scabrid.

Car ex.]

XI. CYPERACE.E.

315

Leaves much longer than the culms, very narrow, yj-jV in. broad, rigid, flat or
keeled. Spikelets 4-8, distant, erect, cylindric, 4~li in. long ; upper male,
more sessile, slender ; lower male at the base only. Glumes ovate, acute obtuse
or emarginate, cuspidate or shortly awned, pale-purple, shining ; keel and
margins pale. Utricle as long as the glume, ovate or elliptic, 2-convex,
faintly nerved ; margin scabrid or smooth, purple ; beak short, minutely 2-
deutate. Stigmas 2, rarely 3. — Boott, 111. Carex, t. 173.

Northern Island : frequent in grassy places, Banks and Solander, etc. Middle Island :
Upper Wairau, Sinclair, Travers ; Dunedin, Lindsay.

15. C. pumila, Thuuberg ; — C. littorea, Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. ii. t. 219 ;
FI. N. Z. i. 284. A harsh, short, rigid, very leafy species, 8-16 in. high ;
rhizomes stout, running in sand. Culms very short, stout. Leaves much
longer than the culms, flexuous, rigid, ^ in. diam., keeled”, grooved, scabrid.
Spikelets 4 or 5, hidden amongst the leaves, close together, short, i-l-g- in.
long, stout, erect, sessile or peduncled, upper male, slender ; bracts very
long, leafy. Glumes small, ovate, obtuse, acute or cuspidate, pale-brown ;
margins white, membranous. Utricle much larger than the glume, large, £
in. long, turgid, ovate, not nerved, smooth, pale-brown, opaque ; beak short,
2-cuspidate. Stigmas 3.

Northern and Middle Islands : on sandv shores abundant. Banks and Solander, ttc. ;
as far south as Port. Preservation, Lyall. A native of Australia, Tasmania, and Japan.

16. C. Forster!, Wahlenberg , — FI. N. Z. i. 285. A rather flaccid,
grassy, pale-green species. Culms 6-24 in. high, very leafy, slender or
stout, sl’ghtly scabrid. Leaves flaccid and grassy, longer than the culms,
i— \ in. diam., flat, not keeled, rather scabrid. Spikelets 3-8, very variable
in size, £-4-| in. long, distant or close together, cylindric, pale, 1-3 upper male,
the rest all female or with male flowers above or below, sessile or shortly pedun-
cled, erect or nodding ; bracts very long and leafy. Glumes very numerous,
linear or lanceolate, cuspidate or shortly awned, membranous, pale red-brown,
margins and nerve white. Utricle much larger than the glume, spreading,
stipitate, elliptic-lanceolate, compressed, strongly nerved ; beak long, 2-fur-
cate. Stigmas 3. — Boott, 111. Carex, t. 137 ; C. debilis, Forst. ; C.recurva,
Schkuhr ; C. punctulata, A. Hick. Flora, t. 22.

Var. /3. minor. Spikelets 3, J-l in. long, sessile, crowded. Glumes often minute, subu-
late, and long-awned.

Var. 7. fascicularis. — C. fascicularis, Solander; PI. N. Z. i. 283. Leaves \~l in. broad.
Spikelets with male flowers below. — Boott, III. Carex, i. t. 139,140; C. pseudocyperus,
Br. ; Forst. not Linn.

Northern and Middle Islands : all varieties abundant in moist woods, etc., Banks and
Solander, etc. Also common in Southern Australia and Tasmania. Very closely allied to
indeed to the northern C. pseudocyperus.

17. C. cataracts, Br. A rather small, flaccid, leafy, pale green spe-
cies. Culms 6-10 in. high, stout, 3-gonous, grooved, smooth. Leaves much
longer than the culms, flat, not keeled, striate, -jL— in. broad. Spikelets
6-8, very short, sessile or peduncled, erect, crowded, very pale green, | in.
long, stout, 3 upper male, lower female, or male at the top only. Glumes
few, small, ovate, acute or obtuse, white, membranous. Utricle much larger
than the glumes, spreading or deflexed, oval, turgid, green, strongly nerved ;
beak 2-cuspidate. Stigmas 3. — FI. Tasm. t. 151 B.

316 xi. cyperace^e. [Carex.

Middle Island: Southern Alps, Sinclair and Haast ; swampy gullies, Waitaki river,
etc., Haast ; Otago, lake district, Sinclair and Haast. Also a native of Tasmania.

18. C. breviculmis, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 283. t. 63 A. A small,
tufted, leafy species, 1-10 in. high, nearly smooth. Culms very short indeed.
Leaves many times longer than the culms, very narrow, aV- iV in., hat, keeled,
grooved. Spikelets hidden amongst the leaves, few, crowded together, sessile,
•jt-j- in. long, pale-green, male terminal, females with sometimes a few male
flowers at the tip ; bracts long, leafy. Glumes 6-8, nearly white, ovate, cus-
pidate or shortly awned. Utricle shorter than the glume, narrow elliptic-
oblong, narrowed at both ends, scarcely beaked, nerved, green, pubescent.
Stigmas 3.

Northern Island: in grassy places, Bay of Islands, Tarawara, Ahuriri, etc., Colenso,
etc. Also a native of South-East Australia and Tasmauia, Japan, China, and the Himalaya
mountains.

19. C. trifida, Cavanilles ; — FI. N. Z. i. 284. A very large, tall, ro-
bust, leafy sedge, 3-6 ft. high. Culms stout, obtusely 3-gonous, leafy,
smooth. Leaves very large and long, 4 in. broad and more, flat, keeled, striate ;
margins scabrid. Spikelets 6-10 or more, approximate, dark-brown, shortly
peduncled, erect or nodding, cylindric, very large, 2-4 in. long, 4 in. broad,
lower sometimes compound ; bracts very long and leafy. Glumes linear-
oblong or lanceolate, •§• in. long, membranous, red-brown, 2-fid with a hispid
awn at the tip. Utricle shorter than the glumes, oblong-obovate, strongly
nerved; beak 2-fid. Stigmas 3.

Northern Gland : Totara-nui, Banks and Solander. Middle Island : Akaroa,
Raoul ; Dusky Bay, Lyall ; Otago, Lindsay. Xjord Auckland’s group and Camp-
bell’s Island, J. D. 11. Much the largest New Zealand species. Also a native of Fuegia,
South Chili, and the Falkland Islands.

20. G. BJeesiana, Endl. — C. Solandri, Boott ; FI. N. Z. i. 284. Culms
tall, very slender, leafy, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves long, very narrow, T\j in. diam.,
fiat, grassy, keeled. Spikelets 6-10, distant, on long slender peduncles, nod-
ding, f— 14 in. long, dark-brown, slender, cylindric, upper 1-4 male, lower
sometimes compound ; bracts long, leafy. Glumes ovate (rarely emarginate),
cuspidate or shortly awned, very pale-brown. Utricle as long as the glumes,
ovate- or elliptic-oblong, smooth, obscurely nerved, dark-brown, shining ;
beak short, sometimes scabrid or toothed at the edges, 2-cuspidate. Stigmas
3. — C. Solandri, Boott, 111. Carex, i. t. 175.

Northern Island : Totara-nui, Opuragi, etc., Banks and Solander, Colenso ; Welling-
ton, Ralphs, Stephenson. A native of Norfolk Islaud.

21. C. dissita, Solander ; — FI. N. Z. i. 284. Habit of C. Neesiana,
but more robust. Leaves broader, 4 in. diam., flat, grassy, membranous, not
keeled. Spikelets 5-8, distant, shortly peduncled, erect or nodding, short,
4-1 in. long, stout, cylindric, pale-brown, uppermost one male, the rest
female or male at the base only. Glumes broadly ovate, 2-fid, shortly awned,
dark-brown ; keel green. Utricle as large as the glumes, like C. Neesiana,
but shorter. Stigmas 3. — Boott, 111. Carex, i. t. 176.

Northern Island : not uncommon in grassy places, Opuragi and Tigada, Banks and
Solander. Auckland and Great Barrier Islands, Sinclair ; east coast, l'atea, Colenso.

Carex?\

XI. CYPERACEAE.

317

Very near C. Neesiana, but spikelets much shorter and stouter, leaves broader, and glumes
2-fid.

22. C. Lambertiana, Boott ; — FL N. Z. i. 284. Very similar in
habit and characters to C. dissita, but larger, stouter, 2 ft. high, with coarser
leaves } in. diam., longer spikelets 1-ly in. long, and always solitary male
spikelets. — Boott, 111. Carex, t. 177.

Northern Island : probably common, Totara-nui, Banks ancl Solander\ Waitaki and
Great Barrier Island, and Auckland, Sinclair ; Bay of Islands, •/. D. H. This appears to
me a large form of C. dissita. I find no difference in the 2-cuspidale tip of the utricle of
the two.

23. C. vacillans, Solander ; — FL N. Z. i. 285. Culms very slender,
1 ft. high, scabrid, leafy. Leaves longer or shorter than the culms, rather
rigid, v—j in. broad, flat, striate, nearly smooth. Spikelets 5-9, approximate
or distant, long peduncled, drooping, 1-3 in. long, cylindric, bright yellow-
brown, uppermost 1-3 male, the rest male at the base only, lower lax-
flowered at the base ; bracts long and leafy. Glume ovate-subulate or lan-
ceolate or almost linear-oblong, entire, shortly awned, pale red-brown. Utricle
longer than the glume, fusiform, strongly nerved ; beak long, 2-cuspidate.
Stigmas 3.

Northern Island : common in moist woods, Banks and Solander , etc., Sinclair, Colenso.
This again is very closely allied to the preceding two, but has the entire glumes of C.
Neesiana, longer spikelets and peduncles, and much longer, narrower, strongly nerved
utricles.

I have another, apparently very distinct species of Carex , collected near Lake Okau by
Haast along watercourses, but in too immature a state for description. Leaves very coria-
ceous, flat, 10-12 in. long, i in. broad. Male spikelets 5 or 6, shortly peduncled ; female
6-8, very long-pedicelled, slender, cylindrical, with male flower at top. Glumes entire,
cuspidate or short-awncd. Stigmas 2.

• Order XII. GRAMINEiE.

Grasses, usually tufted plants, either perennial with often creeping rhi-
zomes, or annual with fibrous roots. Culms hollow, closed at the joints,
terete. Leaves alternate, usually distichous, very long, flat convolute or
keeled ; sheaths split to the base, often having a membranous appendage
(ligule), where the sheath joins the blade. — Blowers minute, hermaphrodite or
unisexual, in the axils of imbricating 2-ranked scales (glumes), which are ar-
ranged in spikelets. Spikelets green, spiked panicled or fascicled. Glumes
usually coriaceous, lanceolate, concave, keeled and ribbed, rarely flat, lower
2-4 empty, the rest often bearing a 2-nerved scale (pale) in their axis, between
which and the glume is a hermaphrodite or unisexual flower ; in one section
(Poaceee) there are only 2 empty (flowerless) glumes which are nearly oppo-
site, and the rest are alternate on a slender rachis, the terminal being often
imperfect ; in the other section the uppermost glume is always hermaphrodite,
and those below it have either male flowers or are flowerless. Perianth of 2
very minute, often oblique scales. Stamens 3 (rarely 1, 2, or 6, or more) ;
filaments capillary ; anthers versatile. Ovary with 2 feathery stigmas ; ovule
1, erect. Fruit a grain, free or adhering to the pale. Seed firmly adhering

31S

XII. GRAMINE.E.

to the membranous pericarp ; albumen hard, floury ; embryo small, nearly
orbicular, on one side of the base of the albumen.

One of the largest and most important Orders of flowering plants, found in every region
of the globe except the very coldest. The New Zealand species are in general very closely
allied to Australian ; like the Cyperacece, they have not been well collected either in the
Northern or Middle Islands ; Mr. Colenso alone having carefully sought for them. The de-
termination of the genera is very difficult, and the species of some genera even more so.

A. Spikelets on the spines of globose, polygamous, involucrate heads 5. Spinifex.

B. Spikelets sessile, in I or 2 series, on one or both sides of a flattened rachis. Empty

glumes 0 or 1-3 (see Festuca bromoides, in C. III. /3).

Empty glumes 2 or 3, short ; flowering solitary hard 6. Paspalum.

Empty glume 1, margins connate ; flowering solitary. Tale 0 . . 9. Zoysia.

Empty glumes 2, lanceolate ; flowering 3-1 6-awned 25. Triticum.

Empty glume 0 or 2 bristles ; flowering 1-3-awned 26. Gymnostichum.

C. Spikelets never sessile and distichous, pedicelled panicled or racemed.

I. Empty glumes 3 or more, below the solitary hermaphrodite flowering one.

Glumes 5 ; 4 empty, acuminate, 1-flowering, obtuse 1. Ehrharta.

Glumes 5 ; 2 empty minute, 2 empty awned, 1 -flowering, acuminate . 2. Microlusna.

Glumes 4, short, obtuse; 2 empty, 1 male, upper hermaphrodite . 8. Isachne.

Glumes 4, mucronate or awned ; 2 empty, 1 male, upper hermaphro-
dite 7. Panicum.

II. Empty glumes 2, below the solitary flowering one.
a. Panicle dense, cylindric, spike-like ( see Poa anceps and Danthonia in III.).
Empty glumes equal, flattened. Pale 0. Panicle soft, spiciform . 3. Alopecurus.

Empty glumes rigid, acuminate. Panicle reduced to an ovoid, spi-

nulose head 10. Echinopogon.

/8. Panicle effuse or contracted.

FI. glume on a bearded pedicel, tip 2-fid, awned 11. Dichelachne.

FI. glume pedicelled, ending in a long rigid awrn 12. Apera.

FI. glume sessile, short, acute. Seed loose in pericarp 13. Sporobolus.

F'l. glume sessile, truncate, awned at back or awnless 14. Agkostis.

III. Empty glumes 2, below the 2 or more floivering ones. Glume 1 in Festuca bromoides.
Flowering glumes rarely 1 in Poa anceps, in Danthonia, and Deschampsia.

a. Flowering glumes aivned, sometimes awnless in Iiierochloe ( see Festuca in fl).

FI. glumes 2-5, silky; awn at the 2-fid tip, slender 15. Aruneo.

FI. glumes 2-8, 2-cuspidate, with stout dorsal awn, and long hairs on

sides and at base 16. Danthonia.

FI. glumes 2-4, silky at base, 3-awned, middle awn longest . . . 19. Trtsetum.

FI. glumes 2 or 3, shinins, truncate, or 4-toothed 17. Deschampsia.

FI. glumes 3, shining, obtuse, 2 lateral $ 3-androus, central, § 2-

androus 4. Hierochioe.

FI. glumes 3-7, shining, 2-fid, with a short obtuse awn or 0. Pa-
nicle spiciform 18. Kcelekia.

FI. glumes 4-10, 2-fid, w'ith an intermediate awn. Ovary villous at

top 24. Bromus.

/3. Floviering glumes not awned except in some Festucas ( see Hierochioe and Koeleriu in a).

FI. glumes 6-14, short, obtuse, green. Scales connate .... 20. Glyceria.

FI. glumes 2, short, truncate, erose, membranous 21. Catabrosa.

FI. glumes 2-10, compressed, keeled, obtuse or acute 22. Poa.

FI. glumes 2-10, convex or keeled at back, often awned at the entire
tip 23. Festuca.

XII. GRAMINE/E.

819

ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

(THIC NON-INDIGENOUS GENERA ARE IN ITALICS.)

* Spikelets with 1 fertile terminal flower, with or without a male or imperfect flower

below it (Panicese).

1. Oryzese. Flowering glumes hardening, and enclosing the grain. Empty glumes 4 or
5, unequal, laterally compressed, lower smaller. — 1, Ehrharta; 2, Microlaina.

2. Phalarideae. Flowering glume and pale hardening, and enclosing the grain. Empty
glumes 2, equal, laterally compressed, keeled, longer than the flowering. — 3, Alopecurus,
Phalaris ; 4, FIierochloe, Phteum, Antlioxanthum, Phalaris.

3. Faniceae. Flowering glume and pale hardening, and enclosing the grain. Empty
glumes 2-4, outer smaller, often dorsally compressed. — 5, Spinifex ; 6, Paspalum; 7,
PaNICUH ; 8, ISACHNE.

4. Andropoeronese. Flowering glume small, thin, transparent, or 0. — 9, Zoysia,
Anthistiria, Andropogon, Apluda.

** Spikelets with 1 or more perfect flowers ; the male or imperfect flowers, if present,
above the perfect ones, the axis or rachis often ending in a point or bristle.

5. Agrostideae. Spikelets 1 -flowered. Flowering glume awnless or with a simple awn.
Grain free. — 10, Echinopogon ; 11, Dichelachne ; 12, Apera; 13, Spokobolus ; 14,
Agrostis.

6. Stipaceae. Spikelets 1 -flowered. Flowering glume firm, with a simple or 3-cleft
awn jointed on to its tip, closely enveloping the grain. — Aristida.

7. Arundineae. Spikelets usually 2- or more-flowered, rachis with long silky hairs.
Glumes all membranous, free. — 15, Arundo.

8. Chloridese. Spikelets 1- or several flowered, sessile on the linear branches of a panicle
or on a simple spike. — Cynodon, Eleusine.

9. Avenaceae. Spikelets 2- or more flowered. Flowering glumes on a slender rachis,
usually shorter than the empty ones, membranous, shining, split at the top with an inter-
mediate awn that is oftent wisted at the base (rarely awnless). — 16, Danthonia, Holcus ;
17, Deschampsia; 18, Kceleria; 19, Trisettjm, Arena.

10. Festueaceae. Spikelets usually 4- or more flowered. Flowering glumes usually
longer than the empty ones, on a flexuous rachis. — 20, Glyceria; 21, Catabrosa; 22,
Poa ; 23, Festuca ; 24, Bromus.

11. Hordeaceae. Spikelets 1- or more flowered (spiked), sessile on opposite sides of a
simple rachis, solitary or 2 or 3 together, the glumes standing right and left to the axis of
the spike. — 25, Triticum ; 26, Gymnostichum, Hordeum, Lolium.

1. EHRHARTA, Thunberg.

Culms brandling. Leaves flat or concave, not involute. Spikelets pani-
cled, 1-flowered. — Glumes 5, keeled, compressed, 4 lower empty, acuminate,
flowering one terminal, obtuse. Pale linear. Scales 2-lobed. Stamens 2-6.
Ovary sessile. Grain free within the hardened glumes.

An Australian, South African, and New Zealand genns.

1. 3B. Colensoi, Boole, f. FI. N. Z. i. 288. t. 65 A. Tufted, glabrous,
4-8 in. high. Leaves suberect, distichous, 2-4 in. long, contracted at the
sheath, -f in. broad, linear-subulate, scaberulous above, smooth below; nerves
faint ; ligule short, ragged. Panicle 1^-2 in. long, inclined. Spikelets on
slender pedicels, compressed, linear-oblong, } in. long. Glumes deeply striate
or nerved ; lower pair empty, acuminate; 2 following almost awned with silky
hairs at the base ; flowering shorter. Pale small, narrow, with 2 nerves,
and a small bristle at its outer base. Stamens 2 ; anthers short.

Northern Island : forming large tufts on the tops of the Rnahine mountains, Colenso.

320

XII. G RAMIN E/E.

2. MICROL^WA, 13 r.

Very slender, perennial grasses, simple or branched. Leaves small or long,
flat, or concave, not involute. Spikelets racetned or panicled. — Glumes 5 ; 4
lower flowerless, 2 lowermost opposite, minute ; 2 following awned, much
larger ; terminal or flowering acuminate or awned. Pale short, linear, hyaline.
Scales 2, glabrous. Stamens 2-4. Ovary sessile. Grain free within the
hardened glumes.

A small genus (including Diplax, Br.) of Australian, Tasmanian, and New Zealand

Grasses, natives generally of woods.

Two lowest glumes distant from the following 1. M. stipoides.

Two lowest glumes close to the following {Dip/ax).

Spikelets panicled. Leaves scaberulous, 1 — j in. broad. Stamens 2 . 2. M. avenacea.
Spikelets racemed. Leaves smooth, yW—g- in. broad. Stamens 4 . . 3. JL polynoda.

1. M, stipoides, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 289. A slender grass, 18-24 in.
high. Leaves glabrous or sparingly hairy, 2-6 in. long. Panicle slender,
nodding, branched below. Lower spikelets on long pedicels, upwards of 1
in. long, awns included. Glumes : lowest pair very minute, acute, deciduous ;
2 following seated at distant intervals on the bearded rachis, scabrid, awns
as long as themselves ; uppermost or flowering acuminate. Scales large.
Stamens 4. — Ehrliarta stipoides, Labill. PI. Nov. Iioll. i. 16. t. 118.

Northern Island : East Cape, Hawke’s Bay, and Cape Palliser, CoJenso ; Auckland,
Sinclair. A common Australian and Tasmanian plant.

2. M. avenacea. Hook. f. — Diplax avenacea, Eaotd, Choix, ii. t. 3;
PI. N. Z. i. 289. A tall, handsome grass, 2-4 ft. high. Culms densely
tufted, compressed and leafy at the base, simple and quite smooth above.
Leaves l|-2 ft. long, in. broad, margins scabrid. Panicle 10-1 5 in. long,
with many long, capillary branches. Spikelets on capillary pedicels, in.
long (awns included). Glumes : lowest pair very minute, unequal, persistent ;
2 following close to the preceding, with long awns ; upper or flowering acu-
minate. Stamens 2.

Northern and Middle Islands: abundant in woods, Banks and Solander, etc.

3. M. polynoda, TIook.f. — Diplax polynoda, PL N. Z. i. 290. Culms
tufted, very long, 3-6 ft., slender, or stout and rigid, terete, branched, with
knots at the joints, quite smooth. Leaves not scabrid, very narrow, 4-8 in.
long, broad. Racemes simple, few-flowered. Spikelets on rather short
pedicels, with the awns \ in. long. Glumes as in M. avenacea, but awns of
the 2 upper flowerless ones, shorter. Stamens 4.

Northern Island: base of the Ruabine range and cast coast', Colenso.

3. ALOPECURUS, Linn.

Creeping or erect, glabrous or downy grasses. Culms generally simple,
leafy. Leaves flat. Panicles contracted into dense, cylindrical, obtuse spikes.
Spikelets very shortly pedicelled, imbricated, 2-flowered. — Empty glumes
equal, much compressed, keeled, usually connate at the base, erect, acute ;
flowering glume shorter, becoming hard, keeled ; awn if present short, straight,
dorsal. Pale 1-nerved or 0. Scales 0. Stamens 3. Grain free within the
hardened glumes.

A considerable genus, confined to temperate or subtropical countries.

Alopecurus.~\

XII. GRAMINEzE.

321

1. A. geniculatus, Linn. ; — Fl. N. Z. i. 290. Culms prostrate and
creeping- at the base, then erect, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves glabrous, soft, flat ;
sheaths large, grooved ; ligule long, membranous. Spike green, downy,
1^-2^ in. long, cylindric ; rachis woolly. Empty glumes connate at the very
base only, membranous, very flat, keel with long bristles ; awn variable in
length and position, recurved. Pale 0.

Northern and Middle Islands : marshy places, not unfrequent; east coast, Colcnso ;
Canterbury, Lyall ; Lake Okau, Haast ; Otago, lake district, alpine, Hector and Buchanan.
A very common European, North American, and North Asiatic Grass, also found in Victoria
and Tasmania ; the common “ Foxtail Grass” of England.

A. agrestis, Linn., introduced into New Zealand, may be known by the outer glumes con-
nate to the middle ( Wellington , Stephenson, No. 111).

Phleum pratense, Linn., is another English naturalized Grass, distinguished from Atope-
curus, which it closely resembles in characters, by the awned outer glumes.

Anthoxanthurrc odoratum, Linn., a very common and widely distributed European Grass,
which gives the sweet smell to new-made hay, is widely dispersed in New Zealand, and has
been gathered in a viviparous state at 3-4000 ft. on Mount Cook by Haast. It may be re-
cognized by its scent (of Hierochloe ) when drying, and the oblong spiked panicle, 2 outer
empty glumes, 2 next also empty, both awned, and the fourth, or flowering, very short, awn-
less, with 2 stamens.

Phalaris Canariensis, Linn., another allied introduced Grass, has a large ovoid spiked
panicle, and the glumes are large and winged at the keel, with green lines on each side ; it
is common in many places, and was gathered by Forster.

4. HIEROCHLOE, Gmelin.

Erect, tufted, glabrous, sweet-scented, leafy grasses. Leaves flat or invo-
lute, rather coriaceous. Panicles usually effuse.- — Spikelets ratlier large, broad,
pedicelled, flattened, shining, 3-flowered ; 2 lower flowers male, terminal,
hermaphrodite. Empty glumes nearly equal, oblong, keeled, obtuse or acute ;
flowering similar, awnless, or with a terminal or dorsal, short, not twisted
awn. Pale 2-nerved. Scales 2, 2-lobed. Stamens 2 in the male fl., 3 in
the hermaphrodite. Grain free, terete.

A beautiful genus of Grasses, natives of mountainous arctic and antarctic regions, and of

South Africa.

Outer glumes as long as the flowering.

Culms 2-3 ft. Leaves long 1. H. redolens.

Culms 1-2 ft. Leaves short 2. H. alpina.

Outer glumes much longer than the flowering ones 3. II. Brunonis.

1. H. redolens, Br. ; — Fl. N. Z. i. 300. Culms densely tufted, 2-3
ft. high, rather stout, very soft and smooth. Leaves flat, quite smooth or
slightly scabrid ; ligule broad, membranous. Panicle 6-10 in. long, nodding,
branches capillary, slightly hairy, lower 2-3 in. long. Spikelets numerous,
| in. long and broad, pale, very shining. Empty glumes 1-nerved, or 3-nerved
at the very base ; inner 3-nerved to the middle ; 2 lower flowering-glumes ob-
tuse, bearded below, downy above, margins and keel ciliated, 5-nerved, shortly
awned below the top. — H. antarclica , Br.; DisarrJtena Antarcticum , Labill.
El. Nov. Holl. ii. 83. t. 232. ; Torresia redolens , A. Cunn.

Abundant in wet places throughout the islands, Banks and Solander, etc. Campbell's
Island, J. D.H. Also common in Fuegia, Tasmania, and the Alps of South-West Australia.

VOL. I. Y

322

XII. GKAMINEiK.

[. Hierochloe .

2. H. alpina, Rcem. and Schultes. — II. borealis, FI. N. Z. i. 300 ; FI.
Tasm. ii. 108, not R. and S. Culms tufted, 1-2 ft. high, slender, soft and
smooth. Leaves short, 4-8 in. long, strict, quite smooth, flat. Panicle
ovate, 2-3 in. long, branches few, spreading, capillary. Spikelets i in. long
and broad, shining. Empty glumes short, acute, 3-nerved ; flowering pubes-
cent ; margins silky with long hairs ; awn variable in length and position,
usually inserted above the middle and exserted.

Northern Island: top9 of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Middle Island: Nelson
mountains, Munro , Travers; Hopkins’ river, alt. 2-3500 ft., Haast ; Otago, lake district.
Hector and Buchanan. Very tall and stout; also a native of the Tasmanian mountains,
and of northern and alpine Europe, Asia, and North America.

3. H. Brunonis, Hoolc. f. ; — FI. Antarct. i. 93. t. 52. Yery similar to
JT. redolens, but the empty glumes are much larger, twice as long as the
flowering, -} in. long, and the flowering have 2-fid acute tips, with awns as
long as the glume between the lobes.

Lord Auckland’s group : tufts on the hills, J. D. H.

5. SPINIFEX, Linn.

Yery coarse, rambling, much branched, rigid, spinous, bushy, littoral
grasses, glabrous or woolly. Leaves long, rigid, wiry, involute. Inflorescence
dioecious. — Male spikelets spiked on rigid peduncles which are collected into
umbels, with sheathing spathaceous leaves at their bases, 1- or 2-flowered;
empty glumes 3, large ; flowering glume membranous. Stamens 3 ; anthers
very long. Female spikelets solitary or few in the sheathing bases of very
long pungent leaves, which are extremely numerous and collected into very
large globose masses, I - or 2-flowered, 3 empty glumes as in the male, but larger,
flowering glume coriaceous. Scales 2, fleshy. Grain free within the glume
and pale.

A genus of two or three littoral plants, natives of the coasts of Tasmania and Australia,
(where it is said to impede travelling ou the western side in some places), and in India and
China.

1. S. hlrsutus, Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. ii. 230, 231; — FI. N. Z. i. 292.
A strong-growing, silky or woolly grass ; culms stout, knotted, creeping.
Leaves 1-1 5 ft. long, very coriaceous ; lower sheaths shining ; upper and back
of leaf silky or villous. Male spikes with the rachis 1-3 in. long, numerous,
peduncled, silky. Spikelet very shortly pedicelled, \ in. long. Glumes acute.
Female spikelet at the membranous bases of leaves which terminate in rigid,
slender spines 3-5 in. long. Glumes larger than the male; outer awned. —
Ixalum inerme, Forst.

Northern Island : common on the coasts. Banks and Solander. Middle Island:
Canterbury, Travers. A common Australian and Tasmanian, Indian and Pacific Island
Grass.

6. PASPALUM, Linn.

Tufted or creeping grasses, of various habit. Leaves flat or involute.—
Spikelets in the New Zealand species ovoid, much compressed, arranged in
two rows on one side of a flat rachis, 1-flowered, short, acute or obtuse,
without a callus at the base. Empty glumes 2 or 3, unequal, lower usually
very small ; flowering concave, hardening and enclosing the pale and grain ;

Paspalumi]

XII. GRAMINEjU.

323

all obtuse or acute, awnless. Pale like the flowering glume, but smaller and
2-nerved. Scales 2, short, fleshy. Stamens 3. Grain free within the
hardened glume and pale.

A most extensive tropical and subtropical genus of grasses, often weeds of cultivation, of
various forms, etc., not extending into Tasmania. The above character does not apply to
many of the non-New-Zealand species.

Erect. Leaves flat. Spikelets obtuse 1. P. scrobiculalum.

Creeping. Leaves involute. Spikelets acute 2. P. distichum.

1. P. scrobiculatum, Linn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 291. Glabrous, erect,
1-3 ft. high, stout, leafy. Leaves rather broad, flat or wrinkled, rough at
the margin, sometimes hairy at the base. Spikes 2-6, alternate, 1-2 in.
long, rachis flat, bristly at the base. Spikelets imbricate in two series, sessile,
orbicular, -^“ro long. Empty glumes thin, membranous, 1-nerved. —
P. orbicular e, Eorst.

Northern and Middle Islands : common, Banks and Sol under, etc., forming pasture
at the Bay of Islands. An abundant tropical'and subtropical weed.

2. P. distichum, Burmann ; — FI. N. Z. i. 291. Creeping, perfectly
glabrous. Culms branched, compressed, ascending, 4-10 in. high, covered
with leaf-sheaths to the top. Leaves distichous, strict, involute. Spikes in
pairs, 1 in. long ; rachis narrow. Spikelets pale, loosely imbricate, glabrous,
pedicelled, ovate, acute, ^ in. long. — F. littorale, Br.

Northern Island: sandy, etc. places, generally near the sea; Bay of Islands, Cunning-
ham ; Auckland, Sinclair. A common tropical and subtropical grass.

7. PANICUM, Linn.

Erect decumbent or creeping grasses of very various habit. Leaves flat
or involute.— Spikelets variously arranged, naked or with bristles at their
base, spiked racemed or panicled, 1-flowered, or if 2-flowered the lower flower
male. Glumes 4, awned or awnless, lowest small or minute, empty ; 2nd,
larger ; 3rd, empty or male-flowered ; uppermost, with a hermaphrodite flower,
fainter-nerved, smooth, hardening, and enclosing the pale and grain. Pale
like the glume but smaller, 2-nerved. Scales 2, truncate. Stamens 3.
Grain free within the hardened glume and pale.

A most extensive tropical and subtropical genus, not extending into Tasmania.

I. P. imbeciile, Trinius. — Oplismenus ceniulus, Kunth; — El. N. Z. i.
292. Culms slender, prostrate, rooting, ascending, weak, sparingly branched,
6-10 in. long. Leaves 1-6 in. long, 1 in. broad, lanceolate; sheaths
and knots more or less pilose. Spikelets spiked in distant clusters of 2-6,
nearly sessile, in. long, glabrous or nearly so, naked or with a brash of
long hairs at their bases. Glumes 4, 3 empty concave, membranous, 3-nerved,
green, pilose or glabrous ; lower shorter, with a long, flexuous, stout, obtuse
awn ; 2nd, rather larger, acute or cuspidate, rarely awned ; 3rd, acute ; flower-
ing one terete, nerveless, coriaceous, white, shining. — Orthopor/on annulus, Br. ;
Hekaterosachne elatior, Steudel.

Northern Island : frequent in woods and shady places, Banks and Solander, etc.

324 xii. graminEjE. [Panicum.

Middle Island: Canterbury, Lyall. Probably a form of some common Indian Grass; it
is also found in Australia and the South Sea Islands.

The following grasses, allied to Panicum , are introduced as doubtful denizens.

Panicum ( Digitaria ) sanguiuale, Linn., an annual, prostrate or erect grass, with more or
less hairy leaves ; panicle of 6-8, very slender, almost digitate, strict branches, 2-4 in. long ;
spikelets in pairs on one side of the branches, minute, 1 sessile, the other pedicelled; lowest
glume very minute, 2nd concave, shorter than the 3rd, which is flat and 5-nerved.

P. colonum, Linn., one of the commonest of Australian and tropical grasses, has erect
culms, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves flat, glabrous ; panicle of 6-10 short, curved, ascending, alternate,
flat branches; spikelets green, crowded in 2-4 rows ou one side of the brauchlets; glumes
hispid ; outer, broad, short ; 2 following, flat, acute or cuspidate.

P. gibbosum, Br., is indicated by Raoul as a New Zealand plaut, but I suspect some mis-
take; it is a slender tropical Australian grass, with a solitary filiform spike, and bearded
glumes, the flowering one gibbous.

P. glaucnm, Linn., an excessively common, tropical, and temperate annual weed, has an
ovoid panicle like Echinopogon , with many rough bristles on the pedicels of the spikelets, and
the flowering glume wrinkled.

8. ISACHNE, Br. .

Tufted grasses. Leaves generally flat ; mouth of the sheath bearded.—
Spikelets panicled, short, ovoid, 2-flowered, lower flower usually male, upper
hermaphrodite. Empty glumes 2, nearly equal, often deciduous ; flowering

2, nearly equal, hardening and surrounding the pale and grain. Pale nearly
as large as the glumes, 2-nerved, also hardening. Scales 2, truncate. Sta-
mens 3. Grain free within the hardened glumes and pale.

A small tropical and subtropical genus, common in Australia, but not extending into
Tasmania.

1. I. australis, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 291. Culms, 6-18 in. high, rather
slender, decumbent and creeping at the base. Leaves scaberulous, 3-5 in.
long, g- broad, flat. Panicle erect, ovoid, 1-2 in. long, lax ; branches long,
flexuous, sparingly divided. Spikelets few, pedicelled, obtuse, in. long ;
pedicels with a pellucid gland. Empty glumes glabrous ; lower flowering-
sessile, glabrous; upper stipitate, pubescent. — ? Banic am gonatodes, Steudel.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, A. Cunningham; Auckland, Sinclair; Lake Taupo,
Colenso. Common in Australia, India, and China.

9. ZOYSIA, Willdenow.

Small, creeping, usually littoral grasses, with rigid, running rhizomes.
Leaves distichous, grooved or involute, filiform. — Spikelets few (1-10), ses-
sile or shortly pedicelled, alternate and imbricating, on a stiff, erect, flattened
flexuous rhackis. Empty glume 1, ovoid, terete, convolute, rigid, very coria-
ceous, glabrous, even, obtuse mucronate or awned ; flowering glume solitary,
sessile, included, membranous, convolute. Pale membranous or 0. Stamens

3. Grain free.

The genus consists of one variable species, common on the shores of the Indian, Aus-
tralian, and Chinese seas, sometimes attaining 1 ft. high, with a compound spike.

1. 2L pungens, W'dld. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 312. Culms 1-2 in. high, tufted,
quite glabrous. Leaves spreading, filiform or subulate, involute, 1-3 in. long ;
sheaths tumid, grooved ; ligtde 0. Spike | in. long, often reduced to a soli-
tary erect spikelet. Spikelets tL— i in. long. Glume ovoid or more elongated,

Zoysia.\

XII. G RAMIN Ej5i.

325

yellow, green towards the keeled tip, which is sometimes produced into an
awn more than half its own length. — Rottbcellia uniflora , A. Cunn.

Northern Island: sandy and muddy places, generally near the sea, from the Bay of
Islands southwards. Middle Island : Motucka valley, Munro.

Anthistiria australis, Br. , the Kangaroo-grass of Australia, has been gathered by Sinclair
near Auckland, but is not indigenous.

Andropogon refractus, Br., is an Australian Grass, of which I find a solitary specimen,
without locality or ticket, in A. Cunningham’s Herbarium, probably accidentally introduced
there.

Apluda mutica, Linn. Of this, a common tropical Indian Grass, I find a single spe-
cimen, without ticket or locality, amongst Sinclair’s Auckland plants.

10. ECHINOPOGON, Palisot.

Culms tufted, erect, simple, scabrid. Leaves flat. Panicle contracted to
an oblong or ovoid, dense spike, bristling with rigid awns. — Spikelets sub-
sessile, horizontal, 1-flowered, green. Empty glumes equal, as long as or
longer than the flowering, rigid, acuminate ; flowering one with a silky pencil
of hairs at the base, 2-fid at the tip; awn terminal, long, rigid, not twisted.
Pale as long as the glume, with a short stiff pedicel at its base. Stamens 3.
Ovary bearded at the top. Grain free.

A genus of one species, differing from Agrostis in habit, inflorescence, the rigid glumes,
terminal awn, and ovary bearded at top.

1. E. ovatus, Palisot; — FI. N. Z. i. 298. A harsh, very scabrid
Grass,- 6-24 in. high; sheath of upper leaf long. Spike } in. long. —
Agrostis ovata,~F orst. ; — Labill. El. Nov. PIoll. i. 19. t. 21 ; Hystericina alope-
curoides, Steudel.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
Also abundant in Southern Australia, Tasmania, and Norfolk Island.

11. DICHELACHNE, Endlicher.

Erect, rigid, tufted, annual or perennial grasses. Leaves flat subulate or
convolute. Inflorescence a contracted panicle. — Spikelets long and narrow,
1-flowered, shining. Empty glumes 2, membranous, acuminate ; flowering one
as long, on a bearded pedicel, scabrid or silky, 2-fid or entire at the tip, with
a straight twisted or flexuous awn from the back or from between the lobes,
which is not jointed nor thickened at the base. Pale shorter, linear, 2 -fid.
Scales 2. Stamens 3. Grain long, terete, free.

A small genus, natives of Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand.

Perennial. Culms stout, 1-3 ft. high. Spikelets 1-J in. long . . . 1. 1). stipoides.

Annual. Culms slender. Panicle dense. Spikelets J in. long . . . 2. B. crinita.

Annual. Culms slender. Panicle lax. Spikelets 1 in. long , . . . 3. It. sciurea.

1. D. stipoid.es, IIooJc. f. PI. N. Z. i. 294. t. 66. Densely tufted,
rigid, erect, smooth, polished, handsome, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves longer than
the culms, very slender, erect, involute. Panicle strict, erect, 4-6 in. long ;
branches few, short, capillary, erect. Glumes membranous, f in. long,
lanceolate, acuminate ; flowering one shorter, covered with silky, spreading
hairs. Awn curved, 1 in. long, glabrous. — Agrostis rigida, A. Richard ;
Biclielachne rigida, Steud.

326

XXI. GRAMINE.-E.

[. Dichelachne .

Northern Island: on maritime banks, roclss, etc., east coast, Banks and Solander ;
Bay of Islands and Auckland, Sinclair, etc. Also found in Tasmania and Australia.

2. D. crinita, Hook, f, FI. N. Z. i. 293. Culms annual, tufted, 1-3 ft.
high, slender or stout, leafy, glabrous downy or rather scabrid. Leaves flat
or involute. Panicle elongate, contracted, dense, spike-like, shining ; branches
almost hidden by the flexuous awns. Spikelet ^ in. long. Empty glumes
narrow, long-acuminate, exceeding the flowering, which is scabrid, acuminate,
entire or 2-fid at the tip ; awn capillary, inserted at the back above the
middle, flexuous, not twisted, 1 in. long. — D. vulgaris and D. Forsteri-
ana, Trinius ; Muhlenbergia mollicoma, Nees ; Agrostis crinita , Br. ; Apera
crinita , Palisot ; Antlioxanthum crinitum, Labill. FI. Nov. Iloll. ii. 115.
t. 263.

Northern and Middle Islands : abundant in dry soil, Banks and Solander, etc. Very
common in Australia and Tasmania.

3. D. sciurea, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 294. Very similar to D. crinita,
but smaller, more slender ; panicle much thinner, with fewer spikelets ;
empty glumes shorter, as long as the flowering; and awn twisted, not four
times as long as the glume. — FI. Tasm. t. 158 A; I). Sieberiana, Trin. and
Bup. ; Agrostis sciurea, Br. ; Slip a micrantha , Nees ; Muhlenbergia Sieberiana,
Trin.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands and Auckland, Cunningham, etc. I suspect this is
only a variety of the former; it is also found in Australia and Tasmania.

12. APERA, Adanson.

Slender, erect, annual or perennial grasses. Leaves involute. Panicles
with very long, capillary, whorled branches. — Spikelets minute, 1-flowered.
Empty glumes 2, nearly equal, membranous, longer than the flowering, which
is terete, coriaceous, acuminate, quite entire at the tip, ending in a very
slender, straight, not twisted awn. Pale membranous. Scales 2, membra-
nous. Stamens 1-3, Grain terete, enclosed in the coriaceous glume, free.

A small European and North American genus.

1. A. arundinacea. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 295. t. 67. A tall, erect,
densely tufted, glabrous, most graceful grass. Culms reed-like, with creep-
ing, scaly rhizomes, erect, branched, rigid, strict, 2-5 ft. high. Leaves coria-
ceous, narrow ; margins involute, slightly scabrid ; sheaths long ; ligule short,
truncate. Panicle erect, 8-1 6 in. long ; pedicels alternate on the long
whorled branches. Spikelets minute, Ty-To hi. long, pale, shining. Empty
glumes with a scabrid keel ; flowering one sessile on a small glabrous callus,
thickened and rough at the top ; awn scabrid, deciduous, i in. long. Scales
linear. Stamen 1. Ovary pedicelled. Grain truncate.

Northern Island: Cape Turnagain, Colenso ; Akaroa, Raoul. Also found in subtro-
pical East Australia.

13. SPOROBOLUS, Br.

Culms stout or slender, erect, tufted, simple or branched. Leaves flat or
involute. Panicles usually contracted, often spike-like, with erect, appressed,
capillary branches. Spikelets minute, 1-flowered. — Empty glumes 2, unequal.

Sporobolus.]

XII. GRAMINEiE.

327

awnless ; flowering glume sessile, short, awnless. Pale small. Scales 2.
Stamens 1-3. Grain free, terete, with a lax pericarp.

A large tropical and subtropical genus of grasses, which does not extend into Tasmania.

1. S. elongates, Hr. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 295. A stout, rigid, perfectly
smooth, glabrous, perennial grass, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves spreading, narrow,
involute; ligule short; sheath deeply furrowed. Panicle 6-12 in. long,
much contracted, slender. Spikelets pedicelled, minute, in. long, pale-
green.

Northern Island : Auckland, Sinclair. A common tropical Grass, possibly introduced
into New Zealand.

14. AGROSTIS, Linn.

Slender, erect, tufted, usually annual, glabrous or scaberulous grasses.
Leaves flat or involute. Panicles generally open, often effuse, with whorled
capillary branches, sometimes contracted and spike-like. — Spikelets small, pedi-
celled, 1 -flowered. Empty glumes 2, nearly equal, acuminate or acute, usually
longer than the flowering ; flowering glume sessile or shortly pedicelled, ob-
tuse acute or truncate, awnless or with a shortly-twisted or straight, dorsal or
basal awn. Pale membranous, often minute or 0, sometimes furnished at the
base with the pedicel of a third glume. Scales 2. Stamens 2 or 3. Grain
oblong, terete, free.

A very large genus, abounding in temperate and cold climates, absent in hot, forming a
considerable proportion of pasture in Europe. One-flowered forms of several species of Poa,
Danthonia and Deschampsia may be confounded with Agrostis.

I. Glumes membranous, flowering one much shorter than the empty, truncate and jagged
at the tip. Pale very membranous, much shorter than the flowering glume, or 0, with-
out the pedicel of a second glume at its base.

Flowemig glume wholly glabrous, truncate. Panicle usually contracted.

Spikelets a in., on hispid pedicels 1. A. antarctica.

Spikelets tV'tS ua > pedicels scarcely scabrid. Branches of panicle

whorled 2. A. canina.

Spikelets xg-Ta in. ; pedicels scarcely scabrid. Branches of panicle

few, opposite or 3- nate 3. A. parviflora.

Flowering glume silky. Panicle very broad.

Leaves narrow, usually involute and filiform 4. A. cemula.

Leaves broad, flat 5. A.pnlosa.

II. Glumes membranous ; flowering much shorter than the empty, usually bearded at the

base and jagged at the tip. Pale very membranous, shorter than the flowering glume,
with the silky pedicel of a second glume at its base.

Branches of panicle whorled, capillary. Spikelets in. long . . 6. A. Billardien.

III. Glumes hard, coriaceous ; flowering nearly as long as the empty, often pedicelled,
silky at the base. Pale hard, as long as the flowering glume, with a rigid, bearded
pedicel of a second glume at its base. ( Panicle contracted, branches very short.)

Leaves filiform. Spikelets in. Awn exserted j. A. setifolia.

Leaves filiform. Spikelets a_j>. in. Awn exserted 8. A. avenoides.

Leaves concave. Spikelets J in. Awn very short 9. A. Youngii.

Leaves concave. Spikelets A-i. in. Awn exserted 10. A. quadriseta.

1. A. antarctica. Hook. f. FI. Antarct. ii. 374. Culms erect, tufted, '
6-24 in. high, glabrous and smooth. Leaves involute, shorter than the
culms ; sheaths glabrous, smooth ; ligule oblong, truncate. Panicle 1-4 in .

328

XII. GRAMINEjE.

\_Agrostis.

long, contracted, nodding, pale-green. Spikelets crowded on short, erect,
hispid pedicels, -L in. long and upwards. Empty glumes nearly equal, lan-
ceolate, long-acuminate ; keel ciliate, sides scaberulous ; flowering one sessile,
half the length of the empty or shorter, glabrous, membranous, truncate ; awn
from the middle of the back, rather recurved, longer than the spikelet. Pale

0 or small. — A. multicaulis, Hook. f. PI. Antarct. i. 95 ; perhaps A. magel-
lanica, Lamarck.

Campbell's Island, on moist banks. The A. multicaulis of Campbell’s Island is cer-
tainly only a small state of the common Chilian and Fuegian A. antarctica. Whether this
be the same as Lamarck’s A. magellanica is still doubtful ; the Magellanic plant which

1 have referred to the latter in the ‘ Flora Antarctica’ has a more open panicle, and a small
beard at the base of the flowering glume.

2. A. canina, Linn. ; — -FI. N. Z. i. 296. Culms tufted, leafy, 1-24 in.
high, slender, smooth, and glabrous. Leaves flat or involute, glabrous ;
sheaths quite smooth ; ligule oblong, obtuse, usually lacerated. Panicle open
or contracted, usually ovate or lanceolate, 2-4 in. long; branches slender,
lower wliorled, and slender pedicels slightly scabrid. Spikelets tV_T2 'n-
long. Empty glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous ; keel
slightly ciliate ; flowering glume half the length of the outer, oblong, trun-
cate; awn dorsal or 0. Pale usually 0.

Var. /3 ? Culms shorter, 1-5 in. high. Panicle much contracted, 1-1 J in. long; lower
branches very short. — A. gelida , F. Muell. mss.

Var. 7P Culms very short, most densely tufted and moss-like, -|-2 in. high. Leaves
subulate, often flaccid. Panicle minute, hidden amongst the leaves. Awn 0. Pale 0. —
A. subulata, FI. Antarct. i. 95. t. 53 ; A. parviflora, fl. perpusilla, FI. N. Z. i. 296.

Mountainous parts of the Northern and Middle Islands : var. a, Milford Sound,
hjall ; alps of Canterbury, common, alt. 2-4000 ft., Sinclair and Haast. Var. $, Ruahine
range, Colenso ; ascending higher than any other Grass on Mount Darwin, Haast; Otago,
lake district, alpine, Hector and Buchanan. Var. y. Northern Island : snow rills, top
of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Middle Island : Lake Tennyson, alt. 4400 ft., Tra-
vers. Campbell’s Island, J. 1). H.

There can be no question, I think, of the identity of this plant with the common Euro-
pean A. canina , which also occurs commonly in Fuegia, and of which I have a specimen
from Victoria, F. Mueller, labelled A. parviflora. I agree with Colonel Mnnro in thinking
that A.fallclandica (FI. Antarct.) is a variety, and A. tenuifolia a third form. Of var. /3 I
am not so sure. I have seen no European state of canina with so contracted a panicle, nor
having such short lower branches. The foliage and flowers are, however, identical ; it has
been found on the Australian Alps. Var. 7 is a very singular little plant, in a depau-
perated state. Coleuso’s and Travers’s specimens entirely agree in size and habit. The
Campbell Island ones are larger, and may be different ; but much more numerous specimens
are wanted of all.

3. A. parviflora, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 296. Culms slender, erect, or
prostrate at the base, tufted, 6-8 in. high, glabrous. Leaves very narrow,
flat involute or setaceous ; ligule oblong, truncate, lacerate. Panicle of few
lax, long, capillary, 3-chotomous, scabrid branches, opposite or 2- or 3-nate.
Spikelets minute, -jL— TV in. long, pale-green. Empty glumes spreading,
nearly equal, glabrous, scabrid on the keel ; flowering glume one-third shorter,
quite glabrous, truncate ; nerves faint ; awn, if present, dorsal, included.
Pale minute or 0. — FI. Tasm. ii. 113. t. 158 B.

Northern Island: probably common, but overlooked; east coast, Patea village and
shores of Cook’s Straits, Colenso. Middle Island : Otago, lake district, Hector and

Agrostis.]

XII. GRAMINEiE.

329

Buchanan. Common in Tasmauia and Australia, and very near A. canina, from which it
is best distinguished by the very lax panicle and smaller spikelets. Nearly allied to the
European A. alpina, but with a dorsal, never basal awn.

4. A. temula, Br. — Deyeuxia Forsteri, Kunth ;- — FI. N. Z. i. 298. A
very elegant, glabrous, slender grass. Culms tufted, very slender, 6-24 in.
high. Leaves very narrow, involute, often setaceous, rarely flat ; sheaths
glabrous ; ligule narrow, oblong. Panicle large, open, spreading ; branches
whorled, capillary, 3-6 in. long, usually 3-chotomously branched ; rachis
often flexuous. Spikelets j0~l in. long, on very slender pedicels. Empty
glumes equal, lanceolate, long-acuminate, smooth, keel scabri-d ; flowering
one membranous, shorter by about one-third, sessile, truncate, silky with
scattered long hairs, and bearded at the base ; awn from the back about the
middle, very slender, exserted. Pale 0 or small, without a pedicel at its base
or with a very minute one. — A. Forsteri , Koem. and Schultes ; A. Lyallii ,
FI. N. Z. i. 297 ; A. leplostachys, FI. Antarct. i. 94 ; Lacknagrostis Forsteri ,
Trinius ; L. cemula, Nees ; Deyeuxia cemula, Kunth ; Arena Jiliformis, Forst.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, abundant. Banks and Solander.
Campbell’s Island, J. D. H. Equally common in temperate Australia and Tasmania.
I find the pedicel at the base of the pale to be so often absent, and when present so minute,
that I am obliged to remove (his plant from the section or genus of Deyeuxia , and to unite
with it my A. Lyallii and A. leptostachya ; the latter (from Campbell’s Island), however,
has unusually large spikelets.

5. A. pilosa, A. Rich. Flor. i. 134. t. 23 FI. N. Z. i. 297. Quite
similar to A. cemula, except in being more coarse and robust, with large flat
leaves, sometimes \ in. broad, which are described by Richard as pilose and
scabrid, but are only scaberulous in my specimens.

Northern Island : mountainous districts of the interior, Colenso. Middle Island :
Astrolabe Harbour, D’Urville ; Southern Alps, Sinclair, Haast, etc.; Otago, lake district,
Hector and Buchanan. Perhaps only a large form of A. cemula, with which it entirely
agrees in inflorescence and all floral characters ; hut is a different-looking and far more
robust plant.

6. A. Billardierij Br. — Deyeuxia Billardieri, Kunth ; FI. N. Z. ii. 298.
Culms tufted, erect, leafy, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves 6 in. long, in. broad, flat,
glabrous or scaberulous; ligule short, oblong. Panicle very lax, 4-10 in.
long, effuse, scabrid ; branches veiy long, whorled, capillary, 3-chotomous.
Spikelets -g—j in. long, on very slender pedicels, green or purplish. Empty
glumes lanceolate, acuminate, keel scabrid, sides glabrous or scabrid ; flower-
ing glume i shorter, truncate, silky at the base, 4-nerved, the lateral nerves
produced into short awns ; awn on the middle of the back, bent, half to twice
as long as the glume. Pale as long as the glume, longer than the silky pedi-
cel at its back. — A. vaginata, Steudel; Lachnagrostis Billardieri, Trinius ;
Arena jiliformis, Labiil. FI. Nov. Holl. i. 24. t. 31, not Forster.

Northern Island, Banks and Solander, abundant in some places, but apt to be con-
founded with large states of A. Forsteri. Also an abundant Southern Australian and Tas-
manian grass.

7. A. setifolia. Hook. f. — Deyeuxia set folia, FI. N. Z. i. 299. t. 65 B.
Culms erect, tufted, very slender, wiry, smooth, 6-8 in. high. Leaves very
narrow, setaceous or filiform, involute, shorter than the culms, quite smooth;

330

XII. GRAMINEiE.

[Agrostis.

ligule oblong ; slieaths slender, short. Panicle 1-2 in. long, erect, contracted,
very slender, branches few, suberect, short. Spikelets few, shortly pedicelled,
erect, « in. long, pale, shining. Empty glumes rigid, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate; flowering one hard, rather shorter, silky at the base, truncate, 4-
toothed; awn on the middle of the back, exserted, rigid, recurved. Pale
longer than the very silky pedicel, rigid.

Northern Island : Titiokura, top of the Enahiue range and Lake Waikare, Colenso.

8. A. avenoides, Hook. /., n. sp. Cxdms rigid, wiry, 8-12 in. high,
quite smooth, slender. Leaves much shorter than the culms, involute, very
slender, smooth ; ligule short ; sheath short, smooth. Panicle very narrow,
erect, 2-4 in. long, much contracted, branches very short, erect, few-flowered.
Spikelets ■£— £ in. long. Empty glumes oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, rigid,
smooth and glabrous ; flowering glume sessile, as long, hard, scabrid, 2-fid,
silky at the base ; awn dorsal, twisted, recurved. Pale as long as the glume ;
pedicel long, pilose.

Middle Island: grassy downs, Kangitata river, Sinclair and Haast ; Otago, lake district.
Hector and Buchanan. Closely allied to the Tasmanian A. montana.

9. A. Youngii, Ilook.f., n. sp. Similar in habit to A. avenoides, but
larger, 2-4 ft. high, more robust. Leaves flat, -g— 5- in. diam., panicle 4-6
in. long, very slender, flexuous ; branches very short. Spikelets 5- in. long.
Empty glumes oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, rigid, smooth, glabrous, nerve-
less ; flowering glume as long, pedicelled, hard, scabrid, 2-4-cuspidate ; awn
very short, almost terminal. Pale as long as the glume ; pedicel stout, with
long silky hairs.

Middle Island : dry hillsides, sources of the Waitaki, Haast. Allied to the Tasmanian

A. scabra.

10. A. quadriseta, Br ; — FI. N. Z. i. 296. Culm 6 in. to 4 ft. high,
smooth or rough, erect, stout or slender. Leaves shorter than the culm, flat
or involute, often setaceous, glabrous or scabrid. Panicle 2-6 in. long, slen-
der or stout, usually extremely dense cylindric and spike-like, rarely open be-
low and pyramidal, or interrupted and as it were lobed, pale-green, shining,
lower branches sometimes spreading, whorled. Spikelets pedicelled, variable,
J-— jk in. long, shining. Empty glumes lanceolate, keels scabrid ; flowering
glume shorter, on a short bearded pedicel, coriaceous, concave, scaberulous,
obscurely 5 -nerved; nerves usually ending in minute exserted points or awns,
2-fid with a stout dorsal awn. Pale as long as the glume. — A. elatior, Steud. ;
Avena quadriseta, Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. i. t. 32 ; Bromidium, Nees ; perhaps
the Agrostis montana, Br., of Baoul, Choix, 39.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
Also very common in Australia and Tasmania.

Aristida caaycina, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 293. Culms glabrous, wiry, tufted, annual ?, 1
ft. high. Leaves subulate. Panicle 3 in. long, very slender. Spikelets few, J in. long,
shortly pedicelled, 1-flowered. Empty glumes of equal length, shorter than the flowering,
which has a 3-cleft awn at its tip.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands ?, A . Cunningham. I have seen no reputed New Zea-
land specimen of this, but its finder’s ; it is a native of tropical Australia, and not being
found by any other collector in New Zealand, I suspect it may have got into A. Cunning-
ham’s herbarium by accident.

XII. GRAMINEiE.

331

15. ARUNDO, Linn.

Tall, stout, leafy grasses. Leaves flat or involute. Panicles very large,
effuse, with excessively numerous, much divided branches, usually nodding to
one side. — Spikelets excessively numerous, white, very thin and membranous,
silky or shining, 1-5 -flowered. Empty glumes nearly equal, very long, lan-
ceolate, acuminate; flowering glumes pedicelled, long, lanceolate, very silky,
entire or 2 -fid at the tip ; the awn straight or twisted. Pale short. Scales
2, fleshy. Stamens 3. Grain free, long, terete.

Noble grasses, found in most tropical and temperate countries, especially in or near water.

1. A. conspicua, Font. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 299. Culms 3-8 ft. high,
growing in dense tussocks, from which rise a profusion of long curving leaves,
and erect slender culms, with large white panicles. Leaves coriaceous, nar-
row, smooth or scabrid. Panicle 1-2 ft. long, branches drooping. Spikelets
1-3-flowered, white, pedicels capillary. Empty glumes in. long ; flowering-
half as long, surrounded with long silky hairs, acuminate, terminated by the
slightly twisted, slender included awn. — A. australis, A. Rich. ; A. australis
and A. conspicua, A. Cunn. ; ? A. Ka/cao, Steud. ; Achiatherum conspicuum,
Palisot; Gyneriurn (?) Zelandicum, Steud.; Calamagrostis conspicua, Gmel. ;
? Agrostis procera, A. Rich.

Northern and Middle Islands: abundant in moist places. Banks and Solander, etc.;
as far south as Otago, Lindsay. The largest New Zealand Grass, and confined to these
islands. Culms used for thatching and lining houses with reedwork.

Cynodon Dactylon, Linn. An excessively common, small, tropical and temperate grass,
much used for fodder in India (Doa'b Grass), is introduced into New Zealand; it creeps ex-
tensively, has involute leaves, digitate strict branches of the panicle ; spikelets small, sessile,
in 2 rows on one side of the branches, 1-flowered, empty glumes 2 keeled, flowering one
pilose, thinner and broader ; pale with a bristle at its base.

Eleusine indica, Gsertner, a very common tropical Grass, has been gathered near Auck-
land ; it has the habit and inflorescence of Cynodon, but is larger and coarser, the glumes
obtuse, and grain wrinkled.

16. DANTHONIA, Decandolle.

Tufted, usually harsh, rigid grasses. Leaves flat or involute. Panicles
effuse or contracted. — Spikelets pedicelled, rather large, coriaceous or scarious,
2- or many-flowered (rarely 1-flowered). Empty glumes unequal or nearly
equal, membranous, keeled, awnless ; flowering 2 or more, pedicelled, silky or
furnished with pencils of hairs on the sides, convex, broadly 2-fid, the divi-
sions subulate cuspidate or awned; dorsal awn from between the divisions,
long, slender or stout, filiform or flat and twisted at the base. Pale 2-fid.
Scales glabrous or pilose. Stamens 3. Ovary stipitate, glabrous. Grain
free.

A large South African, Australian, Tasmanian, and New Zealand genus, also found in the
south of Europe. The species are very difficult of discrimination : when the flowering-glumes
are reduced to two, the species may be confounded with Trisetum ; and if to one, with
Agrostis, but for the more deeply 2-cuspidate flowering-glume; from Arundo it is dis-
tinguished chiefly by habit, and the more deeply 2-fid flowering-glume ; the long silky hairs
on the sides of the flowering-glume generally distinguish it from all its allies.

332 xn. graminEjE. [Danthonia.

I. Empty glumes shorter than the spikelet. Flowering glumes with scattered long silky
hairs at the base and sides.

Awn subulate, not flattened nor twisted.

Panicle open, large, effuse, branches 6-8 in. long 1. I). Cunning hamii.

Panicle short, close, ovoid, branches £-1 in. long 2. D. bromoides.

Awn flattened and twisted at the base.

Panicle very lax, open. Leaves setaceous 3. B. Raoulii.

Panicle very lax, open. Leaves flat, very coriaceous . . . 4. I). flavescens.

II. Empty glumes longer than the flowering, and including them. Flowering glume wit
pencils of silky hairs on their sides and base.

Spikelet £ in. Awn longer than glume 5.2). semi-annulari

Spikelet in. Awns included * 6. B. Buchanani.

Spikelet £ in. Awn very short indeed 7. E>. nuda.

1. D. Cunninghamii, Hook. f. — D. antarctica, var. /3. laxifolia, FI.
N. Z. i. 303. Culms 3-5 ft. high, stout, i in. diam., quite glabrous or
pilose. Leaves very coriaceous, concave, rigid, 1-2 ft. long, ^ in. broad,
glabrous or hairy on the upper surface ; sheaths broad ; ligule 0, or a line of
long hairs. Panicle very open, lax, 8-12 in. long; branches many or few, in
distant pairs, very slender, 4-8 in. long, pubescent. Spikelets alternate on
the branches, shortly pedicelled, \ in. long, 2-S-flowered. Empty glumes
unequal, lanceolate or linear-oblong, lower acute or obtuse ; flowering £
in. long, narrow, glabrous, except at the base and sides where covered with
long silky hairs, deeply 2-fid ; awn recurved, not flattened nor twisted at the
base, as long as the glume. — Aqrostis pilosa, A. Cunn. not A. Rich. ; B. riqidct ,
FI. N. Z. i. t. 69 A, not Raoul.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, shady woods, Keri-Keri river, A. Cunningham ; woods
near the tops of the Ruahine mountains and Hawke’s Bay, Colenso. Middle Island : up-
lands near Otago, Lindsay ; lake district, Hector and Buchanan.

2. D. bromoides, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 303. t. 68 A. Culms and
leaves as in D. Cunninghamii, but panicle much smaller, oblong or lanceolate,
4-6 in. long, contracted ; branches 1-2 in. long, erect. Spikelets broader,
glumes closer, more like those of B. Raoulii. Awn not flattened nor twisted,
f- in. long. — Bromus antardicus, FI. Antarct. i. 97. t. 54, not Banthonia
antarctica, FI. N. Z.

Northern Island : hills near Wellington, Stephenson. Iiord Auckland’s group and
Campbell's Island: abundant on the hills, J. B. H.

3. D. Raoulii, Steud. — B. rigida, Raoul ; — Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 303, not
Steud. Habit and character of B. Cunninghamii, but leaves involute and
filiform ; spikelets longer, pedicelled, larger, f in. long, broader ; glumes
larger, both empty ones long acuminate, the flowering closely imbricate, broader,
and the awn is flattened and twisted in a corkscrew manner at the base.

Northern Island : from halfway up to the tops of the Ruahine range, and hills on the
east coast, Colenso. Middle Island: Akaroa, Raoul ; common in the Alps, ascending to
3000 ft., Sinclair and Haast ; Milford Sound, Lya/l ; Tarndale, Sinclair ; Otago, lake
district, alt. 2000 ft., Hector and Buchanan. Very like indeed the B. Cunninghamii, in
some respects, but 1 think quite distinct : it is more near B. robusta of the Victorian alps.
The leaves in all specimens from all elevations are almost filiform.

4. D. flavescens, Hook.f. n. sp. A large coarse grass, of the size and

Danthonia .]

xii. graminea:.

333

with the habit of D. Cunninghamii, from which it differs in the awn being-
broad, flattened, and twisted like a corkscrew at the base.

Middle Island : Southern Alps, Sinclair and Haast ; Otago, lake district, alt. 2000 ft.,
Hector and Buchanan. One of the “suow grasses.” This so much resembles B. Cunning-
hamii., that I advance it as a different species with great hesitation ; the widely different awn
and locality, however, seem very marked characters.

5. D. semi-annularis, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 304. Culms tufted, slender,
rigid, glabrous or pilose, 6-20 in. high. Leaves Aliform or setaceous, invo-
lute, rarely flat ; ligule 0 ; mouth of sheath with spreading hairs. Panicle
2-4 in. long, effuse or contracted, of few, erect, short branches. Spikelets
few, -5- in. long, 4-6-flowered. Empty glumes white or purplish, -§- in. long,
nearly equal, much longer than the spikelet ; flowering glumes villous at the
base, with several transverse series of tufts of hairs above the middle on their
sides, deeply 2-fid at the top ; lateral awns as long as the glumes ; central
twisted, black or pale, often twice as long as the glume and recurved.

Var. a. Leaves glabrous.— D. semi-annularis , Labill. Iff. Nov. Holl. i. 26. t. 33; B.
TJnarede, Raoul, Choix, ii. t. 4 ; perhaps B. cingula, Steudel.

Var. j3. pilosa. More or less covered with long spreading hairs. — B. pilosa, Br. ; — FI.
N. Z. i. 303 ; B. Gunniana, Nees.

Var. 7. gracilis. Pilose as var. H. Culms very sleuder. Leaves filiform. Powering
glumes fewer, awns smaller, included, or nearly so. — B. gracilis, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 304.
t. 69 B.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands : ascending to 4000 ft.,
Banks and Solander, etc. A most abundant grass in Australia and Tasmania also, very
variable, especially in the size and number of the spikelets, and the relative and absolute
length of the awns.

6. D. Buclianani, Hook. f. n. sp. Culms very slender, perfectly gla-
brous, 5— 10 in. high. Leaves erect, involute, filiform. Panicle small, con-
tracted, -g— 1 in. long ; spikelets 6-8, erect, very pale green, in. long, on
short pedicels. Empty glumes broader than in I). semi-annularis, longer than
the spikelets; flowering 2-fid at the top, with a slender, scarcely twisted
middle awn, which is barely longer than the glumes, with silky hairs at the
base and sides.

Middle Island : Otago, lake district. Hector and Buchanan. This appears a distinct
form, though closely allied to B. semi-annularis, from which its shorter, broader glumes,
short awns, and less silky flowering-glume distinguish it ; it is also very near the D. gaud-
flora of Tasmania.

7. XB. nuda, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. ii. 337. Culms prostrate at the base,
5-8 in. high, slender, leafy, glabrous, much branched below. Leaves
involute, filiform, glabrous and smooth ; ligule ciliated ; sheath with long
hairs at the mouth. Panicle small, of 6-10 erect spikelets on short pedicels.
Spikelets greenish-white, ^ in. long, 3-flowered. Empty glumes longer than
the spikelet ; flowering shortly 2-fid_ at the top, with a very short intermediate
awn, ciliated at the base, and with one tuft of hairs on each side near the
margin.

Northern Island: mountains near the east coast, Colenso. Avery distinct species :
the glumes are very shortly 2-fid, and the awn not twisted, so that it is not a very charac-
teristic species of the genus, except in its pencil of silky hairs on the glume.

Holcus mollis, Linn., one of the most abundant European grasses, occurs as an escape;

334

XII. GRAMINE-33.

[ Danthonici .

it is annual, usually softly pubescent, especially at the knots. Panicle erect, open. Spikelels
2-flowered; empty glumes concave, equal; flowering glumes very deciduous, upper male,
awned, lower perfect, awnless.

17. DESCHAMFSIA, Palisot.

Tall, erect, tufted, usually perfectly smooth, shining grasses. Leaves flat
or involute. Panicles large, branched. — Spikelets pedicelled, 2- or 3- rarely
1 -flowered. Empty glumes 2, nearly equal, much compressed, heeled, awn-
less; flowering ones 2 or 3, and a terminal imperfect one, 4-toothed, or
jagged at the truncate tip; awn dorsal, short, straight, obtuse. Pale 2-fid.
Scales 2, entire. Stamens 3. Grain free.

A small genus of temperate Grasses. The obtuse awn distinguishes 1-flowered speci-
mens from Agrostis.

1. D. cnespitosa, Palisot FI. N. Z. i. 301. An elegant, tall, per-
fectly smooth, shining grass, rarely scaberulous. Culms 6-36 in. high,
rather slender, leafy. Leaves involute, long or short ; ligule long, acute ;
sheaths smooth and shining, glabrous or subpilose. Panicle 3-12 in. long,
effuse, one-sided, branches whorled or fascicled, slender, rough, erect or
spreading. Spikelets in. long, pale, shining, yellow-green or purplish.
Empty glumes acute; flowering silky at the base, uppermost often reduced
to a villous pedicel ; awn basal, as long as the glume. — Air a Kinffii, PL
Antarct. 376. t. 135; Triodia splendida, Steudel ; ? Aira australis, Kaoil,
Choix, 12 (awn omitted) ; Agrostis Auchlandica, PI. Antarct. i. 96 (form with
1-flowered spikelet).

Northern Island : low- grounds on the east coast, Te Hawera and Hawke’s Bay, com-
mon, Colenso. Middle Island : abundant, ascending to 3500 ft. in the alps. Xiord
Auckland’s group, J. D. H. A very common and widely diffused Grass in the north
and south temperate zones and mountains of Central Africa.

18. KCELERIA, Persoon.

Erect, rather stout, annual or perennial grasses. Leaves flat or involute.
Panicle spike-like, dense. — Spikelets shortly pedicelled, pale, shining, much
compressed, 2-4-flowered. Empty glumes lanceolate, acute, unequal or nearly
equal, as long as the spikelets or nearly so ; flowering ones on a short rachis,
like the empty, acute, entire at the tip or 3 -toothed, with a short, straight,
intermediate awn or 0. Pale as long as the glume. Scales 2. Stamens 3.
Grain free.

A small European genus, equally allied to Beschampsia and Poa, and very difficult to
distinguish generically from either.

3. K. cristata, Persoon; — FI. N. Z. i. 305. Culms tufted, tall or
short, rather stout, stiff, glabrous or downy, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves 6-8 in.
long, narrow, flat or involute; ligule very short. Panicle strict, erect, 3-5
in. long, narrow, often interrupted or lobed below, branches very short.
Spikelets crowded, erect, imbricated, white or purplish, shining, 2- or 3-
flowered, •£— A in. long. Empty glumes unequal, acute ; flowering ones, gla-
brous, rachis slender, pilose, nerveless, keeled, acuminate, sometimes minutely
toothed and shortly awned at the tip. Pale as long as the glume.

Middle Island : Aglionby plains, Munro ; Canterbury plains and Acheron valley, alt.

Kceleria.]

XII. GRAMINEiE.

335

4000 ft., Travers ; Otago, Lindsay ; lake district. Hector and Buchanan , terraces on the
Southern Alps, Sinclair and Haast. A very common European and northern temperate
grass, widely diffused in Australia and the south temperate hemisphere generally, hut pos-
sibly introduced only; it exists in none of the earlier New Zealand collections.

19. TRISETUM, Kunth.

Tufted grasses, usually slender, often downy. Leaves involute. Panicles
open, or contracted and spiciform. — Spikelets 2-4-flowered. Empty glumes
2, keeled, awnless, shorter than the spikelet; flowering glumes 2-4, with a
terminal imperfect one, 2 -fid at the tip, divisions subulate ; awn from be-
tween the divisions, twisted and recurved. Pale 2-nerved. Scales 2. Sta-
mens 3. Grain free, glabrous.

Temperate, alpine, arctic and antarctic grasses, distinguishable from Banthonia by
habit chiefly.

Glabrous, 1-2 ft. high. Panicle lax, spreading 1. T. antarcticum.

Downy, 1-6 in. high. Panicle spiciform 2. T. subspicatum.

Pilose, 1-3 ft. high. Panicle very slender, contracted 3. T. Youngii.

1. T. antarcticum, Trinius ; — FI. N. Z. i. 302. t. 68 B. A tufted,
erect, slender, smooth, rarely pubescent, shining grass, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves
flat or involute, usually narrow, long or short, sometimes setaceous, quite
smooth or scaberulous ; ligule truncate, very short, often silky. Panicle erect,
slender, contracted or effuse, 2-10 in. long; branches short, very slender, sub-
erect. Spikelets 5- in. long, contracted, white, very shining or pale green,
3- or 4-flowered. Empty glumes unequal, acuminate; margins white; keel
scabrid ; flowering ones pedicelled, deeply 2-fid, with a pencil of long white
hairs at the base, scabrous ; awn not twisted, recurved, twice as long as the
glume. — Air a antarctica, Porst. ; Avena antarctica, Boem. and Sch. ; A.
Forsleri, Kunth ; Banthonia antarctica , Sprengel ; B. pallida , A. Cunn.

Northern and diddle Islands : abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. ; not found else-
where. Haast sends a large form from Lake Okau, with pubescent leaves J in. broad.

2. T. subspicatum, Palisot ; — FI. Antarct. i. 97 and 377. Small,
rather stout, densely tufted, usually downy, 4-18 in. high. Leaves shorter
than the culms ; ligule short, truncate, silky. Panicle dense, subcylindric,
spiciform, 1-3 in. long. Spikelets shortly pedicelled, imbricate, £ in. long,
2- or 3-flowered, pale greenish-white, shining, pubescent. Empty glumes
shorter than the spikelet, unequal, obtuse ; flowering ones on hairy pedicels,
downy, 2-cuspidate ; awn recurved, dorsal, as long as or longer than the
glume, inserted below the 2-cuspidate tip.

Var. 0. More glabrous. Spikelets rather narrower. Glumes nearly glabrous.

diddle Island : Upper Awatere valley, Sinclair ; Otago, lake district, Hector and Bu-
chanan; rivulets of the Hopkins river, alt. 2500 ft., Haast. Campbell's Island, J. ID.
H. Var. 0, Upper Awatere and IVairau valleys, Sinclair. A native of arctic Europe, Asia,
and America, the alps of the same continents, of South America, Australia, and Tasma-
nia, and of Euegia.

3. T. Ifoungiij Hook. /., n. sp. Culms slender, erect, 2-3 ft. high,
glabrous, shining. Leaves flat, ^ in. broad, and sheaths pilose ; ligule
truncate. Panicle slender, 3-6 in. long; branches very short, with few spike-
lets. Spikelets pale, £ in. long, shining, 1- or 2-flowered. Empty glumes

336

XII. GIIAMINE/E.

[ Triselum .

broad, oblong, acute, membranous, as long as the spikelets ; flowering glumes
2-cuspidate, nearly glabrous, with a few short hairs at the base; awn dorsal,
stout, recurved, exserted, inserted below the 2-cuspidate tip.

middle Island : Macaulay valley, alt. 3-4000 ft., Uaast and Young. A very distinct spe-
cies, closely allied to a Victorian alps one, distinguished from T. subspicatum by its slender
tall culm, long very slender panicle, and broad outer glumes. It may, however', prove to be
a form of that species. It is named in compliment to Mr. W. Young, Mr. Haast’s able and
indefatigable assistant-surveyor, who paid much attention to collecting the Grasses of the
Southern Alps.

Avena saliva, Linn., the cultivated Oat, has been found as an escape from cultivation in
various parts of the islands.

20. &LYCERIA, Br.

Erect, glabrous, often aquatic grasses. Culms tufted or creeping below.
Leaves flat or involute. Panicle long and contracted. — Spikelets pedicelled,
linear, glabrous, herbaceous, many-flowered. Empty glumes unequal, con-
cave, obliquely truncate, much shorter than the spikelet ; flowering ones
numerous, imbricated, oblong, obtuse, 7-nerved, awnless. Pale as long
as the glume. Scales 1, or 2 and connate. Stamens 2 or 3, Grain free,
glabrous.

A small genus, found in temperate regions of both the north and south hemispheres, the
grain of one species of which has been used as food during famines.

1. G. stricta. Hook. f. FI. N. Z. i. 304. Culms slender or stout, gla-
brous, 1-2 ft. high. Leaves glabrous, short, 2-4 in. long, involute, strict,
almost filiform; sheath long, tumid, striate; ligule short, broad. Panicle
very slender, 4-6 in. long ; branches unequal, strict, whorled, erect, spread-
ing after flowering. Spikelets terete, green, ^— §• in. long, 6-14-flowered.
Elowering glumes with obscure nerves. Scales connate, lobed at the broad
tip. — El. Tasman, ii. 123. t. 162 B.

Northern Island : east coast, Colenso. middle Island : Akaroa, Raoul. Also a na-
tive of Tasmania and South-East Australia.

21. CATABROSA, Palisot.

Tufted, glabrous, erect grasses. — Spikelets panicled, 2-flowered, scarious,
shining. Empty glumes 2, short, unequal, awnless, convex at the back ;
flowering ones concave, truncate, erose, herbaceous, awnless, lower sessile,
upper pedicelled. Pale 2-nerved. Scales 3. Stamens 3. Grain glabrous,
free.

A small genus of temperate climates, not hitherto found in Australia or Tasmania.

1. C. antarctica, Hoolc.f. FI. N. Z. i. 308. t. 56. Culms decumbent, very
slender, 6-12 in. high, branched below, leafy. Leaves involute, longer than
the culms, slender, almost filiform ; ligule long, narrow, membranous ; sheaths
deeply furrowed. Panicle very slender, erect, contracted, 1-2 in. long ;
branches few, slender. Spikelets very few, small, flat, white, glistening,
in. long. Empty glumes unequal, acute ; flowering ones convex with an ob-
tuse jagged tip, slightly webbed at the base ; nerves obscure. Anthers
broad, short. — FI. Antarct. i. 102. t. 56.

Catalrosa.]

XII. GRAMINE.*.

337

Northern Island : summit of the Ruahine range, Colenso. Campbell’s Island, on
rocky ledges, J. D. II.

22. POA, Linn.

Creeping or tufted, soft (rarely harsh rigid or pubescent), often tall
grasses. Panicle usually open, with whorled lower branches. — Spikelets
green, herbaceous, pedieelled, 2-10-(rarely l-)flowered. Empty glumes
equal or unequal, compressed, keeled, acuminate, awnless, margin often mem-
branous ; flowering ones distant on a glabrous or villous rachis, upper often
imperfect, compressed, keeled, obtuse acute or acuminate (never awned), gla-
brous or scabrid, naked or webbed at the base ; edges often membranous.
Pale 2-nerved, 2-fid. Scales 2. Stamens 2 or 3. Grain glabrous, free,
rarely adherent to the pale.

A very large genus in all temperate and cold regions ; the species are always most puzzling
and difficult to discriminate from one another, and many may be put with Festuca, except
for habit. P. foliosa thus approaches forms of F. littoralis very closely, but is an evident
congener of P. ramosissima and others. Kceleria hardly differs when not awned, except in
habit and the texture of the glumes.

Empty glumes not half the length of the flowering. ( Leaves slender, flaccid. Spikelets

tV in- l 2ong.)

Spikelets few. Flowering glumes oblong, obtuse ; nerves faint . . 1. P. imbecilla.
Spikelets many. Flowering glumes, acuminate, nerved . . . .2 . P. breviglumis.

Empty glumes more than half as long as the flowenng.

Flowering glumes acuminate.

Panicle open. Culms naked below, rigid, branched. Leaves flaccid 3. P. ramosissima.

Panicle open. Culms leafy from the base. Leaves coriaceous . . 4. P. foliosa.

Flowering glumes obtuse.

Culms very minute, tufted. Spikelets few, nearly sessile .... 5. P.exigua.

Culms stout. Leaves coriaceous, flat or concave ; ligule truncate . . 6. P. anceps.

Culms slender, polished. Leaves filiform ; ligule 0 . I. P. australis.

Culms slender. Leaves filiform or subulate ; ligule membranous . . 8. P. Colensoi.

Culms 2-4 in., slender. Leaves short, narrow, flat, green ; ligule

short 9. P. Lindsayi.

1. P. imbecilla, Font. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 306. Culms weak, flaccid, de-

cumbent, spreading, very slender, sometimes capillary, 6-12 in. long. Leaves
very narrow, in. broad, flat, green ; ligule membranous, short. Pa-

nicle very lax, open, elongate, with few alternate or 2-nate long capillary
branches. Spikelets 1 or 2 on each branch, minute, -i- in. long, green, 3-8-
flowered. Empty glumes unequal, obtuse ; flowering ones twice as long,
remote, oblong, obtuse, glabrous, obscurely 3-veined, not webbed at the base.
— IJ. Sprengelii, Kunth, according to Raoul, and probably P. implexa, Tri-
nius, F. australis, Sieber, and P. Sieberiana, Sprengel.

Northern Island : abundant in woods, etc. Middle Island : probably also common,
but overlooked ; Milford Sound, Lyall. Also a native of Australia, but not of Tasmania.
I have seen no specimens of Forster’s plant, to which A. Cunningham first referred this.
Banks and Solander referred the following to Forster’s P. imbecilla.

2. P. breviglumis, Hook. f. Ft. Antarct. i. 101. Quite glabrous.

Culms flaccid, slender, decumbent and much-branched below, 6-12 in. long,
leafy. Leaves shorter than the culms, flat, very slender, flaccid, in.

VOL. I. Z

33S

XII. GR.AMINE.ffi.

[Poa.

broad ; ligule oblong. Panicle lax, oblong, 3-5 in. long ; branches in pairs
or threes, capillary, suberect, with 2 or 3 pedicelled, green, 3- or 4-flowered
spikelets in. long towards their tips. Empty glumes small, very unequal,
oblong, obtuse, lower half the length of the flowering glume or shorter, upper
larger; flowering glumes oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or acute, on nearly gla-
brous pedicels, green, strongly 3-5-nerved.

Northern Island, Banks and Solander. Middle Island : Akaroa, Raoul ; Saddle
Hill, Otago, Lindsay. Campbell’s Island, grassy places near the sea, J. D. H. This
differs from P. imbecilla, of which it may be a variety, in its stouter habit, the larger size of
all its parts, and more acute flowering glumes, with much stronger nerves. The outer empty
glume is shorter in Campbell’s Island than in any New Zealand specimens, and sometimes
toothed at the tip.

3. P. ramosissima, Hoolc. f. ; — FI. Antarct. i. 101. Culms densely
tufted, forming naked, rigid, brown, branching, decumbent stems, 6-10 in. long,
from which much-divided, flaccid, very leafy, slender branches, 2-6 in. long,
ascend. Leaves most numerous, very narrow, flaccid, flat, £ in. broad, much
longer than the culms ; ligule oblong, truncate ; sheaths slender. Panicle
1-2 in. long, narrow, green ; branches quite glabrous, smooth, very short, |-
in. long, interrupted. Spikelets x in. long, very shortly pedicelled, glabrous,
green, 3-5-flowered. Empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, nearly
equal, as long as the flowering, which are narrower, glabrous, acuminate with
incurved tips, obscurely 5 -nerved, pedicel glabrous or a little webbed.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, abundant everywhere, J. I). H.
A grass of remarkable habit, from the long, naked, decumbent bases of the culms, which are
excessively branched and leafy above.

4. P. foliosa. Hook. f. — Festuca foliosa, El. N. Z. i. 308. Culms
stout, tufted, short or tall, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves flat, glabrous, coriaceous,
shorter or longer than the culms, JL— j in. broad ; ligule short, membranous ;
sheaths compressed. Panicle rather dense, oblong or ovate, inclined, 1-10
in. long ; branches short, nearly glabrous, erect. Spikelets large, J in.
long, much compressed, green or purplish, 4-8-flowered, very shortly pedi-
celled. Empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate, tips often slightly incurved, as
long as the flowering glumes, which are broader, acuminate, tips incurved,
much compressed, slightly scabrid or glabrous, keel smooth or ciliate, pedicel
webbed.

Var. a. Culms 2-3 ft. high, very leafy. Leaves longer than the culm. Panicle 6-10
in. long. Empty glumes longer in proportion to the spikelet. — Festuca foliosa, FI. Antarct.
i. 99. t. 55.

Var. £. Culms 6-12 in. high, leafy at the base only. Leaves much shorter than the
culms. Panicle 1-6 in. long. Spikelets larger in proportion to the glumes.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : var. a, common near the sea and
on the hills. Middle Island : var. y8, Milford Sound, Lyall; Southern Alps, Sinclair,
Haast, and Tracers ; snow holes on Mount Darwin and Richardson glacier, alt. 4-6500 ft. ;
Otago, lake district. Hector and Buchanan. The very acute glumes with the tips usually
more or less inclined to be incurved, well distiuguish this from all but P. ramosissima.
Some of Haast’s and Hector’s specimens have spikelets very large and broad.

5. P. exigua, Hook.f. n. sp. A very minute, tufted, glabrous, flaccid
species, 1-1 £ in. high. Leaves involute, erect, subulate, obtuse, | in. long,
sheaths membranous ; ligule 0, or very short. Panicle almost reduced to an
erect raceme, l in. long, narrow, of few shortly-pedicelled, purplish, broadly

XIT. GRAMINE^E.

339

Poa.]

ovate spikelets T*T in. long. Empty glumes obovate-oblong, very obtuse,
purple, with broad membranous margins ; upper nearly as long as the flower-
ing, lower shorter ; flowering glumes nearly orbicular when spread out, quite
glabrous, purplish, with broad white margins, 5-nerved.

Middle Island : lake district, alpine, Hector and Buchanan. Apparently a very pecu-
liar little plant, and quite unlike any Poa known to me, but considering that I have it but
from one locality, and how variable its congeners are, I am by no means confident of its not
proving a reduced form of perhaps P. breviglumis.

6. P. anceps, Ford. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 306. Cidms rather stout, tufted, leafy,
tall or short, smooth, |-3 ft. high, glabrous, often compressed at the base, simple
or branched. Leaves distichous, coriaceous, strict or flexuous, flat or concave,
longer or shorter than the culm ; ligule coriaceous, very short. Panicle in-
clined, 1-12 in. long, ovate or lanceolate, effuse or contracted ; branches
whorled, long, slender, capillary (short or 0 in var. y, 8, e ). Spikelets

in. long, usually broad and flat, 1-6-flowered, green, rarely white. Empty
glumes as long as the flowering, narrow, acute, glabrous or scabrid ; flower-
ing narrow, oblong, obtuse, scaberulous (smooth in var. e), crowded or dis-
tant, webbed or naked at the base, 5-nerved. — P. australis, A. Cunn. not Br.

Var. a. elata. Culms 2-3 ft. Leaves \ in. broad. Panicle 4-8 in. long; branches
long, slender. Spikelets 1-f in. Glumes spreading.

Var. £. foliosa. Culms much branched, 1-2 ft. Leaves numerous, strict. Panicle
more contracted ; branches long, slender. Spikelets smaller. Glumes broader, flowering
1-5, close together. — P. affinis, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 307.

Var. y. breviculmis. Culms 4-10 in. high, stout, short, compressed, leafy at the base
only. Leaves 2-3 in. long, curved. Panicle ovate, contracted. Spikelets short, obtuse,
3- or 4-flowered. Glumes broad, rather acute, flowering close together.

Var. 5. densiflora. Culms 1-2 ft. Leaves 4-12 in., concave. Panicle 2-4 in., dense;
branches very short, densely covered with 4-6-flowered spikelets.

Var. e. alpina. Culms 6-8 in. Leaves 1-2 in., involute. Panicle much contracted, 1-2
in. long; branches very short. Spikeiets short, glabrous, shining, white, 2-4-flovvered
(perhaps a different species).

Abundant in woods and open places; var. a, in the Northern Island chiefly; var. /3, in
both islands; var. y, in di-y pastures; var. e, Southern Alps, snow holes on Mount Darwin,
ascending to 6000 ft. on Mount Dobson, Haast. This is the common Poa of New Zealand,
and is the same as a New South Wales plant, which I take to be Brown’s P. affinis, and of
which some states appear in that country to run into P. australis. Of Forster’s Poa caspi-
tosa I find no specimens in the British Museum, but can scarcely doubt that it is a form of
this or the following species.

7. P. australis, Br., var. lsevis; — El. N. Z. i. 307. Culms densely
tufted, perfectly smooth, polished, slender, pale yellow when dry, 6-36 in.
high. Leaves shorter than the culms, very slender, filiform, involute, erect,
rigid ; sheaths polished, smooth and shining; ligule 0. Panicle 1-4 in. long,
ovate in outline, very lax ; branches few, capillary, spreading, with few, pedi-
celled, pale, 4-6-flowered spikelets i in. long, on each. Empty glumes
scabrid, nearly equal, acute, shorter than the flowering, which are scaberulous,
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, webbed at the base. — P. Icevis, Br.

Northern Island : dry plains, Taupo, Motukino, and woods at Tarawera, Co/enso.
Middle Island : abundant in upland and dry lowland situations. Intermediates between
this and P. anceps may occur, but in their ordinary states the two plants are widely different,
especially in habit. The absence of ligule at once distinguishes some forms of this from
P. Colensoi.

z 2

340

XII. GBAMINEJE.

[Poa.

8. P. Colensoi, Hook. /., n. sp. Habit, colour, and foliage of P.
australis, but usually not more than 1-6 in. high, and generally 6-8. Leaves
the same, but the sheaths always very rigid, grooved, and coriaceous, termi-
nating abruptly in a very large, white, membranous, sheathing ligule. Panicle
1-2 in. long, broadly ovate, of few, lax, capillary, spreading branches, each
bearing 1 or 2 broad, flat spikelets, exactly as in P. australis. Flowering
glumes webbed at the base, and sometimes villous at the back.

Northern Island : Taupo plains, and top of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Middle
Island : Upper Awatere and Agliouby plains, Sinclair, Munro, and Travers ; Hopkins river
and Rangitata range, alt. 1500-2500 ft., Sinclair and Haast ; Otago,- lake district, alpine,
Hector and Buchanan , a very small variety, 1-2 in. high, with much reduced panicle, and
flowering glume villous at the back. So similar to P. australis , that I long confounded
them, and am far from persuaded of their permanent differences ; the large, white, sheathing
ligules of this are, however, a most curious character.

9. P. Lindsayi, Hook.f., n. sp. Culms numerous, densely tufted, erect,
very slender, 3-5 in. high. Leaves £-2 in. long, flaccid, involute, subulate, green,
2V in- diam. ; sheaths very short; ligule oblong. Panicle lax, open, 1-2 in.
long, ovate ; branches 2- or 3-nate, horizontal, capillary, smooth, flexuous,
lower J—f- in. long, bearing 1-3 subterminal, ovate, compressed, spreading,
4-6-flowered, brown-green spikelets Jg— in. long. Empty glumes nearly
equal, oblong, subacute, as long as the flowering, which are similar, subacute,
glabrous, nerveless ; keel scabrid ; raehis glabrous. Pale with scabrid nerves.

Middle Islaud : Otago, slopes of Saddle Hill, Lindsay; lake district, Hector and
Buchanan; Canterbury, Acheron valley, alt. 4000 ft., Travers; Kowai valley, in crevices
of rocks, alt. 2-3000 ft., Haast. A beautiful little species, of which all the specimens I
have entirely agree in size, habit, and characters ; it may he known by the densely-tufted
habit, small, flat, narrow, green leaves, numerous capillary culms, broad, lax, open panicle,
and spikelets like P. imbecilla, but the outer glumes very different.

P. annua, the commonest of English Grasses, is found by roadsides, etc. ; it is a weak,
flaccid grass, with flat, soft leaves, large membranous ligules, and green w'ebbed glumes,
like those of P. anceps, var. 7. P. nemoralis, Linn., P. compressa and P. pratensis, l.inn.,
may also be expected to occur in New Zealand pastures, etc.

23. FESTUCA, Linn.

Tufted, often rigid or harsh, leafy grasses. Spikelets panicled racemed or
spiked, pedicelled, 2- cr more-flowered, green or pale, coriaceous, and usually
rigid; raehis often jointed. Empty glumes 2 (rarely 1), unequal, acute,
convex at the back ; flowering ones convex at the back, acute, acuminate or
awned at the tip, rarely minutely 2- or 3-toothed at the tip, naked or webbed
at the base. Pale 2-nerved. Scales 2, acutely 2-fid. Stamens 1-3. Grain
free or adherent to the pale, glabrous.

A very extensive genus in all temperate and mountainous countries, of which the species
are as variable as those of Poa, and the two first are hardly generically distinguishable from
that genus.

Glumes awnless.

Culms branched, 2-3 ft., rigid. Spikelets turgid 1. F. littoralis.

Culms simple, 6-24 in. Spikelets compressed 2. F. scoparia.

Glumes awned.

Culms very slender. Panicle effuse 3. F. duriuscula.

Festuca.~\

XII. GRAMINEA!.

341

1. F. littoralis, Br. ; — Schenodorus littoralis , Palisot ; — FI. N. Z. i. 310.
A tall, rigid, perennial, densely tufted, perfectly smooth, much, branched, polished
grass. Culms 2-3 ft. high, leafy. Leaves erect, involute, terete, pungent,
longer or shorter than the culm ; ligule very short or 0. Panicle 3-10 in.
long, slender, rarely pale ; branches short, erect. Spikelets broad, turgid,
4-7 -flowered, |-f in. long, longer than the glumes. Empty glumes acumi-
nate, glabrous ; flowering ones longer, pubescent, 5-nerved, naked or webbed
at the base, keeled, acute, obtuse or 3-toothed at the tip. — Poa littoralis,
Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. i. 22. t. 27 ; Arundo triodioides, Trinius.

Northern Island: abundant on rocks near the sea, Banks and Solander, etc.; East
Cape, on sandhills, Colenso. Also a native of Tasmania and Australia.

2. F. scoparia, Hook.f. FI. Antarct. i. 98 ; FI. N. Z. i. 308. Densely
tufted, 6-24 in. high, smaller than F. littoralis in all its parts, perfectly gla-
brous, polished, and shining. Leaves filiform, rigid, longer or shorter than
the culm. Panicle l~2 in. long, ovoid or narrow-elongate and few-flowered ;
branches short, erect. Spikelets flattened, i— §• in. long. Empty glumes
acuminate, shorter than the flowering, which are much webbed at the base,
acuminate at the tip.

Northern Island : Auckland, Sinclair. Middle Island : Port William, Lyall. Lord
Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : common in rocky places near the sea, J. I). H.
I suspect that the Kerguelen’s Land Poa ( Triodia ) kerguelensis is a starved form of this.

3. F. duriuscula, Linn.; — FI. N. Z. i. 309. Very slender, densely
tufted, glabrous. Culms 1-3 ft. high, leafy at the base chiefly. Leaves
slender, involute, filiform or short and setaceous. Panicle 1-6 in. long,
effuse or contracted; branches capillary, often flexuous, lower 2- or 3-nate.
Spikelets few, 4-8-flowered, in. long. Empty glumes unequal, acute ;
flowering ones naked at the base, narrow-lanceolate, remote, scabrid, acumi-
nate, terminating in a short, stiff awn..

Northern Island : in mountainous districts, Hawke’s Bay, Wairarapa valley, Cape
Turnagain, etc., Colenso. Middle Island: abundant on the Alps, Irom Nelson to Otago,
ascending to 4000 ft. A most common European grass, forming much of the mountain
pasture; also found in Tasmania, Fuegia, and almost all temperate mountainous regions.

F. bromoides, Linn. ; — Ft. N. Z. i. 309, is certainly an introduced plant, and nowhere
native; it may be recognized by its annual, extremely slender culms, 4-8 in. high, setaceous,
involute, erect leaves, racemed or almost spiked spikelets, with 3-10 flowers; empty glumes
very unequal, flowering ones ending in long slender awns. A most abundant European grass,
introduced into all temperate parts of the southern hemisphere.

24. BROMUS, Linn.

Annual or perennial grasses. Leaves usually flat. — Spikelets panicled or
racemed, many-flowered. Empty glumes 2, concave, convex at the back, not
awned, rigid ; flowering ones lanceolate, convex at the back, 2-fid, awned from
between the lobes, not twisted, often recurved. — Pale 2-nerved; nerves cili-
ated. Scales 2, entire. Stamens 3. Ovary hairy at the top; styles gene-
rally distinct. Grain free, top hairy.

A very large genus found in all temperate countries.

1. B. arenarius, Lab. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 310. Annual, densely pubescent

342

XII. GKAMINEjE.

[j Brornus.

or villous all over. Culms 3-24 in. high, leafy. Leaves flat, villous on
both surfaces. Panicle 3-8 in. long, nodding, branches slender, 3-5-nate,
spreading. Spikelets green, 1 in. long, on slender pedicels, villous, 5-7-
flowered. Empty glumes lanceolate, long acuminate, much shorter than the
flowering ones, tips and margins membranous ; flowering glumes ciliate, nar-
row-lanceolate, strongly 7-nerved, 2-fid at the tip ; awn as long as the glume.
— Labill. FI. Nov. Ho'll. i. 23. t. 28; B. australis, Br. ; A. Cunn. Prodr.

Northern Island : rocky places near the sea. Bay of Islands, Cunningham ; east coast,
Colenso, etc. Also a native of Australia, but not of Tasmania ; it is allied to the European
B. tectorum, L.

Of introduced species, Bromus mollis , Linn., a small species with short ovoid panicles, and
tumid villous spikelets, and broad glumes with short awns, has been gathered in the
Acheron valley by Travers, alt. 4000 ft.

B. racemosus, Linn., a similar species, with glabrous spikelets, is introduced near Dnu-
edin, Otago.

25. TRITICUM, Linn.

Annual tufted or perennial creeping grasses. Leaves involute or flat. —
Spikelets spiked, usually jointed at the base, on alternate sides of an unjointed
compressed rachis, sessile, parallel to the long axis of the rachis, 3-rnany-
flowered. Empty glumes 2, often unequal, rigid, concave, keel often scabrid ;
flowering ones hard and coriaceous, obtuse acute or awned, concave, keel
ciliate. Pale 2-nerved ; nerves ciliate at the back. Scales 2, entire, often
ciliated. Stamens 3. Ovary hairy at the top; styles distinct. Grain free,
or adhering to the pale, hairy at the top.

A very large European and Oriental genus, also found in most temperate countries, to which

the cultivated Wheat belongs.

Spikelets S-16-tlowered. Awns short I . T. multijlorum.

Spikelets 6-10-flowered. Awns thrice as long as the glume, slender . 2. T. scabrum.
Spikelets 4-6-flowered. Awn 11- 2 in. long, five times as long as the

glume, rigid, channelled, very stout 3. T. Youngii.

1. T. multiflorum, Banks and Sol.; — FI. JSf. Z. i. 311. Culms an-
nual, slender, tufted, erect or prostrate below, 1-4 ft. high, striate, quite gla-
brous. Leaves 4-8 in. long, flat, rough on the upper surface. Spike 3-10
in. long. Spikelets 6-12, 8-16-flowered, ^-1|- in. long. Empty glumes
linear-lanceolate, unequal, acuminate, nerved ; flowering ones much longer,
g-i m. long, smooth, nerveless and pale below, green and nerved above;
awn very short, rigid, scabrid. — T. scabrum, A. Cunn. Herb, not Br. ; T. re-
pens, A. Eich. Flora ?, not Linn.

Northern and Middle Islands: abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. ; Cape Palliser,
and elsewhere on the east coast and interior, Colenso ; Auckland, Sinclair. Closely allied
to the European T. repens, but annual.

2. T. scabrum, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 311. Culms very variable, annual,
tufted, slender, 3 in. to 3 ft. high, smooth. Leaves 1-4 in. long, flat or in-
volute, usually scabrid on both surfaces. Spike 4-6 in. long. Spikelets 2-8
(rarely 1), with the awns li- 2^ in. long, 6-10-flowered. Empty glumes
lanceolate, often small, nerved, lower truncate ; flowering as in T. multijlorum,
but the awn is 3-5 times as long as the glumes, flexuous straight or recurved.

Triticum.

XII. GKAMINE.®.

343

— T. squarrosum. Banks and Sol. ; Festuca scabra, Labiil. FI. Nov. Holl. i.
t. 26.

Northern and Middle Islands : common in dry ground, Banks and Solander, etc. ;
ascending to 3000 ft. on the Hopkins, Haast. This may pass into the preceding, hut the
two plants are so different in their ordinary states that I hesitate to unite them. The pre-
sent is abundant in Australia and Tasmania, and apparently the same is found in central
Asia, Abyssinia, and Persia. Travers says that it is a most valuable fodder grass, growing
freely up to 6000 ft., and ravenously eaten by all kinds of cattle.

3. T. Y oungii, Hook. f. Habit of T. scabrum. Leaves quite glabrous
below,' slightly scabrid on the upper surface. Spike 2-3 in. long, of 3 or 4
very large spikelets 4 in. long, including the awns. Empty glumes \ in. long,
acuminate, margins membranous ; flowering ones nearly f in. long without
the awn, which is lf-2 in. long, very stout, rigid, scabrid, concave at the
back, concave in front with scabrid edges, margin and sides of glumes scabrid
and almost aculeate.

Middle Island : grassy flats, sources of the Waitaki, alt. 3000 ft., Haast. A remarkable *
plant, with few spikelets, almost twice as large as those of T. scabrum, and very long rigid awns.
My specimens are unperfect, and some allowance must here be made for the description.

The "Wheat, Triticum vulgare, Linn., is no doubt often found as an escape from cultivation,
as is its ally the Barley, Hordeum sativum, L. The common H. murinum , Linn., of Euro-
pean roadsides, is also naturalized in Otago.

Lolium perenne, Linn., temulentum, Linn., and arvense, With., all common European
“Rye-Grasses,” are found occasionally near cultivation: the genus is known from Triticum
by its solitary empty glume.

26. GYMNOSTICH UM, Schreber.

Characters of Triticum, but the outer empty glumes are absent or repre-
sented by a pair of rigid bristles, and 1-3-flowered ; flowering glumes on a
flattened rachis, seated on thickened calli.

The only other described species is a native of the United States.

1. G. gracile. Hook. /., FI. N. Z. i. 312. t. 70. Perennial?, slender,
erect, 3-4 ft. high, smooth. Leaves narrow, fiat, upper surface rough, sheaths
smooth. Spike 4-8 in. long, very slender, inclined ; rachis flat, flexuous,
edges ciliate. Spikelets 20-30, lax, sessile, solitary, f in. long with the
awns, 1-3-flowered. Empty glumes 0 or replaced by 2 persistent bristles ;
flowering 1—3, distant on a flattened rachis, each with a callus at its base,
upper imperfect, lower shortly pedicelled, all lanceolate, 5 -nerved, scabrid ;
awn straight, shorter than the glume. Scales 2-lobed, ciliate. Ovary villous ;
styles remote at the base.

Northern Island: woods at Patea and Tarawera, Colenso. Middle Island : Akaroa,
Raoul; Otago, lake district, Rector and Buchanan. Avery curious grass, closely allied
to the North American A. hystrix, which has usually the spikelets in pairs, and the empty
glumes deciduous; I have described the empty glumes as sometimes replaced by two
rigid persistent bristles ; these I take to be rudimentary spikelets.

The following grasses, which I find described as natives of New Zealand, are unknown to
me, nor can I guess what they are.

Kampmannia Zeelandice, Steud. Synops. Gram. 35. Very imperfectly described, no
habitat nor collector’s name given. It is placed next to Hystericina, Steud., which I have
referred to Echinopoyon (p. 325).

314

XII. GRAMINEJ3.

[Gymnostickum.

Eragrostis eximia, Steud. 1. c. 279, a New Holland tropical grass, allied to Poa, but
with 6-12 flowering glumes; has never, that I am aware of, been found in New Zealand.

Stenostachys narduroides, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Hist. Mosc. 35. t. ii. 331. As with
Stap/iylorhodos (p. 57), so with this, all I cau say is, that I know of no plant like it in
New Zealand, nor does any such occur in Sir E. Home’s original collections in the British
Museum. Can it be Triticum badly described ?

Class III. CRYPTOGAMXA.

Order I. FILICES.

Herbs, rarely half-shrubby or arboreous plants, with fibrous roots, or most
frequently with a perennial rhizome. — Rhizome short, stout, either forming an
erect woody trunk, or prostrate, or slender and climbing, or creeping. Branches
{fronds), tufted at the end of the rhizome or alternate upon it, continuous
with it or jointed on to it, simple or more often piunatifidly pinnately
or 2- or 3-pinnately divided, the lower stalk-like portion ( stipes ) usually
grooved on the upper side, as is its continuation ( rachis ) ; the fronds are
sometimes of two kinds, barren and fertile ( Lomaria , Niphobolus, etc.), at
others the fertile portion of the frond is very distinct from the rest ( Opliio -
glossum, Botrychium, Osmunda). Fructification consisting of microscopic
spoi-es, contained in minute capsules of various forms, usually placed on the
under surface of the frond, but sometimes arranged in spikes or panicles.
Capsules in most of the genera very minute, membranous, collected into
brown masses (sori), often mixed with jointed hairs or imperfect club-shaped
capsules, bursting by a transverse or longitudinal fissure; in a few genera at
the end of the Order the capsules are much larger, coriaceous, either connate
into 2-valved masses which open by pores ( Marattia ), or into a long spike
( Ophioglossum), or are sessile and free on the branches of a panicle ( Botrychium ).
Sori of various forms, globose oblong or linear; at the back or edge of the
frond ; on the tips or middle of the veins ; naked or covered by the recurved
edge of the frond, or by a special involucre (also called indusium ) ; sessile or
on a short or long, sometimes filiform ( Trichomanes ) receptacle. Involucre
formed of the recurved edge of the frond, or of a scale attached by its centre
base or sides to the side or centre of the sorus, membranous or coriaceous,
simple or double, sometimes 2-lipped or 2-valved, one lip being the recurved
edge of the frond. Spores usually obtusely 3-gonous, smooth or granular.

A very large, difficult, polymorphous and variable Order of plants, found in almost all
quarters of the globe, but most abundant and beautiful in damp southern, tropical and tem-
perate insular localities, where also the species attain their greatest size. To the above cha-
racters of the Order may be added, that the fronds of almost all are circinate or coiled in-
wards like the top of crozier when young ; but this character does not hold good in the tribe
Ophioglossea. Its mode of propagation is very curious ; the microscopic spore (contained
in the minute capsule), when it falls in a suitably damp place, bursts, and produces from its
contents a minute, flat, green, membranous, cellular scale (proth allium) on the under-surface of
which two kinds of organs appear, male and female. The male ( antlieridia ) consist of cells

I. FILICES.

345

( sperm-cells ) containing spiral ciliated bodies endowed with active motion ( spermatozoids or
antherozoids ) ; the female of cavities ( archegonia ), containing each a solitary free cell [germ-
cell) at its base. Somehow, probably by the agency of water, one or more spermatozoids finds
its way into the archegonium, and fertilizes the free cell at its base. The free cell forthwith
begins to send rootlets downwards and astern upwards, and becomes a Fern, the prothallium
thereon withering away. To observe these parts and processes requires a good microscope ;
but the production of the prothallium may be easily observed by causing spores to germinate
on damp earth under a tumbler.

Of the 120 Ferns described here, 104 were in the ‘ New Zealand Flora,’ of the rest 3 were
there considered as varieties or not properly discriminated, and the rest are new discoveries or
additions from Lord Auckland’s and Kermadec Islands. Of the whole number, 45 species and
1 genus are peculiar to the islands, 60 are common to Australia and Tasmania, and 9 to
Britain. I have followed the ‘ Species Filicum ’ throughout in the sequence of the genera
and species, as well as in the difficult matter of their limitation, feeling satisfied that it is, on
the whole, far the best hitherto proposed.

I have given two Keys to guide the student to the determination of the genera of this
very difficult Order. The most important characters of the natural arrangement are derived
from the form and markings of the minute capsules, which cannot be detected without a
strong lens and some practice.

1. ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA.

1. Fructification on a long stipes, apart from leaf-like portion of the frond : — Tribe VIII.
Ophioglossea:.

2. Fructification forming distichous spikelets which terminate the fronds or project from
their surface: — Tribe VI. Schizasaceas.

3. Fructification on the back or edges of the frond.

a. Fructification of hard 2-valved bodies which open by parallel slits on the inner faces ot
the valves : — 29, Marattia.

fi. Fructification of minute, reticulated, sessile or stalked capsules, collected into clusters
(sort) of various shapes, bursting vertically or transversely.

§ Capsule- bearing fronds differing from the barren:— 16, Lomaria ; Polypodium ra-
pes tre, Doodia caudata.

§§ Fronds all similar.

f Sori dorsal. Receptacle elevated. Usually tree-ferns :— Tribe II. Cyatheaceai.

ft Stem not arboreous. Frond with whorled or dichotomous branches, with buds in the
axils: — 1. Gleichenia.

ttf Stem not arboreous. Receptacle not elevated. Frond simple or pinnately or pin-
natifidly' branched.

X Sori marginal, covered with an involucre. Capsules sessile on a long receptacle, with
an oblique or horizontal ring : — Tribe III. Hymenophylleas.

XX Sori marginal, covered with an involucre. Capsule stalked, with a vertical dorsal
ring: — 10,Lindsa?a; 11, Adiantum; 12, Hypolepis ; 13, Cheilanthes ; 14, Pkllaja ;
15, Pteris; various species of 19, Asplenium; 24, Nothochlasna.

JtJ Sori distant from the margin of the frond, globose or puuctiform : — 8, Cystopteris;
9, Davallia; 19, Aspidium; 20, Nephrodium ; 21, Nephrolepis ; 22, Polypodium.

Jt+t Sori distant from the margin of the frond, linear or oblong: — (1) Involucrate: 17,
Doodia ; 18, Asplenium. (2) Involucres 0: 22, Polypodium Qrammitides , var.
australis; 23, Gymnogramme ; 24, Nothochlasna.

KEY TO THE NATURAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA.

I. Capsules very minute, membranous, reticulated, bursting by an irregular
transverse or longitudinal fissure, collected in brown masses or sori on the
edge or back of the frond.

Tribe I. Gleicheniaceae. Capsules 1-6, sessile, bursting longitudinally , completely
girt by a transverse or oblique striated ring.

Rhizome creeping. Fronds rigid, coriaceous 1. Gleichenia.

346

I. FILICES.

Tribe II. Cyatheacese. Capsules numerous , sessile or stalked, forming a globose sorus,
placed on an elevated receptacle, often mixed with jointed hairs , bursting transversely,
half girt by a vertical striate ring. — Coriaceous Ferns ; trunks arborescent in the Few
Zealand species.

Involucre globose, first enclosing the capsules, then bursting irregu-

larly and leaving a cup with torn edges 2. Cyathea.

Involucre 0 3. Alsophila.

Involucre 2-valved, outer of the concave recurved tip of the frond,

the inner concave, placed on the tip of a vein 4. Dicksonia.

Tribe III. IZymenophyllaceae. Sori on the edges of the frond. Capsules sessile, on
a clavate or filiform, often very long receptacle, girt by a horizontal or oblique com-
plete striate ring. — Fronds usually very delicate, membranous, transparent ( coriaceous
and rigid in Loxsoma and Trichomanes Malingii). Involucre 2-valved, or urceolale

or campanulate ; veins very rarely branched in the segments.

Frond membranous. Involucres 2-valved 5. Hymenophyllum.

Frond usually membranous. Involucres tubular, urceolate or cam-
panulate, 21ipped 6. Trichomanes.

Frond coriaceous, opaque. Involucres urceolate, mouth truncate . 7. Loxsoma.

Tribe IV. Polypodiaceae. Sori on the edges or back of the frond. Capsules not
raised on an elevated receptacle, stalked, furbished with an incomplete, vertical, dorsal,
striate ring, bursting transversely where the ring is absent.

A. Sori covered with a more or less evident involucre.

§ 1. Sori globose, not on the edge of the frond. Involucre ovate or saccate, opening out-
wards. (§ 5, Aspidie.-e, differ in the involucre inserted by a point only.)

Involucre attached by its base to the middle of a vein, membranous 8. Cystopteris.
Involucre attached by its base aud sides to the tip of a vein . . 9. Dayallia.

§ 2. Sori linear or oblong, close to or upon the edge of the frond.

Involucre opening outwards 10. LtndS/EA.

§ 3. Sori linear or globose, on the edge of the frond. Involucre continuous with the edge
of the frond, opening inwards. (See some Asplenia, in § 4.)

Sori globose or oblong. Involucre reuiform, of different texture

from the frond 11. Adiantum.

Sori globose. Involucre formed of the green incurved tip of the

segment of the frond 12. IIypolepis.

Sori globose, confluent or linear. Involucre formed of the con-
tinuously indexed margin of the frond (see NothochLjEna, in B) 13. Cheilanthes.

Sori continuous. Involucre continuous round the pinnae, finally re-
curved. Frond simply pinnate 14. Pell^ea.

Sori and involucre as in Pell.ea, but the latter recurved. Frond

2- or 3-pinnate 15. Pteris.

Sori linear. Involucre as in Pteris, but sometimes intramarginal,

and fertile fronds different from the barren 16. Lomaria.

§ 4. Sori linear or oblong, distant from the margin, except in some Asplenia. Involucre
membranous, linear or oblong , opening towards the costa.

Sori parallel to the costa. Involucre attached to confluent veins . 17. Doodia.

Sori linear or oblong, usually oblique to the costa. Involucre mem-
branous, attached laterally to a free vein. (Sori marginal in much-
divided species.) 18. Asplenium.

§ 5. Sori globose, dislant from the margin. Involucre orbicular or reniform, attached

by a point.

Involucre orbicular, peltate. Frond compound 19. Aspidium.

Involucre reniform. Frond very compound 20. Nephrodium.

Involucre reuiform. Frond simply pinnate 21. Nephrolepis.

I. FIL1CES.

347

B. Sori naked, without any involucre.

Sori separate, globose, rarely oblong 22. Polypodium.

Sori linear or oblong, usually confluent, often in branching lines . 23. Gymnogramme.
Sori continuous near the margin, sometimes partially covered by

the recurved edge of the frond 24. Nothochl^na.

Tribe V. Osmundeae. Capsules much larger than in the preceding sections , distinct,
clustered on the back of the frond, forming irregular sori, voithout involucre, sessile or
shortly stalked, 2-valoed vertically, with a short, transversely striate, lateral or sub-

terminal areola.

Frond opaque, coriaceous 25. Todka.

Frond translucent, membranous 26. Leptopteris.

II. Capsules in spikelets or panicles, or confluent into lobed or many-celled

masses.

Tribe VI. Sehizaeacese. Capsules distichously arranged on spikelets , ovoid, sessile,
attached by their sides, with radiating stria from their crown.

Spikelets projecting from the margins of fertile flahellate pinnse.

Stipes scandent 27. Lygodium.

Spikelets distichous, pinnately arranged at the top of a simple stipes

or of the flattened branches of a flahellate frond 28. Schiz^ja.

Tribe VII. Capsules on the back of the pinna, very coriaceous, connate into a
2,-valved, oblong or linear lobed sons, with no ring or reticulations.

Fronds very large, 2-pinnate 29. Marattia.

Tribe VIII. Ophioglossese. Capsules globose, coriaceous, 2-valved, separate or con-
fluent in a spike, or on the branches of a compound panicle, which is borne on a stipes and

is apart from the frond. — Vernation not circinate.

Frond ovate, simple. Capsules on a simple terminal spike . . . 30. Ophioglossum.

Frond pinnate or 2- or 3-pinnate. Capsules on a pinnate, or 2- or

3-pinnately-branched panicle 31. Botrychium.

1. GLEICHEHIA, Smith.

Rhizome wiry, rigid, creeping. — 'Stipes erect, often tall and slender.
Frond dichotomously branched, with a terminal bud at each fork ; branches
sometimes whorled, simple forked or pinnate. Pinnae pinnatifid ; segments
flat or concave, sometimes so much so as to form an involucre. Sori of 1-6
sessile capsules, which burst longitudinally, and are girt by a complete ob-
lique ring.

A considerable tropical' and southern genus of Ferns, not found in Europe or temperate
North America, and only in subtropical and tropical Asia.

1. Sori on the tips of the veinlets. Ultimate lobules of pinna small, short, broad.

Lobules of frond flat or incurved. Sori exposed 1 . G. circinata.

Lobules of frond pouch-like. Sori concealed in the pouches . . . 2. G. dicarpa.

2. Sori on the middle or forks of the veinlets. Ultimate segments of pinnae linear.
Frond rigid, coriaceous ; segments entire, glaucous below . . . 3. Q-. Cunninghamii.

Frond membranous ; segments serrulate, not glaucous below . . . 4. G. flabellata.

1. G. circinata, Swartz.- — G. semivestita, Labill. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 5.
Rhizome slender, chaffy. Fronds erect, very slender, 1-3 ft. high, dichoto-
mously branched ; stipes very slender, brown, more or less hairy scaly and
chaffy or glabrous ; branches very narrow, 6-1 2 in. long, forked and pinnate.
Pinnae 1^—2 in. long, in- broad, uniformly pinnatifid to the base, the

lobules semicircular flat or incurved, shining above, not pouch-shaped as in

348

I. FILICES.

[ Gleichenia .

the following, green or glaucous below, glabrous or covered below with long
weak hairs ; rachis and costa often chatty when young, glabrate when old.
Capsules 1-4. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 3, t. 2 A; G. microphylla, Br.

Var. 0. hecistophylla. More chaffy ; rachis often woolly ; lobules of frond much in-
curved.— G. hecistophylla, A. Cunn. ; Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 4. t. 2 B.

Abundaut throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
Chatham Island, Bieffenbach. Equally abundant in Australia, Tasmania, New Caledonia,
and some of the Malayan and Pacific Islands. Youug specimens of this have been sent from
New Zealand as G. speluncce, Br. Mrs. Jones observes that the natives affirm that this
Fern is the first to appear after clearing the forest, and hence call it Matua Rarauhe (father
of Ferns). .

2. G. dicarpa, Br. ; — FI. A. Z. ii. 5. Rhizome slender, chaffy, and
woolly. Fronds erect, of the same habit and character as G. circinata, but
usually woolly, especially at the nodes, and the ultimate segments of the
frond are more coriaceous and pouch-shaped, being very convex above, and
presenting a small opening below, within which the capsules are seen. — Hook.
Sp. Fil. i. 3. t. 1 C ; Fil. Exot. t. 40.

Var. 0. alpina. Smaller, 3-10 in. high, stouter in proportion, more densely woolly and
chaffy. — G. alpina, Br. ; Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 2.

Northern Island : var. 0, Lake Taupo and mountainous districts of the interior,
Colenso. Middle Island : var. a aud 0, probably common throughout to Foveaux Straits,
Lyall.

3. G. Cunninghamii, Ileivard ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 6. t. 71. Rhizome
stout, creeping. Fronds stout, erect, 1-2 ft. high, stiff, dichotomously and
often proliferously branched. Stipes stout, pale, smooth, naked or covered
with membranous bullate scales that extend to the rachis and costa ; branches
stout, curving, 6-18 in. long, flabellate, forked, usually woolly at the base,
pinnate below, pinnatifid above, tips often caudate ; pinnules £-1 in. broad,
decurrent, linear, falcate, very coriaceous, -§■- § in. long, A- £ broad, flat or
with the margins recurved, quite entire, often glaucous and pilose below. Cap-
sules 2-6, usually exposed. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 6. t. 6 B.

Common throughout the Northern Island, Cunningham, etc. Middle Island : Can-
terbury, Travers. Stewart’s Island, Lyall.

4. G. flabellata, Br.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 6. Habit of G. Cunninghamii,
but taller, much more membranous, with often numerous tiers or whorls of
erect or ascending branches ; stipes, rachis, and branches without scales ;
pinnules glabrous or rarely pubescent below, serrulate towards the tip, green
on both surfaces. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 6 ; Fil. Exot. t. 71.

Northern Island : in shady woods, Bay of Islands, A. Cunningham, etc. Also a native
of New Caledonia, Australia, aud Tasmania.

G. Hermanni , Br. ( Polypodium dichotomum, Forst.), a common tropical plant, is erro-
neously introduced by Forster amongst his New' Zealand plants, as a native of arid moun-
tains. In his ‘ Esculent Plants ’ he states that the roots are roasted, pounded, and eaten
by the natives; the plant does not exist in his or in any other New Zealand Herbarium.

2- CYATHEA, Smith.

Tree-ferns in New Zealand. Fronds very large, 2- or 3-pinnate. Sori

Cyatliea.']

I. FI1ACES.

349

distant from the margin, globose, enclosed in a spherical involucre, which
bursts irregularly, leaving a cup all round, or shallow cup on one side. Cap-
sules crowded on a short club-shaped receptacle, half girt with an incom-
plete vertical striate ring.

A large temperate and tropical genus, unknown in the north temperate zone. I have
availed myself largely of Mr. Ralph’s notes (Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. iii. 163), in the descrip-
tions of the habit, etc., of the species.

Fronds white and glaucous below 1. C. dealbata.

Fronds not white nor glaucous below.

Frond 10-20 ft., coriaceous, costa glabrous above, tubercled below ;

fertile pinnae subpinnatifid 2. C. medullaris.

Frond coriaceous ; rachis glabrous above, woolly below ; fertile

pinnae entire, serrulate at the tip 3 . C. Milnei.

Frond 6-9 ft., flaccid, membranous ; costa strigose above ; fertile

pinnae subpinnatifid 4. C. Cunninghamii.

Frond 8-9 ft., coriaceous ; costa strigose above at the tips ; pinnae

falcate, coarsely toothed 5. C. Smithii.

1. C. dealbata, Swartz ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 7. Trunk slender, branched,
almost black, sometimes 40 ft. high. Fronds 8-10 or more, broadly oblong-
lanceolate, 8-12 ft. long, dark-green above, milk-white below, 2-pinnate ; stipes
and rachis slender, pale, smooth, when young clothed with brown subulate
scales ; primary divisions 1-1^ ft. long, rachis and midrib covered with pale
deciduous down ; secondary linear-lanceolate, 2-4 in. long, acuminate or cau-
date, pinnate below, pinnatifid above ; pinnules close-set, linear-oblong, ob-
tuse, serrate. Sori numerous, small, pale ; involucre membranous ; recep-
tacle pubescent. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 27 ; A. Rich. Flor. t. 10.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
“ Silver Tree-fern ” of the settlers. Also found iu Lord Howe’s Island.

2. C. medullaris, Swartz ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 7. Trunk very stout, 12-40
ft. high, 4-8 in circumference, conical and densely covered with matted
fibres below ; above marked with hexagonal scars of fallen fronds ; at the
top rough with the projecting bases of the old fronds. Fronds very nume-
rous, 30-40, 10-20 ft. long, erecto-patent, coriaceous, oblong- lanceolate, 3-
pinnate, lanceolate-oblong, deep green above, -pale below; stipes and rachis
stout, covered with scattered tubercles; secondary divisions 4-6 in. long,
sessile, linear, £- lx in. broad, acuminate, pinnate below, pinnatifid above,
glabrous or covered with small ciliate or jagged scales ; pinnules linear, fal-
cate, acute, \ in. long, XV" i broad, lobulate or subpinnatifid (barren and young-
broader and quite entire), lowest pinnatifid. Sori numerous, one on each
lobe of the pinnule, which is often recurved over it ; involucre cup-shaped,
split from the base. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 27 ; Polypodium medullare , Forst.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
“ Black Fern ” of the settlers. This differs from the Norfolk Island and Pacific island allied
species in the fertile pinnae being always lobulate, or almost pinnatifid. The thick mucila-
ginous pith was ouce an article of food with the natives.

3. C. Milnei, Hook. mss. Very similar to C. medullaris , but the
rachis is not tubercled, is woolly below, and the fertile pinnae are entire, x in.
long, i broad, serrulate at the tip only.

350

I. FILICES.

\Oyathea.

Kermadec Islands, Macgillivray. This I took for C. medullaris in the account of Ker-
madec Island plants, published in the Linnsean Journal, Bot. i. 128. Trunk 20-30 ft. high,
9 in. diam.

4. C. Cunninghamii, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. ii. 7. Trunk 12-20 ft.
high, fibrous at the base and for 5 ft. up, covered with the persistent bases of
the fronds. Fronds 20-30 in a crown, 6-9 ft. long, erecto-patent, flaccid,
3-pinnate, acuminate ; stipes and rachis slightly warted, pale-coloured, pubes-
cent and scaly as in C. medullaris ; costa strigose above ; rachis with linear,
warty scars on each side ; pinnules sessile, linear, pinnatifid, ^ in. long, ~ — i-
broad ; segments rounded, quite glabrous. Sori numerous ; involucres vari-
ously torn, sometimes irregularly from the top, at others from the base on one
side, turning over and forming a shallow cup, as in C. SmitJiii. — Hook. Ic. PI.
t. 9S5.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, Cunningham , etc.; east coast and interior, Colenso ;
Auckland, Sinclair; Port Nicholson, in dense forests, Ralphs. Very similar to C. medul-
laris, and perhaps only a variety of it, hut a much more delicate and flaccid plant, with
smaller pinnules and sori, and the rachis above usually covered with long brown hairs.

5. C. Smithii, HooJc.f. FI. N. Z. i. 8. t. 72. Trunk 20 ft. high, covered
with the ragged naked stipites of the old fronds, densely fibrous at the base.
Fronds 8-9 ft. long, lanceolate, not acuminate, 2-pinnate, bright pale green;
stipes stout, dark-coloured, covered at the base with stiff, subulate, dark-
brown scales 1-lf in. long ; rachis pale-coloured, quite glabrous and smooth,
except toward the ends of the segments, where these and the costa are strigose
above ; primary divisions 12-15 in. long, 4-5 broad, glabrous above except
the rachis and costa, pale beneath, secondary 2-2J in. long, pinnate below,
pinnatifid above ; pinnules linear-oblong, acute, falcate, coarsely toothed.
Sori on the forks of the veins ; involucre bursting from the base on one side,
turning over and forming a shallow cup.

Northern Island : mountainous districts in the east coast and interior, Colenso ; Welling-
ton, Sinclair, Ralphs, usually near streams. Middle Island : apparently common throughout.
The most common species at Otago ; trunk hard, close-grained, heavy, Buchanan. Mr.
Ealphs observes that the young involucre never covers the sorus, and that this is hence a true
Hemitelia, from which, however, it differs in habit and the narrow pinnules.

3. ALSOPHILA, Br.

Generally Tree-ferns. — Fronds very large, 2- or 3-pinnate. Sori distant
from the margin, differing from those of Cyathea only in the absence of an
involucre.

A large tropical genus, extending into Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand ; dis-
tinguished from Polypodium, by its usually arboreous habit and tumid receptacle.

1. A. Colensoi, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. ii. 8. t. 73. Trunk 4-5 ft. high
(according to Colenso sometimes absent) ; young parts covered with lax ful-
vous or red-brown hairs, and tumid, fimbriate, membranous scales, covering a
minute stellate pubescence. Fronds 2-4 ft. long, 2-pinnate ; stipes clothed
at the base with long subulate white scales ■§— | in. long ; rachis weak ; pri-
mary divisions 1 ft. long, 4 in. broad, lanceolate, acuminate ; pinnules l|-2
in. long, acuminate, deeply cut into oblong, obtuse, and obtusely-toothed
lobules. Sori numerous, prominent, on the middle of the veins.

AlsopJtila .]

I. FILICES.

351

Northern Island : Ruahiue range, Colenso. Middle Island : probably common
Southern Alps, Haast ; Otago, alt. 2000 ft., Sinclair, Hector, and Buchanan.

4. DICKSONIA, L’Heritier.

Trunk often arboreous.— Fronds large, 2- or 3-pinnate. Sori on the margin,
globose, enclosed in a 2-valved involucre ; inner valve of involucre coriaceous,
placed on the end of a vein ; outer formed of the recurved concave tooth of
the pinnule. Capsules on an elevated receptacle, half girt with an incom-
plete vertical striate ring.

■A large genus of Ferns, most abundant in humid south temperate climates.

Trunk black. Stipes tubercled, black. Sori numerous on each segment 1. D.squarrosa.
Trunk brown. Stipes smooth, pale, woolly at the base. Sori 4 or 5 on

each segment 2. B. antarctica.

Trunk short or 0. Stipes smooth, woolly at the base. Sori 6-10 on

each segment 3. D. lanata.

1. D. squarrosa, Swartz ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 9. Trunk 10-20 ft. high,
slender, quite black, covered with the persistent bases of the fronds. Fronds
few, 6-10 ft. long, young clothed with soft brown wool, rigidly coriaceous,
2- or 3-pinnate ; stipes stout, black, tubercled, covered with deciduous hairs
and chaff ; primary divisions 10-30 in. long, 4-6 broad, with long points ;
secondary often stipitate, 3-4 in. long, |~£ broad, linear, acuminate, fertile
narrower ; pinnules oblong, rigid, -j— | in. long, pungent, deeply toothed.
Sori numerous, large. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 68 ; Trichomanes squarrosum, Forst.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islauds, Banks and Solander, etc.

2. D. antarctica, Hr.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 10. Trunk 10-20 ft. high, stout,
1-2 ft. diam., covered with matted yellow-brown rootlets. Fronds few or
numerous, 6-10 ft. long, lanceolate, 2-pinnate, coriaceous : stipes smooth,
glabrous, pale-brown ; rachis and midribs clothed with spreading deciduous
hairs; primary divisions 10 in. long, 1|- broad, narrowed into long tips; pin-
nules sessile, f- 1 in. long, linear or narrow-oblong, acute, fertile pinnatifid,
barren lobulate ; segments oblong, acutely toothed. Sori about 4 on each
segment. — Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. t. 249 ; Hook, Sp. Fil. i. 66 ; D. Jibrosa,
Col. in Tasm. Journ. ; Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 68. t. 23 B.

Northern Island: Wairarapa valley, Te Waiite and Mohaka, Colenso. Middle Is-
land: Canterbury and Nelson, Tracer's ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. A most abundant
Fern in Tasmania and South Australia, attaining there 40 ft. in height, and 4 in diam.
Trunk used in building houses, Colenso, Buchanan.

3. D. lanata. Col. in Tasm. Journ.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 10. Trunk usually
stout or absent, rarely 4 ft. high. Fronds 1-7 ft. long, very coriaceous, broad
lanceolate or ovate, 2- or 3- pinnate; stipes smooth, towards the base clothed
with long soft yellowish or purplish silky hairs f in. long, upper part and
rachis glabrous; primary divisions 5-14 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate ; pinnules sessile, li-3^- in. long, linear, acuminate, fertile contracted
again pinnate, barren lobulate or pinnatifid ; segments short, oblong, obtuse
or pungent. Sori about 4 on each segment, covering the whole under sur-
face of the frond. — Hook. Sp. Fil. 69. t. 23 C.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, east coast, and interior, abundant in many places,
Cunningham, etc. Middle Island : Massacre Bay, Travers.

352

I. FILICES.

5. HYMENOPHYLLUM, Smith.

Bhizome very slender, wiry, creeping. — Fronds usually matted, small (i-10
in. long), pinnate or 2- or 3-pinnatifid, pale-green, pellucid, beautifully reti-
culated when magnified ; segments with 1 stout, never branched midrib. Sori
axillary or terminal, free or sunk in the segments, globose or oblong, enclosed
in a 2-valved membranous involucre, whose lips open outwards. Capsules
sessile on a stalked or filiform receptacle, depressed, girt by a complete hori-
zontal striate ring.

A very large tropical and temperate genus, of most beautiful small Perns. A few South
American species have simple frouds. The species inhabit forests, often clothing stumps and
trunks of trees.

I. Fronds glabrous; margins toothed or serrate.

Receptacle not exserted.

Frond pinnate, pinnse pinnatifid. Invol. smooth, supra-axillary,

valves jagged or toothed .. i ........ . 1. R. tunbridgense.

Frond pinnate, pinnae pinnatifid. Invol. free, smooth, supra-ax-
illary, valves quite entire 2. R. unilaterale.

Froud minute, pinnatifid. Iuvol. terminal, free, with toothed

backs and lips 3 . R. minimum.

Frond 2- or 3-pinnatifid. Invol. terminal, base sunk in the

frond, smooth ; lips quite entire 4. II. bivalve.

Receptacle exserted. Involucre free 5. H. multifidum.

II. Fronds glabrous, or setose only on the stipes, rachis and costa; margins neither toothed

nor ciliate.

Fronds pinnatifid, rarely pinnate below ; rachis and generally the stipes also winged.

Rhizome and stipes capillary. Frond pendulous, flat, membranous.

Invol. broad, flat, terminal, sunk in the frond 6. R. rarum.

Rhizome stout, bristly. Frond tall, broad. Invol. orbicular, free,

terminal 1. R. pulcherrimum.

Rhizome stout, glabrous. Frond tall, 3-piunatifid. Invol. orbicu-
lar, terminal, half sunk 8. R. dilatatum.

Frond 3-pinnatifid ; segments and wing of rachis crisped or waved.

Iuvol. ovate, free, terminal 9 . H. crispatum.

Frond 3-pinnatifid ; segments narrow, concave. Invol. ovate, free,

axillary 10. R. polyanthos.

Frond pinnate below. Stipes not winged. Rachis winged above only.

Stipes and rachis glabrous. Frond bright-green. Invol. small, ovate 11. H.demissum.

Stipes and rachis bristly. Frond dark-green. Invol. orbicular . 12. H. scabrum.

Stipes woolly at the base only and stipes glabrous. Frond pale,

glistening. Invol. small 13. H. fiabellatum.

III. Costa, margius and sometimes both surfaces of the fronds covered with stellate hairs.

Frond pendulous, opaque, clothed with red-brown stellate hairs . . 14. II. ceruginosum.

Frond pendulous, membranous, transparent ; margins and costa with

stellate hairs 15. H. Lyallii.

Froud rigid, erect, clothed with stellate hairs. See Trichomanes hlalingii, p. 356.

1. H. tunbridgense, Smith; — FI. N. Z. ii. 11. Small tufted or
matted, quite glabrous. Bhizome slender, wiry. Frond 1-3 in. high, ovate
or linear, pinnate below, pinnatifid above; segments close or distant, long or
short, spreading or decurved, toothed. Involucres supra-axillary, orbicular,
compressed, their base sunk in the segments (free in var. /3), lips spinulose
or toothed. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 95.

Hymenophyllum.-]

I. FILICES.

353

Var. /3. cupressiforme. Frond longer, narrower, more rigid, erect; segments remote, de-
curved, very narrow. Involucres free. — II. cupressiforme, Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. t. 250.
f . 2 ; H. revolutum , Col.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, abundant, on rocks and trees. Lord
Auckland’s group, J. D. H. A very common Fern in most humid parts of the globe,
and found in England.

2. H. unilaterale, Willdenow ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 11. So closely allied to
H. tunbridgen.se, that the entire lips of the involucre often alone distinguish
it; but usually a narrow plant with denser cellular tissue, more like var. /?.
cupressiforme in habit and colour. — II. Wilsoni, Hook. Sp. Eil. i. 95 ; H.
novo-Zelandicum, Van den Bosch (a small form).

Northern Island : Ruahine range, etc., Colenso. Middle Island : common, Southern
Alps, Haast ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Also found in England and various other
parts of the world, often with II. tunbridgense, its real or supposed differeuces from which
have given rise to endless discussions.

3. H. minimum, A. Rich., FI. t. 14 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 12. Small,
matted, quite glabrous. Frond 1-2 in. high, broadly ovate, falcate or re-
curved, pinnatifid, pinnate below ; segments entire or cut into 2 or 3 linear,
obtuse, ciliate-toothed, concave, rigid lobes. Involucres terminal, free, sti-
pitate, obovate-cuneate ; valves spinulose at the back ; lips short, toothed.

Northern Island : on roots and stumps of trees, D’Urville, etc. Middle Island : Otago,
Hector and Buchanan. Lord Auckland's group, J. D. H., Bolton.

4. H. bivalve, Swartz; — FI. N. Z. ii. 12. Matted, quite glabrous.
Ehizomes stout, wiry, creeping. Fronds 2-8 in. high, rather rigid, broadly
ovate, 2- or 3-pinnatifid, often decurved, dark-green ; segments narrow, often
decurved, deeply toothed. Involucres terminal, broadly ovate, turgid, base
sunk in the frond, 2-fid to the middle, smooth ; lips quite entire ; receptacle
included. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 98. t. 35 ; H. spathulatum, Col. in Tasm. Joum. ;
Trichomanes bivalve, Forst. ; T. pacificurn, Hedw.

Northern Island: east coast and hilly regions of the interior, D’Urville, Colenso, etc.
Middle Island : abundant, Forster, etc.

5. H. multifidum, Swartz ,- — FI. N. Z. ii. 12. Very similar in size,
habit, and colour to H. bivalve, but usually more sharply toothed, rachis hardly
winged above. Involucres axillary, often decurved or pendulous, quite free,
large, urceolate or obovate, with the receptacle exserted. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 98 ;
Trichomanes midtifidum, Forst.

Throughout the islands, abundant, Banks and Solander , etc. Lord Auckland’s group
and Campbell’s Island, J. D. H., Bolton.

6. H. rarum, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 12. A very delicate, membranous,
matted, pendulous fern, glistening and pale-green, quite glabrous, margins
entire. Frond oblong or linear-oblong, 1-8 in. long, flat, flaccid, pinnatifid,
pinnate at the base ; stipes and rachis capillary ; segments short, broad, flat.
Involucres large, broad, compressed, ovate or rhomboid, sunk in the ends of
the segments; lips very short, broad, quite entire.- — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 101;
II. semi-bivalve, Hook, and Grev. ; H . fumarioides, Bory ; II . imbricatum. Col.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, clothiug the trunks of tree-
ferns. Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H., Bolton. Also common in Tasmania, Chili,
South Africa, and some parts of India.

VOL. I. 2 A

354

I. FILICES.

[. Hymenophyllum .

7. H. pulcherrimum, Col.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 13. t. 74. Tall, stout,
bright green, very handsome. Rhizome short, stout, clothed with stiff bris-
tles. Frond glabrous, 12-18 in. high, ovate or linear-oblong, 2- or 3-pin-
natifid ; stipes winged to the base ; segments linear, obtuse, membranous ;
ultimate alternate, margins entire. Involucres small, axillary or terminal, free,

2- lobed to the base; lips entire. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 103. t. 37.

Northern Island : mountains of the east coast and interior, Colenso. Middle Island :

abundant, often pendulous from trees, Lyall, etc.

8. H. dilatatum, Swartz ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 13. Large, tall, handsome,
bright-green. Rhizome long, stout, wiry, glabrous. Fronds 6-18 in. high,
erect or decurved, broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, quite glabrous, 3-pinnatifid,
stipes winged to the base ; segments ovate or lanceolate, often cuneate at the
base ; ultimate linear, often elongate, obtuse, margins quite entire. Invo-
lucres orbicular, terminal, sunk in the tips of the segments, deeply 2 -fid ;
lips entire. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 104; Trxchomanes dilatatum, Forst. ; Leptocio-
nium sororium, Presl.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Barks and Solan der , etc.
Lord Auckland's group, J. I). B . Also found in Java and the Fiji Islands.

9. H. crispatum, IFallich ; — Ft. N. Z. ii. 13. Tufted or matted, dull
green, crisped. Rhizome glabrous, wiry, creeping. Fronds erect or decurved,
glabrous, rather rigid, 2-8 in. high, 2- or 3-pinnatifid ; rachis with a broad
crisped wing ; pinnae cut into narrow linear, quite entire, crisped or waved,
rarely flat lobes YV in. broad. Involucres usually numerous, terminal, free,
ovate, turgid, broader than the segments, 2-valved to the base ; lips entire
or jagged. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 105 ; EL. flabellatum, Br. not Labill.; Il.jlex-
uosum, A. Cunn. ; II. atro-virens, Col.

Northern Island : in woods. Bay of Islands, etc., but not common, Logan, A. Cunning-
ham., etc. Middle Island: Canterbury, Tracers ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. An
abundant Tasmanian aud Indian fern.

10. H. polyanthos, Swartz. — Var. (3. sanguinolentum, Hook. Sp. Fil. i.
106; FI. N. Z. ii. 14. Matted, 2-6 in. high. Rhizome rather stout. Frond
rather rigid, opaque, reddish, erect or decurved, broad ovate or oblong, 2- or

3- pinnatifid ; stipes narrowly winged, glabrous or bristly ; rachis broadly
winged ; segments spreading or decurved, narrow linear, fiat or waved ; ulti-
mate short, quite entire ; midribs flexuous, stout, dark. Involucres numerous,
axillary and terminal, free, orbicular or ovate, broader than the segments, 2-
valved to the base ; lips obtuse, entire or jagged. — II. sanguinolentum, Swartz ;
H. villosum. Col.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
This fern has often strong peculiar odour when dry.

11. H. demissum, Swartz ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 14. Matted, forming large
bright-green tufts. Rhizome glabrous, wiry. Frond membranous, 4-10 in.
high, 3-4 broad, decurved deltoid or ovate-lanceolate, pinnate below, pin-
natifid above ; stipes rigid, glabrous, not winged ; rachis winged above only ;
segments ascending, 2- or 3-pinnatifid; lobes narrow, in. broad, often elon-
gate, quite entire. Involucres on the lateral segments, terminal, small, ovate,
convex, 2-valved to the base; lips quite entire. — Tricho manes, Forst.

Hymenophyllum.~\

I. FILICES.

355

Abundaut throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
Kermadec Islands, Macgillivray. Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. //.

12. H. scabrum, A. Rich. FI. t. 14./. 1 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 15. "Rhizome
stout. Frond rigid, 6-24 in. high, bright but dark-green, stout, erect or
curved, elongate ovate or deltoid ; stipes stout, not winged, covered with
stout bristles, as are the rachis and often midribs ; rachis winged above only ;
segments and involucres as in H. dilatatum, but the involucres are broader,
with generally toothed lips. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 110; Sphcerocionium glanduli-
ferum, Presl.

Northern Island, D’Urville ; Bay of Islands, A. Cunningham; east coast, Colenso.
Middle Island : Nelson and Canterbury, Travers , Haast ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan.

13. H. flabellatum, Labill. FI. Nov. Roll. t. 250. f. 1, not Brown ; —
FI. N. Z. ii. 15. Matted, densely clothing trunks of trees, with pale-green
glistening fronds. Rhizome rigid. Fronds imbricate, erect or decurved,
broadly ovate, or linear elongate, 2-6 in. long, pinnate below, pinnatifid above ;
stipes rigid, not winged, woolly at the base, glabrous above; segments 2-
pinnatifid, flabellate, broadly cuneate at the base, glabrous ; lobes linear,
quite entire. Involucres small, terminal on lateral segments, orbicular or
oblong; lips entire or toothed. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. Ill ; H. nitens, Br. ; H.
Rookeri, Yan den Bosch.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander , etc.
Lord Auckland’s group, Bolton. Also found in the Philippine Islands.

14. H. aeruginosum, Carmichael; — FI. N. Z. ii. 15. Rhizome fili-
form. Fronds pendulous, ovate or long and linear, 3-10 in. long; pinnate
below, pinnatifid above, red-brown when dry from the copious stellate hairs ;
stipes filiform, not winged ; segments short, linear or ovate, 2-pinnatifid,
quite entire ; lobes linear, approximate. Involucres terminal, orbicular or
broader than long, sunk in the frond ; lips short, pilose. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i.
94. t. 34 ; H. Franklinianum, Col.

Northern Island: Waikare lake, Colenso; Wellington {Mrs. Jones). Middle Is-
land : abundant iu subalpine forests, as far south as Dusky Bay, Menzies, etc. Also a native
of Juan Fernandez, Chiloe, and Tristan d’Aeunha.

15. H. Lyallii, Hook./., FI. N. Z. ii. 16. A small, pendulous species,
like R. rarum. Rhizome capillary. Frond £-2 in. long, orbicular or ob-
long, excessively membranous, pinnatifidly or digitately divided into linear
segments, which are quite entire, obtuse, with stellate hairs on the margins
and midrib. Involucres cuneate triangular or obcordate, sunk in the frond ;
lips concave, quite entire, retuse.

Middle Island : Thomson’s Sound, on trees, Lyall ; Otago, common in the sounds of
the west coast, on overhanging rocks, etc., Hector and Buchanan.

6. TRICHOMANES, Smith.

Rhizome tufted or creeping, stout or slender. — Fronds erect or pendulous,
usually small simple pinnate or 2- or 3-pinnatifid, pale or dark green, usually
pellucid, beautifully reticulated when magnified ; segments with one stout
simple or branched midrib. Sori axillary or terminal, enclosed in a campanu-
late or tubular, elongate, 2-lipped, free or sunk involucre, opening outwards.

2 A 2

356 i. filices. [ Trichomanes .

Capsules sessile on a filiform, elongate, often exserted receptacle, depressed,
girt by a complete horizontal striate ring.

A large tropical genus of ferns, of which one species is found in various damp insular and
mountain regions of the north temperate zone, and several in the south temperate.

Frond glabrous, erect, simple, reniform 1. T. reniforme.

Frond glabrous, erect, lurid-green, much divided.

Frond lanceolate, pale-green, membranous 2. T. strictum.

Frond ovate or deltoid, dark green, rigid 3. T. elongatum.

Frond glabrous, pendulous, very delicate, membranous, divided.

Margin of frond thickened. Midrib simple 4. T. humile.

Margin of frond not thickened. Midrib simple 5 . T. Colensoi.

Margin of frond not thickened. Midrib branching 6. T. venosum.

Frond densely clothed with stellate down 7 • T. Malingii.

1. T. reniforme, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 16. Rhizome rigid, stout,
creeping. Fronds remote, rigid, erect, 4-8 in. high, dark green, transparent
when fresh, brown and horny when dry, reniform with a deep sinus, 2-4 in.
broad, slightly decurrent on the stout glabrous stipes ; veins repeatedly forked,
rarely reticulated. Involucres numerous, often crowded along the edge of
the frond, tubular or urceolate ; receptacles club-shaped, exserted. — liook.
Sp. Fil i. 115 ; Fil. Exot. t. 2.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
One of the most beautiful and singular ferns, confined to these islands.

2. T. strictum, Menzies ; — FI. N. Z. i. 17. Rhizome very short,
stout, sending out many rigid roots, with many fronds tufted at its top.
Fronds crowded, rigid, erect, dark green, 4-10 in. high, linear-oblong or lan-
ceolate, pinnate ; stipes stout, black, terete, slightly winged, with red-brown
shining bristles at the base ; pinnae lanceolate, ascending or recurved, 2- or 3-
pinnatifid or irregularly cut ; segments very narrow, obtuse or retuse ; midrib
stout, unbranched. Involucres erect, free, pedicelled ; receptacle included or
exserted. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 136 ; T. leptophyllum, A. Cunn. ; T. Cunniny-
hamii, Van den Bosch.

Northern Island : Hokianga, A. Cunningham. Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Menzies,
Hector and Buchanan ; Massacre Bay, Lyall, Travers. Probably the same as a Fiji
Island species.

3. T. elongatum, A. Cunn.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 17. Rhizome short, hori-
zontal, woody, with strong root-fibres and crowded ascending fronds. Fronds
4-10 in. high, rigid, erect, ovate or deltoid, 2-pinnate, lurid green, often
covered with mosses, etc. ; stipes rigid, stout, terete, not winged, slightly
hairy at the base ; pinnae imbricate, crowded, oblong-cuneate, inciso-pinnatifid ;
segments broad, acute or notched at the tip ; midrib stout, not branched.
Involucres very numerous, supra-axillary, crowded, cylindric ; lips short ; re-
ceptacles long, rigid, exserted.- — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 701 ; Sp. Fil. i. 134.

Abundant iu deep shaded woods throughout the Northern aud Middle Islands,
Banks and Solander , etc.

4. T. humile, Forst.; — FI. N.Z. ii. 16. Rhizome capillary, creeping.
Fronds pendulous, very pale, membranous, transparent, 1-4 in. long, linear-
oblong, 1- or 2-pinnatifid ; stipes slender, winged above; pinnae ascending,
pinnatifid or forked, quite entire, obtuse, glabrous, margin thickened ; midrib

Trichomanes .]

I. FILICES.

357

stout, unbranched. Involucres sunk in short lateral segments, urceolate,
shortly 2-lipped ; receptacle included or very long exserted, capillary. — Hook.
Sp. Fil. i. 123 ; T. Endlicherianum, Presl ; T. aureum , Yan den Bosch.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, on trunks of trees, etc.,
Banks and Colander, etc. Also found in the Pacific and West Indian and Philippine
Islands.

5. T. Colensoi, Hook. f. in 1c. Plant, t. 979 ; — Fl.N.Z. ii. 17. Rhi-
zome capillary, creeping, hairy. Fronds pendulous, quite glabrous, linear-
oblong, 1-3 in. long, 1- or 2-pinnate, dark green, very membranous ; stipes
and rachis filiform, glabrous ; pinnae 5-10 pairs, distant, shortly stipitate, pin-
nate below, pinnatifid above ; segments linear, quite entire, ^ in. broad,
acute ; margin not thickened ; midrib stout, not branched. Involucres soli-
tary at the base of the segments, free, erect, pedicelled, cylindric ; mouth
scarcely dilated; receptacle generally capillary, exserted.

Northern Island: dense forests, Waikare lake, Colenso. Middle Island : Nelson,
Travers ; Lake Wauaka, llaast.

6. T. venosum, Br.j—Fl. N. Z. ii. 17. Rhizome capillary, creeping,
glabrous. Fronds pendulous, quite glabrous, very membranous, shining,
transparent, linear, 2-5' in. long, pinnate. Stipes capillary, winged above ;
pinnae remote, broadly linear-oblong, cuneate at the base ; segments i in.
broad, obtuse or notched ; margin waved, not thickened ; midrib flexuose,
giving off veins alternately. Involucres at the upper edge of the base of the
pinnules, sunk in the frond or free, tubular or urceolate ; mouth dilated,
shortly 2-lipped ; receptacle often capillary and exserted.

Abuudant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands: clothing trunks of tree-
ferns, etc., Banks and Solander , etc. Also common in Tasmania and South-east Australia.

7. T. Malingii, Hook. Garden Ferns , t. 64. Rhizome slender, filiform
Frond 4-8 in. high, erect, rigid, narrow linear-oblong, 2-4-pinnate, red-brown
beneath, everywhere covered with pale-brown stellate pubescence ; stipes not
winged ; divisions all very narrow-linear, coriaceous, almost terete, obtuse,

in. diam., quite entire. Involucres subglobose, terminating the segments,
than which they are a little broader, rather turgid, concealed by the stellate
pubescence ; lips irregularly waved or crenate ; receptacle included.

Northern Island: Mount Egmout {Mrs. Jones), Middle Island: mountains be-
tween Blind Bay and Massacre or Golden Bay, Mating , Brunner ; Otago, Mount Cargill,
near Dunedin, alt. 2000 ft.. Hector and Buchanan. A very singular fern ; I follow Sir
W. Hooker in placing it in Trichomanes , though to me it appears most nearly related to
Hymenophyllum eeruginosum. For the fact of the Mount Egmont habitat I am indebted
to a letter from Mrs. Jones, who however does not state the tinder’s name.

The supposed Trichomanes , from Manakau Bay, alluded to at vol. ii. p. 18 of the ‘New
Zealand Flora,’ proves to be seedling fronds of Bolypodium tenellum.

7. LOXSOMA, Br.

Rhizome stout, woody. — Fronds erect, coriaceous, pinnate, opaque. Sori
marginal, euclosed in an urceolate coriaceous involucre, with a truncate mouth.
Capsules shortly pedicelled, club-shaped, crowded on a long columnar ex-
serted receptacle, mixed with jointed hairs, obliquely girt by an incomplete
striate ring, bursting longitudinally.

358

I. FIL1CES.

\_Loxsoma.

1. L. Cunninghamii, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 18. Rhizome covered with
long, carved, matted, red-brown hairs. Frond broadly triangular, 1-2 ft.
high, bright green above, usually glaucous below, 3-piunate ; stipes and
racliis glabrous, polished, channelled, pale brown ; pinnae ascending, lower
opposite ; secondary lanceolate, again pinnate or pinnatifid ; segments linear-
oblong, subacute, notched. Involucres in the notches of the segments, point-
ing backwards from the frond. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 86; Gen. Fil. t. 15;
Garden Ferns, t. 51.

Northern Island: in woods, rare ; Bay of Islands, at the falls of the Keri-Keri river,
Cunningham ; Wangarei river, Sinclair ; Waitemata, Mrs. Jones (fronds never glaucous be-
low) ; Coromandel, Mrs. Jones (fronds always white below). The only species of the genus,
not found elsewhere.

8. CYSTOPTERIS, Bernhardi.

Delicate, flaccid ferns. Rhizome short, creeping. — Fronds tufted, pinnate
or 2-pinnate. Veins pinnate and forked ; veinlets free. Sori small, globose,
on the back of the pinnules, inserted on the middle of a venule, distant
from the margin. Involucre very membranous, attached by a broad base to
the veinlet below the sorus, ovate or oblong, very convex, acute ; margin
jagged, at length reflexed. Capsules pedicelled, with a dorsal striate ring.

A small genus of ferns, natives of mountainous, cool, damp regions in the northern and
sou*hern hemispheres.

1. C. fragilis, Bernliardi. Fronds 3-6 in. high, lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, pale green, pinnate or 2-pinnate ; stipes slender, brittle, glabrous ;
rachis winged above, primary pinnae rather remote, oblong or lanceolate, sim-
ple or again pinnate ; pinnules incised and lobed, upper decurrent. — Hook.
Sp. Fil. i. 198; FI. Tasman, ii. 136. t. 166.

Northern Island : Mount Egmont, ranges ( Mrs. Jones). Middle Island : Wairau
and Kaikora mountains, alt., 3600 ft., Travers , Sinclair ; Southern Alps, alt. 3000 ft.,
Haast ; Otago, lake districts, Hector and Buchanan.

9. DAVALLIA, Smith.

Rhizome creeping in the New Zealand species, tufted in many others.
— Frond compound, rarely simple. Veins pinnate, simple or dichotomous.
Sori oblong or rounded, on or near the margin. Involucre coriaceous, super-
ficial, arising from the tip of a vein, its base and usually its sides too, adnate
to the surface of the frond, opening outwards. Capsules pedicelled, with a
dorsal striate ring.

A large tropical and subtropical genus, of often very handsome ferns.

1. D. novae-Zelandiae, Col.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 19. Rhizome creeping,
woody, hispid. Frond 3-24 in. high, 3-pinnate, ovate or oblong, acuminate;
stipes red-brown, polished, glabrous above, hispid below; rachis glabrous,
polished, sometimes hairy in the axils ; pinnae stipitate, linear-oblong, acumi-
nate ; secondary ones oblong-lanceolate, with pinnatifid incised tips ; ultimate
stipitate, \ in. long, sharply cut. Involucre orbicular or broadly ovate,
jagged, attached by a broad base. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 158. t. 152; Garden
Ferns, t. 51 ; Acrophorus hispidus, Moore?

Davallia.]

I. FILICES.

359

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, Cunningham ; east coast and interior, Colenso ;
Wellington, Stephenson, Jolliffe ; Port Nicholson, Lyall. Middle Island: Otago, com-
mon, Hector and Buchanan.

B. Lindleyi, Hook., alluded to at vol. ii. p. 18, of the ‘ New Zealand Flora,’ proves to
be a Fiji Island plant, erroneously supposed to have been sent from New Zealand.

10. LINDSJIA, Dryander.

Rhizome tufted or creeping. — Frond usually compound, coriaceous. Veins
free or anastomosing. Son linear, parallel with and close to the margin, con-
tinuous or interrupted. Involucre of two valves, opening outwards, the upper
being the margin of the frond, the lower membranous and rising from the
tips of the veins.

A large tropical and subtropical genus.

Frond linear, pinnate 1. L. linearis.

Frond lanceolate, 1-3-pinnate 2. L. trichcmanoides .

1. L. linearis, Swartz; — FI. N. Z. ii. 19. Rhizome stout, creeping,
scaly. Fronds distant, erect, 2-18 in. high, linear, pinnate, coriaceous,
bright green ; stipes and rachis stout, glabrous, purplish ; pinnae distant, £
in. broad, cuneate or fan-shaped ; margins entire or crenate, revolute when
dry. Sori nearly continuous. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 206.

Common in rocky and stony places throughout the Northern and Middle Islands.
Also abun: aut in temperate Australia and Tasmania.

2. Ij. trichomanoides, Dryander — FI. N. Z. ii. 19. Rhizome creep-
ing, chaffy. Fronds tufted, erect, 2-4 in. high, ovate or linear-oblong,
pinnate or 2- or 3-pinnate ; stipes and rachis stiff, 3-gonous, polislied, the
former scaly at the base ; pinnae distant, rarely simple, oblong-lanceolate,
usually pinnatifid or again pinnate ; segments or ultimate pinnae in.
long, cuneate, rounded in fruit, with a deep continuous intramarginal sorus.

Var. a. Frond 2- or 3-pinnate. — L. trichomanoides , Dryander, — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 218 ;
L. viridis, Col. ; Adiantum cuneatum, Forst.

Var. /8. Lessoni. Frond pinnate or 2-pinuate below ; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, en-
tire lobed or pinnatifid. — L. Lessoni, Bory, in Duperrey, Voy. 287. t. 37. f. 2.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands : in woods. Also found in
Tasmania.

11. ADIANTUM, Linn.

Rhizome creeping. — Fronds usually tufted and very compound, with the
pinnae on slender stalks, membranous or coriaceous. Veins simple forked or
netted. Sori marginal, rounded or oblong and parallel to the margin. Invo-
lucre of the reflexed, often kidney-shaped, white or dark margins of the
frond, opening inwards, its surface veined, the veins continuous with those of
the pinnae.

A very large tropical and temperate genus of ferns, known as “ Maidenhair.”

Sori situated in the deep notches or crenatures of the pinnules.

Frond pedate. Rachis hispid. Pinnules coriaceous, striate, hispid . 1 . A. hispidulum.

Rachis glabrous, polished. Pinnules membranous, sparingly setulose

above 2. A. affine.

Rachis slender, glabrous, polished. Pinnules membranous, glabrous,

orbicular 3. A. tzihiopicum.

360

I. FILICES.

[. Adiantum .

Sori situated on the lobules or teeth of the pinnules.

Rachis pubescent above. Piunules rigid, glabrous 4. A.formosum.

Rachis glabrous. Pinnules rigid, glabrous, minutely rough below . 5. A. Cunninghamii.

Rachis pubescent above. Pinnules rigid, hirsute or setulose below . 6. A.fulvum.

1. A. hispidulum, Swartz; — FI. N. Z. ii. 20. Frond broad, often

2- partite, 6-12 in. long, broadly fan-shaped or pedate, 2- or 3-pinnate ;
stipes dark -brown, shining, scabrid, 3-10 in. high; rachis hispid; branches
spreading and rather recurved ; pinnules stipitate, coriaceous, olive-green,
striate, hispid, obliquely oblong, obtuse, often serrulate or acutely toothed,
cuneate at the base, | in. long. Sori numerous, on the upper margins of
the pinnules, situated in the notches, red-brown, orbicular. — Hook. Sp. Fil.
ii. 31 ; A. pitbescens, Schkuhr ; A. pedutum, Forst., not Linn.

Northern Island: common from the Bay of Islauds to Cook’s Straits. Kermadec
Islands, Macgillivray. Also found in India, Africa, Australia, and the Pacific islands.

2. A. afSne, Willdenow ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 20. Frond oblong or ovate in
Outline, pinnate or 2- or 3-pinnate, membranous, flaccid, sparingly branched ;
stipes 6-8 in. high and rachis slender, glabrous, polished, black; pinnules sti-
pitate, -i-f in. long, dimidiate-oblong, falcate, truncate at the tip, crenate on
the upper margin, dark green, with a few scattered hairs on the upper surface.
Sori few, scattered, in the notches of the fronds ; involucre reniform or
truncate, pale. — Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 32 ; A. trapeziforme, Forst. ; A. setu-
losum , J. Smith.

Northern and Middle Islands: common, Forster, etc. Also found in Norfolk
Island.

3. A. aethiopicum, Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 21. Rhizome tufted. Frond
oblong in outline, 1-3 in. broad, pale green or yellowish, flaccid, membranous,

3- or 4-pinnate ; stipes 4-10 in. high, slender and with the almost capillary
flexuous rachis black, glabrous, polished ; pinnules stipitate, orbicular, per-
fectly glabrous, with cuneate bases, 1 in. broad, upper margin lobed. Sori
2-6, in the notches ; involucre rather large, reniform or transversely oblong,
pale. — Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 37. t. 77 A; A. assimile, Swartz; A. trujonum,
Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. t. 248, f. 2.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
Easily distinguished by its tufted rhizome, very slender glabrous habit, and rounded mem-
branous pinnse. A common fern in Australia, Tasmania, and many tropical countries.

4. A. formosum, Br.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 21. Frond broad, deltoid, 4-
pinuate or decompound, primary branches remote ; stipes 1-3 ft. high, stout,
scabrid, shining, black ; rachis flexuose, pubescent on the upper surface,
shining and glabrous below ; pinnules small, stipitate, f in. long, rigid,
glabrous, oblong or obliquely rhomboid, obtuse, cuneate at the base, upper
and outer margin creuate and toothed with retuse lobules, lower margin
straight or arched. Sori upon the lobules or teeth of the pinnules ; invo-
lucres transversely elongate, narrow. — Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 51, t. 86 B.

Northern Island; banks of the Manganaitaka river, Colensn ; Kaipara and Wangarei
(Mrs. Jones). A native also of New South Wales and the Pacific islands.

5. A. Cunninghamii, Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 52. t. 86 A ; — FI. N. Z. ii.
21. Rhizome creeping, scaly. Frond sparingly irregularly branched, deltoid

Adiantum.']

I. F1L1CES.

3G1

in outline, 3- or 3-pinnate, rarely pinnate ; stipes 6-10 in. high, minutely
scabrid below, smooth above, polished, black, as is the glabrous rachis ; pin-
nules few, stipitate, % in. long, rigid, glabrous, often glaucous below or mi-
nutely roughened, obliquely oblong, obtuse, upper and outer margin crenate
or lobed, lower margin entire. Sori numerous, small ; involucre upon the
lobes, reniform or suborbicular, with a narrow sinus. — A. formosum, A. Rich. ;
A. Cunn., not of Brown.

Northern and Middle Islands : common, Banks and Solander, etc. Specimens
growing in dense woods have sometimes variously lobed pinnules.

6. A. fulvum, Raoul; — FI. N. Z. i. 33. Rhizome stout, creeping,
scaly. Frond 1-3^ ft. high, olive green, ovate-deltoid, sub-pedately 3- or 4-
pinnate; stipes scabrous, black; rachis scabrous, strigose above ; pinnules hard,
coriaceous, glabrous above, with strigose stalks, hirsute or setulose below,
obliquely dimidiate-oblong or subfalcate, obtuse, lobulate. Sori on the
lobules, numerous, rather large; involucres orbicular-cordate. — Hook. Sp.
Fil. ii. 53. t. 85 A.

Northern aud Middle Islands : rather common in dry woods, Raoul, etc. The co-
riaceous hispid pinnules and larger sori distinguish this at once from A .formosum ; and the
ramification and sori on the lobules from A. liispidum, which it approaches very closely.

13. HYPOLEPIS, Bernhardi.

Rhizome stout, creeping. — Fronds usually large, 3-4-pinnate, often glan-
dular-pubescent ; veins forked, free, never netted. Sori globose, near the
margin, on the tips of the veins, not confluent, covered more or less com-
pletely by an incurved tooth of the frond, which forms a spurious involucre.

This genus is, I think, only a section of Roly-podium , the so-called involucre being merely
the incurved tip of the segment on which the sorus is placed. In proof of this, the E. tenui-
folia may be seen to pass directly into Polypodium rugulosum. As, however, these genera
are kept distinct by all authors, I have retained Eypolepis. The following species mav

prove forms of one or two at the most.

Frond 2-5 ft., deltoid, 3- or 4-pinnate, glandular. Rhizome scaly . 1. E . tenuifolia.

Frond 6-12 in., deltoid, 3-pinnate, glabrate. Rhizome naked . . . 2. H. Millefolium.

Frond 6-18 in., rigid, ovate-elongate, glabrous. Rhizome scaly and

woolly j 3. E. distans.

1. H. tenuifolia, Bernhardi ; — FI. N.Z. ii. 33. Rhizome long, stout,
creeping, scaly. Frond large, sometimes 3 ft. broad, deltoid, glandular-
pubescent or glabrate, rather membranous or coriaceous, pale or dark green,
3- or 4-pinnate ; stipes 1-3 ft. high, stout, erect, brown, scabrid or pubes-
cent ; rachis glandular-pubescent, rarely glabrous ; primary brandies spread-
ing, ovate or oblong, acuminate, secondary and tertiary more lanceolate ;
pinnules sessile, linear-oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid, segments oblong, obtuse,
crenate-toothed, the teeth forming reniform involucres. — Hook. Sp. Fil. ii.
60. t. 19 ; Cheilanlhes arborescens, Swartz ; C. pellucida, Colenso ; C. ambigua,
A. Rich. ; C. dicksonioides, Endlicher ; Lonchitis tenuifolia , Forst.

Northern and Middle Islands, abundant : Banks and Solander, etc. Kermadec
Islands, Macgillivray. A common Australian and Tasmanian fern, found also in many other
parts of the world. Forster erroneously described it as arborescent.

3. H. Millefolium, Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 68. t. 95 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 33.

362

I. FILICES.

[Ilypolepis.

Rhizome slender, creeping, not scaly. Frond 8-16 in. long, glabrate,
broadly ovate or deltoid, 3-pinnate ; stipes and rachis sparingly glandular and
pilose, pale; primary branches few, ovate or lanceolate, secondary f in. long,
shortly stipitate, linear-oblong, obtuse, tertiary also stipitate and similar, pin-
natifid or tabulate, the segments crenate. Sori solitary on the lobes or cre-
natures of the piunules.

Northern Island : shady places, top of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso. Middle
Island: Nelson, Lake Rotuiti, Munro ; Southern Alps, Sinclair and Haast ; Otago, Lind-
say. This approaches very closely some forms of Polypodium, rugulosum.

3. H. distans, Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 70. 1. 95 C FI. N. Z. ii. 23.
Rhizome rigid, dark-brown, scabrid and aculeate, woolly and covered with
scaly brown hairs. Frond 6-12 in. long, rigid, sparingly branched, 2-pin-
nate, linear-ovate, acuminate ; stipes 8-12 in. high, slender, and rachis red-
brown and rough with scattered small prickles ; primary branches distant,
opposite, narrow linear-lanceolate ; pinnules numerous, shortly stipitate, rather
distant, linear-oblong, obtuse, ^ in. long, glabrous, crenate lobed or pinna-
tifid. Sori minute.

Northern Island: near Cape Maria Van Diemen, Edyerley ; Hokianga, Hutt Valley,
and Tararua, Colenso ; Manakau Heads {Mrs. Jones). Middle Island : Canterbury, Tra-
vers ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan.

13. CHEILANTHES, Swartz.

Rhizome in the New Zealand species stout, short, scaly. — Fronds tufted,
rigid, erect, 2- or 3-pinnate. Veins forked free. Sori small, rounded, nu-
merous and close together, near the margins of the frond, terminating veins.
Involucres formed of the continuously indexed margin of the frond.

A considerable tropical and southern genus, chiefly distinguished from Hypolepis by the
margin of the frond being continuously inflexed, and forming one long involucre over many
sori. The only New Zealand species most closely resembles Nothochlana distans, but is
readily distinguished by its being glabrous.

1. C. tenuifolia, Swartz ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 23. — Var. Sieberi. — Rhi-
zome 1-2 in. long, very stout, covered with long silky scales and old stipites
of fronds. Fronds tufted, erect, linear-ovate or -oblong or deltoid, quite
glabrous, coriaceous, contracted ; stipes erect, 2-8 in. high, and rachis stout,
brown, smooth, and shining or slightly hairy below ; primary branches dis-
tant, erect ; pinnules small, scattered, ovate- or linear-oblong, lobed or pinna-
tifid, lobes obtuse or obtusely crenate, all soriferous. Sori sometimes so
close as to be almost continuous and cover the back of the pinnules. — Hook.
Sp. Fil. ii. 82 ; C. Sieberi, Kunze; Pterh humilis, Forst.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, in stony and rocky places,
Banks and Solander, etc. A large state of this is a common and widely-dispersed fern in
the south hemisphere. The var. Sieberi is common in Australia.

14. PELLiEA, Link.

Rhizome usually creeping. — Fronds rather tufted, pinnate in the New
Zealand species, pedate and 2- or 3-pinnate in others. Veins pinnate, forked,
free, very obscure. Sori continuous round the edges of the pinnules. Involucre

Pelleea .]

I. FILICES.

63

more or less membranous, formed of or continuous with the edges of the
frond, opening inwards, continuous along the margin, at length recurved ex-
posing the sorus.

A considerable tropical and temperate genus.

Erect. Pinnules lanceolate, falcate, acute 1. P.falcata.

Decumbent or prostrate. Pinnules orbicular 2. P. rotnndifolia.

1. P. falcata, Br. — Pteris, FI. N. Z. ii. 24. Rhizome short, wiry,
rigid. Fronds tufted, 1-3 ft. high, rigid, erect, narrow-linear, pinnate ; stipes
black, hispid ; rachis scaly and villous ; pinnules quite glabrous, shortly sti-
pitate, linear-lanceolate or oblong, -f-1-l in. long, acute or mucronate, broadly
obliquely cuneate at the base, which is sometimes gibbous above ; veins very
obscure. Sori broad, continuous round the pinnule ; involucre very narrow.
— Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 135 ; P. seticaulis, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 207.

Northern Island : Auckland, Sinclair. Kermadec Islands, Macgillivray . Also found
in India, Tasmania, and Australia.

2. P. rotundifolia, Forst. ; — Pteris, FI. N. Z. ii. 24. Rhizome short,
wiry, rigid. Fronds tufted, rigid, generally decumbent or prostrate, very
narrow linear, 6-24 in. long, pinnate ; stipes and rachis hispid and scaly ;
pinnules broadly oblong or rounded, obtuse or mucronate, obliquely truncate
at the base, glabrous, dark green ; veins very obscure. Sori often in inter-
rupted lines. — Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 136 ; Fil. Exot. t. 48.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
Though, in its ordinary states, very unlike the preceding, intermediates occur.

15. PTERIS, Linn.

Rhizome usually creeping. — Fronds of various habit. Veins free forked
or netted. Sori continuous along the edge of the frond. Involucre scarious
or membranous, linear, continuous along the edge of the frond and confluent
with its incurved margin, not recurved with age.

One of the largest genera of ferns, found in all quarters of the globe.

§ 1. Eupteris. — j Fronds 2- or 3-pinnate. Veins forked, free.

Proud tall, rigid, glabrous or pubescent below. Pinnules decurrent. 1. P.aqnilina.

Prond tall, membranous, quite glabrous. Pinnules oblong, large . 2. P. tremula.

Frond rigid, glandular-pubescent. Pinnules minute 3. P. scaberula.

§ 2. Litobrochia. — Fronds 2- or 3-pinnate. Veins netted.

Prond coriaceous, glaucous below 4. P. incisa.

Frond membranous. Pinnules stipitate, coarsely serrate .... 5. P. macilenta.
Frond membranous. Pinnules serrate at the tips only 6. P. Endliclieriana.

1. P. aquilina, Linn., var. esculenta, FI. N. Z.ii. 25. Rhizome sub-
terranean, very stout, as thick as the thumb or more. Fronds solitary, some-
times 10 ft. high, 2-4 ft. broad, broad deltoid, 3- or 4-pinnate, rigid, coria-
ceous; stipes rigid, erect, grooved on one side, pale, glabrous, shining; branches
spreading ; pinnules linear, decurrent on the rachis, often hairy below ; costa
stout, often hairy ; veins forked, free. Sori continuous, often all round the
pinnule, and along their decurrent bases ; involucre coriaceous. — Hook. Sp.
Fil. ii. 196 ; P. esculenta, Forst.; Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. t. 244.

Abundant throughout the islands, from the Kermadec to Campbell's Island : cover-

364

I. F1LICES.

[Pier is.

ing the hillsides over extensive areas, Banks and Solander, etc. The var. esculenta, dis-
tinguished chiefly by the decurrent pinnules, is common in the south temperate zone ; the
ordinary state of the plant is found over all other parts of the world. Rhizomes formerly
roasted and eaten by the natives.

2. P. tremula, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 25. Frond 1-5 ft. high, rather
membranous, broadly deltoid, 2- or 3-pinnate or decompound, quite glabrous,
bright or pale-green ; stipes and rachis perfectly smooth and polished ; pri-
mary branches ascending ; pinnules 1-2 in. long, ^ broad, linear, obtuse,
sessile, decurrent, crenate, subacute ; costa shining ; veins forked, free ; fer-
tile pinnules entire, sometimes narrow-linear, with the involucres almost
meeting at the costa. — Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 174 ; P. affinis , A. Rich. ; P. tenuis,
A. Cunn. (form with narrow pinnules).

Abundant throughout the Northern and diddle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
Also frequent in Tasmania, Australia, and Chili.

3. P. scaberula, A. Rich. FI. 82. t. 11 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 25. Rhizome
stout, woody, hairy, and often scaly. Fronds 6-18 in. high, rigid, erect, co-
riaceous, yellow-green, glandular-pubescent or glabrate, ovate or linear-oblong,
2- or 3-pinnate; stipes and rachis stout, yellow-red, glandular-pubescent and
scabrid ; primary branches linear-lanceolate, stipitate ; pinnules very small,
TV~ i in. long, substipitate, elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong, crenate-serrate
or entire, acute or obtuse, sometimes auricled at the base. Sori generally
surrounding the whole pinnule. — Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 174. t. 93 A.

Abundant throughout the Northern and diddle Islands : generally in woods, Banks
and Solander, etc.

4. P. incisa, Thunberg. — P. vesper tilionis, Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. t. 245 ;
FI. N. Z. i. 26. Rhizome stout, glabrous. Fronds large, perfectly glabrous,
glaucous below, broadly deltoid, 2-4 ft. high, membranous or rather cori-
aceous, 2- or 3-pinnate (rarely pinnate) ; stipes and rachis stout, quite gla-
brous, pale, polished, often glaucous ; primary branches ovate-lanceolate ;
secondary linear-lanceolate, acute, often adnate at the base ; pinnules broad-
oblong or oblong-lauceolate, adnate or decurrent on the rachis, -§•- | in. long,
entire or obtusely lobed crenulate or pinnatifid ; costa stout, flexuose ; veins
netted towards their bases. — P. Brunoniana, Endl. ; P. montana, Colenso.

Abundant on skirts of woods throughout the Northern and diddle Islands, Banks
and Solander, etc. Iiord Auckland’s group, J. D. H. An Australian and Tasmanian
fern; also found in the East and West Indies, South Africa, Chili, and Brazil.

5. P. macilenta, A. Rich. Ft. t. 12 ; — Ft. N. Z. ii. 26. Fronds large,
tall, 1-5 ft. high, broadly deltoid, very membranous, flaccid, pale green, quite
glabrous, rarely puberulous below, 2-4-pinnate ; stipes and rachis quite
smooth, shining ; primary and secondary branches on long slender stalks ;
pinnules scattered ; the uppermost adnate and decurrent on the rachis ; lower
on slender stalks, ovate-oblong, acute, deeply coarsely toothed serrate or
lobed, especially towards the tip ; costa flexuous; veins forked, netted towards
their base only. Sori in the notches, broad.— Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 219.

Northern Island : abundant in shady woods. Middle Island : Canterbury, Ilaast.
One of the most beautiful of ferns, not found elsewhere.

6. P. Endliclieriana, Agardh. — P. comans, FI. N. Z. ii. 26 ; ? of Foist.

Pteris.']

I. FILICES.

3G5

Frond large, tall, 1-5 ft. high, broadly deltoid, membranous, flaccid, glabrous
or rarely puberulous, bright green, 2 -pinnate ; stipes and rachis glabrous, po-
lished ; primary branches ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; secondary narrower,
pinnatifid, sometimes caudate ; pinnules sessile, rarely stipitate, usually adnate
and decurrent on the stipes, l-l-§- in. long, linear-oblong or linear, lobed or
pinnatifid, the lobes serrate ; costa straight ; veins forked, netted at the base.
Sori continuous or interrupted. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 973.

Northern Island : abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. ; Waikate and Great Barrier
Island, Sinclair. Kermadec Islands, Macgillivray. Also found in Tasmania, Australia,
and Juan Fernandez. Closely allied to P. tremula , and best distinguished by the netted
veins. I suspect it to be only a variety of Forster’s P. comans.

16. LOMARIA, Willdenow.

Fronds usually tufted at the extremities of a stout prostrate or creeping
rhizome, erect, rarely alternate and pendulous, of two forms, the outer barren
or fertile at the base only, broader, the inner fertile narrower ; veins free, sim-
ple or forked. Sori linear, close to the margin, continuous round the pinnules
or lobes of the frond, often covering their whole lower surface. Involucre
sometimes very obscure, linear, scarious, opening inwards, close to the margin
and parallel to it, or continuous with it as in Pteris, sometimes reaching the
costa.

A large southern and tropical genus, chiefly distinguished from Pteris by the habit, and
the fertile fronds distinct from the barren.

a. Barren fronds pinnate. Pinnce much contracted at the base or stipitate.
Bhizome very long , climbing. Fronds alternate , pendulous ... 1. L. filiformis.

Rhizome prostrate or erect, short, stout. Fronds tufted, erect.

Fronds 1-4 ft., broad. Pinnules linear, very coriaceous .... 2. A. procera.

Fronds 8-18 in., very narrow. Pinnules many, oblong or rounded,

membranous. Stipes and rachis scaly 3. A. fluviatilis.

Frond 6-10 iu., narrow. Pinnules oval-oblong, membranous. Stipes

and rachis naked 4 . L. membranacea.

p. Barren fronds pinnatifid, or pinnate at the very base o.nly ; fertile pinnate. Pinnce

attached by a very broad base.

Rhizome wiry. Fronds 3-5 in., lanceolate. Pinnules oblong, mem-
branous, creuulate 5. L. pumila.

Rhizome stout. Frond deltoid. Pinnules falcate, coriaceous, lower

deflexed 6 . L. Vulcanica.

Rhizome short, stout, creeping. Frond pendulous, large, coriaceous.

Pinnules broad 1. L. elongata.

Rhizome short, stout, erect. Frond linear. Pinnules oblong, rounded,

membranous, green below 8 . L. lanceolata.

Rhizome short, stout, erect. Frond linear. Pinnules oblong, rounded,

coriaceous, brown below 9 . L. discolor.

Rhizome long, creeping, scaly. Fronds alternate, linear. Pinnules

coriaceous 10. L. attenuata.

Rhizome slender, creeping. Frond 2-12 in., linear, fertile longest.

Pinnules coriaceous, linear-oblong 11. A. alpina.

Rhizome very short. Frond 2-12 in., linear, fertile shortest. Pinnules

coriaceous, rounded or oblong 12. A. Banlcsii.

Rhizome very short. Frond 8-12 in., lyrate-pinnatitid. Pinnules

short, broad, membranous, black 13. A. nigra.

366

I. FILICES.

[ Lomaria .

y. Fronds 2-pinnate or 2-pinnatifid.

Rhizome erect, slender. Frond ovate-lanceolate 14. L. Fraseri.

1. L. filiformis, A. Cunn. — Stenochlmia heterornorplia , J. Smith ; — FI.
N. Z. ii. 46. Ehizome climbing lofty trees, stout, woody, covered with chaffy
scales. Fronds alternate, pendulous, 6-24 in. long, linear, pinnate ; stipes
rigid, often chaffy ; pinnules numerous, stipitate, jointed on to the rachis ; bar-
ren glabrous, coriaceous, 2-3 in. long, linear-lanceolate, falcate, finely crenu-
late or serrulate, rounded at the base, tapering to a long point, in young plants
small, membranous, orbicular or oblong, crenate or lobed ; costa stout ; veins
forked, free, parallel ; fertile pinnules filiform ; involucres very inconspicuous.
— Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 333. t. 149; L. propinqua, A. Cunn.; L. pimpinellce-
folia, Hook. f. in Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 412.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
A similar and perhaps identical species is found in the Fiji Islands ; a very remarkable plant,
differing in several points from the other Lomaria.

2. L. procera, Sprengel ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 27. Ehizome short, stout,
often woody. Fronds tall, rigid, very coriaceous, pinnate, 1-4 ft. high, ex-
tremely variable in stature and form ; stipes stout, short or long, chaffy and
scaly at the base ; rachis naked, or with a few scales ; barren pinnules 3-20
pairs, linear-oblong, lanceolate or ensiform, stipitate, or the upper adnate to
the rachis, acute acuminate or caudate, narrowed truncate or auricled at the
base, 2-12 in. long, minutely toothed ; costa naked or chaffy ; veins numerous;
lowest pinnule sometimes orbicular or cordate, uppermost sometimes elongate
and erect ; fertile pinnules narrower, on separate fronds, or on the bases of the
barren. — Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 22; Ic. Plant, t. 407, 408 ; L. latifolia, Colenso;
Stegania procera , Br. ; Blechnum procerum , Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. t. 247 ;
Parablechnum procerum, Presl ; Osmunda procera, Forst.

Var. a. Tall, robust, coriaceous ; barren pinnules obliquely truncate or cuneate at the base.

Var. /8. Tall, robust, coriaceous ; barren pinnules auricled at the base, often 1 ft. long.

Var. y. Tall, robust; barren pinnules narrowed at the base.

Var. S. FI. N. Z. ii. t. 75. Smaller, less coriaceous; pinnules few, barren truncate or
auricled at the base, upper adnate. — Hook. Garden Ferns, t. 53 ; Stegania minor , Br.

Abundant throughout the islands, from the Kermadec Islands to Campbell’s Island:
in all situations, generally in humid, often marshy. Found throughout the southern hemi-
sphere, and as far north as Mexico. One of the most variable of ferns ; the varieties enu-
merated keep their characters under cultivation.

3. L. fluviatilis, Sprengel; — FI. N. Z. ii. 28. Ehizome stout, often
woody, chaffy. Fronds tufted, slender, narrow-linear, 8-1 8 in. high, 1-2
broad, pinnate ; stipes chaffy at the base and often the rachis with long scales ;
pinnules numerous, barren ones rounded or linear-oblong, obtuse, waved or
crenate at the tip, li in. long, lower shortly stalked, upper adnate, upper-
most confluent; fertile pinnules narrow-linear, erect, obtuse, | in. long. — -
Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 34 ; L. rotundifolia, Eaoul, Choix, t. 2 B, and Colenso, in
Tasm. Phil. Journ. ; Stegania fluviatilis, Br.

Abuudant in hilly parts of the Northern, and throughout the Middle Island. Also
found in Tasmania and South-eastern Australia.

4. L. membranacea, Colenso. Ehizome very short, stout, with wiry
roots, scaly' at the top. Fronds tufted, erect, membranous, green, 6-10 in.

Lomaria .J

I. FILICES.

367

high, linear-lanceolate, pinnate, subflexuose ; stipes short, and rachis with-
out scales; barren pinnules oral-oblong, broadly adnate, not decurrent, obtuse,
dentate-serrate, uppermost confluent, lowermost suborbicular ; fertile fronds
longer than the barren, with a longer stipes, and remote, linear, sessile api-
culate pinnules, the lowest minute. — Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 35. t. 145.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, common, Colenso, etc.; Waiheki Island, Auckland,
JolHffe. Middle Island : Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Closely allied to L.ftuoiatUis.

5. L. pumila, Raoul, Choix, t. 2 A; — FI. N. Z. ii. 28. Rhizome slen-
der, creeping, with wiry roots, and chaffy fulvous scales at the tip. Fronds
tufted, membranous, lanceolate, rather obtuse, tapering to the base, 3-5 in.
long, barren pinnatifid ; stipes slender, chaffy at the base ; rachis slender, gla-
brous ; pinnules ovate or ovate-oblong, | in. long, obtuse, entire or subcre-
nate : fertile fronds with longer stipes, pinnate ; pinnules oblong, obtuse, mu-
cronate, more or less decurrent at the base. — Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 19.

Middle Island : Akaroa, Raoul.

6. L. vulcanica, Blume ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 29. Rhizome stout, woody,
often as thick as the wrist. Fronds tufted, coriaceous, 4-1 8 in. long, ovate-
lanceolate or deltoid, pinnatifid above, almost pinnate below ; stipes slender,
pale, crinite with blackish chaffy bristles at the base ; barren pinnules close-set,
1^-3 in. long, adnate by a broad base, lower decurved, falcate, acuminate,
rarely obtuse, margin thickened, entire or irregularly crenate, glabious or
pubescent on the rachis and costa ; fertile pinnules very narrow ; involucres
lacerate. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 969 ; Sp. Fil. iii. 13; L. dejlexa and deltoidea,
Colenso.

Northern Island 4 Tarawera, east coast, etc., Colenso Auckland, Sinclair ; Tarmaki,
etc. {Mrs. Jones). Middle Island: Nelson (Mrs. Jones ) : Otago, subalpine, Hector and
Buchanan. Also found in Tasmania, Java, and some of the Pacific Islands. Colenso sends
a small state with an enormous rhizome and small fronds (var. nana, Hook. Sp. Fil. 1. c.).

7. L. elongata, Blume ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 29. Rhizome short, creeping.
Fronds alternate, very coriaceous, glabrous, pendulous, 1-3 ft. long, smooth,
shining, dark-green, entire lobed or pinnatifid ; stipes stout, with a few large
scales, winged ; rachis broadly winged ; barren fronds pinnatifid ; pinnules few,
remote, 1-2 in. broad, 2-5 in. long, linear-lanceolate, falcate, acuminate, often
serrate at the tip, each decurrent and connate with the next below it ; veins
terminating in a depression within the margin ; fertile fronds pinnatifid ; pin-
nules very slender, 3-19 in. long. Involucre with torn edges. — Hook. Sp.
Fil. iii. 3. t. 143 ; L. Colensoi, Hook. f. in Ic. PI. t. 627, 628 ; L. hetero-
phgUa, Colenso.

Mountainous parts of the Northern Island-. Waikare lake, Colenso Port Nicholson,
Sinclair ; Mount Egmont (Mrs. Jones). Middle Island : Ship Cove, Lyall ; Otago, Hec-
tor and Buchanan. Also found iu Java, India, and the Malay and Pacific Islands.

8. L. lanceolata, Sprengel ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 29. Rhizome stout, erect
or ascending, sometimes 2 ft. high. Fronds tufted, erect, pale-green, 1-2 ft.
high, rather membranous, quite glabrous, narrow-linear or elongate, lanceo-
late, acuminate, narrowed below ; barren fronds pinnatifid or pinnate at the
very base ; stipes short, stout, with long black subulate scales at the base ;
rachis and costa quite glabrous ; pinnules of barren fronds numerous, close set,

368

I. FIL1CES.

*\_Lomaria.

oblong-lanceolate, subfalcate, obtuse acute or acuminate, quite entire or waved
or crenate, lower orbicular and sometimes distant ; fertile fronds shorter, with
distant linear, acute or acuminate pinnules. — Hook. Ic. PL t. 429 ; Sp. Fil.
iii. 11.

Abundaut throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, J. L. H. Also very common in
Tasmania, South-east Australia, some of the Pacific Islands; also in South America if, as
I believe, L. blechnoides, Bory, is the same plant.

9. L. discolor, Willdenow ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 30. Yery similar to L.
lanceolata, but usually larger, often 3 ft. high ; rhizome the same ; fronds
forming an elegant crown, red-brown below, coriaceous, the pinnules nar-
rower ; those of the fertile fronds are often leafy at the base. — Hook. Sp.
Fil. iii. 5; L. lanceolata , FI. Antarct. i. 110, not Sprengel; Onoclea nuda,
Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. t. 246 ; Osmunda discolor, Forst.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Lord Auckland’s group
and Campbell’s Island, J. J). H. Very common in South-east Australia and Tasmania.

10. L. attenuata, Willdenow. Rhizome long, creeping, stout, densely
clothed with chalfy, fulvous, shining scales. Fronds alternate, 1-2 ft. long,
coriaceous ; barren pinnatifid, pinnate at the very base, broadly lanceolate,
very attenuate below; stipes short, scaly; pinnules horizontal, close together,
with a narrow acute sinus, becoming gradually smaller downwards, acuminate
or truncate and emarginate, entire or subserrate ; fertile fronds with more re-
mote, linear, sessile, apiculate or acuminate pinnules.— Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 6.

Kermadec Islands, Macgillivray . Also found in Norfolk Island and in tropical coun-
tries of the Old and New 'World.

10. L. alpina, Sprengel; — FI. N. Z. ii. 30. Rhizome creeping, chaffy,
slender. Fronds tufted, coriaceous, quite glabrous, dark green, 2 in.-2 ft.
high, linear, | in. broad, pinnatifid or pinnate at the very base only,
narrowed above and below ; stipes and rachis stout, smooth, sometimes scaly
here and there ; pinnules of barren fronds very numerous, close, linear-oblong,
obtuse, sessile by a broad base ; fertile fronds longer than the barren, pinnate ;
pinnules remote, spreading or deflexed and curving upwards, linear, obtuse,
lower remote, rounded, often without sori. Involucre scarious. — Hook. Sp.
Fil. iii. 16 ; FI. Antarct. t. 150; L. linearis, Colenso.

Common in subalpine districts throughout the Northern and Middle Islands. Not
found hitherto in Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, though common in the
mountains of Tasmania, Chili, Fuegia, and the other antarctic islands.

12. La. Banksii, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. ii. 31. t. 76. /. 1. Rhizome pro-
strate, stout, woody, covered with matted fibres, chaffy at the ascending tip.
Fronds tufted, numerous, quite glabrous, coriaceous, 6-18 in. high, very
narrow-lanceolate, pinnatifid, the fertile shorter, pinnate ; stipes winged,
scaly at the base and rachis, very stout, naked ; pinnules numerous, close set,
half orbicular or very broadly oblong, rounded at the tip, quite entire, sessile
by a very broad base ; the lower decurrent and often forming a wing to the
stipes ; fertile pinnules shorter and narrower, spreading, curved or straight.

- — Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 17.

Common in dark woods, throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and

Lomaria .}

I. FILTCES.

369

Solander, etc. The very broad coriaceous pinnules, altogether adnate, b;st distinguish this.
A very similar and, I think, identical species, occurs in Chili.

13. L. nigra, Colenso ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 31. Rhizome short, indistinct.
Fronds tufted, small, 8-12 in. high, dark green, blackish and brittle when
dry, lanceolate, obtuse, quite glabrous, or pubescent below and on the mar-
gin, rather membranous ; stipes and rachis scaly ; barren fronds often lyrate-
pinnatifid or -pinnate; pinnules few, often interrupted, oblong, obtuse, sinuate-
crenate, upper usually largest, lobed, lower sometimes also large stalked and
deflexed ; fertile fronds pinnate; pinnules few, distant, suberect, narrow-linear,
tip subulate or apiculate, terminal often elongate. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 960 ;
Sp. Fil. iii. 35 ; Polybotrya nana, Fee, Acrost. t. 38. f. 1.

Northern Island : in dark moist woods, by watercourses, etc. ; east coast and interior,
Colenso , Sinclair , etc. Middle Island : Milford Haven and Bligh’s Sound, Lyall, Sector
and Buchanan.

14. L. Fraseri, A. Cunn. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 31. Rhizome slender, erect,
like that of a small tree-fern, sometimes 2-3 ft. high, as thick as the thumb,
black, covered with the bases of old stipes. Fronds tufted, very numerous at the
top of the rhizome, 8-18 in. high, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-pinnatifid, quite
glabrous, rather membranous ; stipes scaly at the base, quite glabrous, as is
the rachis, both are interruptedly winged, the wing sharply angled and lobed ;
primary branches 2-4 in. long, -| broad, tapering to a long point ; pinnules
crowded, linear-oblong, acute, quite entire or serrate ; fertile frond narrower
than the barren, sometimes 2-pinnate, caudate ; segments sometimes stipitate.
Involucres marginal, recurved.

Northern Island and northern parts of the Middle Island: Bay of Islands, Fraser ,
etc. ; Auckland, Sinclair ; Massacre Bay, Lyall. Not found except in New Zealand.

17. DOODIA, Br.

Fronds tufted on a very short rhizome, simply pinnate, erect or prostrate,
the inner often the most fertile. Veins free, simple or forked, uniting again
only where the sorus is placed. Sori oblong or reniform, distant from the
margin, parallel to the costa. Involucres of the same shape, membranous
or scarious, attached by one side to a transverse vein, opening towards the
costa.

A small genus, confined to the southern Pacific Islands, Australia, Java, and Ceylon. The
following species, I think, all pass into one another.

Fronds erect, pinnatifid in upper i-f. Pinnules 3-6 in 1. I). connexa.

Fronds erect, pinnatifid in upper 1 or J. Pinnules 1-2 in 2. L). media.

Frond usually decurved or prostrate, pinnate nearly to the top. Pinnules

in 3. B. caudata.

1. D. connexa, Kunze. Fronds tufted, 1-2 ft. high, erect, lanceolate,
rather membranous, pinnate below, pinnatifid above the middle or lower one-
third ; stipes stout, black ; rachis smooth, naked ; pinnules close-set, horizontal,
3-6 in. long, very narrow linear-lanceolate, attenuate at the tip, sharply ser-
rate, bright green, lowest truncate or auricled at the base. Sori in 1-3
series on each side the costa.-— Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 75.

Kerruadec Islands, Macgillivray. Also found in the Society and other Pacific groups.

VOL. I. 2 B

370

I. FILICES.

[Lomaria.

2. D. media, JBr. Rhizome short, stout, ascending. Fronds tufted,
6-12 in. high, suberect, lanceolate, rather rigid, pinnatifid above, pinnate below ;
stipes black, 3-5 in. long, with subulate scales at its base, sometimes scabrid ;
rachis smooth, naked ; pinnules close together, spreading, linear-oblong, obtuse,
upper decurrent at the base, lower auricled, uppermost generally elongate and
subcordate, all rigid, spinulose or toothed. Sori in one series. — Hook. Sp.
Fil. iii. 71 ; D. Kunthiana, Gaudichaud in Freycinet’s Yoy. t. 14.

Northern Island : on clay hills, etc., common. Very common in Australia, Norfolk Is-
land, and some of the Pacific Islands.

3. D. caudata, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 37, excl. synonyms. Very closely
allied to D. media , and probably a variety of it, but more flaccid, the fronds
often prostrate, pinnate nearly to the top, fertile more distinct from the
barren and longer. — Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 75 ; Exot. Flora, t. 25.

Northern Island: common, A. Cunningham , etc. The fragrant fern which occurs in
the Wellington Valley appears to he a variety of this. A common Australian and Tasmanian
fern.

18. ASPLENIUM, Linn.

Fronds tufted on a usually very short rhizome, or with no rhizome, usually
green, coriaceous, flaccid, pinnate 2- or 3-pinnate or decompound (never
entire in New Zealand) ; venation various. Sori linear or oblong, parallel to
and upon the veins, oblique with regard to the costa, distant from the margin,
except when the frond is decompound. Involucre membranous, of the same
form as the sorus, attached laterally to a vein, opening towards the costa.

One of the largest and the most difficult genera of ferns, because the fronds of many of
the species vary extremely from simple to decompound, and from almost membranous to
coriaceous, etc. None of the New Zealand species have quite simple fronds, nor have any
the double involucre of the Riplazium section. Of the species here described, numbers
4, 5, and 12 are quite distinct from one another and from all the others ; 6 and 7 pass
into one another, but not into others; 1, 2, and 3 pass into one another and into 8, 9, 10,
and 11, which together form a network of varieties, of which the characters given are those
of prevalent forms only ; thus there are only 5 universally separable forms in the Island.

A. Euasplenium. Veins free. Involucre flat.

a. Eronds pinnate, sometimes 2-pinnate below in 3. Sori several on each piuuule, not
close to the margin (see A. Hookerianum, in 0).

1. Rhizome stout or 0.

Erond 3 in.-3 ft., stout. Pinnules oblong, crenate or serrate. Sori

oblong or linear 1. A. obtusatum.

Frond 1-2 ft., very stout. Pinnules narrow-lanceolate, very cori-
aceous, serrate or pinnatifid. Sori short 2. A. scleroprium.

Frond 1-2 ft., stout. Pinnules oblong-lanceolate, serrate. Sori

linear, very long 3 .A. lucidum.

Frond 2-1 2 in., slender, ereet. Pinnules j in., shortly oblong or

obovate. Veins distant. Sori in 2 series 4. A. Trichomanes.

Frond 2-18 in., slender, prostrate, rooting at the naked tips. Pin-
nules rounded. Veins flabellate 5. A. flabellifolium.

2. Rhizome creeping , scaty, slender.

Frond 1-2 feet. Pinnules 2-4 in., lanceolate, caudate. Veins very

close-set 6. A. caudatum.

Asplenium.] i. filices. 371

Frond 1-2 ft. Pinnules 4-6 in., lanceolate, acuminate. Veins very

close-set 7- A. falcatum.

p. Fronds 2- or 3-pinnate, segments usually narrow. Sori generally 1 on each segment and

close to its margin.

Frond 4-12 in., erect, membranous, oblong, pinnate or 2-pinnate.

Pinnules stalked 8. A. HooJcerianum.

Frond flaccid, erect or pendulous, 1-3 ft., 2- or 3-pinnate, ovate-

lanceolate, often proliferous 9. A. bulbiferum.

Frond 3-5 in., stout, erect, ovate, acuminate. Pinnules sessile . . 10. A. Richardi.

Frond 1-2 ft., very coriaceous, ovate linear or lauceolate. Pinnules

very narrow, linear or lanceolate 11. A . flaccidum.

B. Athyrium. Fronds 2- or 3-pinnate. Veins forked. Involucre cylindric, often irregu-
larly torn, several on a segment.

Frond tall, very broad, deltoid, membranous 12. A. australe.

1. A. obtusatum, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 33. Rhizome short, thick,
woody. Fronds very coriaceous, 3 in.-3 ft. high, erect or pendulous, linear or
oblong-linear, pinnate ; stipes very stout, with shining lanceolate scarious scales
at its base ; rachis stout, compressed, margined, glabrous or with a few weak
hairs ; pinnules 1-4 in. long, stipitate, oblong or linear- or oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse or acute, truncate cuneate or rounded at the base, coarsely crenate or
serrate, uppermost confluent. Veins usually simple. Sori linear or oblong,
oblique. — Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 96; Fil. Exot. t. 46; Labill. FI. Nov. Holl.
t. 242.

Var. P. obliquum. Pinna; generally longer, more acute. Sori linear, more numerous.
A. obliquum , Forst. ; Labill. 1. c. t. 242. f. 1. A. apicidentatum , Homb. and Jacq. Voy. au
Pole Sud, Bot. t. 1 A.

Abundant, both varieties, throughout the islands, especially on maritime cliff's, from Ker-
madec Islands, Macgillivray , to Campbell’s Island, J. D. H. Common throughout
the south temperate zone.

2. A. scleroprium, Bomb, and Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, Bot. t. 1 D.
Very similar to A. obtusatum, but more thick and coriaceous, with narrow-
lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, entire serrate or almost pinnatifid pinnules.
Sori extending to the margins of the segments. — Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 98;
A. flaccidum, /3. auclclandicum, FI. Antarct. 109.

Lord Auckland's group : common in woods near the sea, Hombron and Jacquinot,
J. I). II., Bolton. This is a transition form between A. obtusatum or lucidum and A.
flaccidum.

3. A. lucidum, Forst.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 33. Habit and characters of
A. obtusatum, but larger, more flaccid, bright green, shining ; fronds some-
times 2 ft. long and broad ; pinnules usually oblong-lanceolate, serrate, often
6 in. long, upper base rounded incised or lobed. Sori numerous, linear, very
long. — Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 98.

Var. p. paucifolium. Dwarf; pinnules 3-7, terminal much elongate. Hook. 1. c. 99.

Var. y. Lyallii, FI. N. Z. ii. 33. t. 77. Lower pinnules again pinnate, the next deeply
lobed.

Abundant from Kermadec Islands, Macgillivray , to Otago, Banks and Solander, etc.
Var. y. Otago, Lyall. This passes on one hand into A. obtusatum, and on the other into
bulbiferum, through y. Lyallii, and into flaccidum through scleroprium, and others.

4. A. Trichomanes, Linn. Rhizome short, thick, fibrous. Fronds

2 b 2

372

I. FILICES.

\_Asplenium.

numerous, linear, erect, 3-12 in. long, pinnate ; stipes smooth, polished,
margined, black ; pinnules numerous, rather coriaceous, small, horizontal,
scarcely stalked, J in. long, oblong or obovate, obliquely cuneate at the
base, upper margin near the base rounded truncate or auricled, lower excised,
entire or crenate; veins distant oblique, usually forked. Sori oblique, in
2 series ; involucre pale brown, membranous, entire or jagged. — Hook. Sp.
Fil. iii. 136.

Middle Island: Kaikoras Mountains, Sinclair; Acheron valley, Travers; Canterbury,
Southern Alps, Sinclair and Haast ; Otago, lake district, Hector and Buchanan. A very
common fern throughout the northern temperate hemisphere ; also found in South Africa,
Australia, Tasmania, the Sandwich Islands, and the Andes of South America.

5. A. flabellifolium, Cavanilles ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 33. llhizorae 0.
Fronds tufted, flaccid, spreading decumbent or pendulous, often rooting at
the long tips, 4-18 in. long, linear, pinnate ; stipes and raehis smooth, naked
or with a few small black scales, slender, green ; pinnules numerous, very
variable, ^— | in. long, shortly stalked, bright green, orbicular or rhomboid,
cuneate or reniform at the base ; outer margin coarsely crenate or lobed ;
veins flabellate. Sori 3 or 4, radiating from the base of the pinnules ; invo-
lucre pale brown, membranous. — Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 146 ; A. Jlabelliforme,
Hook. Exot. Flora, t. 208.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banlcs and Solander, etc.,
on rocks and in stony places. Also frequent in Australia and Tasmania.

6. A. caudatum, Forst. Ehizome stout, terete, creeping. Fronds
broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 1-2 ft. long, very coriaceous, pinnate, pinna-
tifid towards the tip ; stipes below, and young raehis brown and clothed with
large, falcate, imbricate, subulate, shining scales ; pinnules rather remote, 2-4
in. long, stalked, lanceolate from an obliquely cuneate subrhomboid base, long-
acuminate, upper base rounded or auricled, lower more or less excised,
coarsely serrate or pinnatifid, lower serratures again cut ; veins erecto-pntent,
generally forked. Sori linear, long, almost parallel to the costa, often con-
fluent ; involucre firm and membranous. — Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 152 ; Schkuhr,
Filices, t. 77.

Kermadec Island, Macgillivruy . Also found in Australia, the Pacific and Malay Islands,
and India. Apparently a form of A. falcatum.

7. A. falcatum, Lamarck. — A. polyodon , Forst. FI. N. Z. ii. 34.
Ehizome creeping, clothed with large brown scales. Fronds lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, coriaceous, 8 in.-2 ft. long, erect, pinnate ; stipes long,
brown, and raehis villous with slender scales ; pinnules horizontal, long-stalked,
4-6 in. long, |-i in. broad, lanceolate, cuneate at the base, gradually nar-
rowed to an acuminate point, lobed or pinnatifid, upper base broader au-
ricled, lower excised; veins close, erecto-patent with forked branches. Sori
linear, numerous, giving a striate appearance to the pinnules ; involucre nar-
row, firm, membranous. — Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 160.

Common throughout the Northern Island, Banks and Solander , etc. A most abundant
fern in all tropical and warm south temperate latitudes, but not extending into Tasmania.
It passes into A. caudatum.

8. A. Hookerianum, Colenso. — A. adiantoides, var. a, FI. N. Z. ii.

Asplenium.~]

I. FILICES.

373

35. Rhizome short, fibrous. Frond 2-12 in. long, erect, oblong and pin-
nate or ovate and 2-pinnate, rather membranous ; stipes slender, pale brown,
with subulate scales at the base and narrower deciduous scales above ; pri-
mary pinnae 1-2 in. long, long stalked ; pinnules rhombeo-subrotund, stalked,

\ in. long, lobed toothed or pinnatifid ; veins subflabellate, dichotomous.
Son 3-5, oblong, on the disk of the pinnule ; iuvolucre membranous. —
Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 194; A. adiantoides, Raoul, Choix, t. 1, not of Raddi ;
Hook. Ic. PI. t. 983.

Var. B. Colensoi, Moore. Pinnules shortly stalked, deeply cut into narrow segments,
with the sori on their margins. — A. Adiantoides , B Colensoi, Hook. f. in Ic. PI. t. 984 ; A.
Colensoi, in Loud. Journ. Bot. iii. 26.

Northern Island : mountains of the east coast and interior, Colenso. Middle Island :
Nelson and Canterbury alps, Travers ; Akaroa, Raoul, Lyall ; Otago, Sector and Buchanan.
Var. p, Wairarapa valley, etc., Lyall, Colenso ; Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago, Sinclair ,
Travers, etc. This passes into A. Richardi and fiaccidum.

9. A. bulbiferum, Forst.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 197. Rhizome stout, hori-
zontal or oblique, scaly at the tip. Frauds flaccid, erect pendulous or de-
cimate, bright-green, thinly coriaceous, 1-3 ft. long, ovate-lanceolate, pinnato-
pinnatifid or 2- or 3-pinnate ; stipes green, semiterete or compressed, scaly
at the base and deciduously so above ; pinnules often proliferous, 6 in. long,
long-stalked, lanceolate, acuminate; segments 2 in. long, ovate-oblong,
pinnatifid. Sori on the disk of the more entire pinnules, and sides of the lobes
of the more cut ones, oblique, short, oblong ; involucre firm, greenish. —
Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 196; Ic. PI. t. 423; Homb. and Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud,
Crypt, t. 3.

Var. P. laxa. Fronds pendulous, decompound ; segments narrow. — Ccenopteris appendi-
culata. Lab iU. FI. Nov. Roll. t. 243 ; A. trisle ?, Raoul, Choix. ; A. laxum, Br. ; Homb. and
Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud, t. 3 bis.

Var. y. tripinnata. Fronds tripinnate, as in A. flaccidum, hut more membranous. — A.
tremulum, Homb. and Jacq. 1. c. t. 3 bis.

Abundant in damp woods throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, on the ground,
and on rocks and trees, Banks and Solander, etc. Also frequent in South-east Australia
and Tasmauia, and in some parts of Iudia; it is united by varieties with all the other spe-
cies of this section.

10. A. Richardi, Hook. f. FI. N. Z. ii. 197. Rhizome short, stout,
tipped with subulate scales. Fronds erect, 3-5 in. long, rather flaccid,
ovate, acuminate, 2-pinnate ; stipes stout ; pinnae stalked, 1-1 \ in. long,
close set, lanceolate ; pinnules crowded, sessile, ovate or obovate, obtuse,
-g— §■ in. long, pinnatifid ; segments obtuse, upper confluent ; veins one to each
segment, forked, thickened at the tip. Sori solitary, broad, oblong, close to
the margin of each segment ; involucre membranous. — Hook. Sp. Fil. iii.
197, excl. var. (3 ; A. adiantoides, var. Richardi, Hook. f. in Ic. PI. t. 977 ;
A. Raoidii, var. Richardi , Mettenius.

Middle Island: New River, Herb. A. Richard. A more erect plant than A.
Hookerianum, with an ovate frond, closer pinnae, and crowded sessile pinnules ; its habit
is that of erect states of A. flaccidum, but it is very much more membranous. I suspect,
however, that it is nothing but a form of one of these species. In the ‘ Species Fihcum ’ Sir
W. Hooker refers B Colensoi of A. Hookerianum to this, but is now disposed to keep it
where I had placed it ; some specimens of this var. B appear to me to be absolutely inter-
mediate.

374

I. FILICES.

[. Asplenium .

11. A. flacciclum, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 35. Rhizome stout, erect,
crowned with large, subulate-lanceolate, membranous scales. Fronds usually
pendulous, polymorphous, coriaceous, 6 in.-3 ft. long, generally greenish-
white when dry, lanceolate, acuminate, pinnate or 2 -pinnate ; stipes stout,
rather short, compressed or 3-gonous, scaly at the base ; rachis winged ;
lower primary branches of frond 4-10 in. long, lanceolate, often caudate,
stalked, pinnatifid or pinnate, middle branches pinnatiiid ; upper forked, or
all much divided into linear-oblong, slightly incurved obtuse pinnules
in. long; veins one in each segment. Sori oblong, near or on the very mar-
gins of the segments ; involucre firm. — Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 205 ; A. hetero-
phyllum, A. Rich. ; Ceenopteris jlaccida , Thunberg; Schkuhr, Fil. t. 82; C.
novce-Zelandice, Sprengel ; Darea Jlaccida , Smith.

Var. a. Fronds pendulous, 2-pinnatifid ; pinnae very narrow, distant, cut into deep
narrow lobes.

Var. /3. Fronds pendulous, pinnate; pinnae incised or toothed, lobes linear, obtuse.
Sori marginal.

Var. y. Fronds erect or pendulous, pinnate ; pinna; falcate-lobed. Sori dorsal or half-
dorsal. (Passing into A.scleroprium.)

Var. S. Fronds erect, rigid, deltoid, 2-pinnate; piuuse ovate or lanceolate; pinnules
shortly stipitate.

Var. e. Fronds 2-6 in., short, stout, ovate, 2- or 3-pinnate, like those of A. Richardi, but
very thick and coriaceous. (An alpiue form.)

Var. £ Fronds large, las, 3-piuuate. — A. Shuttleworthianum, Kimze; Flook. Sp. Fil.
iii. 210.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands : Banks and Solander, etc.
Lord Auckland's group, J. D. H. Var. e. Alpine districts of both Northern and
Middle Islands. Var. J Xermadec Islands, Macgillivrat/. Also a native of the more
humid parts of Australia and Tasmauia. Oue of the most variable ferns known.

12. A. arastrale, Braclcenridge. — A. Brownii, Smith, in FI. N. Z. ii. 36.
Rhizome very stout, creeping. Frond very large, broad, flaccid, membranous,
pale-green, 2-3 ft. high, broadly deltoid, spreading, 2- or 3-pinnate ; stipes
long, slender, smooth, polished, scaly at the base ; rachis slender, flexuous,
glabrous ; primary branches linear-oblong, acute or acuminate ; secondary pin-
nules 1-2 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, shortly stalked, pinnatifid or pinnate;
pinnules linear-oblong, obtuse, crenate or incised, rarely entire ; veins simple
or forked. Sori several on each segment, nearer the costa than the margin;
involucre cylindric, attached by both margins and bursting with a torn edge
down one side or the middle. — Hook. Sp. Fil. iii. 233; A. Brownii, Hook.
Ic. PI. t. 978 ; Allintodia australis and A. tenera , Br.

Northern Island : in damp woods frequent, Banks and Solander, etc. Middle
Island : Nelson, Travers. A very beautful fern, also found in Norfolk Island, iu South-
eastern Australia and Tasmania, and uuder a slightly different form in India, the Malay
Islands, Madeira, the Canaries, and various other parts of the world. Iu New Zealand this
species becomes smaller and coriaceous in exposed localities.

19. ASPIDITJM, Swartz.

Rhizomes slender or stout and creeping, or forming a short, very stout,
erect or inclined trank. — Fronds in the New Zealand species erect, 2- or
3-pinnate, alternate on the slender rhizome or tufted on the end of the short
trunk or stock ; venation various, simple and free in the New Zealand species.

Aspidium. ]

I. FJLICES.

375

Son on the back of the pinnae, distant from the margin, on the middle of a
vein, globose. Involucre orbicular, membranous, flat or convex, peltately at-
tached to the centre of the sorus.

One of the largest genera of ferns, found in all parts of the globe. The A. hispidum,
Swartz, is referred to the genus Nephrodium.

1. Rhizome short, stout, woody, and scaly. Fronds tufted. Involucre flat or concave.

Frond 2-pinnate, narrow, attenuate below. Scales on stipes large,

broad, membranous, mixed with hairs 1. A. aculeatum.

Frond rigid, 1- or 2-pinnate, oblong or ovate, not attenuate below.

Scales on stipes narrow, black, rigid. Involucre with dark disk . . 2. A. Ricliardi.

Frond rigid, 2-pinuate, not attenuate below. Scales ou stipes rigid,

black with white edges. Involucre with large black disk . . . . 3. A. oculatum.

Involucre very convex, lullate, subglobose.

Frond flaccid, narrow. Scales very large, pale, membranous .... 4. A. cystosteyia.

2. Rhizome creeling. Fronds rather membranous.

Frond 2-4 pinnate, deltoid. Pinnules aristate 5. A. aristatum.

Frond 2-4-pinnate, deltoid. Pinnules obtuse 6 .A. coriaceum.

Frond hispid with spreading bristles. (See Nephrodium hispidum.)

1. A. aculeatum, Swartz ; var. vestltum. Hook. — Polysticfonn ves-
titum, Presl ; — El. N. Z. ii. 38. Rhizome very stout, woody, erect or ascend-
ing, sometimes 2-4 ft. high. Fronds tufted, rather flaccid, forming a
spreading crown, 1-3 ft. high, coriaceous, linear or ovate-oblong, 2-pinnate,
gradually narrowed below, sometimes proliferous ; stipes stout, covered with
large, brown, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, often lacerate, straight
or curved scales, which are sometimes 1 in. long, and margined with white ;
rachis woolly with brown hairs, glabrate in age, and having a few scales also ;
primary divisions of frond very numerous, horizontal, linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate ; pinnules numerous, ovate-oblong, pungent, sharply toothed or pinnatifid,
segments shortly stipitate, pungent, lower outer margin auricled. Sori nu-
merous ; involucre orbicular, flat, stalked. — Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 22 ; A. pul-
clierrirnum and A. waiJcarense, Colenso ; A. venustum, Hombr. and Jacq.
Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. t. 4 and 5.

Abundant in the mountainous parts of the Northern Island, and throughout the
Middle to Campbell’s and M'Qnarrie’s Islands. Also very common in South-east
Australia, Tasmania, and Fuegia ; this differs a good deal from the prevalent European forms
of A. aculeatum, but is connected by innumerable intermediates.

2. A. Hichardi, Hook. — Polystichum aristatum, FI. N. Z. t. 78. f. 5,
not of Presl. Rhizome short, stout, scaly. Fronds 8 in. -2 ft. high, tufted,
rigid, ovate-oblong or almost deltoid, not narrowed below, 1- or 2-pinnate,
finely acuminate, glabrous or with white wmolly hairs below ; stipes and rachis
slender, rigid, rough with scattered, narrow, subulate, black, rigid, deciduous
scales, that have fimbriate bases ; primary branches patent or ascending, lan-
ceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid or again pinnate ; pinnules numerous,
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, serrate, pungent, sessile or stalked, glabrous or
woolly and scaly like the stipes below. Sori in 2 rows on each segment;
involucre flat, with a small dark disk.

Var. a. Frond broader, 3-piunate ; pinnules spreading. — A. coriaceum, var. acutiden-
tatum, A. Rich.

376 i. filices. [ Aspidium .

Var. /3. Frond pinnate; pinnules ascending, pinnatifid at the base only. — A. Richardi,
Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 23, t. 122.

Abundant in woods, ete., throughout the Northern and Middle Islands. Var. 0 at the
Bay of Islands only, /. D. H. This differs from A. aristatum in the rhizome not creeping,
and much smaller, less pinnate fronds ; from A. oculatum in the small scales, and wanting
the large black disk to the involucre ; and from A . aculeatum in the rigid habit, much
smaller, broad, more coriaceous fronds, of an ovate form, not tapering to the base, and the
free, less numerous primary pinnae, and especially in wanting the large membranous scales
of that plant. It seems to be confined to New Zealaud and the Fiji Islands.

3. A. oculatum, Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 24. t. 22S. Rhizome absent.
Fronds 10-20 in. long, coriaceous, ovate-oblong, acuminate, 3-pinnate, pale
and clothed with woolly hairs below ; stipes stout, straw-coloured, covered
with rigid, large, subulate, brown scales margined with white ; rachis with
fewer, softer scales, and lax woolly hairs ; primary divisions of the frond 2-4
in. long, narrow ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, stalked, not close together ; se-
condary also lax, f— 1 in. long, sessile or stalked ; pinnules alternate, sessile,
decurrent, } in. long, obtuse or mucronate, obtusely toothed or subpinnatifid.
Sori abundant over the whole under surface, 2-4 on each segment ; invo-
lucre orbicular, shortly stalked, with a large black disk and narrow reddish
margin.

Northern Island : Wairarapa valley, Colenso. Middle Island: Akaroa, Raoul.

4. A. cystostegia, Hook. Sp. Fil. ii. 30. 1. 127. Rhizome short, small.
Fronds tufted, soft, rather flaccid, 4-10 in. high, pale green, narrow oblong-
lanceolate, pinnate or 2-pinnate ; stipes and rachis stout but brittle, clothed
with copious, very large, convex, membranous, ovate, pale scales, ^— | in.
long, with subulate tips ; rachis similarly clothed ; primary divisions distant
below, crowded above, i-l-g- in. long, spreading, pinnatifid or pinnate with a
flat or winged rachis, segments or pinnules \ in. long, ovate-lanceolate,
obtuse or acute, entire or toothed, with a few long hairs below. Sori nume-
rous and large ; involucres bladdery, very membranous, with the edge turned
down all round, forming a sort of globe.

Northern Island: Tongariro, Dieffenbach ; Mount EgmoDt {Mrs. Jones). Middle
Island : Discovery Peaks, alt. 5800 ft., Travers ; Wairau gorge, alt. 4400 ft., Sinclair ; be-
tween Lake Tennyson and the west coast, Mating ; Canterbury on tbe Southern Alps, alt.
5-6000 ft., Haast ; Otago, Mount Ida, Dr. Buchanan-, lake district, alpine, Hector.

5. A. aristatum, Swartz ; not Folysticlium aristatum, FI. N. Z. Rhi-
zome long, stout, creeping, clothed with narrow, subulate, rusty scales.
Fronds alternate, 1-2| ft. high, deltoid-ovate, acuminate. 3- or 4-pinuate,
coriaceous, glossy ; stipes stout and rachis crinite with subulate scales ;
primary divisions stipitate, lanceolate, finely- acuminate, lowest with the lower
secondary pinnae much elongated and 2- or 3-pinnate ; pinnules obliquely
ovate or rhomboid-lanceolate, subfalcate, mucronate, serrate. Sori generally
small, and often in two rows on each pinnule ; involucres small, flat, orbi-
cular or slightly reniform.— Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. t. 27 ; Schkuhr, Fil. t. 42.

Kermadec Islands, Macgillivray. A very common Pacific Island and Indian plant, not
found in Africa or America.

6. A. coriaceum, Swartz. — Folysticlium coriaceum, FI. N. Z. iv. 32.
Rhizome stout, creeping, very long, clothed with tawny silky scales. Fronds

Aspidiumi]

I. FILICES.

377

distant, 1-4 ft. high, rigidly coriaceous, ovate-deltoid, acuminate, 3-pinnate ;
stipes stout, and racliis covered with deciduous scales ; primary branches
erecto-patent, stipitate, lower obliquely deltoid, acuminate, with the lower
secondary divisions much elongated and divided ; pinnules 1-2 in. long, ovate
or lanceolate, entire or obtusely serrate or pinna tifid ; segments oblong, ob-
tuse, rarely acute, entire or obtusely serrate ; veins sunk, veinlets close.
Sori in 2 rows, nearer the costa than margin ; involucre large, orbicular,
with a deep sinus. — Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 82 ; Schkuhr, Fil. t. 50 ; A. Cuntiing-
hamianum , Colenso ; P oly y odium adiantiforme , Forst.

Northern and Middle Islands : common in woods, etc., Banks and Solander, etc.
An abundant fern throughout the south temperate zone.

20. NEFHRODIUM, Br.

llhizome stout, erect creeping or ascending. — Fronds tufted or distant,
1-3-pinnate in the New Zealand species. Veins forked and free, rarely
uuited in the New Zealand species. Sori on the back of the frond, distant
from the margin, globose. Involucre kidney-shaped, fixed by the sinus to
the centre of the sorus, membranous, often deciduous.

A very large tropical and temperate genus. Involucre sometimes absent in N. velutinum,
often orbicular and peltate in N. hispidum.

1. Eunephrodium. — Primary veins pinnate ; secondary angularly united.

Frond lanceolate, pinnate, pubescent 1. N. molle.

2. Lastrea. — Veins and veinlets all free.

Frond lanceolate, pinnate, glabrous, with a few bullate scales . . 2. N. thelypteris, f).

Frond deltoid or 5-angular, 2-4-pinnate, softly tomentose, brown

when dry 3. N. velutinum.

Frond deltoid or ovate, 2-4-pinnate, glabrous or pubescent, green

when dry 4 . N. decompositum.

Frond rigid, 3- or 4-pinnate, pubescent below. Stipes, rachis, and

costa hispid with stiff spreading bristles 5. N. hispidum.

1. BJ. molle, Desvaux. Ehizome short, stout, horizontal, densely rooting.
Fronds 1-3 ft. high, rather membranous and flaccid, oblong-lanceolate, abrupt
or narrowed to the base, pinnate, pubescent on both surfaces ; stipes and
rachis green ; pinnae numerous, horizontal, sessile, 3-5 in. long, oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid ; pinnules variable in length, oblong, broad or
narrow, obtuse, falcate ; lowest veins uniting and sending forth a veinlet
which is prolonged to the sinus, the rest free, simple or forked. Sori usually
in 2 rows; involucres villous or pubescent. — Hook. Sp. I’d. iv. 67; Poly-
podium molle , Forst., and Aspidium nympliale , Forst. ; Schkuhr, Fil. t. 34.

N orthern Island ?, Forster ; Rotomahana {Mrs. Jones ) . Kermadec Islands, Macgilli-
vray. One of the commonest of tropical and subtropical ferus, also found in New South
Wales. The Rotomahana habitat I copy from Mrs. Jones’s little work.

2. N. thelypteris, Desvaux ; var. /3, squamulosum, Schlechtendal,
Fil. Cap. t. 11. — Nephrodium squamulosum, FI. N. Z. ii. 39. Rhizome
slender, creeping ?, very long, black. Fronds scattered, 1-2 ft. high, mem-
branous but firm, lanceolate, glabrous below, pinnate ; stipes slender, pale,
black at the base, naked or with the costa covered with scattered, pale, mem-
branous, very convex scales ; pinnae subopposite, sessile, spreading, 1-1 J in.

378

I. FILICES.

[Nephrodium.

long, linear-oblong, acuminate, deeply pinnatifid ; pinnules in. long, linear-
oblong, obtuse or acute, quite entire ; veinlets simple, the lower forked. Sori
numerous, towards the margin ; involucres cordate-reniform, glandular. —
Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 88; Aspidium invisum, Forst. ?

Northern Island, Forster ; Bay of Islands and east coast, Colenso. The var. yS is a
native also of South Africa ; the typical plant, which wauts the bullate scales, is common in
the north temperate zone.

3. Fsl. velutiimm. Hook. f. — Lastrea velutina, FI. N. Z. ii. 39. t. 80.
Rhizome unknown. Frond rather membranous, deltoid or 5-angled, 1-2 ft.
high and broad, acuminate, downy with silky hairs on both sides, often glan-
dular beneath, 2- or 3-pinnate or 4-pinnate at the base, red-brown when
dry ; stipes long, slender, pubescent, clothed with subulate scales at the base ;
primary pi nine, 4 in.-l ft. long, broadly oblong, acuminate, long-stalked,
lowest inferior secondary pinna deflexed, most compound ; pinnules sessile,
oblong, acute, pinnatifid, segments ovate, obtuse, serrate or crenate ; veinlets
simple or forked. Sori small, one on each segment ; involucres hairy, red-
brown, often fringed with glands, sometimes minute or absent. — Aspidium
velutinum., A. Rich.

Abundant throughout the Northern aud Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.

4. N. decompositum, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 39. t. 79. Rhizome short,
stout, creeping, black. Fronds as in N. velutinum , but very variable, often
smaller, always green when dry, glabrous or pubescent, segments more acutely
serrated, sometimes only pinnate, pinnules often elongate or caudate ; stipes
with fewer scales at the base. — Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 146 ; N. ylabellum, A.
Cunn.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander , etc.
Kermadec Islands, Macgillivray. Also found in Tasmania, Australia, Norfolk Island,
and the Pacific islands.

5. 3NT. hispidum, Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 150. — Polystichum hispidum, J. Sm. ;
— FI. N. Z. ii. 38. Rhizome long, stout, creeping, covered with subulate
brown scales. Fronds 1-2 ft. high, rigid, ovate-acuminate, 3- or 4-pinnate,
pubescent beneath ; stipes stout, and rachis and costa hispid with long rigid
spreading or deflexed bristles with a swollen base ; primary pinnae 3-6 in.
long, stipitate, ovate, acuminate, lowest pair deltoid ; pinnules decurrent, nar-
row lanceolate, in. long, deeply serrate, segments pungent ; veinlets soli-
tary in each segment. Sori solitary on the segments ; involucre flat, orbicular
or reniform, dark brown. — Aspidium hispidum, Schkuhr, Fil. t. 49; Polypo-
dium setosum, Forst.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands : abundant, Banks and Solander , etc.
I have followed the ‘ Species Filicum ’ in referring this to Nephrodium, but the involucre is
more that of Polystichum.

Aspidium Serra, Forst. Nothing is known of this plant, which is probably the common
tropical Nephrodium propinqaum, Br., or N. unitum , Sieb., which Forster gathered in the
South Sea Islands. Raoul enters it into his catalogue as having been collected at Akaroa
by himself, probably confounding it with something else.

Mrs. Jones (Handbook of N. Z. Ferns) mentions another species of Nephrodium as
having been found near to hot springs, which differs from N. molle in the pinnte tending up-
wards, and the position of the sori.

I. FILICES.

379

21. NEPHROLEPIS, Schott.

Rhizome creeping or short or 0. — Fronds coriaceous, pinnate. Pinnae
jointed on the rachis, deciduous, with minute white waxy dots on the upper
surface. Sori dorsal, on the tip of the upper branch of a vein. Involucre
flat, cordate reniform or lunate, attached by a broad base.

A small tropical or subtropical genus.

1. N. tuberosa, Presl. Rhizome scarcely any; roots of long wiry
fibres, bearing ovoid or oblong scaly tubers. Fronds tufted, 1-3 ft. long,
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, pinnate ; stipes stout and rachis with deciduous
scales ; pinnules numerous, close set, horizontal, -g-l in. long, oblong, obtuse,
truncate cordate or obliquely auricled at the base, straight or falcate, lower
shorter. Sori halfway between the costa and margin ; involucre firm, reni-
form, brown, black towards the base.— Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 151.

Northern Island : hot springs near Waikati, Dr. Hochstetter and Sinclair. A most
abundant tropical fern, also found in the warmer parts of Australia. The tubers are eaten in
India.

22. POLYPODIUM, Linn.

Rhizome erector creeping or 0. — Fronds tufted or not, simple or compound.
Venation various. Sori globose (sometimes oblong in P. Grammitidis) . In-
volucre 0.

As above defined, this is the largest genus of ferns. It is broken up into many genera by
most authors, but these are united by so many ambiguous species, that it is difficult to retain
any of them. Many of the species are naturally referable to genera in which there is
always an involucre ; thus P. rugulosum passes into Hypolepis tenui.folia ; P. pennigerum
is a Ne.phr odium, without the involucre ; and P. sylvaticum approaches Aspidium aculeatum,
very closely, in habit and other respects.

I. Veins usually free. Sori rounded, linear or oblong, placed on the ends, rarely on the
middle of the veinlets.

a. Frond simply pinnate or pinnatifidly divided.

Rhizome short, creeping, scaly. Frond quite entire. Sori oblong

or linear 1. P. austral e.

Rhizome very short, scaly. Frond pinnatifid. Sori round or oblong 2. P . Grammitidis.

Rhizome long, slender, climbing. Fronds pendulous, pinnate, gla-
brous 3. P. tenellum.

j8. Frond 2-i-pinnate.

Rhizome short, stout, erect. Fronds tufted, erect, lanceolate ; pin-
nules spinulose 4. P. sylvaticum.

Rhizome long, stout, creeping. Frond deltoid, glandular ; pinnules

obtuse 5. P. rugulosum.

II. Veins all free except those next the margin, which meet or almost meet (Goniopteris) .

Rhizome stout, erect. Frond pinnate, membranous, glabrous . . 6. P. pennigerum.

III. Veins anastomosing, hidden in the frond which is densely covered with stellate hairs

( Niphobolus ).

Rhizome creeping, scaly. Frond entire 1- P. rupestre.

IV. Veins anastomosing, with free veinlets in the areoles. Fronds glabrous {Phymatodes) .

Rhizome very short. Fronds tufted, lanceolate, acuminate, quite

entire 8. P. Cunninghami.

380 i. filices. \_Folypodium.

Rhizome slender, scandent, squarrose with scales. Frond simple or

pinnatifid 9. P. pustulalum.

Rhizome stoat, glaucous, creeping or scandent, scales appressed.

Frond simple or pinnatifid 10. P. Billardieri.

1. P. a us tr ale, Mettenius. — Grammitis australis, FI. N. Z. ii. 44. Rhi-
zome short, creeping, scaly. Fronds densely tufted, \ in.-l ft. high, coria-
ceous, simple, linear- or obovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, glabrous pubes-
cent pilose or ciliate, quite entire, narrowed into a winged stipes. Sori oblong
or (being confluent) linear, in 1 series on each side of the obscure midrib. —
Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 167 ; Grammitis Billardieri, Willd. ; G. ciliata, Colenso ;
G. australis, rigida, and humilis, Homb. and Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud, t. 2.
f. F. G. H.

On trees, rocks, etc., throughout the Northern and Middle Islands : abundant, Banks
and Solander, etc., ascending the mountains to 5000 ft. Lord Auckland’s group and
Campbell’s Islaud, J. B. II. Equally abundant in Australia, Tasmania, Chili, Fuegia,
and Tristan d’Acunha.

2. P. Grammitidis, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 41. Rhizome very short,
scaly, roots fibrous. Fronds densely tufted, 1-10 (rarely 15) in. long, cori-
aceous, glabrous, linear-oblong ovate or lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, or almost
pinnate, narrowed below into a short winged stipes, which is scaly at the base;
segments or pinnules distant, linear, obtuse, quite decurrent, entire lobed or
pinnatifid ; segments sometimes caudate. Sori round or oblong.— Hook. Sp.
Fil. iv. 230 ; Grammitis lieteropliylla, Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. t. 239.

On trunks of trees, etc., throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks
and Solander, etc. Lord Auckland s group and Campbell’s Island, J. B. H. Also
found in Australia.

3. P. tenellum, Forst. ; — Arthropteris tenella , J. "Sm. in FI. N. Z. ii.
43. t. 82. Rhizome scandent, long, slender, rigid, wiry, scaly. Fronds scat-
tered, pendulous, 1-2 ft. long, lanceolate, pinnate, rather membranous, bright-
green ; stipes slender, smooth and polished, jointed above the base ; pinnules
alternate, distant, 2-3 in. long, jointed on the rachis, linear-lanceolate, at-
tenuated with an obtuse tip, sometimes forked, obliquely cuneate at the base ;
margin sinuate ; costa slender ; veins oblique, once or twice forked ; veinlets
with thickened tips. Sori globose, in 1 series on each side the costa, on the
tip of a veinlet near the margin. — Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 217 ; Schkuhr, Fil. 1. 16 ;
A. (?) Jilipes, Moore, of J. Sm. in Gard. Chron.

Northern Island : climbing lofty trees, abundant, Banks and Solander , etc. Also a
native of New South Wales, Lord Howe’s, Norfolk Island and other Pacific Islands.

4. P. sylvaticum, Colenso; — Fl.N.Z. ii.41.A 81. Rhizome stout, erect.
Frond tufted, rather coriaceous, 1-2 ft. long, lanceolate, acuminate, 2-pinnate,
glabrous, except on the costa ; stipes stout, and rachis villous with deciduous
subulate soft ferruginous scales mixed with rigid black curved ones ; primary
divisions distant, stalked, 2-4 in. long, oblong, acuminate; pinnules in.
long, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, with an obliquely cuneate base, pinnatifid ;
lobes spinulose, subincurved ; veins once or twice forked. Sori globose, equi-
distant between the costa and margin. — Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 249.

Northern Island : Ruahiue and other raDges, Colenso ; Port Nicholson, Ltjall. Middle

Polypodium.']

I. FILICES.

381

Island : not uncommon as far south as Otago. Very similar indeed to Aspidium aculeatum,
and with similar scales, but the pinnules are more stipitate, longer, and narrower.

5. P. rugulosum, Labill. FI. Nov. Hull. t. 211 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 41.
Ehizome stout, creeping, rigid, villous or hispid and scaly. Fronds scattered,

3 ft. high, rather membranous, covered with glandular viscid pubescence,
often rufous when dry, ovate-lanceolate or deltoid, 2-4-pinnate ; stipes and
rachis bright red-brown, glandular pubescent and tubercled ; primary divisions
in distant stipitate pairs, oblong, acuminate ; pinnules |-f in. long, oblong or
linear-oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid with rounded lobes or angled at the margin;
veins once or twice forked. Sori on the veinlets, sometimes very abundant
and covering the under surface of the pinnae. — Hook. Sp. Fil. iv. 272 ; P.
viscidum, Sprengel ; Cheilanthes ambiyua , A. Kick,

Abundant in woods throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solan-
der, etc. laord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, J. D. II. A very common
tropical and southern temperate fern, iu all quarters of the globe, passing into Ihjpolepis
lenuifolia.

6. P. perniigeram, Forst. ; — Goniopteris pennigera, J. Sm. ; FI. N. Z.
ii. 40. Ehizome erect, 6-12 in. high, stout, woody, covered with the bases
of the old stipes. Fronds 2-3 ft. high, glabrous, oblong, lanceolate, mem-
branous, pinnate, pinnatifid at the top ; stipes and rachis stout, quite gla*
brous and smooth, scaly at the very base ; pinnules often opposite, sessile,
truncate or auricled at the base, linear-elongate, 4-8 in. long, f in. broad,
long acuminate or caudate, pinnatifid to the middle, lobes short, ovate, obtuse,
quite entire ; veins 6-8 pairs, free except the lowest branch, which meets the
next above it at the sinus between the lobes. Sori globose, numerous, on the
middle of the veins, nearer the costa than the margin. — Hook. Sp. Fil. v. 7 ;
Schkuhr, Fil. t. 22 ; Aspidium pennigerum, Swartz.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands to Akaroa (Raoul), Banks
and Solander , etc. I have seen no Otago specimens ; nor is the plant found in the Ker-
madec Islands or Norfolk Island.

7. P. rupestre, Br. ; — Niphobolus rupestris, Hook, and Grev. Tc. Fil.
t. 93 ; FI. N. Z. ii. 44. Ehizome slender, creeping, tortuous, scaly, branched,
scales narrow. Fronds distant, erect, of 2 forms, simple, tapering into a
short stipes which is jointed on to the rhizome, very coriaceous, covered
with rusty-brown or white stellate hairs and down ; barren fronds 1-4 in.
long, ^-1 in. broad, obovate spathulate or orbicular, obtuse ; fertile 3-6 in.
long, linear or linear-oblong or lanceolate ; veins irregularly anastomosing,
sunk in the substance of the frond. Sori large, numerous, protruding through
the tomentum, often confluent, irregularly placed, but chiefly on the upper
half of the frond. — Hook. Sp. Fil. v. 46 ; P. stellatum , A. Eicli. ; P. serpens,
Forst. ; P. elceagnifolium, Bory.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
Kermadec Islands, Macgillivray. Also a native of Australia and the Pacific Islands. The
stellate hairs of this plant, horizontally placed on a jointed stalk, are beautiful microscopic
objects.

8. P. Cunninghami, Hook. Sp. Fil. v. 58. — Piety mia lanceolata, J.
Sm. ; FI. N. Z. ii. 43. Ehizome very short, covered with broad imbricating

882

I. FILICES.

[Poly podium.

scales, and woolly roots. Frond glabrous, tufted, 2-12 in. long, f- in. broad,
lanceolate, acuminate, quite entire, tapering into a short margined stipes,
which is not jointed on to the rhizome ; costa distinct ; veins sunk in the
substance of the frond, anastomosing, free veinlets 0. Sori large, sunk in
pits of the frond, globose or oval, in 1 series on each side of and near the
costa. Capsules mixed with jointed hairs, on long pedicels. — Hook. Sp. Fil.
v. 58; P. attenuatum, A. Rich., not Brown; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 409.

Northern and Middle Islands : on trunks of trees and rocks, as far south as Akaroa,
Banks and Solander, etc. Also found in the New Hebrides, hut not in Australia, where
the P. attenuatum , with which this was long confounded, takes its place.

9. P. pustulatum. Foist.; — Phymatodes pustulata, Presl ; PI. N. Z. ii.
42. Rhizome long, branched, slender, creeping, squarrose with subulate
scales. Fronds distant, stipitate, numerous, pendulous, rather membranous,
flaccid, 6-18 in. long, 1-6 in. wide, tapering into a slender glabrous stipes,
lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, entire or pinnatifid to the rachis ; segments
distant, 2-3 in. long, -|-1 wide, tapering from a broad base to an obtusely
acuminate point ; venation lax, anastomosing, with free included veinlets.
Sori oval or globose, prominent, scarcely sunk in the frond, forming a series
parallel with the margin and near it. — Hook. Sp. Fil. v. 80 ; Sckkuhr, Fil.
t. 10 ; P. membranifulium, Br. ; P. scandens , Forst.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
Climbing lofty trees. Plant very fragrant ; also found in Norfolk Island and Australia.

10. P. Billardieri, Br. ; — Phymatodes Billardieri, Presl; — FI. N. Z.

ii. 42. Rhizome stout, creeping, usually glaucous, more or less covered with
appressed scales. Fronds numerous, polymorphous, erect or pendulous,
distant, coriaceous, perfectly smooth and glabrous ; narrowed into a stout
smooth stipes, which is jointed on to the rhizome, 3—18 in. long, lanceolate
or oblong, obtuse or acute, entire and acuminate or broader and pinnatifid ;
margin thickened ; pinnules broad or narrow-oblong, remote or distant,
obtuse or acute ; costa stout, prominent ; veins anastomosing, with a few
free veinlets in the areoles. Sori partially sunk in the frond, numerous,
large, globose or oblong, in one series on each side of the costa. — Hook. Sp.
Fil. v. 82 ; P. scandens, Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. t. 240, not Forst. ; Niphobolus
glaber, Kaulf. of A. Rich. Flora (?).

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
Kermadec Islands, Macgillivray . Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island,
J. B. II. Also abundant in Australia, Tasmania, and the Pacific Islands.

23. GYMNO GRAMME, Desvaux.

Ferns of various habit; the New Zealand species are small and tufted. —
Fronds pinnate or 2- or 3-pinnate. Veins free or anastomosing. Sori ob-
long or linear, usually spreading in branching lines over the under surface of
the pinnae, either on the veins or between them. Involucre 0.

A large genus of temperate and tropical ferns, chiefly distinguished from Polypodium
by the more linear sori, which often branch.

Glabrous, annual, very membranous, 2- or 3-pinnatifid 1. G. leptopliylla.

Villous and glandular, perennial, pinnate 2. G. rutafolia.

Gymnogramme?)

I. FILXCES.

383

1. G. leptophyila, Desvaux ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 45. Annual; roots fibrous;
fronds tufted, 1-8 in. high, perfectly glabrous, flaccid, membranous, pale
green, shining, oblong-lanceolate, 2- or 3-pinuatifid ; outer barren, smaller
than the inner which are more fertile ; stipes slender, brittle ; pinnules small,
obovate-cuneate, 2- or 3-fid or lobed, lobes obtuse, decurrent ; veins dicho-
tomous. Sori simple or confluent, oblong. — Hook. Sp. Fil. v. 136 ; Hook,
and Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 25 ; Grammitis novae- Zelandire, Colenso.

Northern Island: hills on the east coast, Colenso, Sinclair; summit of Mount
Wellington {Mrs. Jones'). A very widely diffused fern, found in various parts of all the
continents and in many of the oceanic islands.

2. G. rutsefolia, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 45. Ithizome very short, stout,
ascending, perennial. Fronds tufted, 1-3 in. high, densely glandular and
villous, rather membranous, linear-oblong, obtuse, pinnate ; stipes brittle,
rather slender ; pinnules alternate, rather distant, f in. long, obovate or
obliquely rhomboid or flabellate, cuneate at the base, and tapering into a
short petiole, variously lobed or pinnatifid, segments cuneate ; veins flabel-
late, dichotomous. Sori oblong or linear, simple or forked. — Hook. Sp. Fil.
v. 137 ; Fil. Exot. t. 5.

Northern Island : Cook’s Straits, on cliffs, very rare, Colenso. A very common
Australian and Tasmanian plant, also found in the Pyrenees and in Bourbon, but hitherto in
no other countries.

G. involnta, Don {Grammitis scolopendrina, Bory), is stated by Bory to he a native
of New Zealand, but erroneously ; in the Flora of New Zealand I had supposed it to be the
same with Polypodium austral e {G. australis).

24. NOTHOCHL^iNA, Br.

Rhizome short, or long and creeping, scaly. — Fronds 2- or 3 -pinnate,
usually small, stiff, erect. Pinnae small. Sori marginal, rounded, oblong or
linear, confluent, often partially covered by the recurved margin of the frond,
veins simple or forked. Involucre 0.

A considerable genus of tropical and temperate ferns, very closely resembling Cheilanlhes,
but with no true involucre.

1. BT. distans, Br. ;—Fl. N. Z. ii. 45. Rhizome very short, stout,
suberect or prostrate, scaly; roots matted. Fronds tufted, erect, rigid, 4-10
in. high, coriaceous, covered with subulate, ferruginous, piliferous scales
below, hirsute above, linear-oblong, obtuse, 2-pinnate; stipes stout, dark
red-brown, shining ; primary divisions stipitate, opposite, 1 in. long,
erecto-patent, deltoid, ovate, the lo wer distant ; pinnules in few pairs, ovate-
oblong, obtuse, lower pinnatifid at the base, margins recurved. Sori con-
tinuous.— Hook. Sp. Fil. vi. 114, Ic. PI. t. 980; Labill. Sert. Nov. Caled.
t. 8.

Northern Island: common on basaltic rocks, Colenso, etc. A native of Australia,
Tasmania, and New Caledonia.

25. TODEA, Willdenow.

Rhizome very stout, erect. — Fronds tufted at the top of the rhizome, large,
2-pinnate, very coriaceous. Veins simple or forked. Sori on the under-

384

I. F1LICES.

[ Todea .

surface of the lower pinnae of each branch of the frond, inserted on the veins,
large, subglobose. Capsules large, shortly stipitate, subglobose, vertically
2-valved, with a short transverse, lateral or subterminal, transversely striate
areola. Spores oblong, with a dark nucleus. Involucre 0.

The following is the only species, but the genus should perhaps he united with Osmunda ;
it differs from Leptopteris in the coriaceous fronds.

1. T. africana, Willdenow. Fronds 4-8 ft. high, very coriaceous,
2-pinnate ; quite glabrous, oblong-lanceolate ; stipes and rachis very stout,
pale brown, quite smooth and glabrous ; primary branches linear, a span and
more long ; pinnules alternate on the branches, narrow, linear-oblong or
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, crenate or serrate, f-l-£ in. long, sessile by a
broad, often decurrent base. — FI. Tasman, t. 168.

Northern Island: Mount Carmel, Jolliffe ; Hokianga (Mrs. Jones). Also a native
of Australia, Tasmania, and South Africa.

26. LEPTOPTERIS, Presl.

Fronds erect, membranous, pellucid, deep green, 2- or 3-pinnate. Capsules
scarcely collected into sori, scattered over the under- surface of the pinnae,
upon the veinlets, pedicelled, subglobose, gibbous, the gibbous part with a
small transversely striate areola. Spores depressed, with a dark spot.

A small genus of Australian and New Zealand ferns, as transparent as Hymenophyllum,
and differing in this respect only from Todea.

Frond truncate below, the lowest pinnae long 1. L. liymenophylloides.

Frond narrowed below, the lower pinnae becoming gradually smaller 2. L. superba.

1. Xj. hymenophylloid.es, Presl ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 48. Bhizome short,
stout, creeping. Fronds 6 in.~3 ft. high, ovate-lanceolate or deltoid, 2-pin-
nate ; stipes slender or stout, and rachis glabrate, or covered with rather
woolly red-brown tomentum ; primary divisions spreading, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, stalked, the lower not becoming gradually very small ; pinnules
numerous, crowded, shortly stipitate, oblong, obtuse, deeply pinnatifid, seg-
ments narrow, generally forked. — Todea liymenophylloides, Presl; — A. Rich.
Flor. t. 16 ; Hook. Garden Ferns, t. 54; T. pellucida. Hook. Ic. PI. t. 8.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.
Closely allied to the New South Wales L. pellucida.

2. L. superba, Roo/c. Ic. PI. t. 910; FI. N. Z. ii. 48. Fronds form-
ing a crown on the top of the rhizome, lanceolate, narrowed at the base, by
the pinnae gradually becoming very small, and often produced to the very
rhizome, stout, erect, 2-3 ft. high ; stipes and rachis very stout, woolly ;
primary pinnae more numerous and close together than in L. liymenophylloides ,
not stipitate, the basal pinnules often overlapping the primary rachis ; pin-
nules excessively numerous, densely crowded, ovate, often crisped, and con-
cealing the rachis. — Todea superba, Colenso.

Forests of the mountainous parts of the Northern Island, Colenso ; more common
in the Middle Island, Banks and Solander, Forster, etc. Lord Auckland’s group,
Bolton. A most splendid fern, but I suspect that it passes into the preceding.

I. FILICES.

385

27. LYGODIUM, Swartz.

Rhizome creeping. — Stipes climbing’, very long, branched, slender, tough,
like whipcord. Frond dichotomously branched; veins forked, free in the
New Zealand species ; barren pinnae linear-oblong, fertile flabellately divided
or similar to the barren. Sori distichous, forming short spikelets projecting
from the frond. Involucres imbricating, distichous, each containing one
ovoid capsule. Capsule attached by its side, pointing downwards and in-
wards, reticulated, the top with radiating striae. Spores obtusely 3-angled.

A very common tropical genus, of which the New Zealand species is found in no other
part of the world except Norfolk Island.

1. L. articulation, A. Rich. Flor. t. 15; — FI. N. Z. ii. 47. Per-
fectly glabrous. Rhizome slender, covered with brown, slender scales. Stipes
very numerous, angular, 50-100 ft. long, forming pendulous matted screens
in the forests, jointed here and there. Fronds dichotomously palmatipartite,
very much branched ; barren pinnules stalked, divaricating, jointed on the
rachis, 1-4 in. long, linear or oblong, obtuse or acute, cuneate at the base,-
often glaucous below ; costa slender; fertile pinnules small, lobed, cuneate or
fan-shaped, lobed; lobes small, short, with adnate spikelets towards their
tips.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander, etc.

28. SCHIZ7EA, Smith.

Rhizome short, creeping. — Stipes rigid, erect, flat or nearly terete. Frond
simple forked or Habellate ; segments terminated by a short pinnatifid fruiting
comb-like limb, the incurved divisions of which are covered with imbricating
capsules. Capsules in 2 parallel series, sessile, naked or partially covered by
the incurved margins of the divisions, ovoid, reticulated, the top with radi-
ating striae, bursting laterally. Spores obtusely 3-angular.

A common tropical genus, rare in the northern temperate zone, more common in the

southern.

Frond flattened, flabellately divided above 1. S. dichotoma.

Frond terete or semiterete, simple or forked 2. S. bifida.

1. S. dichotoma, Swartz; — FI. N. Z. ii. 47. Frond 6-24 in. high;
stipes flat or compressed below, above suddenly expanding into a fan-shaped
limb, of numerous narrow flat segments, each about 2 in. long and tV-tV in.
broad. Fruiting limb broad, short, £ in. long, of 4-10 pairs of pinnules of
equal length, with laciniate or fimbriate margins. — Hook, and Grev. Ic. Fil.
t. 17.

Northern Island : in marsby places, Bay of Islands, Cunningham ; Manakau Bay,
Colenso. A common East Indian, Australian, Pacific Island, and African plant.

2. S. bifida, Swartz FI. N. Z. ii. 47. Fronds crowded, erect, 6-18
in. high, rigid, wiry, semiterete, grooved dowm one side, simple or forked,
smooth or slightly rough to the touch. Fruiting limb short, broad, f-
in. long, of 8-10 pairs of pinnules, with crinite margins. — S. propinqua,
A. Cunn.

vol. i. 2 c

386

I. FILICES.

[Schizaa.

Var. Q. australis. Frond 1-3 in. high. — S. australis, Gaudichaud ; S. pectinata, Homb.
and Jacq., Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. t. 4 Z.

Northern Island : common in wet clayey places. Middle Island: probably common,
but overlooked ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Lord Auckland's group, Hombron
and Jacquemout, J. D. H., Bolton.

29. MARATTIA, Smith.

Rhizome large, tuberous, very thick. — Fronds numerous, very large and
long, 2- or 3-pinnate ; stipes very stout, jointed on to the rhizome, with ad-
nate stipules at its base, Sori on the under surface of the pinnules, near the
margin, terminating the veins; each sorus consists of 2 parallel oblong bodies
(formed of connate coriaceous capsules), with plane opposite faces and convex
backs, the faces marked with transverse slits leading to cavities containing
the spores. Spores elliptical, very minute. A narrow fimbriate involucre
fringes the sorus.

A tropical genus of few, very variable species.

1. M. salicina, Smith; — FI. N. Z. ii. 49. Fronds 6-10 ft. high,
coriaceous, dark green, deltoid, 2- or 3-pinnate ; stipes very stout, green ;
pinnules sessile or stalked, jointed on to tlierachis, 3-7 in. long, lanceolate or
linear-oblong, acuminate, rounded at the base, serrate; costa stout, glabrous
or hairy ; veins parallel, free, simple or forked. Sori brown, in. long.

Forests in the northern and eastern parts of the Northern Island, Cunningham , etc. ;
Taranaki {Mrs. Jones). The same species is found iu Australia, India, South Africa, South
America, and the Pacific Islands.

Angiopteris evecta, Hoffm., a tropical plant allied to Maratiia, has been stated, on insuf-
ficient authority, to be a native of New Zealand.

30. OPHIOG-LOSSUM, Linn.

Root of fleshy fibres. — Stipes solitary, erect, bearing about the middle one
oblong, erect, leaf-like frond, with reticulated venation, and terminated by a
linear flattened spike of fructification. Spike consisting of 2 opposite rows of
6-30 globose, connate, coriaceous capsules, each bursting transversely. Spores
very minute, rounded and 3-gonous.

A genus of but few species, found in all parts of the world, usually in grassy pastures.

1. O. vulgatum, Linn. ; — Ft. N. Z. ii. 50. Quite glabrous, 1 in.-l ft.
high. Frond ^—3 in. long, very'variable in length, breadth, and texture.

Var. /8. costatum. Frond ovate or lanceolate, with usually a distinct costa and evident
veins. — 0. costatum, Br. ; 0. elongatum, A. Cunu.

Var. y. gramineum. Frond ovate or lanceolate, acute; costa 0; veins indistinct. — O.
gramineum, tVilldenow.

Var. S. lusitanicum. Frond linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong; costa 0; veins indis-
tinct.— O. lusitanum, Willdenow ; O. coriaceum, A. Gunn.

Var. e. minimum. Small, 1-2 in. high. Frond rhomboid- or oblong-ovate, acute.

Common in grassy places throughout the Northern and Middle Islauds, Banks and
Solander, etc. A native of England and most temperate parts of the world.

31. BOTRYCHIUM, Linn.

Root of thick fleshy fibres. — Stipes erect, bearing 1 pinnate or much-

Bott'ychium.}

II. LYCOPODIACE/E.

387

divided frond, and a branched spike or panicle of fructification. Capsules
globose, distichously arranged on the branches, separate from one another,
bursting transversely. Spores very minute, 3-lobed.

A small genus, found in most temperate and warm regions of the globe, but rare in very
hot ones.

1. B. cicutarium, Swartz. Stout, rarely slender, 3-18 in. high, gla-
brous or slightly pilose. Frond broadly ovate or deltoid, 2- or 3-pinnatifid
or 3-nately decompound ; pinnae variable in shape, oblong, obtuse, crenate,
obscurely veined ; peduncle of the fruiting panicle radical or nearly so, 2-pin-
nately branched above.

Yar. a. Frond stout, fleshy. — B. virginicum, FI. N. Z. ii. 50, not Linn.; FI. Tasman,
ii. t. 109 B ; B. australe, Br. ; B. lunarioides, Swartz.

Var. 0. dissectum. Frond slender, much more finely divided.— — B. dissectum , Muhlen-
berg ; B. lunarioides , var. dissectum , A. Gray.

Northern and Rliddle Islands : var. a, abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. ; var. 0,
Whangarei,near Auckland, G. Burnett , Esq. The var. a is a common plant in many parts
of the globe, temperate and tropical, including Australia and Tasmania. Yar. 0 is also
frequent in North America and in some parts of Asia and Europe, but seems to be very
scarce in New Zealand : it looks remarkably different, but is united by intermediate forms
in the northern hemisphere. Its discoverer in New Zealand observes that var. a is abundant-
in the same neighbourhood where var. 0 itself is so scarce.

Order II. LYCOPODIACE^],

Erect or prostrate or creeping, rarely climbing, simple or branched plants,
with usually rigid stems. Stems and ribs of the leaves with bundles of

vascular tissue, consisting of wood-fibres and spirally-marked and barred

vessels. — Leaves imbricated all round the stem or distichous or 4-fariously
arranged, small, usually coriaceous, subulate, and nerveless, sometimes
flattened and I-nerved, sometimes of 2 forms, the larger distichous, smaller
stipule-like. Capsules sessile in the axils of the leaves or of the scales

of terminal sessile or peduncled, cylindric or 4-gonous cones, 2- or 3-

valved, 1-3-celled, of two kinds : 1st, compressed, often reniform, coriaceous
capsules, 2-valved, full of microscopic, obtusely 3-gonous spores ; 2nd, larger
capsules, containing 3 or 4 much larger spores, each marked with 3 radiating
lines at the top.

Germination has been observed in the large spores of the genus Selaginella only, which
does not occur in New Zealand. In this genus the contents of the large spore develope a
small cellular expansion within its coat, under the position of the three radiating lines ; upon
this (the pro-embryo or prothallium) cellular papillae (archegonia) appear, each containing an
open cavity, at the base of which is a free cell, from which the future plant is afterwards
developed. The cellular papill® are produced iu abundance on the prothallium along three
radiating lines corresponding to those on the coat of the spore, but only one gives origin
to a young plant. The small spores of Selaginella produce antheridia, which are cells
containing a spiral thread endowed with motion (spermatozoa); these no doubt gain access to
the papillae on the prothallium, but no one has proved this to be so. Nothing is known of
the process of fertilization or reproduction in any of the New Zealand genera, to which the
attention of the student should be directed.

Lycopodiacece are found in all situations and all quarters of the globe except the driest;
the New Zealand species are the largest of the Order, and present nearer affinities to the
fossil Lycopodiacex of the Coal period than any other existing plants.

388

II. LYCOPODIACEjE.

Leaves linear, radical. Cone borne on a solitary radical peduncle . 1. Phylloglossum.

Stems leafy, branched. Leaves small. Capsules 1-celled, in the

upper leaf-axils or in cones 2. Lycopodium.

Stems leafy, simple. Leaves large. Capsule on the leaf base, 2-

celled 3. Tmesiptekis.

Stem leafless, branched, 3-gonous. Capsules lateral on the branches,

3-celled 4. Psilotum.

1. PHYLLOGLOSSUM, Kunze.

Eoot of 2 ovoid tubers, with long fleshy fibres from the crown. — Leaves
all radical, 6-10, terete, subulate. Scape simple, erect, terete, terminated by
a terete or ovoid spike of imbricating, 3-gonons, pedicelled scales. Capsules
solitary in the axils of the scales, 1-celled, 2-valved. Spores most minute,
obtusely tetrahedral, with 3 radiating lines at the top.

A remarkable little plant, with the habit of Ophioglossum. Also found in Australia and
Tasmania.

1. P. Brummondii, Kunze ; — Fl. N. Z. ii. 51. Green, quite gla-
brous, 1-3 in. high. Leaves \ in. long. Scales of spike sub- 3 -angular,
suddenly contracted upwards into an obtuse beak, and downwards into a
short rounded auricle. — Hook. Ic. PL t. 908.

XUorthern Island: in grassy places, clay banks, etc., Bay of Islands, Auckland, etc.,
Sinclair, Colenso, etc.

2. LYCOPODIUM, Linn.

Rhizome tufted or creeping. — Stems erect or pendulous, simple or branched,
covered with distichous 4-ranked or imbricating, small leaves. Capsules
solitary in the axils of the upper stem-leaves, or in the scales of slender terminal
spikes, coriaceous, usually reniform, 1-celled, bursting transversely into 2
valves, full of excessively minute 3-gonous or tetrahedral spores.

An immense genus, found in all parts of the world, and in all climates but the very dry.
I. Leaves imbricated all round the stem. Capsules axillary in the upper leaves, or in
the scales of sessile, terminal, 4- gonous spikes.

Stems 4-8 in., tufted, erect, stout. Leaves all similar, broad, subu-
late, the upper with capsules 1. L. Selago.

Stems 6-18 in., stout, curving, erect. Leaves linear, decurrent, ob-
tuse. Capsules in terminal drooping spikes 2. L. varium.

Steins 2-4 ft., slender, pendulous. Leaves linear. Capsules in long,

branched, pendulous spikes 3. L. Billardieri.

II. Leaves imbricated all round the stem. Spikes sessile, cylindrical.

Stems stout, erect, densely branched. Leaves very variable, subulate.

Spikes termiual ; scales squarrose 4. L. densum.

Stems slender, erect, rarely branched. Spikes lateral ; scales erect . 5. L. lalera/e.

Stems stout, creeping ; branches erect, fastigiate ; tips incurved.

Spikes short ; scales toothed 6 . L. cernuum.

III. Leaves imbricated all round the stem. Spikes terete, peduncled.

Stems creeping. Peduncles lateral, long. Scales of spike with

spreading points 7 ■ L. carolinianum.

Stems creeping, with erect fastigiate branches. Peduncles terminal.

Scales of spike recurved

8. L. clavatum.

Lycopodium.']

II. LYCOPODIACE/E.

389

IV. Leaves distichous. Spikes terminal, terete.

Stems creeping, 1-2 ft. Spikes solitary or 2-nate 9. L. scariosum.

Stems climbing, 2-10 ft. Spikes in branched panicles 10. L. volubile.

1. L. Selago, Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 52. Rhizome stout, creeping.
Stems 4-8 in. high, stout, cylindric, obtuse, | in. diam. Leaves densely
imbricated, green or reddish, £-■§• in. long, usually erect or incurved, rarely
squarrose or spreading, subulate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, quite entire
or obscurely serrate. Capsules all axillary in the upper leaves.

Middle Island : Nelson mountains, Bidwill ; Southern Alps, Haast ; Otago, lake dis-
trict, Hector. A very common alpine and arctic plant, found in most cool mountainous
damp regions of the globe.

2. L. variura, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 52. Rhizome short or 0. Stems
tufted, stout, erect or pendulous from trees, 6-18 in. high, simple or branched.
Leaves closely imbricated all round the stem, \ in. long, erect or spreading,
linear, obtuse, decurrent, quite entire, dark green ; midrib obscure. Spikes
terminal, sessile, 4-gonous, simple or branched, usually drooping; scales
short, ovate, keeled, obtuse, sometimes foliaceous. — Hook, and Girev. Ic. Fil.
t. 112. — L. sulcinervium, Spring.

Northern and Middle Island : mountainous districts, abundant, Bieffenbacli, Colenso,
etc. Lord Auckland's and Campbell’s Islands, J. B. H. A common Tasmanian
plant, which, I suspect, passes into L. Selago on one hand and L. Billardieri on the other;
it is scarcely distinguishable from a South African species.

3. Li. Billardieri, Spring. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 53. Rhizome short. Stems
tufted, pendulous from trees, 2-4 ft. long, slender, rigid, cylindric, grooved,
flexuous, branched. Leaves f in. long, scattered below, above close-set,
imbricating all round, decurrent, linear-oblong or ligulate, obtuse or acute,
the lower with sometimes an evident midrib. Spikes slender, flaccid, several
inches long, dichotomously branched, 4-gonous; scales 4-fariously imbiicate,
broadly ovate, obtuse, keeled, often smaller than the capsules. — L. Jlagellaria,
A. Rich., not of Bory; L. Phlegmaria , A. Cunu., not of Linn.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander , etc.
This almost passes into various tropical forms, but is not exactly similar to any.

4. L. densum, Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. t. 251 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 53. Rhi-
zome stout, creeping. Stems tall, erect, woody, rigid, 1-3 ft. high, densely
fastigiately branched ; branches erect or patent. Leaves imbricated all round,
subulate, acuminate or piliferous, -Jg— | in. long, appressed spreading or squar-
rose, sometimes 6-fariously imbricated. Spikes terminal, solitary, sessile, |-f
in. long, cylindric, obtuse; scales scarious, spreading or squarrose, peltate,
3-angular, jagged. Spores hispid.

Northern Island : abundant, Banks and Solander, etc. Chatham Island, Bieffen-
bacli. Also a native of Norfolk Island, Tasmania, Australia, and New Ireland.

5. L. laterale, Br. ; — FI. N.'Z. ii. 53. Rhizome slender, creeping.
Stems ascending or erect, 3-10 in. high, simple or divided, obtuse. Leaves
imbricating all round, spreading and squarrose, { in. long, narrow-subulate.
Spikes solitary, axillary, sessile, erect, | in. long, terete, obtuse; scales 4-
farious, coriaceous, broadly ovate or rounded, suddenly contracted to a stiff
erect point; margins scarious, jagged. — Labill. Serf. Nov. Caled. t. 15.

390

II. LYCOPODIACEiE.

[. Lycopodium .

N or them and Middle Islands: not rare in wet places, amongst grass, etc. A native
of Australia, Tasmania, and New Caledonia.

6. L. cerntrum, Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 54. Stem stout, creeping, 2-3
ft. long, leafy, with erect, stiff, much divided branches 6-12 in. high. Leaves
numerous, spreading, squarrose or incurved, -g- in. long, acerose or subulate,
keeled, inserted all round the stem and branches, quite entire. Spikes short,
terminal, sessile on short incurved branchlets, cylindric ; scales imbricated all
round, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with long serrate acuminate points, margins
scarious and ciliate.

Northern parts of the Northern Island: Bay of Islands, Cunningham, etc. A most
abundant plant in all hot and subtropical climates.

7. Xj. caroliniamum, Linn.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 54. Stem creeping and
rooting, 2-6 in. long ; branches few, also creeping, never erect or ascending.
Leaves imbricated all round, curved, ascending, subulate, i- £ in. long. Spike
1-2 in. long, cylindric, on an erect lateral stiff peduncle which is 1-4 in. high
and covered with erect subulate leaves. Scales peltate, in about 6 rows, stiff,
broadly ovate below, with rigid spreading points, and scarious toothed rarely
entire margins.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands and east coast, Cnlenso, etc. A common plant in
Australia, Tasmania, and in many tropical and subtropical parts of the world.

8. Xj. clavatum, Linn.; — var. magellanicum, FI. N. Z. ii. 55. Stems
stout, creeping below, rigid, 4-10 in. long; branches short, stout, erect, much
fastigiately branched, 3-12 in. high. Leaves imbricating all round, spread-
ing incurved or squarrose, sometimes subsecund, linear-subulate, quite entire,
acuminate, not hair-pointed. Spikes 1-3 in. long, erect, cylindric, on solitary
or twin, terminal, stout, leafy peduncles ; leaves on the peduncles shorter,
often whorled. Scales peltate, trapezoid, toothed at the base, with long re-
curved points. Spores granular. — L. mag Manic um, Swartz; L. fastigiatum,
Br. ; L. pichinchense, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 85.

Abundant in mountainous situations throughout the Northern and Middle Islands,
Banks and So/ander, etc. Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, J. J). H.
Most abundant in subalpine South America, Tasmania, Australia, and the Antarctic islands.
This is the southern variety of L. clavatum, a very cominou plant in the northern and some
parts of the southern hemisphere, which has usually more or less serrulate and hair-poiuted
leaves, but which is connected with it by numerous intermediate forms.

9. L. scariosum, Ford. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 55. Stems long, stout, creep-
ing, often 2 ft. long, sparingly leafy, sending up prostrate or erect, flattened,
flabellately divided branches 6—10 in. long and ^ in. broad. Leaves of 2
forms, the larger 2-farious, coriaceous, falcate, ovate lanceolate, acute or acu-
minate, laterally flattened, sessile, decurrent, -§■ in. long, dark green above,
pale or glaucous below ; smaller leaves appressed to the under surface of the
branches, more numerous, subulate. Spikes 1-3 in. long, solitary or gemi-
nate, cylindric, on long or short peduncles, which are covered with imbricate
subulate leaves. Scales somewhat 6-farious, ovate ; points broad, recurved,
margins toothed. Spores areolate. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 966 ; L. dccurrens, Br. ;
L. Jussieui, Desv. ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 186; L. Lessonianum, A. Rich.?

O] e i mountainous regions throughout the Northern and Middle Islands; more
rarely iu woods, Banks and So/ander, etc. Lord Auckland’s group, Lyall. Also found

Lycopodium .]

II. LYCOPODTACE/E.

391

ill Tasmania and throughout the Andes of South America to Fuegia, and on the mountains
of Jamaica.

10. li. volubile, Forst. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 55. A lofty climber, festooning
trees, etc. Stems slender, wiry, many feet long, much branched, sparingly
leafy ; branches spreading, compressed, dichotomously and flabellately divided.
Leaves of 2 kinds, exactly as in L. scariosum, but with more acuminate points.
Spikes in branched dichotomous panicles, slender, ^-2| in. long, cylindric,
or obscurely 4-farious, pedicelled. Scales small, orbicular, suddenly con-
tracted into a subulate point, margins toothed or entire. Spores broadly
pyriform, broad end granular, the other transparent. — Hook, and Grev. 1c.
I'd. t. 70; L. D'Urvillei, A. Rich.?

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Banlcs and So/ander, etc.
Also found iu Java, hut hitherto in no other part of the world. The most beautiful species
of the genus.

A specimen of L. Phlegmaria, Liun., a tropical species, having been mixed with Menzies’
New Zealand collections, has been erroneously described as a native of these islands. Cun-
ningham’s specimens so named are L. Billardieri.

3. TMESIPTERIS, Bernhardi.

Roots fibrous.— Fronds pendulous, flaccid, simple or rarely branched ; stipes
angled. Leaves vertical, sessile, falcate, decurrent, oblong or ensiform, obtuse
truncate or acute, rarely acuminate, coriaceous ; costa stout, often excurrent,
oblique ; veins 0, fertile ones stalked, 2-lobed or 2 together with a capsule
seated in the fork between them. Capsule transversely oblong, coriaceous,
2-lobed, 2-valved, bursting by a vertical slit. Spores most minute, oblong,
curved.

A curious but very variable plant, found in Australia, the Pacific Islands, and California.

1. T. Forsteri, Endliclier ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 51. Stems 6-24 in. long.
Leaflets -|-1 in. long, pale green. Capsules -g- in, long. — T. Tannensis, Labill.
FI. Nov. Holl. t. 252.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands: often epiphytic on tree-
ferns, Banks and Sulander, etc. Lord Auckland’s group, Bolton.

4. PSILOTUM, Swartz.

Rhizome short, stout. — Fronds tufted, rigid, 3-quetrous, dichotomously
branched above, leafless or with minute scattered scale-like leaves. Capsules
in the axils of the minute scales, large, coriaceous, 3-lobed, 3-celled. Spores
very minute, bursting when placed in water, oblong, hyaline, with a central
pale nucleus.

1. P. triquetrum, Swartz. F.ronds erect or pendulous, 2-12 in. long,
green, slender, simple below, dichotomously branched above. Branches 3-
gonous. Scales or leaves scattered, i in. long. Capsides a in. diam. — Hook.
Fil. Exot. t. 63.

Northern Island: Motuhona Island, Bay of Plenty, Jolliffe. A common fern in very
many parts, especially of the southern hemisphere, both temperate and tropical, also found
in California.

393

11. LYCOI’ODIACE.E.

[Psilotum.

Order III. MARSILEACEiE.

Creeping or floating, marsh or water plants. Stems with very slender
vascular bundles, like those of Lycopodiacece. — Y ernation circinate. Capsules
of two kinds, one containing a single spore, the other many minute spores,
enclosed in a receptacle (or common capsule) with valvular dehiscence ; in
some both kinds of capsule are enclosed in a common involucre, in others
each kind is in a separate involucre. Of these spores the larger, which are
solitary, reproduce the plant ; the smaller, which are very numerous, contain
cells with ciliated filaments.

The reproductive process in Marsileacea is analogous to that of ferns in many respects.
The receptacles burst, and both kinds of spores are emitted ; the larger developes a prothal-
Jium at its top, which terminates in one perforated conical papilla (archegonium), the perfo-
ration leading down to a cell in the body of the prothallium. This cell gives origin to the
new plant; the small capsules (antheridia) emit cells containing each a spiral thread endowed
with motion (spermatozoa), of which one, no doubt, enters the perforation of the papilla and
fertilizes the cell at its base. Only one genus, Azo/la, has been hitherto found in New
Zealand ; but as 2 others are common in Australia, these may be mentioned here, viz. Pi-
lularia, which has creeping stems, subulate leaves, and globose involucres at the base of
the leaves ; and Marsilea, w ith a creeping stem, 4-foliolate leaves, and leaflets like Clover.
The latter is the Nardoo of Australia, upon the starch contained in the capsules of which,
Burke aud his companion-explorers subsisted iu the desert for some time.

1. AZOLLA, Linn.

Plant floating, forming small red patches, consisting of pinnate fronds co-
vered with minute imbricating leaves. Roots of solitary simple threads. — Stem
consisting of a central cellular axis with a few spiral threads, surrounded by
a circle of air-cells. Receptacles very minute, pendulous from the under sur-
face of the branches; the larger sort female, ovoid, bursting irregularly, full
of spherical stalked capsules, each containing a few globular spores; smaller
sort bursting transversely, containing rounded antheridia ? peltately borne on
the sides of a central erect column.

A genus of few species found in the warmer temperate and tropical zones, as far north
as the United States ; the following is the only oue that inhabits cold countries. I have
never examined the fructification, the generic description of which is taken from A. Gray’s
‘ Manual of the Botany of the North United States.’

1. A. rubra, Br. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 56. Prond red, ovate orbicular or
somewhat triangular, 1-2 in. diam., pinnate; branches close-set, almost im-
bricating, somewhat palmate. Leaves densely imbricate, ovate, entire, obtuse,
2-U in. long, smooth on the upper surface. Roots longitudinally plumose
beyond the middle.

Northern Islaud : pools on the east coast and interior, Colenso. Middle Island : ap-
parently common. Also found in Tasmania, Australia, and South America, aud perhaps not
specifically different from an African and North American plant.

393

Order IY. MUSCI.

Cellular, usually tufted plants, rarely more than a few inches high and
usually much less, with distinct erect or prostrate stems, generally branched
but sometimes quite simple ; cells and tubes composing the stems and
leaves without transverse bars or spiral threads, except in Sphagnum. Leaves
imbricate distichous or 3— 8-farious, sometimes of two forms, one larger,
the other resembling stipules ; never lobed or divided ; margin entire or
toothed, sometimes thickened. The leaves at the base of the fruitstalk
usually differ from the others, and are called perichcetial leaves. Reproduc-
tive organs of two kinds : capsules , containing minute spores, produced from
archegonia ; and antheridia, which are minute membranous sacs, by means
of whose contents the archegonia are fertilized. I. Capsule {theca, spo-
rangium:) lateral or terminal on the branches, rarely radical, sessile or on a
fruitstalk {seta), globose oblong-ovoid turbinate or pyriform, terete or an-
gular, equal at the base or with a swelling ( apophysis or struma ) at its union
with the fruitstalk, indehiscent or bursting by 4 valves at the sides {An-
drecea'), or most commonly by a transversely deciduous cap ( operculum ), co-
vered by a deciduous calyptra, which is entire (mitriform), or split on one
side {dimidiate or cucullate). The operculum, on falling away, exposes a cir-
cular orifice or mouth of the capsule, which is usually open, rarely closed (in
Polytrichum and its allies) by a transverse membrane ; rim of the mouth
naked or crowned with 1-3 concentric rows of appendages {peristome), con-
sisting, 1. of the annulus, a row of loose cells that often curls upon removal ;
2. of theouter peristome, a row of erect or incurved teeth, often reflexed when dry,
separate or variously combined, free or united by transverse bars {trabeculate),
simple or forked, straight or tortuous; 3. of the inner peristome, consisting of a
fine membrane split into cilia or teeth ; this membrane lines the capsule to
its bottom, and is there drawn up as an axis or central column {columella).
Spores numerous, escaping from the mouth of the capsule, green yellow or
brown, simple or combined, without external covering or markings. II. An-
theridia : Oblong or linear, stalked, membranous sacs, mixed with jointed
filaments {paraphyses), surrounded by whorls of leaves {perigonia), either
axillary or terminal on the stems or branches. The sacs have open mouths,
and contain a multitude of cells, each with an enclosed spiral filament {anthero-
zoid) endowed with motion. When the antheridia are on the same plant
with the capsule, the Moss is called monoecious ; when on separate, dioe-
cious ; in fewer cases the antheridia and archegonia (which become capsules)
are found intermixed in the same inflorescence.

One of the most beautiful tribes of plants, found in all parts of the globe except the driest,
abounding in temperate perennially humid latitudes, as the west coast of New Zealand, which
is veiy rich in species.

The capsules, from whose form and structure the main divisional and generic characters
are drawn, are thus developed. The female inflorescence, as it is called, consists of a ter-
minal or axillary bundle of two or more archegonia, mixed with jointed filaments, and sur-
rounded by perichsetial leaves. Archegonia are very slender, erect, cellular, flagon-shaped
bodies, tumid and hollow at the base, the hollow being continuous upwards to the tip, which
is open ; a minute loose cell is contained in the base of their cavity. The process of ferti-
lization has never been observed, but it is believed that one or more of the autherozoids,
having escaped from the antheridia, find their way into the cavity of the archegonium, and

VOL. I. 2d

394

JV. MUSCI.

fertilize its contained cell ; it is, however, certain that from this cell the fruitstalk and capsule
are developed. The upper part of the archegonium, after fertilization, swells very much into
n campanulate body, which breaks away at its base, and is carried up, as the calyptra, by the
lengthening fruitstalk ; the base of the archegonium, on the other hand, usually becomes a
fleshy cylinder supporting the fruitstalk, and is called the vaginula. After the fruitstalk has
attained some length, its apex begins to swell and to develope into the capsule. When the
capsule is ripe it thus dehisces ; at the line of dehiscence one row of the cells of its cellular tissue
enlarges, and pushes off the upper part or operculum ; this row of cells is the future annulus
of the peristome. The spores are now ready to escape, and their exit is regulated in many
species by the hygrometric action of the teeth of the peristome.

In germination, the spore emits cellular filaments, quite like the branches of a Conferva ,
which sometimes form matted, green, velvet-like patches ; on these threads the stems and
rootlets are formed, the former growing upwards, the latter downwards. Dr. J. B. Hicks
describes these filaments as giving rise to gonidia (reproductive cells, like those of Lichens).
This subject is one of great interest and novelty, but most difficult of investigation, about
which I must refer the reader to his valuable paper published in the Linuean Society’s
Transactions (vol. xxiii. p. 567).

By many museologists, including Wilson, Ibis Order has been considered as a family, and
divided into three — Andreaaceoe, Bryacece, and Sphagnacea. To me, however, these appear to
form one Order, equivalent to one of the average Orders of Flowering Plants. Of the genera,
Andrecea is, no doubt, one of the most remarkable in the dehiscence of its capsule; but
though differing from all other Mosses m this respect, the passage through Phascum to
these is obvious. It further differs from most Musci in the capsule being seated directly
on the vaginula, and in the colour of the foliage. The Andreceas have been supposed to
form a counecting link with the Hepaticce, and in this respect of the dehiscence of the cap-
sule they are, of all Mosses, those which show the nearest approach to that Order; but the
differences are far too great to justify their being regarded as intermediate in the proper sense
of that term. Sphagnum is an even more peculiar genus; it, too, wants the fruitstalk, and
has the capsule supported on the vaginula directly, and it further has truly fascicled branches,
no rootlets, peculiar authefidia, and the cellular structure of the leaves is of two kinds,
usually furnished with pores and spiral fibres ; but besides Sphagnum showing in ihese
respects no tendency to other Orders, we find an approach to the same cellular structure
in Leucolryum , and a few other Mosses of very different affinity. A few museologists
have carried the subdivision of Mosses into Orders much further even than this ; but as the
terms they nse are not the equivalents of those used in other groups of plants, it is im-
possible to attach auy precise value to such divisions. Thus, Dr. Sehimper, of Strasburg,
the most learned and able living museologist, divides the Order into, first, Musci and Sphagna,
and the Musci successively iuto Sections, Orders, Tribes, Families, and Geuera — a sequence
of terms not adopted in other branches of botany.

The Musci were worked up by Mr. Wilson, the most able British museologist, for the
‘ Flora of New Zealand ;’ and I have for the most part adhered to his generic characters and
limitations ; having myself studied the species which I had collected, bofh in the Bay of
Islands and in Lord Auckland’s group, and prepared the analyses of the greater number
figured in the ‘Flora Antarctica,’ we published under our joint names. Since that period
many new species have been described by Mr. Mitten, to whom I am indebted for most
cordial assistance in the following pages, and who has examined and named for the
Hookerian Herbarium, all the specimens that have been received from recent New Zealand
collectors. These I have incorporated in the present work, together with a few species
which were published by C. Mueller in the ‘Flora’ (a German periodical) in 1855, a few
months before the appearauce of the ‘ New Zealand Flora,’ but which were not known
to Mr. Wilson or myself at the time of our printing the latter work. I extremely regret
that my friend Mr. Wilson’s health has prevented him from undertaking a revision of the
New Zealand Mosses for this Handbook. A very considerable proportion of the Mosses here de-
scribed are imperfectly known. In such geuera as Hypnum, Bryum, Dicrauum, etc., limits
scarcely exist between the forms that compose some of the extensive groups ; and a special
study of a large series of specimens from many parts of the islands is necessary to determine
their limits, whether naturally or artificially.

The books that will prove most useful to the student of New Zealand Mosses are : —

IV. MUSCI.

395

Wilson’s ‘ Bryologia Britannica,’ 1 vol. 8vo, with 61 plates; Schimper’s ‘ Synopsis Mus-
corum Europmorum,’ 1 vol. 8vo ; Hooker’s ‘ Musci Exotici,’ 2 vols. 8vo, with 200 plates;
C. Mueller’s ‘ Synopsis Mnscornra Frondosorum,’ 2 vols. 8vo; Hedwig’s ‘ Species Muscorum,’
and Schwaegrichen’s Supplements to the same, in several volumes, 4to, with between 300 and
400 plates. The New Zealand, Tasmanian, and Antarctic Floras, all expensive works in
quarto, also contain very numerous plates of New Zealand Mosses.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF NEW ZEALAND MOSSES.

A. Acrocarpi. — Fruitstalk springing from the ends of the tranches ( lateral in one
Fissidens, apparently lateral but really terminal in Sphagnum, Dicnemou, Hedwigia,
Mielichoferia, etc.).

I. Leaves inserted all round the stem or branches. {Distichous in Distichium.)

§ Operculum adherent, never falling away.

Capsule bursting by 4 lateral slits 1. Andreaa.

Capsule bursting irregularly 3. Piiascum.

§§ Operculum falling away.

Division 1. Astomi. — Peristome 0.

* Capsule sessile on a short white receptacle 2. Sphagnum.

** Capsule on a distinct ( often very short) red, yellow, or brown fruitstallc.
f Calyptra mitriform. Capsule erect.

Capsule ohovate or clavate ; operculum conical. Leaf-cells large, lax 43. Physcomitrium.
Capsule cylindric ; beak of operculum straight. Calyptra very large 21. Encalypta.
Capsule ovoid, grooved. Calyptra plicate, lacerate at the base . . 27. Maceomitrium.

Capsule globose, sessile amongst the perichmtial leaves .... 22. Heiywigia.

ft Calyptra cucullate.
a. Capsule globose.

Stems \-2 in. long. Fruitstalk short. Operculum beaked . . .22. Hedwigia.

Stems 2-6 in. long. Fruitstalk long, slender. Operculum beaked 23. Braunia.

Stems a- j in. long. Fruitstalk 0. Operculum scarcely beaked . 24. Leptangium.

* £1. Capsule not globose.

Mouth with a membranous ring. Leaves piliferous ; cells large, lax 31. Leptostomum.
Mouth without a membranous ring. Leaf-cells minute.

Capsule erect, ovoid, not grooved. Operculum with an acute

inclined beak 5. Gymnostomum.

Capsule erect, ovoid, grooved or striate. Operculum with an acute

inclined beak 30. Zygodon.

Capsule suberect, ovoid-oblong, smooth. Operculum hardly

beaked. Nerve of leaf very thick 18. Desmatodon.

Division 2. Aploperistomi. — Peristome single.

* Calyptra mitriform, plaited. Capsule erect.

Capsule ovoid. Calyptra laciniate at the base 28. Macromitrium.

Capsule pyriform. Calyptra crenate at the base, usually very hairy 29. Orthotrichum.

** Calyptra mitriform, not plaited. Capsule erect.

Calyptra split at the base 25. Grimhia.

Calyptra fringed at the base 26. Racomitrium.

#** Calyptra cucullate, mitriform in one Tortula. ( See Grimmia, in **.)

Peristome a membranous ring 31. Leptostomum.

Peristome of distinct teeth.

2 D 2

396

TV. MUSCI.

a. Capsule erect 0" nearly so, not globose. Teeth 8, 2 -fid, or 16 equidistant, or 32 in

pairs, rarely in fours, then short, broad.
f Cells of leaf large, lax.

Teeth erect, when dry 43. Entosthodon

Teeth recurved when dry 45. Eremodon.

tt Cells of leaf minute.

Teeth recurved when dry. Capsule grooved 30. Zygodon.

Teeth erect or recurved when dry. Capsule not grooved. Peri-

chsetial leaves short 5. Weissia.

Teeth incurved when dry. Capsule not grooved. Perichmtial

leaves very long, sheathing the fruitstalk 6. Symblepharis.

/3. Capsule globose, inclined ; mouth small ; teeth 1 6, united by their tips.
Leaves subulate, serrate 39. Conostomum.

y. Fruitstalk long and slender. Capsule erect or nearly so, narrow ovoid- oblong or cylin-
drical, rarely slightly curved, quite equal at the base. Teeth 16, 2-3 -fid, or 32 in

pairs, slender, erect or incurved when dry.

Leaves broad, soft, papillose at the back ; nerve very thick. Teeth

16, 2-3-fid 18. Desmatodon.

Leaves narrow. Teeth 16 or 32, lanceolate, entire 2-fid or perfo-
rate, fragile, irregular 17. Didymodon.

Leaves narrow, distichous. Teeth 16, equidistant 19. Distichium.

Leaves narrow. Teeth 16, perforated, or 32 in pairs, slender,

erect, of one series of cells 15. Trichostomum.

Leaves broad or narrow. Teeth 32, slender, twisted, of two series

of cells 16. Tortula.

5. Fruitstalk long or short. Capsule inclined cernuous or pendulous, more or less curved
and unequal at the base. Teeth 16, equidistant, 2-fid, or 32 in pairs.
f Fruitstalk erect. Calyptra not f tinged at the base.

Stems creeping. Fruitstalk clothed with long perichsetial leaves.

Teeth 16, 2-fid 9. Picnemon.

Stems erect.

Teeth 32, united by trabeculae 20. Cekatodon.

Teeth 16, 2-fid. Leaves thick, white, spongy 10. Leucobryum.

Teeth 16, 2-fid. Leaves of ordinary texture 11. Dicranuh.

ft Fruitstalk curved or flexuose.

Capsule ovoid, furrowed. Calyptra fringed at the base. Teeth 16,

2-fid 13. Campylopus.

Capsule oblong, not furrowed. Calyptra entire at the base. Teeth

16, 2-partite 12. Dicranodontium.

Capsule pyriform, with a long narrow struma. Calyptra inflated.

Teeth 32, granulate 14. Trematodon.

Capsule pyriform, with a tapering struma. Calyptra small, narrow.

Teeth 16, connate at the base 35. Mielichoferia.

e. Teeth 32 or 64, very short, equidistant, horny.

Stout, erect, rigid Mosses. Leaves usually lamellate, brown or lurid
green 46. Polytrichum.

Division 3. Diploperistomi. — Peristome double.

Capsule horizontal, flat above, convex below. Teeth innumerable,

forming a filiform brush 47. Dawsonia.

Capsule terete. Teeth short, definite in number.

IV. MU3CI.

397

Calyptra mitriform, plicate. Capsule erect ; beak of operculum long, erect.

Calyptra with 4 or more inflexed lobes at the base 27. Schlotheimia.

Calyptra not inflexed, but laciniate at the base 28. Macromitrium.

Calyptra (usually very hairy) not inflexed, crenate or split at the

base 29. Orthotbichum.

** Calyptra cucullate.

a. Leaves long, subulate, serrate ; cells minute. Teeth incurved.

Capsule globose, furrowed ; operculum nearly flat 41. Bartramia.

Capsule oblong, erect, bidden by the leaves ; operculum convex,

apiculate 40. Cryptopodium.

13. Leaves short, entire; cells minute. Capsule erect, ovoid,
grooved ; outer teeth recurved when dry 30. Zygodon.

y. Leaves flaccid ; cells large, lax. Capsule pyriform, inclined

or pendulous ; mouth smalt; teeth horizontal 42. Funaria.

8. Leaves various. Capsule cylindric, pyriform or clavate, suberect
inclined or pendulous ; outer teeth erect or spreading.

f Capsule suberect.

Capsule narrow, cylindric, furrowed 32. Aulacomnion.

Capsule oblong, furrowed 33. Orthodontium.

Capsule clavate, pyriform, not furrowed 34. Brachymeniuh.

Capsule clavate, pyriform, curved, gibbous, with a small oblique

mouth 38. Meesxa.

ft Capsule horizontal or drooping, smooth.

Shoots from the sides or tops of the stems. Operculum shortly

beaked or not beaked 36. Bryuh.

Shoots from the bases of the stems, often creeping. Operculum

with a long beak. Leaves large, flaccid 37. Mnium.

II. Leaves distichous or 2-3 furious. ( See Distichium in I.)

Peristome 0. Leaves 3-farious, of 2 forms, the lateral distichous . 69. Calomnion.

Teeth 16, 2-fid, spreading when dry. Leaves distichous, equitant . 7- Fissidens.

B. Pleurocarpi. — Fruitstalk springing from the sides of the branches. ( See Fissidens

adiantoides and Sphagnum, Dicnemon, Mielichoferia and Hedwigia, which have apparently

lateral fruitstalks under A.)

Division 1. Astomi. — Peristome 0.

Leaves imbricate all round the stem . . . 47. Ancectangium.

Leaves distichous . 49. Aulacopilum.

Division 2. Aplopeuistomi. — Peristome single.

* Leaves distichous or tristichous.

Calyptra mitriform, hairy, torn at the base. Teeth 16, entire.

Leaves complicate, keeled, shining 58. Phyllogonium.

Calyptra cucullate. Teeth 16, membranous, united at the base.

Leaves piliferous, papillose 66. Hymenodon.

Calyptra cucullate. Teeth 16, 2-fid, red. Fruitstalk moderate . 7. Fissidens.

Calyptra mitriform. Teeth 16, 2-fid, red. Fruitstalk very short . 8. Conomitrium.

Calyptra mitriform, lacerate at the base. Teeth 1 6, membranous,

united at the base. Leaves ciliate 67. Hypopterygium.

** Leaves not distichous. Calyptra cucullate.

Teeth 16, short, membranous entire. Calyptra clothed below with

long hairs 52. Leptodon.

Teeth 16, 2-3-partite, united at the base 51. Leucodon.

Teeth 16, in pairs, inflexed, entire 50. Fabronia.

Teeth 16, short, free, lacerate at the apex 57. Mesotus.

398

IV. MUSCI.

Division 3. Diploperistomt. — Peristome double.

* Calyptra cucullate.

a. leaves strongly distichous , tristichous or bifarious.

f Fruitstalk very short.

Leaves distichous, oblique, broad, shining. Capsule erect . . .59. Neckera.

ft Fruitstalk moderate or long.

Leaves distichous, not oblique, serrate. Capsule erect .... 60. Trachyloma.
Stems prostrate or creeping. Leaves distichous. Capsule ceruuous

or horizontal 64. Omalia.

Stems erect, hardly branched. Leaves distichous, strongly serrate.

Fruitstalk from the base of the stem. Capsule inclined . . . 65. Rhizogonium.

Stems dendroid, much branched. Leaves tristichous. Capsule

suberect, ceruuous or pendulous 67. Hypopterygium .

Stems creeping or prostrate. Leaves distichous, piliferous, nerveless.

Capsule cernuous 63. Hypnum.

/8. Leaves imbricate all round the stem , secund or pointing every way , rarely obscurely

distichous or bifarious.

+ Fruitstalk very short.

Stem erect. Capsule not furrowed. Leaves with a stout nerve . 56. Cyrtopus.
Rhizome creeping. Capsule erect, furrowed. Leaves nerveless or

2-nerved 53. Cladomnion.

Rhizome creeping. Stems pendulous, very loug (erect in M. nitens).

Leaves shining, membranous, concave. Capsule erect . . .54. Meteoriuh.

ft Fruitstalk moderate or long.

Habit dendroid. Stems naked below, above pinnately or verticillately
branched. Capsule erect, or inclined by the curvature of the
fruitstalk 61. Isothecium.

Stems creeping or prostrate, pinnately or vaguely branched.

Capsule curved, horizontal, or pendulous, not furrowed. Calyptra

glabrous 63. Hypnum.

Stem compressed, pinnately branched. Capsule erect, straight,

cylindric. Leaves entire, nerves 0, or 2, and short .... 62. Entodon.

Stems erect, simple. Leaves strongly serrate. Fruitstalk from

the bases of the stems. Capsule inclined 65. Rhizogonium.

Stem creeping, branched. Leaves piliferous. Capsule curved,

furrowed, cernuous. Calyptra hairy 70. Racopilum.

Calyptra mitriform.
a. Fruitstalk very short.

Stem erect or pendulous, branched. Leaves imbricate all round

the stem. Capsule erect, sunk in the perichactial leaves . . .55. Cryph^a.

Stem erect, unbranched. Leaves tristichous, dorsal small. Capsule

erect, almost sessile 68. Cyathophorum.

0. Fruitstalk moderate or long.

Stems creeping, branched. Leaves obscurely tristichous, piliferous.

Capsule curved, grooved. Calyptra hairy 70. Racopilum.

Stems dendroid. Leaves tristichous, dorsal smaller. Capsule sub-
erect cernuous or pendulous 67. Hypopterygium.

Stems suberect or creeping. Leaves more or less distichous ; cells

large, lax. Capsule cernuous. Teeth with transverse bars . . 71. Hookeria.

Stems erect, tufted. Leaves imbricate all round. Capsule erect . 72. Daltonia.

iv. musci.

399

The arrangement adopted in this work is that which Mr. Wilson followed in the Floras
of New Zealand and of Tasmania, viz. Dr. Schimper’s, with a few unimportant modifica-
tions. This arrangement is natural, and the best hitherto devised, but, unfortunately, the
characters of the groups do not contrast, and depend to so great a degree upon habit,
texture, etc., that they cannot be expressed with sufficient definition for the purposes of a
beginner. The following is the order of the Suborders, Tribes, and Genera : —

Suborder I. Andreseese.

1. Andresea.

Suborder II. Sphagneae.

2. Sphagnum.

Suborder III. Bryeae.

Sect. 1. Acrocarpi. — Fruit terminal.
Tribe I. Phasce.®.

3. Phascum.

Tribe II. Weissie.®.

4. Gymnostomum.

5. Weissia.

6. Symblepharis.

Tribe III. Fissidf.nte.®.

7. Fissidens.

8. Conomitrium.

Tribe IV. Dicrane.®.

9. Picnemon.

10. Leucobryum.

11. Dicrauum.

12. Dicranodoutium.

13. Campylopus.

14. Trematodon.

Tribe V. Trichostosie,®.

15. Trichostomum.

16. Tortnla.

17- Didymodon.

18. Desmatodou.

19. Distichium.

20. Ceratodon.

Tribe VI. Encalypte.®.

21. Enealypta.

Tribe VII. Hedwigiace.®.

22. Hedwigia.

23. Braunia.

24. Leptangium.

Tribe VIII. GrimmiEj®.

25. Grimmia.

26. Bacomitrium.

Tribe IX. Orthotriche.e.

27- Schlotheimia.

28. Macromitrium.

29. Orthotrichum.

Tribe X. Zygodonte^e.

30. Zygodon.

Tribe XI. Brye.e.

31. Leptostomum.

32. Aulacomnimn.

33. Orthodontium.

34. Brachymenium.

35. Mielichoferia.

36. Bryum.

37. Mnium.

38. Meesia.

Tribe XII. Bartramie^e.

39. Conostomum.

40. Cryptopodiuin.

41. Bartramia.

Tribe XIII. Funarie.e.

42. Funaria.

43. Entosthodon.

44. Physeomitrium.

Tribe XIV. Splachne.®.

45. Eremodon.

Tribe XV. Polytriche.®.

46. Polytrichum.

47. Dawsonia.

Sect. 2. Pleurocarpi. — Fruit lateral.
Tribe XVI. Ancectangie^e.

48. Anoectangium.

Tribe XVII. Fabronie,e.

49. Anlacopilum.

50. Fabronia.

Tribe XVIII. Leucodonte®.

51. Leucodou.

52. Leptodon.

53. Cladonmion. -
Tribe XIX. Pieotriciie.e.

54. Meteorium.

55. Cryphrca.

56. Cyrtopus.

57. Mesotus.

Tribe XX. Phyllogonie.e.

58. Phyllogoniurn.

Tribe XXI. Neckere®.

59. Neckera.

60. Trachyloma.

Tribe XXII. Isothecie®.

61. Isothecium.

62. Entodon.

Tribe XXIII. Hypne®.

63. Hypnum.

Tribe XXIV. Omalte®.

64. Omalia.

Tribe XXV. Rhizogonie®.

65. Rhizogonium.

66. Hymenodon.

Tribe XXVI. FIypoptebygie®,

67. Hypopterygium.

68. Cyathophorum.

69. Calomnion.

Tribe XXVII. Racopile®.

70. Racopilum.

Tribe XXVIII. Hookerie®.

71- Hookeria.

72. Daltonia.

400

IV. MUSCI.

\_Andrecea.

1. ANDREW A, Ehrhart.

Small, perennial, dark brown, purplish or black, monoecious or dioecious
mosses, growing usually on rocks. Leaves often secund ; cells dot-like.
Eruitstalk terminal, short, seated on an elongated pale receptacle, as in
Sphagnum.. Capsule erect, black, splitting laterally into 4 valves, which are
held together by the persistent operculum. Calyptra mitriform, small.

Arctic, alpine, and subalpine mosses, found in all mountainous countries ; intermediate in

respect of the form of the capsule between Hepatica and Musci. >

Leaves nerveless.

Leaves subulate-lanceolate, gibbous at the base 1. A. acutifoiia.

Leaves ovate-subulate, papillose, spreading, sheathing at the base . . 2. A. rupestris.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, not papillose, erecto-patent 3. A. mutabilis.

Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, shining, erect 4. A. nitida.

Leaves with a broad nerve, ovate-subulale, falcate 5. A. subulata.

1. A. acutifoiia, Hook.f. and Wils. FI. Antarct. i. 118. t. 151./. 2 ;
— FI. N. Z. ii. 5 7. Stems f-1 in. high. Leaves reddish or almost black,
erecto-patent, incurved, erect when dry, subulate-lanceolate, acute, rigid,
concave, nerveless, gibbous at the base ; perichsetial similar.

Northern Island: Ruahine range, Colenso. Campbell’s Island: on rocks (barren),
J. D. H. (Kerguelen’s Land, Fuegia and Andes of South America).

2. A. petrophila, Ehrhart ; — FI. Tasm. ii. 161. — A. rupestris, El. N.
Z. ii. 57, not of Linn. Stems very short. Leaves reddish-brown, not glossy,
spreading, often subsecund, ovate-subulate or acuminate, base sheathing, back
papillose, appressed when dry, nerveless. — Wils. Bryol. Brit.

Northern Island: on the mountains, Colenso . (Fuegia, Tasmania, Andes of South Ame-
rica, Europe, and most subalpine regions.)

8. A. mutabilis, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. Antarct. i. 119. t. 57. /. 2.
Stems 1 in. high, naked below, branched above, slender. Leaves red-
brown, yellow' at the base, erecto-patent, appressed when dry, rarely falcate
and secund, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, slightly concave, nerveless, hardly
papillose at the back ; perichaetial longer, elliptic-lanceolate, convolute.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : on rocks on the hills, J. D. H.
(Falkland Islands). Near A. rupestris, but the leaves are more erect and narrower.

4. A. nitida, Hook.f. and Wils. FI. Antarct. i. 118. t. 57./ 3. Stems
suberect, i in. high, sparingly branched. Leaves red-brown or black-purple,
crowded, suberect or erecto-patent, scarcely crisped when dry, ovate-oblong,
obtuse, apiculate, nerveless, shining, concave ; margins reflexed ; perichaetial
longer, erect. Antheridia 6, with a few paraphyses mixed ; archegonia 4,
wdthout paraphyses.

Lord Auckland’s group : on rocks on the hills, rare, J. D. H. A very distinct and
curious species. (Tasmania).

5. A. subulata, Harvey in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 201 ; — FI. Antarct. i. 119.
t. 57. /. 1. Stems rather branched. Leaves red-browm, falcate, secund,
subulate from a dilated base, concave, rigid ; nerve very broad and thick ;
perichEetial small, very inconspicuous.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : rocks on the hills, J. B. H.
(Tasmania, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, and Fuegia,. The specimens from South Africa
have larger perichaetial leaves.

Sphagnum.] ,iv. musci. 401

2. SPHAGNUM, Linn.

Flaccid, white or pale-pink, branched, monoecious or dioecious mosses,
growing in water bogs or wet woods ; branches fascicled or whorled. Leaves __
of very narrow long cells, forming a network, between whose meshes are
larger thin- walled cells, often marked with a spiral line and pierced with large
pores. Fruitstalk axillary, at first lateral, but by elongation of the receptacle
apparently terminal (cladocarpous) . Capsule erect, dark-brown, without
annulus or teeth. Operculum small, flattish. Calyptra rupturing transversely
from the receptacle, the lower part adhering to the fruit ; antheridia subsphe-
rical, as in Jungermanniae.

A considerable genus of very variable mosses, found in all parts of the world, especially
alpine and temperate, contributing extensively to the formation of peat. The species are
most difficult ot determination, being variable in size and habit, and the specific characters
are to a great extent founded on structural peculiarities, the relative constancy of which may
be much overrated. Much stress is laid upon the presence or absence of spiral marks within
the cells of various parts of the plant ; and on the number of series of cells forming the peri-
phery (cortex) of the stem and branches.

The genus itself forms an Order, distinct from that of mosses, in the opinion of many
modern Cryptogamists, but though most peculiar in habit and mode of growth, and differing
in so many details from all other mosses, I do not think that it should be so regarded, the
essential structure of the organs of reproduction- being the same, and the range of variation
amongst Musci in both habit and characters being very wide.

Branches with one or two cortical layers of cells.

Leaves ovate-acuminate 1. S. cuspidatum.

Leaves subovate, obtuse or praemorse 2. S. subsecundum.

Leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, denticulate 3. S. novo-Zelandicum.

Branches with three or more cortical layers of cells.

Cells of branches with spiral fibres . 4. 5. cymbifolium.

Cells of branches without spiral fibres.

Stem-leaves fimbriate at the tip 5. S. fimbriatum.

Leaves of branches ovate, obtuse 6. S. australe.

Leaves of branches orbicular-ovate, obtuse 7- S. antarcticum.

Leaves of branches ovate-lanceolate, acuminate 8 . S. acutifolium.

1. S. cuspidatum, Ehrliart ;-^Fl. N. Z. ii. 58. Stems long, weak,
flaccid ; branches remote, fascicled, deflexed, narrowed to the apex. Stem-
leaves ovate, acute, spreading; branch-leaves lanceolate-acuminate; margin
waved when dry ; perichsetial acute. Inflorescence dioecious. — Wils. Bryol.
Brit. 21. t. 61.'

Var. /3. recurvum. Leaves shorter, recurved when dry. — -S. recurvum , Pallisot.

Yar. y. plumosum. Leaves longer, more attenuated. — S. plumosum.

Northern Island, Co/enso. — Var. y, Oldfield’s collection. The above is taken from
Wilson. Schimper describes this species as having two layers of cortical cells, Mitten as
having but one. (Europe, Fuegia, etc.).

2. S. sub secundum, Nees and Hornsch. ? — S: compactum , var. ambi-
guum, FI. N. Z. ii. 57. Stems erect, csespitose, fastigiate; branches crowded,
short, erecto-patent ; cortical cells in one layer, without spiral fibres. Leaves
subovate ; apices scarcely incurved, obtuse or premorse.

Northern Island : marshes, Bay of Islands, etc., Colenso, etc. A very doubtful plant,
differing from S. compactum in the cortical cells being in only one layer, referred by Mr.
Mitten to S. subsecundum, which is a native of Europe, etc.

8. S. novo-Zelandicum, Mitten in Journ. Linn. Sue. iv. 99. Habit

402

IV. MUSCI.

[Sphagnum.

compact of S. cymbifolium. Cortical cells without spiral fibres. Leaves, cau-
liue obovate-lingulate, obtuse, denticulate ; branch-leaves ovate acuminate.

New Zealand, Northern Island : Kerr , Knight. Description abridged from Mitten’s.

4. S. cymbifolium, Dillenius ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 57. Steins long, stout;
branches crowded, short, tumid. Cortical cells of the branches in several
series, with spiral fibres. Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, obtuse,
concave, minutely rough below the tip. Inflorescence dioecious. — Wils. Bryol.
Brit. 17. t. 4.

Northern and Middle Islands : common, Colenso, Sinclair , TTaast, etc. (Various tem-
perate climates).

5. S. fimbriatum, TFils. in FI. Antarct. 398 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 57. Stems
long, slender ; branches slender, defiexed, with narrow tips. Stem-leaves
obovate, obtuse, fimbriate at the tip, others ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; peri-
chaetial obovate, obtuse, cucullate. Inflorescence monoecious. — Wils. Bryol.
Brit. 21. t. 60; S. acutifolia, Mont. Voy. au Pole Sud, Bot. Crypt. 282.

Middle Island, Lyall (a scrap), identified by Wilson. The cauline leaves are loosely re-
ticulated, the proper cells are full of chlorophyll, the interstitial without a spiral fibre (Fuegia,
Falkland Islands, Britain, etc.).

6. S. australe. Mitten in FI. Tasm. ii. 162. — S. compaction, y. ovation,
FI. Antarct. 122. Habit, etc., of S. cymbifolium, but the cortical layers of
cells have no spiral fibres. Leaves of branches ovate, obtuse, of brauchlets
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse.

Campbell’s Island: in bogs, J. D. H. (Tasmania).

7. S. antarcticum, Mitten in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 100. Also similar
to S. cymbifolium, but differing in the cortical cells having no spiral fibre.
From S. uustrale it differs in the suborbicular leaves of the branchlets.

Campbell’s Island : in bogs, J. D. H.

8. S. acutifolium, Elirliart. Stem elongate ; branches crowded, slender,
attenuate, cortical cells in 3 or 4 layers, without spiral fibres. Leaves of stem
ovate, erect, of branches erecto-patent, ovate-lanceolate, tapering, subacute,
imbricate. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 20. t. 4.

Chatham Island, W. Travers; determined by Mitten. (Europe, etc)

3. PHASCUM, Linn.

Extremely minute, monoecious, green, ephemeral mosses, growing on earth,
mudbanks, etc. Fruitstalks terminal, very short. Capsule erect, not dehis-
cing. Operculum persistent and continuous with the capsule. Calyptra
campanulate or cucullate.

A considerable genus in temperate regions, rare in tropical ; the species, owing to their
most minute size and fugacious character, are often overlooked, and require high powers of
the microscope for their study. The genus has been divided by modern Cryptogamists into
eight or more.

Stems annual, erect, simple 1. P. apicutatum.

Stems perennial, creeping 2. P. nervosum.

1. P. (Acaulon) apiculatum, ILook.f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 58. t. 83.
/. 1. A minute gregarious annual moss, each plant simple, the size of a grain

Pkascum.]

IV. MUSCI.

403

of mustard, consisting of a little ball of leaves surrounding a capsule. Leaves
few, closely imbricate, two inner the largest, broadly obovate-rotundate, acute
or acuminate, very concave, quite entire ; nerve excurrent ; apex erect ; mar-
gins not recurved. Capsule immersed, globose, erect ; fruitstalk very short.
Calyptra very minute.

Northern Island : Hawke’s Bay, on the ground, Colenso. (Tasmania.) Allied to the
British P. muticum. Mitten (Journ. l.inn. Soc. Bot. iv. 71) has pointed out that the figure
of the calyptra in FI. N. Z. is quite erroneous. It belongs to the subgenus Acaulon , which
are annual, simple, and have globose immersed capsules with a minute calyptra.

2. P. (Pleuridium) nervosum. Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 105 ; — Fl. N.
Z. ii. £8. A minute, creeping, perennial moss; stems short, nearly simple.
Lower leaves ovate ; upper elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or denticu-
late, appressed; nerve stout, excurrent. Fruitstalk very short, straight or
curved. Capsule immersed or exserted, apiculate.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, in clay hills, Colenso, J.B.H. (Australia, South Africa,
North America).

4. GYMNOSTOMUM, Hedwig.

Tufted, usually short, green, monoecious or dioecious mosses, of various
habits, usually growing on rock or earth. Fruitstalk terminal, slender, rarely
short. Capsule erect, rarely inclined ; annulus obscure, persistent ; teeth 0.
Operculum obliquely beaked. Calyptra cucullate.

For other acrocarpous mosses, without peristome, that might be referred here, see in
Weissia, Didymodon, Macrom.itriu.rn , Zygodon, Leptostomum, Physcomitrion , and Hed-
wigia.

A very large genus, common in temperate countries, rarer in arctic and tropical ; as formerly
constituted, it contains mosses of very various affinities, which agreed only in wanting the peri-
stome ; recently, however, it has been restricted to mosses which, but for the above character.

would be referred to Weissia.

Leaves linear-lanceolate ; margins flat 1. G. calcareum.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; margins incurved 2. G. tortile.

1. G. calcareum, Nees and Hornsch. ; — Fl. N. Z. ii. 59. Very
minute ; stems densely tufted, i- \ in. high, branched, very slender. Leaves
spreading, linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse, sometimes crisped when dry ;
margins flat. Fruitstalk very slender, i in. long. Capsule oval-oblong;
neck short ; mouth red ; operculum conico-subulate, nearly as long as the
capsule.

Northern and Middle Islands: Bay of Islands, on clay soil, the form with crisped
leaves, on lime in walls, J. D. H. ; Nelson, Mantell ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan.
(Europe, India, and Australia). I follow Mr. Wilson in placing this moss in Gymnostomum,
on account of the absence of peristome; the European state has 16 equidistant teeth, and is
Seligeria nalcarea, Br. and Sch. (Wils. Bryol. Brit. 54. t. 15).

2. G. tortile, Schwregrichen ; — Fl. N. Z. ii. 59. Stems branched,
•i — \ in. high, pulvinate-caespitose ; branches fastigiate. Leaves crowded,
spreading, curved upwards, twisted when dry, oblong-lanceolate, rather ob-
tuse acuminate or apiculate ; margins incurved, quite entire ; nerve thick.
Capsule ovoid, rather thick ; operculum with a long beak. — Wils. Bryol.
Brit. 45. t. xxxviii. ; Hymenostomiun, Bridel, Bryol. Europ.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, on clay soil, Colenso, J. B. H. ; North Cape, Jol-

IV. MUSCI.

[ Gymnostomum .

404

liffe ; Auckland, Knight. Very similar to Weissia controversa, but more robust, foliage
firmer, less incurved at the margin, and peristome 0. (Europe, S. Africa.)

5. WEISSIA, Hedwig.

Tufted, green, usually short, monoecious or dioecious, perennial mosses,
of various habit. Leaves spreading, curved and crisped when dry, nerved ;
cells minute. Fruitstalk terminal, usually slender. Capsule erect, oval-
oblong ; annulus persistent or 0 ; teeth 16 (rarely 0), in one row, equidistant,
free to the base, transversely barred, entire or perforate, apices sometimes 2-fid.
Operculum obliquely beaked. Calyptra cucullate.

An extensive genus, especially abundant iu temperate regions.

Fruitstalk slender. Capsule exserted.

Leaves lanceolate, spreading ; margin incurved 1. W. controversa.

Leaves narrow-lanceolate, spreading; margin nearly flat ... 2. W.Jlavipes.

Leaves subulate-lanceolate, secuud 3. IF. crisp ula.

Leaves oblong below, subulate above 4. IF. irrorata.

Fruitstalk very short. Capsule immersed 5. IF. contecta.

1. W. controversa, Hedwig ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 59. Tufted, bright
green ; stems short. Leaves spreading, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, mu-
cronate ; margins quite entire, incurved or involute ; nerve excurrent. Fruit-
stalk j in. long. Capsule ovoid, substriate when dry ; teeth linear-lanceo-
late, rather obtuse, nearly entire ; operculum conical, beaked. — -Wils. Bryol.
Brit. 46. t. xv.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, on clay banks, J. D. H. ; Auckland, Knight.
(Tasmania, Europe, and many other countries.)

2. W. flavipes. Hook. f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 59. t. 83./. 2. Stems
tufted, i in. high. Leaves erecto-patent, twisted inwards when dry, linear-
lanceolate or linear from a broader base, apiculate ; margin nearly flat or sub-
incurved ; nerve excurrent. Fruitstalk very slender, \ in. long, yellow.
Capsule cylindric, erect ; mouth red ; teeth 0 or acute, perforate, denticulate,
tapering from the base, red ; operculum with a slender beak.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, on the ground, J. B. H. ; Auckland, Knight, Sin-
clair (a form with no teeth). Mr. Wilson, who has examined the Auckland specimens
very closely, finds no trace of teeth, and suggests that this may be a different species, for
which he proposes the name Ognostomum patulnm. The specimens are all immature.
(Tasmania.)

3. W. crispula, Ludwig ; — FI. Anlarct. i. 127. t. 58. /. 2. Stems
tufted, bright green, -j-f in. high. Leaves imbricate, erecto-patent, secuud,
elongate, lanceolate-subulate, acuminate, channelled, quite entire, more or
less crisp when dry ; perichaetial acuminate, with an excurrent nerve. Fruit-
stalk £ in. long. Capsule erect, oblong ; teeth entire ; operculum with a
long slender beak, almost as long as the capsule. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 48.
t. xv. ; Blindia antarctica, C. Muell. Synops. Muse. i. 344.

Campbell’s Island : rocks on the mountains, abundant, /. B. II. This is a variety of the
European plant (/3. ambigua, Wils.), which has the leaves shorter, less secund, less crisped
when dry, a shorter fruitstalk, and the teeth sometimes approximate in pairs. (Fuegia.)

y4

. W. (Eucladium) irroratum, Mitten , mss.

Verdigris-green, in-

TFeissia.]

IV. MTJSCI.

405

crusted with calcareous matter ; stems about 1 in. high, with crowded shoots.
Leaves erecto-patent, below oblong, above narrow linear-subulate, obtuse at
the apex ; nerve broad, papillose at the back ; margin subdenticulate above and
crenulate or papillose at the apex ; lower cells oblong, green, pale, pellucid,
upper shorter, subrotund ; perichsetial twice as broad, obtuse. Fruitstalk
£ in. long. Capsule ovoid; teeth short, red (Mitten).

Northern Island, Stephenson. Mitten describes this as resembling W. verticillata,
Brid., but having narrower and more obtuse leaves.

5. W. contecta. Hook. f. and Wits. FI. Antarct. 127. t. 58. /. 3.
Stems densely tufted, 1£ in. high, rigid, fragile, fastigiately branched.
Leaves dark-green, crowded, erect, striate, rigid, lanceolate below, nar-
rowed into a long subulate point, channelled ; nerve solid, excurrent ; mar-
gin quite entire, below indexed; perichsetial similar, larger. Fruitstalk very
short. Capsule immersed, ovoid ; mouth open, exannulate ; teeth yellow-
red, reflexed when dry, pyramidal, entire or 2-fid ; operculum with a long
slender oblique beak. Calyplra small, subulate. — Blindia, C. MueU.

Campbell’s Island : on alpine rocks, J. J). H. A remarkable plant, with the habit of
some small Dicrana, but the teeth entire or nearly so. (Kerguelen’s Land.)

6. SYMBLEPHARIS, Montagne.

Tufted perennial mosses, growing on trees or stones. Leaves long, slen-
der ; perichsetial sheathing the fruitstalk ; cells dot-like. Fruitstalk terminal,
slender. Capsule erect, subcvlindric ; mouth small ; annulus persistent ; teeth
8, in one row, bigeminate, or 32 in fours, short, conniving into a cone when dry.
Operculum with a very slender beak. Calyptra long, subulate, dimidiate.

A small genus, confined to the southern hemisphere. The name Holomitrium should, in
M. Mitten’s opinion, be retained for this genus.

Leaves erecto-patent, crisped when dry 1. S. perichatialis.

Leaves falcate-secund, unaltered when dry

2. S. pumila.

1. S. pericheetialis, JFils. in FI. N. Z. ii. 60. Stem erect, branched,
£-1 in. high. Leaves crowded, erecto-patent, crisped when dry, lanceolate
below, narrowed to a long subulate point, quite entire, channelled ; nerve
continuous; margin flat; perichsetial very long, sheathing. Fruitstalk £-1
in. long, pale; annulus small, persistent; teeth 32, erect or recurved when
moist, dull red, 2-fid at the apex, perforate below ; operculum as long as the
capsule, almost setaceous. Calyptra twice as long. Male inflor. unknown.
— TricJiostomnm, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 73 ; Olomitrium and Hotomitrium,
Bridel; Acalyphum cylindricum, Palisot; Sprucea, Hook. f. and Wils. FI.
Antarct. i. 128.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Menzies, etc., and Camp-
t Island, J. I). H. (Australia, Tasmania, the Mauritius.)

>2. S. pumila, Mitten, mss. Stems slender, tufted, brownish-green.
Leaves all falcate and secund, unaltered when dry, circinately curved, linear-
lanceolate, gradually narrowed from the base, quite entire ; nerve slender, per-
current ; cells at the base large, pale, quadrate. Fruitstalk rather stout.
Capsule immature.

Middle Island : dry ground, Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Allied to II. aniarcticum.

406 iv. musci. \_Symllej)haris.

C. Mueller, which has distinct masses of alary cells at the contracted bases of the somewhat
crisped leaves {Mitten).

7. FXSSIDENS, Pled wig.

Small, usually bright green, monoecious or dioecious mosses, growing on
earth and stones, rarely on roots of trees. Leaves distichous, equi-
tant, alternate, semiamplexicaul, the blade unequal-sided and vertical ; cells
minute or lax and distinct. Fruitstalk terminal in all but one of the New
Zealand species, sometimes on short lateral shoots. Capsule erect inclined
or cernuous; annulus 0 or present; teeth 16, in one row, equidistant, with
a dark line down the middle, entire 2-fid or 3-fid at the apex, when dry
spreading and curling outwards at the base and then inwards. Operculum
conical or beaked. Calyptra cucullate, rarely mitriform.

A very large genus of mosses, abounding in all parts of the world except the arctic and
alpine. The New Zealand species, I suspect, want a very careful re-examination, with much
more numerous specimens than have been hitherto collected. The characters of several are
very difficult to detect — if, indeed, they be valid, — especially the denticulation and thickened

margin of the leaf, leDgth of stem, and direction of the capsule.

Fruitstalk lateral 1. F. adiantoides.

Fruitstalk terminal.

a. Margin of leaf entire or nearly so, not thickened and hyaline.

Stem iu. Leaves crisped when dry. Fruitstalk stout . . . 2. F. asplenioides.

Stem J-l in. Leaves not crisp when dry. Fruitstalk slender . 3. F. oblongfolius.

Stem p in. Leaves pale-yellow 4. F. pallidas.

fi. Margin of leaf crenulate 5. F. tenellus.

y. Margin of leaf thickened and hyaline.

Leaves nerveless 6. F. dealbatus.

Leaves furnished with a nerve.

f S tetris 1-2 in. long 7 ■ F. rigidu/us.

ft Stems less than J in. long.

Leaves broad -lanceolate, apiculate 8. F. bryoides.

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate 9. F. viridulus.

Leaves ovate-acute, cymbiform 10. F. brepifolius.

Leaves verdigris-green, opaque, lanceolate 11. F. aruginosus.

1. F. adiantoides, Iledivig. Stems 1-2 in. high, elongate, branched.
Leaves crowded, crisped and incurved when dry, ovate-lanceolate, denticulate
at the apex, minutely serrate below, nerved to the apex. Fruitstalk lateral.
Capsule cernuous, ovoid-oblong ; operculum beaked.- — Wils. Bryol. Brit.
307. t. 16.

Middle Island : Otago, in damp places, Hector and Buchanan. (Europe, Tasmania,
N. America.)

2. F. asplenioides, Swartz. — F. ligulatus, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. N. Z.
ii. 63. t. 84. f. 1. Stems f-1 in. high, erect. Leaves very numerous, suberect,
rather remote, crisped and involute when dry, ligulate, obtuse ; margin sub-
crenulate or denticulate, not thickened ; nerve stout, pellucid, not continuous
to the apex ; cells minute. Fruitstalk stout. Capsule cernuous, with a
large mouth ; operculum conic, beaked, half as long as the capsule ; male in-
florescence on separate stems from the female.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, near waterfalls, J. D. H., etc. ; Auckland, Knight;

Fissidens.~\

IV. MUSCI.

407

Wangaroa, Jolliffe. (Tasmania, Tristan d’Acunha.) M. Mitten lias referred F. ligi lulus to
F. asplenioides , Sw.

3. F. oblongifolms. Hook. f. and TFils. FI. N. Z. ii. 62. t. 83./. 8.
Stems 1 in. long, erect. Leaves very numerous, linear or linear-lanceolate,
obtuse acute or acuminate, somewhat indexed when dry ; margin not
thickened, quite entire except at the crenulale apex ; nerve pale, pellucid, not
continuous to the apex ; cells roundish, opaque. Fruitstalk slender. Cap-
sule very small, ovoid, inclined or subcernuous; operculum not seen. Male
inflorescence axillary on the same stems with the female.

Var. a. Leaves linear, ligulate, obtuse.

Var. /3. Leaves linear-lauceolate, acuminate.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, on rocks near waterfalls, both varieties, J. B. II.
(Tasmania.)

4. F. pallidus, Hook.f. and TFils. FI. N. Z. ii. 62. t. 83./. 7. Stems
tufted, decumbent, very small. Leaves flabellately spreading, pale yellow-
green, glossy, indexed but scarcely altered in drying, linear, hardly lanceolate,
acute; margin not thickened, quite entire; nerve continuous to the apex;
cells hexagonal, pellucid. Capsule cernuous ; operculum longer than the
capsule. Calyptra submitriform, indexed at the base. Male inflorescence
not seen.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Tasmania.)

5. F. tenellus. Hook. /. and TFils. FI. N. Z. ii. 62. t. 83./. 6. Minute.
Stems very short, decumbent. Leaves few, linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
straight ; margin not thickened, crenulate ; sheathing base denticulate ;
nerve stout, concolorous, continuous to the apex, excurrent ; cells minute.
Capsule erect ; annulus 0 ; operculum with a beak nearly as long as the
capsule. Calyptra papillose at the apex. Male inflorescence basilar in Tas-
manian specimens.

Northern and Middle Islands: Bay of Islands, J. D. H. ; Auckland, Sinclair;
Thomson’s Sound, Lyall. (Victoria, Tasmania.)

6. F. dealbatns. Hook. f. and TFils. FI. TV. Z. i. 63. t. 84. /. 2.
Minute. Stems very short, not % in. long, slender, pale greenish-white.
Leaves few, linear-oblong, acuminate ; margin thickened, quite entire, nerve-
less ; cells large, lax, rhomboid. Fruitstalk short. Capsule suberect, narrow-
ovoid, contracted below the mouth ; annulus 0 ; operculum conical, beaked,
as long as the capsule. Calyptra red-brown. Male inflorescence on diffe-
rent stems from female.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, on rocks near waterfalls, J. I). H., growing with
other mosses. (Tasmania.)

7. F. rigi&ulus, Hook.f. and TFils. FI. N. Z. ii. 61. t. 83./ 3. Stem
1-2 in. long, slender, branched, leafy. Leaves rigid, crisped when dry, lurid
green, ovate-lanceolate, subacute ; margin broad, much thickened, entire ;
nerve continuous to the apex, pellucid, stout. Fruitstalk \ in. long, pale,
slender, sometimes several together. Capsule small, ovoid, oblique; oper-
culum shortly beaked. Male inflorescence terminal.

Northern and Middle Islands : Bay of Plenty, Jolliffe ; East Cape, Sinclair ; Wei-

IV. MUSCI.

408

[Fissidens.

lington, by all ; Auckland, Knight; Southern Alps, Hector, Travers, etc.; Chain Hills,
Otago, Lindsay. (Tasmania.)

8. F. bryoides, Red wig ; — Fl.N.Z. ii. 61. Stems in. high.
Leaves broadly lanceolate, apicnlate ; margin thickened, quite entire ; nerve
slightly excurrent. Fruitstalk red. Capsule elliptic-oblong, erect ; oper-
culum conical, acuminate. Male inflorescence axillary on the stem with the
female. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 304. t. xvi.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, J. B. H. Specimens imperfect. (Europe, N. America.)

9. F. viridulus, Waldenberg ; — var. acuminatus, FI. N. Z. ii. 61. Stems
short, simple, decumbent. Leaves rigid, lanceolate, acuminate ; margin much
thickened, quite entire, blade on the lower half, not continued to the base ;
nerve nearly continuous to the apex. Capsule oblong-ovoid, erect ; oper-
culum conical, acuminate. Inflorescence monoecious, male terminal or basilar.
— Wils. Bryol. Brit. 303. t. liii.

Var. incurvus. Capsule cernuous, curved. — "Wils. Bryol. Brit. 303. t. 53 ; F. incurvus,
Schwaeg. — FI. N. Z. ii. 61.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, Colenso and J. B. H. (Europe, N. America, both
vars.) Distinguished from F. bryoides by the male inflorescence being never axillary.

10. F. brevifolius, Hook. f. and Wils. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 61. t. 83./. 4.
Stems very short, | in. long, giving off barren creeping shoots. Leaves on
the shoots crowded, very shortly ovate, acute, cymbiform, lower margin not
continued to the base ; margins not thickened beyond the sheathing part,
entire ; nerve continuous to the apex ; stem-leaves narrower, with a subulate
or lanceolate acuminate blade. Capsule suberect or inclined ; operculum conic
with a short beak. Male inflorescence at the base of the barren shoots (axil-
lary in a Tasmanian state).

Northern Island : Colenso. Allied to F. viridulus , hut differing in hearing barren
shoots, in the very short leaves, and in the thickening of the margin of the leaf being con-
fined to the sheathing portion. (Tasmania, extratropical S. Africa, and S. America.)

11. F. seruginosus, Hook.f. and Wils.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 62. t. 83./. 5.
Stems very short, decumbent. Leaves crowded, verdigris-green, narrow' lan-
ceolate, straight, acuminate, not crisped when dry, opaque ; margin not
thickened, minutely crenulate towards the apex ; nerve pellucid, continuous
to the apex ; cells dot-like. Capsule not seen. Male inflorescence basal.

Northern Island : Colenso. Described from a few fragments only.

8. CONOMITRIUM, Montagne.

Aquatic, slender, branched mosses. Leaves distichous, equitant, alternate,
semi-amplexicaul, the blade unequal-sided, vertical. Fruitstalk very short,
lateral or terminal. Capsule small, erect, equal, gradually narrowed below ;
teeth 16, in one row, equidistant, regidar or irregular, with no dark line down
the centre, truncate, 2-fid at the apex. Operculum conical. Calyptra conical,
nearly entire at the base.

A small genus of mosses, of which one species is European.

1. C. Dillenii, Montagne ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 63. Stems floating, simple

Conomitrium .]

IV. MUSCI.

409

or branched. Leaves oblong- lanceolate, erect, straight, nerve not continuous
to the apex. Fruitstalk short, lateral, solitary or 2 together. Capsule ovoid ;
operculum cuspidate, incurved ; teeth regular or irregular. — Montagne in
Alin. Sc. Nat. 1837, 250. Skitophyllum, La Pylaie. Octodiceras, Bridel.

Northern Island: East Coast, by watercourses, Colenso. (Australia, S. America.)

9. DICNEMON, Schwmgr.

Creeping tufted mosses, with short erect curved branches, growing on trees.
Leaves imbricate all round the stems. Fruitstalk terminal on very short
lateral branchlets, clothed by the long perichaetial leaves which partially hide
the capsule also. Capsule elongate, oblique, inclined ; teeth 16, in one row,
2-fid to below the middle, the divisions tubercled, incurved. Operculum
with a slender oblique beak. Calyptra large, cucullate, rough at the apex,
inflated when young.

A genus generally associated with Leucodon, but according to Wilson most clearly allied
to Dicranwn, and differing chiefly in the creeping habit.

1. D. calycinum, Wils. and Ilook. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 64. Stems creep-
ing; branches erect or ascending, divided, 1-1 1 in. long, stout, terete, acute.
Leaves closely imbricate, pale yellow-green, ovate-lanceolate, concave, quite
entire ; nerve suddenly ceasing ; perichaetial large and sheathing. Fruit-
stalk -y in. long. Capsule narrow oblong, subcylir.drical, somewhat curved
and strumose, tapering into the fruitstalk. Male inflorescence hidden
amongst the stem-leaves. — Leucodon calycinus, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 17.

Northern and Middle Islands : on trunks of trees, common, Menzies , etc.

10. LEUCOBEYUM, Hampe.

Father large, tufted, white, stout, perennial, monoecious mosses, growing in
wet ground, in woods, and on trunks of trees. Leaves spongy, nerveless,
glaucous, cells perforated. Fruitstalk terminal, but apparently lateral.
Capsule cernuous, strumous, grooved when dry; annulus 0; teeth 16, in
one row, subulate, transversely barred, 2-fid at the apex, rough externally.
Operculum long-beaked. Calyptra inflated, cucullate, long-beaked.

A considerable tropical genus, rare in temperate regions, remarkable for its white colour,
and the spongy texture of the leaves, which are formed of two layers of cells.

1. L. candidum, Hampe FI. N. Z. ii. 64. Stems erect, tufted, |—
2 in. high, stout, brittle, dichotomously branched. Leaves densely imbri-
cated, erect or falcate and recurved, ovate-lanceolate, concave, wrinkled at
the back near the apex. Fruitstalks on short lateral branches. Capsule
cernuous, strumose, grooved. Male inflorescence axillary, clustered, on sepa-
rate stems.— Dkranum, Bridel. L. hr acliy phy Hum , Hornsch., C. Muell. in
Bot. Zeit. 1851, 546.

Common throughout the islands, on decayed trunks, etc., seldom fruiting. (Tasmania,
Australia.) T

11. DICRANUM, Hedwig.

Tufted, erect, green, perennial, monoecious or dioecious mosses, often large,

2 is

410

IV. MUSCI.

[ Blcranum .

of various habit. Fruitstalks terminal, slender, sometimes 2-3 together.
Capsule inclined or cernuous, often strumose, rather long ; teeth 16, subu-
late, joined at the base, transversely barred, 2-fid (often unequally) to the
middle, rarely 3-fid, when dry spreading at the base and then curling upwards.
Operculum with a long oblique beak. Calyptra cucullate.

One of the largest genera of Mosses, very abundant in all regions of the globe, hut espe-
cially the temperate and cold.

I. Leijcoloma. Fruitstalk on a very short lateral shoot. Margin

of leaf white, composed of long slender flexuous cells.

Upper cauline leaves piliferous 1. D. Sieberianum.

Cauline leaves all acuminate 2. D. incanum.

II. Tridontium. Teeth usually 3-fid. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,

obtuse 3. D. Tasmanicum.

III. Dicuanum. Margin of leaf not pellucid. Teeth 2-fid
(rarely 3-fid).

* Leaves with broad subqnadrate sheathing bases.

Stems 1-2 in. Leaves squarrose. Capsule suberect . . . 4. D.vaginaium.

Stems in. Leaves flexuous Capsule cernuous, strumose 5. D. Schreberi.

Stems 5-3 in. Leaves strict. Capsule suberect, not strumose 6. D. campylophyUum.
** Leaves without broad quadrate sheathing bases, usually secund.

Capsule equal, erect 1.1). trichopodum.

Capsule unequal, inclined or cernuous.

f Stems stout. Perichsetial leaves long, striate.

-t- Nerve stout broad.

Leaves ovate-landeolate below, setaceous above 8. D. dicarpon.

Leaves convolute 9. D. robustum.

Nerve more slender.

Stems 1 in. high. Leaves spinulose-serrate 10. D. fasciatum.

Stems 2-4 in. high. Leaves serrated towards the tip . . 11. B. Billardieri.

ft Stem stout or slender. Perichsetial leaves short.

Fruitstalk 1 in. long, stout 12. B. setosum.

Fruitstalk hardly longer thau the leaves . . . . 13. D. Menziesii.

1. D. Sieberianum, Hornsch. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 67. Stems ^-1 in. high,
fastigiately branched, TU in. diam. Leaves yellowish, falcate, convolute,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the upper piliferous, papillose at the back, peri-
chtetial sheathing, piliferous ; margin entire with a narrow pellucid border.
Fruitstalks ^-1 in. long, slender, red. Capsule small, ovoid, cernuous;
operculum with a long beak. — Leucodon pallidas. Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 172.
Var. /3. Leaves oppressed when dry, nearly smooth at the back.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, a. Cunningham. P- On wet rocks, J. B. IT.
(Australia, Tasmania.)

/a . incanum, Mitt. mss. ( Leucoloma ). — Stems £-1 in. high, creeping
below, fastigiately-branched. Leaves pale-yellow-green, erecto-patent, sub-
secund, rather crisped when dry, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, convolute, none
piliferous, except the perichsetial. Fruitstalk in. long, red. Capsule
subcylindrical ; operculum with a beak as long as the capsule.

Northern Island : Sinclair.

3. D. Tasmanicum, Ilook.f. in Hook. Ic. Plant, i. 248 ( Tndontium ) ;
- — FI. N. Z. ii. 65. Stems erect, tufted, 1-2 in. high, branched. Leaves pale
or dark green or reddish, lax, spreading, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, channelled.

Dicranum.~\

IV. MUSCI.

411

usually concave at the apex, quite entire ; crisped and incurved when dry ;
nerve vanishing. Fruitstalk stout, \ in. long. Capsule erect, turbinate ;
mouth large, teeth large, often 3-fid ; annulus 0 ; operculum with a slender
beak, longer than the capsule. Inflorescence dioecious.

Northern and middle Islands : not uncommon on wet stones, rocks, etc. Colenso,
etc. "" mania.)

clathratum, Mitten , mss. ; — D. vaginatum, var. clathratum , FI.
N. Z. ii. 65. Stems 1-2, long, slender, branching. Leaves distant, imbri-
cating, with a broad square sheathing base and long subulate rigid upper
portion, the latter is squarrose when dry, almost entire or toothed at the apex,
and wholly occupied by the stout nerve. Fruitstalk slender. Capsule
ovoid or turbinate, erect or suberect ; annulus 0 ; teeth long, papillose, vari-
ously perforate, sometimes 3-fid ; operculum with a long beak. Inflorescence
dioecious.

Northern Island : wet rocks, Bay of Islands, falls of the Keri-Keri river, J. D. H.

5. D. Schreberi, Hectwig ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 65. Stems tufted, short, |
in. high, nearly simple. Leaves with a broad sheathing base, and lanceolate-
subulate, spreading, channelled, nearly entire upper part, which is flexuous
when dry; nerve slender. Fruitstalks h in. high. Capsule ovoid-oblong,
cernuous, strumose ; operculum with a short beak as long as the capsule.
Inflorescence dioecious. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 69. t. xxxix.

Northern Island : on moist banks, Bay of Islands, J. D. II. (Britain.) Mr. Wilson
remarks that this differs from the European form in the entire leaves.

6. D. campylophyllum, Toyl. ? — Ft. N. Z. ii. 65. Closely resembling
D. Schreberi, but leaves loDger and more rigid, less suddenly dilated below.
Capsule less oblique, longer, without a strumose operculum.

Northern Island : Colenso. Hawke’s Bay, Jolliffe. (Andes.)

J/'D. trichop odum, Mitten, mss. Stems 1 in. high, tomentose. Leaves
subsecund, pale yellowish, erecto-patent, base elliptic-oblong, then setaceous
acuminate; nerve rigid, occupying the whole subulate portion of the leaf ;
margins serrulate at the apex ; perichaetial convolute, with long slender apices.
Fruitstalk slender, in. long, flexuous, yellow. Capsule cylindric-ovoid, equal,
erect; mouth small; teeth short, red. — Mitten.

Middle Island : Otago. Hector and Buchanan. Foliage of Z). setosum and capsule of
Holomitrium perichcetiale.

8. D. di carp on, Ilornsch. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 66. Stems tufted, robust,
1-2 in. high, densely covered with matted fibrils. Leaves spreading, squar-
rose or subsecund, linear-cuspidate, from an ovate-lanceolate base, flexuous,
striate ; margins and back spinulose-serrate ; nerve solid. Fruitstalks 2 or
more together, sheathed by long perichaetial leaves. Capsules curved, cernu-
ous ; operculum with a long beak. — Schwsegr. Suppl. t. 251. F. leucolomoides,
C. Muell. in Bot. Zeit. 1851, 550.

Northern and middle Islands, common. (Tasmania and Australia.) JD. spinosum,
Wils. mss., is considered by him a large variety with numerous (3-8) longer, set®.

9. D. robustum, HooJc.f. and Wils. Ft. Antarct. 406. t. 152. /. 8 ; —
FI. N. Z. ii. 66. Stems forming large tufts, tall and robust. Leaves sub-

2 e 2

412

IV. MUSCT.

[Dicranum.

evect or falcate and subsecund, flexuous, long subulate-lanceolate, narrowed
into very long almost capillary points, convolute below, spinulose-serrate
above ; nerve variable in width, well defined, excurrent ; periclisetial longer,
sheathing. F ruitstalk 1 inch long. Capsule cylindrical, inclined or nearly
erect, substrumose ; operculum with a long beak.

Var. /3. pungens. Perichaetial leaves longer, capsule less curved. — D. pungens, Hook. f.
and Wils. FI. Antarct. i. 129. t. 59. f. 1.

Middle Island : var. 0, Jackson’s Bay, Lyall. Lord Auckland’s group and
Campbell’s Island, J. D. H. (Norway, Australia, Tasmania, Chile.)

10. D. fasciatum, Hedtoig ;—Fl. N. Z. ii. 66. Stems stout, 1 in. high,
covered with matted fibrils. Leaves glossy yellow-green, substriated,
crowded, secund, subulate-lanceolate, channelled, acuminate, spinulose-serrate ;
nerve slender ; periclisetial much longer, often overtopping the capsules, long-
acuminate. Fruitstalks usually twin, very short. Capsule almost hidden,
oblong, curved, substrumose ; annulus 0 ; operculum with a long beak. Ca-
lvptra rough at the apex. Inflorescence monoecious or dioecious.

Northern and Middle Islands. Bay of Islands, Sit/c/air, J. D. II. ; Auckland, Jol-
litfe ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. The figure of Hedwig is indifferent, and Wilson
thinks may indicate a different species.

11. D. Billardieri, B ridel ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 66. Stems stout, forming
large tufts, 2-4 in. high. Leaves in. long, yellow-green, membranous,
falcate, secund, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, concave, not striated, serrulate
towards the apex; nerve slender; perichastial longer. Fruitstalks longer
than the periclnetial leaves. Capsule subcylindrical, curved, strumose ; oper-
culum with a long beak. — Schwsegr. Suppl. t. 121.

Var. fi. duriusculum, FI. Antarct. i. 129. Stems short, fastigiately branched; leaves
more rigid, nerve broader. Fruitstalk longer.

Abundant in all the islands, and as far south as Campbell’s Island, on old trees, etc.
Var. 0, Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island. (Australia, Tasmania, S.
America.)

12. D. setosum, HooJc.f. and Wils. 71. Antarct. 129. t. 58./. 5. n. 2 ;
— 71. N. Z. ii. 66. Stems densely tufted, short, brittle, 1-4 in. long, yellow,
glossy, sparingly branched. Leaves \ in. long, strict, suberect, crowded, fra-
gile, very long lanceolate and setaceous, serrulate; nerve broad, excurrent in
a long seta, occupying the whole of the middle of the leaf; peridhaetial sheath-
ing, short. Fruitstalk 1 in. long, stout. Capsule suberect, oblong, curved;
operculum with the beak longer than the capsule. Calvptra pale-brown, red
at the apex.

Var. /3. attemiatum , FI. Antarct. 1. c. f. 5. n. 2. Stems longe.r and branched.

Northern and Middle Islands, Colenso, etc., and Port Preservation, Lyall. Lord
Auckland’s and Campbell’s Islands : a and /3, on the ground and on roots of trees,
etc., common, J. I). H. (Tasmania, Chile.)

13. D. Menziesii, Taylor in Fhytologist , ii. 1094; — 71. Antarct. 128.
t. 58./. 4 ; FI. N. Z. ii. 67. Stems tufted, rather slender, 1-2 in. long,
covered with matted whitish fibrils. Leaves yellow-green, crowded, secund,
rather rigid, straight when dry, subulate-lanceolate and serrulate at the base,
narrowed into a very long straight setaceous point ; nerve solid, very strong
when dry ; periclnetial shorter. Fruitstalk very short, hardly longer than the

Dicranum. ]

IV. MUSCI.

413

leaves. Capsule oblong, suberect, substrumose ; operculum with a beak as
long as the capsule. Male inflorescence nestling amongst the fibrils of the stein.
— D. bracliypelma, C. Muell. in Bot. Zeit. 1851. 550.

Var. 0. rigid urn, FI. N. Z. Stem stouter ; leaves less crowded, more rigid, spreading,
subfalcate.

Common throughout the islands and in Lord Auckland’s group. (Tasmania, Aus-
tralia, Polynesia, Chile.)

Of D. dickotomnm, Bridel, said by Montagne in Vov. au Pole Sud, 297, to have been
brought by llombron from Lord Auckland’s group, I know nothing. It is a Bourbon
species.

12. DICRANODONTIUM, Brid.

Erect, tufted, usually terrestrial, dioecious mosses. Leaves imbricating all
round tiie stems, with broad sheathing bases and a broad nerve. Fruitstalk
terminal, curved when moist. Capsule pendulous or decurved, owing to the
curvature of the fruitstalk, equal or unequal, striate or plicate ; teeth 16,
linear-lanceolate, remotely articulate, 2-fid to below the middle or to the base,
divisions unequal, subulate ; annulus narrow, persistent. Operculum oblique,
subulate. Calyptra cucullate, smooth, not fringed at the base.

A small genus, chiefly insular and tropical, similar in habit and characters to Campylopus,
but differing from that genus in wanting the lamellate leaves and fringed base to the calyp-
tra, and from Dicranum in the teeth and pendulous capsule. Mitten refers the species to

Leptotriclium , Hampe.

Leaf suddenly contracted from a broad base 1. D. flexipes.

Leaf linear-lanceolate 2. JD. lineare.

1. D. flexipes. Mitten, mss. — D. proscriptum, FI. N. Z. ii. 67, not of
Hornschuch. Stems slender, simple, ^ in. long. Leaves falcate, secund,
vellow-green, brown when old, base sheathing, then rigid setaceous or capil-
lary, quite entire or serrulate about the middle ; nerve stout. FVuitstalk
curved when moist, straight when dry. Capsule elliptic, substriate when dry;
annulus large. Inflorescence dioecious.

Var. 0. Taller; leaves lax, squarrose, broader and more sheathing below.

Var. y. Stem short ; leaves crowded, falcate.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, etc., J. I). H., Colenso, etc. Mr. Mitten points out
that this differs from the D. proscriptum of St. Helena in the gibbous capsule, small struma,
and less suddenly subulate leaves.

J- D. lineare, Mitten, mss. Stems very short, tufted, less than i in.
high. Leaves pale-green, soft, spreading, linear-lanceolate ; nerve con-
tinuous, keeled ; margins serrulate ; perichaetial elliptic-ovate, convolute.
Fruitstalk as long as the perichaetial leaves. Capsule curved, ovoid, subequal,
subapophysate, with 8 furrows when dry ; teeth slender, yellow, broad ;
operculum conic-subulate, half as long as the capsule. Inflorescence monoe-
cious.

Middle Island: Canterbury, Travers. Distinguished from all others by the cauline
leaves not subulate from dilated bases, by the minutely serrulate leaves aud defined nerve.
(Mitten).

13. CAMPYLOPUS, Bridel.

Tufted, erect, pale-green or yellowish, often shining, dioecious mosses ;

414

IV. MUSCI.

[ Campylopus

stems simple. Leaves in interrupted tufts, usually piliferous, with very broad
nerves, lamellated at the back. Fruitstalk terminal, arcuate, often clustered.
Capsule often turned down or completely round and up again by the curving
of the fruitstalk, ovoid, equal or strumose, seriated; annulus double, coiling
off; teeth of Dicranum. Operculum obliquely beaked. Calyptra cucullate,
fringed at the base.

A large genus, especially common in tropical and southern mountains and oceanic islands,
chiefly distinguished from Dicranum by the often interrupted piliferous leaves, the curious coil
in the fruitstalks, and fringed calyptra. The species are often very difficult of discrimination,
and the New Zealand ones are probably far from satisfactorily determined, owing to the

want of good specimens, and different views of authors.

I. Leaves with white hair-like points.

a. Hair-like points reflexed 1. C. introflexus.

13. Hair-like points straight.

Leaves appressed when dry, gradually narrowed from an

elliptic base 2. C. oppress folios.

Leaves lanceolate, suddenly narrowed into short points . . 3. C. clavalus.
Leaves lanceolate, suddenly narrowed into long points . . 4. C. torquatus.

II. Leaves without hair-like points 5. C. bicolor.

1. C. introflexus, Hedio. Sp. Muse. t. 29 FI. N. Z. ii. 69. Stems
erect, branched, often proliferous and thickened at the ends. Leaves yellow-
ish or yellow-brown or -green, densely imbricate, base broad, concave, lan-
ceolate, sheathing, with a pellucid margin, suddenly contracted into a white,
reflexed, toothed, hair-point; nerve broad, well defined below. Fruitstalks
crowded, hidden amongst the perichsetial leaves. Capsule obovate, unequal,
striated; operculum conical. — C. xanthophyllus, Montagne ; FI. N. Z. ii. 68 ;
C. atro-virens, De Notaris ; Mont, in Yoy. Pole Sud; Bot. Crypt. 300 ?;
Dicranum leptocephalum, C. Muell. in Bot. Zeit. 1851. 351.

Common throughout the islands and in Xiord Auckland’s group aud Campbell’s
Island, J. D. H. (A common southern and northern species.)

Jt. C. appressifolius. Mitten, mss. — C. clavatus, FI. N. Z. ii. 62 (not
of Brown). Stem 1-2 in. long, slender, simple, thickened above. Leaves
dull green, appressed when dry, spreading when moist, gradually dilated
from an elliptic-lanceolate base to an acuminate, hair-like, serrulate, hyaline
point ; marginal cells below forming a subquadrate brown area on each side
(Mitten).

Northern Island: Mount Eden, near Auckland, Japp {Herb. Mitten). Middle
Island, Lyall, barren.

3. G. clavatus, Brown in Schwcegriclien, Suppl. t. 255 A; — FI. N. Z.
ii. 69, in part. Stems densely tufted, dichotomously branched; branches
much thickened at the tips. Leaves golden-yellow, below lanceolate, sud-
denly acuminate into short, white, straight hair-points ; nerve solid. Fruit-
stalk j in. long, red. Capsule pendulous or erect, striate.

Northern Island: Taranaki hills, Jupp (Herb. Mitten). Middle Island: Nelson,
Herb. A. Richard ; Dusky Bay, Lyall. I am indebted to Mitten for distinguishiug this from
the preceding. (Tasmania, Australia, St. Paul’s Island.)

4. G. torquatus. Mitten in Ft. Tasman, ii. 173. — C. pallidas. Hook. f.
and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 68. t. 84. f. 3, in part. Stems short, nearly simple.
Leaves soft, pale green or whitish, of lax and spongy texture, crowded, sub-

Campy lop us .]

IV. MUSCI.

415

erect ; base ovate-lanceolate, narrowed into a long- subulate, setaceous, white
spinulous point ; nerve very broad, spongy. Fruitstalks crowded, stout,
spirally twisted. Capsule pyriform, pale, substance thick, grooved when dry ;
mouth purple ; operculum small. Calyptra short. — C. torfaceus, Mitt, in
Hook. Kew Journ. Hot. 1856. 257; Dicranum Jlexuosum, C. Muell. in Bot.
Zeit. 1851. 551.

Northern and Middle Islands: East Coast, Culenso ; Kiapara, Mossman ; Auck-
land, Sinclair , Knight ; Hokianga, Sinclair ; Otago, Hector and, Buchanan. Camp-
bell’s Island, barren, J. 1). H. (Tasmania.)

5. C. bicolor, Ilornschuch ; — Fl.N.Z. ii. 69. Stems densely tufted.
Leaves crowded, lower black, upper glossy green, stout, subulate-lanceolate,
obtuse, concave at the apex, without hair-points ; nerve broad.

Northern Island, Colenso ; Kiapara, Mossman. (Tasmania, Australia.)

14. TREMATODOU, Richard.

Usually short, tufted, annual, pale-green mosses, growing on earth. Leaves
very slender. Fruitstalk terminal, flexuous or coiled. Capsule oblong, cer-
nuous, with a long narrow neck (struma), annulate; teeth 16, in one row,
subulate, transversely barred, 2-fid, often unequally, rough and granulated.

Operculum long beaked. Calyptra cucullate, inflated.

A small genus, not rare in warm and temperate latitudes.

Capsule much shorter than its neck 1. T. suberect us.

Capsule as long as its neck.

Capsule deflexed 2. T. arcuatus.

Capsule suberect 3. T.flexipes.

K^T. suberectus, Mitten , mss. — T. longicollis, FI. N. Z. ii. 69 (not of
Richard). Stems short, slender, erect, sparingly branched. Leaves pale

green, subulate, with setaceous denticulate points, flexuous when dry ; nerve
stout ; perichsetial very long, also denticulate at the apex. Fruitstalk f-
in. long. Capsule elongate, nearly erect, much shorter than the somewhat
curved neck ; operculum conical, beaked, as long as the capsule. Inflores-
cence dioecious.

Northern and Middle Islauds : Bay of Islands, on clay banks, J. D. H. ; "Wellington,
Lyall. Mitten distinguishes this from T. Longicollis by the shorter neck of the capsule and
inflorescence.

</ T. arcuatus, Mitten, mss. Very similar to T. suberectus, but the
capsule is as long as its neck, and di flexed.

Northern Island : Wellington, Stephenson.

3. T. flexipes, Mitten in FI. Tasman, ii. 173. 1. 172./. 6. Stems very
short. Leaves erecto-patent, lanceolate-subulate, quite entire ; nerve broad,
occupying the whole upper three-fourths of the leaf. Fruitstalk short,
flexuose. Capsule suberect, red-brown, as long as its neck ; teeth red, cleft;
operculum with a curved beak.

Middle Island : Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Tasmania.)

416

IV. MUSCI.

[. Trichostomum .

15. TRICHOSTOMUM, Bridel.

Usually tufted, short, green, slender, monoecious or dioecious mosses,
growing on earth or rocks. Leaves narrow ; cells minute above, large at the
base ; nerve strong, continuous or excurrent. Fruitstalk terminal. Capsule
long, erect ; annulus present or absent ; teeth 32, in one row, approxima-
ted in pairs, filiform (very short in T. mutabile), tetragonous, granulate,
closely barred, twisted inwards. Operculum elongate, obliquely beaked. Ca-
lyptra cucullate.

A large genus, both tropical and temperate, very closely allied to Tortula, and often
hardly distinguishable. The teeth sometimes appear as 16, simple or perforated.

I. Pilopogon. — Leaves with a hair-point 1. T. leptodum.

II. Leaves linear, ligulate or lanceolate.

Leaves crowded, linear-oblong, erect when dry ; margin reflexed ;

nerve vanishing 2. T. linyulatum.

Leaves oblong- lauceolate, acute, concave at the apex ; margin flat 3. T. phceum.
Leaves linear-lanceolate ; nerve excurrent ; margin flat 4. T. mutabile.

Leaves crowded, lanceolate, obtuse, concave at the tip ; nerve ex-
current ; margins undulate 5. T. rubripes.

III. Leaves broad and sheathing below, above subulate, setaceous.

Leaves flexuous, lower J ovate. Capsule oblong 6. T. laxifolium.

Leaves spreading, lower \ oblong. Capsule cylindric . ... 1 . T. elonyatum.

Leaves strict, lower j ovate-lanceolate, keeled 8 .. T. setnsum.

Leaves flexuous, lower \ linear-oblong, upper part denticulate . 9. T. australe.

1. T. (Pilopogon) leptodum, Mitten, mss. — Campylopus leptodus,
Montngne ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 68. Stems tufted, proliferous ; branches fascicled.
Leaves lanceolate-subulate, strict, with a short, white, toothed hair-point,
upper recurved ; nerve slender. Fruitstalks crowded, flexuous. Capsule ob-
long, straight, smooth ; teeth divided nearly to the base, divisions very long
and slender ; operculum subulate.

Northern Island, Colenso, in various places ; Auckland, Kniyht. (Habit of a Campy -
lupus.)

2. T. lingulatum, Hook. f. and Wits. FI. N. Z. ii. 71. t. 84./. 4.
Stems very short, £ in. high. Leaves pale, spreading, crowded, rather
flaccid, erect when dry, linear-oblong or ovate-lingulate, obtuse, keeled ;
margins slightly reflexed; nerve vanishing; cells rather large. Fruitstalks

| in. long, pale. Capsule erect, cylindric ; annulus 0 ; operculum conico-
subulate.

Var. 0. Leaves longer ; capsule subcylindric ; operculum longer, beaked.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, J. 1). H. Var. 0. Colenso.

3. T. phseum, Hook. f. and JVils. Ft. N. Z. ii. 72. t. 84./. 5. Stems
very short, tufted in. high. Leaves purplish-brown, erecto-patent, rather
dense and rigid, opaque, crisped when dry, oblong-lanceolate, keeled, acute,
concave at the apex; margin flat, entire, opaque; nerve continuous, pellucid.
Fruitstalk stout, •§• in. long. Capsule large, erect, oblong, dark red; teeth
imperfect, connected by a basal membrane, oblique.

Northern Island : shores of Lake Waihau, Colenso. Specimens insufficient.

4. T. mutabile, Bruch; — Ft. N. Z. ii. 72. Stems tufted. Leaves

Trichostomum.\

IV. MTJSCI.

417

bright green, spreading, crisped when dry, linear-lanceolate, mucronate,
somewhat keeled, margins nearly flat; nerve excurrent. Eruitstalk y in.
long, yellowish. Capsule ovoid ; annulus 0 ; teeth variable, very shortr
unequal; operculum with a long beak. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 112. t. 41.

Northern Island, Colenso ; Canterbury, Travers. (Europe.)

Mr. Wilson remarks that this moss, which is usually found near the seacoast in Britain,
is rare in fruit; and the often imperfect peristome renders it difficult to distinguish from
Gymnostomum tortile. Mitten says of Mr. Travers’s specimens, that the leaves are only
half as wide as in the European specimens, gradually tapering, and the operadum in a young
state exceeds the capsule ; it may be a different species.

5/T. rubripes, Mitten, mss. Stem short. Leaves dense, spreading,
lanceolate, obtuse, concave at the apex ; nerve pale, excurrent ; margins
flexuous, quite entire, incurved above. Eruitstalk red, flexuous. Capsule
cylindric, erect ; teeth oblique, red, nodular, free to the base ; operculum
conical, ^ as long as the capsule. Inflorescence dioecious. — Mitten.

New Zealand, Kerr (in Herb. Mitten). Almost a Tortula, and closely resembling
T. Knightii.

6. T. iaxifolium, Hook.f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 72. Stems very short,
} in. long, simple. Leaves yellowish, distant, spreading, very long, setaceous-
subulate, with an ovate sheathing base, flexuous, channelled, quite entire ;
nerve solid. Fruitstalk ^-1 in. long, slender, red. Capsule suberect, oblong,
rather oblique, gibbous, narrowed towards the mouth; annulus distinct;
operculum conical and subulate. Inflorescence monoecious.— Dicranum flexi-
folium, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 144.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, clay-hills, J. D. H., Colenso; Auckland, Bolton.
(Tasmania, S. Africa, and S. America.)

7. T. elongatum, Rook. f. and Wils. in FI. Tasman, ii. 176. t. 173,
f. 1. Stem f- 1 in. long, simple, rigid. Leaves lax, spreading, subsecund,
rather flexuous and rigid, lower portion broad, elliptic-oblong, membranous ;
margin pellucid, suddenly contracted to a long subulate keeled point three
times as long; margin roughish or subserrate. Eruitstalk 1 in. long, reddish.
Capsule pale brown, cylindric, elongate; annulus large; operculum conic-
subulate, half as long as the capsule. Inflorescence monoecious.

New Zealand (hi. Tasman.). (Tasmania.)

8. T. setosum, Hook.f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 73. t. 84./. 6. Stems
short, in. high, simple. Leaves pale yellow-green, lower ones reddish,
strict, erect, crowded, setaceo-subulate from an ovate-lanceolate sheathing
base, entire, sharply keeled to the apex; nerve broad, continuous. Eruit-
stalk very slender, ^-1 in. high, pale. Capsule oblong, oblique, mouth con-
tracted ; annulus distinct ; operculum conical with a slender beak, half as long
as the capsule. Inflorescence monoecious .-—Leptotrichum affine, C. Mueller.

Northern and Middle Islands: Bay of Islands, etc., J. D. H.; Colenso; Sinclair;
Auckland, Knight; Wellington, Lyall. (Australia, Chile.)

9. T. australe, Mitten. — Leptotrichum, Mitten in Linn. Soc. Journal
iv. 66, El. Tasman, ii. 177 ; T. longifolium, El. N. Z. ii. 72. Stems elongate,
branched, 1-4 in. high. Leaves lurid yellow-green, erecto-patent, strict,

418

iv. Mtrsci.

[ Trichodomum .

lower half sheathing, linear-oblong, upper setaceous-subulate, denticulate ;
cells linear below, dense above; periehsetial elongate, convolute. Fruit-
stalks £ in. long, pale brown. Capsule ovoid, erect, brown; teeth short;
operculum more than half as long as the capsule. Inflorescence monoecious,
male terminal. — Lophoidon longifolius and Didymodon longifolius, var. 3,
FI. Antarct. 408. t. 59. f. 2; Trichodomum longifolium and Distichium ca-
pillaceum, FI. N. Z. ii. 72 and 73.

Northern Island: mountainous districts, Co/enso ; Wairavapa Valley, Knight.
Middle Island : Otago, Lyall. Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island,
J. D. H. (Tasmania and Fuegia.)

Very imperfect specimens of a plant found with T. lingulatum at the Bay of Islands by
myself, have been very doubtfully referred by Mr. Wilson to the European T. sirictum,
Bruch, (FI. N. Z. ii. 72). The leaves are yellowish, strict, ovate-lauceolate, acuminate, rnu-
cronate by the thick excurrent uerve, erect or incurved when dry ; the margin flat.

16. TOETULA, Schreber.

Tufted, green, yellowish or red-brown, usually short, annual or perennial
monoecious or dioecious mosses, growing on the earth, sand, or stones, rarely
on trees. Fruitstalk terminal. Capsule erect, oblong, annulate ; teeth 32,
very long, filiform, twisted to the left, uncoiling when moist, often united at
the base into a long or short tube. Operculum conic, with an oblique, slender
beak. Calyptra cucullate (mitriform in Streptopogon) .

A very large genus, found in all parts of the world, and containing some of the most
ubiquitous mosses.

I. Calyptra. cucullate. Nerve of the leaf produced into a white hair -like point.

Leaves imbricate, concave ; nerve proliferous 1. T. ch/oronolos.

Leaves spreading, concave ; margin involute ; nerve granular, green . 2. T. papillosa.

Leaves spreading ; nerve red; margin revolute 3. T. Maetleri.

II. Calyptra cucullate. Nerve of the leaf excurrent, not white at the apex,
a. Pericliatial leaves inconspicuous.
t Leaves serrulate or crenulate at the apex.

Nerve smooth 4. T. serrulata.

Nerve rough, red 5. T. rubra.

ft Leaves quite entire.

Leaves lanceolate acuminate ; margin revolute ; nerve hardly excurrent 6. T. torquafa.

Leaves lanceolate acuminate ; margin revolute ; nerve excurrent . . 7 • T. crisp folia.

Leaves ligulate or lanceolate ; nerve red ; teeth scarcely twisted . . 8. T. austral asiee.

Leaves linear-lanceolate ; nerve pellucid 9. T. Knightii.

/3. Perichatial leaves long and sheathing 10. T. calycina.

III. Streptopogon. Calyptra mitriform. Leaves crisped , with
pellucid margins 11. T. mnioides.

1. T. chloronotos, Bridd, Bryol. Univ. t. 539; — FI. N. Z. ii. 69.
Stem very short, in. high, nearly simple. Leaves imbricate, broadly ovate,
concave, piliferous; margin entire, recurved; nerve filamentous, and bearing
cellular buds ; cells opaque. Fruitstalk slender, ^ in. long. Capsule elliptic-
oblong.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Europe.)

2. T. papillosa, Wils. Bryol. Brit. 135. t. 44. Stems short, tufted.

Tor tula.

IV. MUSCI.

419

sparingly branched. Leaves dull green, spreading, erect when dry, obovate,
subacute, very concave, with the margin flat, shortly hair-pointed, strongly
involute when dry, papillose at the back, and on the thick, spongy gemmi-
parous nerve; cells lax and succulent.

Northern Island, Sinclair (swamps only). (Europe and various other countries.) I
have taken the description from the ‘ Bryologia Britan nica.’

3. T, Muelleri, Br. and Schimp. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 70. Stems elongated,
covered with root-fibres. Leaves crowded, erecto-patent, straight, imbricate
when dry, oblong-oval, obtuse, concave : margin reflexed ; nerve purple-red,
excurrent into a roughish hair-point. Fruitstalk long, purplish. Capsule
cylindric, curved. Inflorescence monoecious. — T. Antarctica , Hampe ; Syn-
tricliia princeps , De Notaris.

Northern and Middle Islands: not uncommon, from the Bay of Islands, J. A. H.
to Otago, Lindsay. Mitten refers to this common species T. cuspidata and rubella. Hook,
f. and Wils. FI. Tasman. 11, 175, 176. t. 172. f. 9 and 10. (Generally diffused.)

4. T. serrulata, Hook, and Grev. in Brewst. Journ. Sc. i. 229. t. 12 ; — -
FI. N. Z. ii. 70. Stems elongate, somewhat branched, \ in. long. Leaves
orange-brown or rusty, subsquarrose when dry, lanceolate, acuminate, keeled ;
margin reflexed below, flat above, serrulate towards the apex ; nerve stout,
subexcurrent; cells minute. Fruitstalk stout, twisted, \ in. long. Capsule
inclined, cylindrical.

Northern Island : shores of Lake Waikau, Colenso. (Fuegia.)

T. rubra. Mitten mss. — T. robusta, 13, FI. Antarct. 409. Stems •§■— 2 in.
high. Leaves at the apex of the stem, lower pale-red, upper greenish, crowded,
spreading, oblong-lanceolate, broad at the base, gradually narrowed into an
acute apex ; margins recurved in the middle, crenate and serrulate at the apex ;
nerve red, scabrous at the back, excurrent. Fruitstalk red. Capsule cylin-
dric.— Mitten.

Middle Island : Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Falkland Islands, Australia). Distin-
guished from T. Muelleri by the serrulate leaves, and from T. serrulata by the scabrid
nerve.

6. T. torquata, Taylor ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 70. Stem short, erect, tufted.
Leaves crowded, erecto-patent, closely spirally twisted when dry, lanceolate,
acuminate ; margin quite entire, revolute ; nerve stout, scarcely excurrent.
Fruitstalk pale-red, slender, flexuose. Capsule erect, oblong-ovate.

Northern Island, Colenso (Aastralia, Tasmania). Closely allied to the European T.
unguiculata.

7. T. crispifolia. Mitten mss. Stems 1 in. high. Leaves yellow-green,
subcrisped when dry, spreading, lanceolate from a broad erect base, acumi-
nate ; margins recurved throughout ; nerve concolorous, rather broad, excur-
rent into a pungent mucro. Fruitstalk red. Capsule cylindric-ovoid, ob-
lique ; teeth pale red and twisted ; operculum half the length of the capsule.
—Mitten.

Middle Island : Canterbury, Sinclair and Haast. Allied to the European T. fallax,
but distinguished by the exeurrent nerve.

8. T. australasise, Hook.f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 70. Stem short,

420

IV. MUSCl.

[Tortula.

simple, §■ in. long. Leaves reddish, spreading, subrecurved, twisted and
crisped when dry, subligulate linear or lanceolate, acute or obtuse, keeled ;
margin subreflexed ; nerve red, running to the apex ; cells minute. Fruit-
stalk slender, •§• in. long, red. Capsule cylindrical-ovoid; teeth oblique, but
hardly twisted ; operculum with a short beak. Inflorescence dioecious. —
Trichostomum, Hook, and Grev. in Brewst. Journ. Sc. i. t. 12 ; T. fuscescens,
Hook. f. and Wils. in FI. N. Z. ii. 73. t. 85. f. 1 ; Tortula rufiseta, Taylor.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, etc., Colenso, J. D. H. Generically intermediate be-
tween Tortula and Didymodon, and perhaps a form of T. ccespitosa. Mitten identifies
Trichostomum fuscescens with it. (Tasmania, Australia.)

9. T. Knightii, Mitten in FI. Tasman, ii. 174. 1. 172./. 11. — T. cccspi-
tosa, var., FI. N. Z. ii. 70. Stems in. high. Leaves pale yellow-green,
spreading, crisped when dry, linear-lanceolate from an oblong broader trans-
parent base, very acuminate ; margins quite entire, undulate throughout ;
nerve slender, excurrent. Fruitstalk slender, pale. Capsule cylindric.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, J. B. H., Colenso ; Auckland, Knight. Very near
the European T. Northiana. (Tasmania.)

10. T. calycina, Scliwceyr. Suppl. t. 119; — Ft. N. Z. ii. 70. Stems
very short, somewhat branched. Leaves yellow-green, subundulate, crisped
when dry, narrow oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; margin flat ; nerve stout ;
cells small; periehsetial long, sheathing. Fruitstalk J- 1| in. long, red,
yellow above. Capsule small, elliptic-oblong, suberect ; operculum with a
very long slender beak.

Northern and Middle Islands : Bay of Islands, Logan , Colenso, J. B. 3. ; Auckland,
Knight; Nelson, Joltiffe, Travers. Apparently near T. jlexuosa (Hook. Muse. Exot. t.
125) of South Africa, which has more erect leaves,, less undulated and broader below.
(Australia, Tasmania.)

4

11. T. (Streptopogon) mnioides, Schwcey.: — FI. N. Z. ii. 71. Leaves
yellowish, crisped, of firm texture, spreading, loosely imbricate, undulate,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; margins pellucid, often gemmiparous at the apex.

Northern Island, Colenso (scrap only). Doubtfully referred to the European moss ; it
appears also to be Tasmanian.

17. DIDYMODON, Bruch and Schimper.

Short, tufted, monoecious or dioecious (rarely hermaphrodite) mosses, usually
growing on earth. Leaves with minute cells above, larger at the base; nerve
strong. Fruitstalk terminal, very slender, sometimes appearing lateral from
the growth of shoots above it. Capsule oblong, erect ; annulus persistent
or unrolling ; teeth 16, short, linear-subulate, excessively slender and fugaci-
ous, entire 2-fid or perforated along the middle line, not united by a membrane.
Operculum conical, obtusely beaked. Calyptra cucullate.

A considerable genus, in both tropical and temperate regions, scarcely distinguishable from

Trichostomum, except by the very tender fugacious peristome.

Leaves 3-farious, erect and subsecund when dry, quite entire . ... 1. B. papillatus.

Leaves with acute, recurved, squarrose apices, serrulate towards the

apex 2. B. interruptus.

Leaves twisted when dry, spreading, lanceolate, denticulate towards the

apex 3. B. erubescens.

DiJymodon?[

IV. MUSCI.

421

1. D. papillatus, Rook./. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 73. t. 85./. 2. Stems
loosely tufted, 1 in. long, rigid, brittle, a little branched ; branches filiform,
erect. Leaves yellowish, 3-farious, spreading, recurved, erect when dry and
subsecund, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, keeled, entire, papillose on both sur-
faces ; margin below recurved ; nerve subsolid ; perichsetial convolute. Fruit-
stalk pale, y-f in. long. Capsule erect, narrow-oblong, pale, contracted at
the mouth; annulus small ; teeth 16, irregular, cloven and anastomosing;
operculum conical, subulate. — Mitten in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 70; Zygodon
tristichus, C. Muell. in Bot. Zeit. 1S52, 764.

Northern and Middle Islands : Bay of Islands, J. D. H., Cclenso (barren) ; Nelson,
JolL 'ravers; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Tasmania and South Africa.)

2/D. interruptus. Mitten, mss. Stems loosely tufted, 1-^ in. high,
erect, often interrupted by innovations. Leaves pale yellow-green, with an
erect subquadrate base, above lanceolate, acute, recurved, squarrose, keeled ;
margin crenulate or serrulate at the apex ; nerve vanishing, papillose at the
back ; cells above minutely papillose.

IT- ew Zealand, Kerr (in Herb. Mitten), Sinclair.

3/D. erubescens, Mitten mss. Stems subsimple, tufted, 1 in. high
and upwards, dull rusty-green. Leaves lax, twisted when dry, with a broad,
erect,. appressed base, then spreading, lanceolate, acute obtuse or with a re-
curved apiculus ; margins recurved throughout their length, denticulate to-
wards the apex ; nerve obscure, percurrent, keeled. Fruitstalk y in. long,
reddish. Capsule cylindric; teeth short, narrow, coherent at the base ; annu-
lus compound ; operculum obliquely beaked, f as long as the capsule. In-
florescence monoecious. Antheridia amongst the upper longer leaves. —
Mitten.

Middle Island : Otago, Hector.

IS. DESMATODON, Bridel.

Small, tufted, perennial, green, monoecious mosses (male inflorescence axil-
lary), usually growing on earth. Foliage of Tortola. Fruitstalk terminal.
Capsule erect, cernuous or pendulous, with a short neck ; annulus simple ;
teeth 16 (sometimes absent), in one row, granulated, remotely barred, 2-fid
or 3-fid, divisions tetragonous, distantly articulate, joined by one or two bars,
when moist erect, when dry incurved or convolute. Operculum obtusely
beaked. Calyptra cucullate.

A small genus, intermediate between Toriula and Triclioslomum , and perhaps eventually
to be merged with these. 1 follow “Wilson in keeping it distinct, though he says, that “ when
highly developed, the peristome is scarcely, if at all, distinguishable from Tortu/a.”

1. D. nervosus, Bruch and Schimper ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 71. Stems erect,
£ in. high. Leaves yellow-green, spreading, convolute when dry, ovate-ob-
long, apiculate, concave ; margin reflexed ; nerve stout, thickened upwards,
excurrent. Fruitstalk yo— i in. long. Capsule ovoid, erect ; teeth variable,
unequal, sometimer twisted, sometimes absent; annulus 0 ; operculum conical,
hardly beaked. — Wils. Bryol.Brit. 103. t. 20; Trichostomumconvolutum, Bridel.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Europe, S. America, Tasmania.)

422

IV. MUSCI.

[. Distichium .

19. DISTICHIUM, Br. and Schimp.

Stems tufted, erect, flexuose, beset with radicles, with shoots under each
inflorescence. Leaves glossy, distichous or 3-ranked, with imbricate sheath-
ing bases, setaceous, flexuose ; nerve broad. Capsule erect or inclined, with
a short tapering base; annulus of 2 rows of cells, spirally uncoiling; teeth 16,
inserted below the orifice, free to the base, equidistant, linear or lanceolate,
transversely barred, with the middle line entire perforated or cleft. Operculum
conical, beaked. Calyptra cucullate.

A small genus of alpine European mosses.

1. D. capillaceum, Br. and Sell. Stems forming dense and wide-
spreading tufts, 1-4 in. high. Leaves setaceous from a lanceolate sheathing
base, quite entire. Capsule erect, ovoid-oblong or subcylindric ; teeth narrow
with distant articulations, irregularly 2-cleft. — Wils. Brvol. Brit. 104. t. 20
(not FI. N. Z. ii. 78, which is Tricliostomum australe).

Middle Island : Southern Alps, Sinclair and Haasl. (Europe, Asia, N. Africa, N. Ame-
rica.)

20. CEKATODOH, Bridel.

Short, tufted, dioecious mosses, growing on earth, burnt wood* etc.,
foliage of Trichcstomum. Fruitstalk terminal, very slender. Capsule sub-
erect, narrow-oblong, curved, thick-walled, furrowed, angular when dry;
teeth 1 6, lanceolate, split nearly to the base ; joints prominent, distant in the
upper part, close below, conniving when moist, spirally incurved when dry ;
annulus double, revolute. Operculum conical, beaked. Calyptra cucullate.

A small genus, some of the species of which are excessively widely distributed.

1. C. purpureus, Bridel; — FI. N. Z. i. 178. Stems densely tufted,
short, dichotomously branched. Leaves dull green, spreading, oblong-lan-
ceolate, keeled, papillose on the back ; margins recurved, somewhat twisted
when dry ; nerve strong, excurrent ; perichaetial larger, sheathing, acuminate.
Fruitstalk purple. Capsule suberect, oblong, slightly incurved, striate, nearly
horizontal when dry ; teeth combined at the base, 2-fid, edges pale ; oper-
culum conic.— Wils. Bryol. Brit. 84. t. 20.

Abundant throughout the islands, as far south as Campbell’s Island. (One of the com-
monest mosses in the world.)

21. ENCALYPTA, Schreber.

Short, densely tufted, green, monoecious or dioecious mosses, growing on
stones, walls, and earth. Fruitstalk terminal. Capsule erect, cylindric ;
annulus single or 0 ; peristome 0 or simple or double; outer of 16 subulate
teeth ; inner a thin membrane produced into slender cilise. Operculum with a
long beak. Calyptra large, campanulate, mitriform, much exceeding the
capsule, tip subulate.

A considerable north temperate genus, rare in the tropics and southern hemispheres.

1. E. australis. Mitten in FI. Tasman, ii. 182. Stems loosely tufted,

IV. MUSCI.

423

short. Leaves dull green, suberect, lower ligulate, upper oblong-spathulate,
acute or rather obtuse; margin papillose; nerve percurrent, scabrous at the back
below the tip. Fruitstalk i-f in. long. Capsule cylindrical, smooth ; peri-
stome 0 ; operculum subulate, as long as the capsule. Calyptra smooth at
the tip. Inflorescence monoecious.

Northern and Middle Islands, Colenso ; Auckland, Knight ; Banks’s Peninsula,
Jolliffe ; Nelson, Travers , Maniell. Perhaps only a form of the European E. vulgaris.
(Tasmania, Australia, Chiloe.)

22. HEDWIGIA, Ehrhart.

Loosely tufted, creeping or suberect, branched, monoecious mosses.
Leaves imbricate, nerveless, concave, with diaphanous erose apices. Cells
small, quadrate. Fruitstalk very short, terminal. Capsule incurved in the
periclisetium, globose ; annulus and teeth 0. Operculum plano-convex.
Calyptra small, conic, glabrous or hairy.

A small genus, native of both temperate hemispheres.

1. H. ciliata, Mir. — Stems depressed, 1-2 in. long, forming loosely-
tufted patches. Leaves dull, glaucous or yellowish, crowded, spreading,
erect and imbricate when dry, ovate-lanceolate, with erose diaphanous points;
margin recurved below, flatfish above ; perichaetial larger, apices ciliate.
Mouth of capsule dilated when dry. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 146. t. 6.

Middle Island : Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Europe, America, Tasmania.)

23. BEATJNIA, Schimper.

Loosely tufted, suberect, pinnately-branched, dioecious mosses. Leaves
closely imbricated, concave, all but quite entire, with long flexuous hair-
points. Cells small. Fruitstalk long, slender, on short lateral branchlets.
Capsule globose, grooved ; mouth large ; annulus and teeth 0. Operculum
convex, with a long slender beak. Calyptra small, cucullate, glabrous.

A small genus of chiefly southern mosses, found also in the mountoius of the tropics.

1. B. Hhimhoidtii, Schimper. — Iledwigia, Hook.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 93. —
Stems suberect, 2-6 in. high. Leaves obovate, somewhat contracted in the
middle, acuminate, with long hair-points, coriaceous ; perichaetial larger,
sheathing, reddish, glossy. Fruitstalk f in. long. Male inflorescence
axillary, abundant. — Hedmgia , Hook. Mus. Exot. t. 137 ; Ancectangium, FI.
Antarct. 135 and 415.

Middle Island, Lyall ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Lord Auckland's group and
Campbell’s Island : abundant on moist rocks, J. D. H. (Australia, Tasmania, Andes,
Fuegia.)

24. LEPTANGIUM, Montagne.

Minute tufted moss, growing in vegetable soil, having a succulent subter-
raneous stem, and very short branches. Leaves concave, nerveless ; cells
large, lax. Fruitstalk terminal, extremely short. Capsule almost sessile,
globose, mouth dilated, peristome 0. Operculum conical. Calyptra minute,
fugacious.

424 IV. musci. \_Leptangium.

A very curious moss, also found in Australia, differing in its large lax cells from II ed-
wigia and Anoectangium.

1. L. repens, Mitt, in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 79. — Ancectangium, Hook.
Muse. Exot. t. 106; El. N. Z. ii. 93.- — Stems very minute, in. high ; some
barren, some fertile. Leaves on the barren stems spreading, nearly orbicular,
apiculate ; on the fertile larger, whitish, imbricating, ovate, narrowed into a
slender acuminate point, quite entire. Capsule sunk amongst the perichsetial
leaves ; mouth very wide, closed by a horizontal membrane ; spores very
large. Calyptra conical, covering only the tip of the operculum. Inflorescence
monoecious; male usually axillary below the female ; antheridia with filiform
paraphyses. — Anictnngium, Wilson in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846, 143. t. 4 a.

Northern Island : Raukawa range, Cotenso. (Australia, Tasmania.)

25. GRIMMIA, Ehrhart.

Tufted monoecious or dioecious, perennial mosses, often very dark coloured,
and forming hemispherical tufts on rocks, etc., rarely on the ground, occa-
sionally aquatic. Leaves often piliferous, white and transparent at the apex.
Fruitstalk terminal, usually short. Capsule ovoid or oblong, annulate or not ;
teeth 16, in one row, lanceolate, barred, perforate, entire or 2-3-fid, reflexed
when dry. Operculum conical, convex or nipple-shaped. Calvptra mitri-
form, oblique or lobed at the base, rarely cucullate.

A large genus, especially in temperate countries.

A. Schistidium. Capsule on a very short fruitstalk, hidden amongst the leaves. Oper-

culum falling away with the columella attached. Calyptra minute, just covering the oper-
culum 1. G. apocarpa.

B. Grimmia. Capsule on a short curved fruitstalk, exserted. Calyptra larger.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, terminated abruptly by a hair; nerve vanishing 2. G. puhinata.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, with a white hair-point ; nerve vanishing . 3. G. trichophylla.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, hair-pointed ; nerve percurrent . 4. G. basaltica.

1. G. apocarpa, Hedwig. — Schistidium apocarpum, Br. and Schimp. ; —
El. N. Z. i. 74. Nearly black ; stems loosely tufted, E-3 in. long. Leaves
erect, then spreading, ovate-lanceolate, apiculate or obtuse, margin reflexed ;
nerve disappearing below the transparent white tip ; perichsetial broader.
Eruitstalk very short indeed. Capsule elliptic, sunk amongst the leaves,
thick- walled ; annulus 0 ; operculum very broad, falling away with the colu-
mella. Calvptra lobed, very small, capping the operculum only. — Schistidium,
Wils. Bryol. Brit. 150. t. 13.

Northern and Middle Islands : stones in and close to water. Bay of Islands, hanks
of the Waitangi, J. B. H. Shores of Waikari Lake, Cotenso; Nelson, Travers; Otago,
Hector and Buchanan. (Australia, Tasmania, Kerguelen’s Land, S. America, and through-
out the northern hemisphere.)

2. G. pulvinata. Smith ; — Ft. JSf. Z. ii. 75. Stems short, forming
dense small hoary hemispherical tuffs. Leaves spreading, oblong-lanceolate,
keeled above, terminated by a white hair; margin entire, recurved ; nerve
vanishing. Eruitstalk short, decurved. Capsule turned downwards, ovoid,

Grimmia.']

IV. MUSCI.

425

8 -farrowed ; annulus large ; operculum beaked. Calyptra mitriform. Inflo-
rescence monoecious. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 153. t. 13.

Var. £. Africana, FI. N. Z. 1. c. : smaller, capsule shorter, operculum conical mamillate,
teeth very short. — Fissidens pu/vinatus, £!., Hedwig. Sp. Muse. t. 40. G. cygnicolla,
Taylor.

Northern and Middle Islands: var. /3. on rocks, etc., Colenso ; Auckland, Knight;
Nelson, Travers. (South Africa, Australia, aud Tasmania.)

3. G. trichophylla, Greville ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 75. Steins sliort, form-
ing small lax tufts. Leaves yellow-green, linear-lanceolate, narrowed into a
white diaphanous hair-point, flexuous, crisped when dry ; nerve vanishing.
Bruits talks short, curved or decurved. Capsule pendulous, ovoid, striated,
angular when dry ; annulus broad ; teeth 2- fid ; operculum conical, beaked.
Inflorescence dioecious.— Wils. Bryol. Brit. 156. t. 32.

Middle Island: on stones. Ship Cove and Port Cooper, lyaU ; Otago, Lindsay,
Hector and Buchanan. (North temperate zone, South America, Tasmania.)

4. G. basaltica, Mitten, mss. Forming small hemispherical hoary
tufts. Leaves spreading, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate with a hyaline liair-
point, keeled by the percurrent nerve; perichaetial with a much longer hair-
point. Fruitstalk curved. Capsule ovoid- globose, plicate when dry; teeth
red, perforated, subentire, reflexed when dry ; opererdum short, conic, acumi-
nate. Inflorescence monoecious.

Middle Island: basalt rocks near Dunedin, Lindsay {Herb. Mitten). Closely resem-
bling G. orbicularis , B. and S., of Europe, hut capsule more plaited, less contracted at the
mouth, and teeth reflexed when dry {Mitten).

26. RACOMITRIUM, Bridel.

Loosely tufted, often hoary, grey, dioecious, perennial mosses, growing in
rocks or on the ground ; stems usually elongate, branched. Leaves keeled,
margins recurved, tips often white and transparent, nerve vanishing ; cells
long and sinuous at the base, square above. Fruitstalk terminal, usually
short. Capsule elliptic or oblong, smooth, mouth narrow, annulate ; teeth
16, 2-3-fid; divisions short, linear-subulate, unequal and irregularly com-
bined, or very long filiform and free to the base ; operculum conical, and
subulate. Calyptra conical or mitriform, tip solid subulate, papillose ; base
membranous, fringed.

A genus of which most of the species abound in alpine regions, where some form large
hoary patches on the ground and on rocks.

I. Dryptodox. Stems dichotomously branched, young shoots fastigiate, unbranched.
Leaves ovate-oblong. Fruitstalk very short. Operculum shorter

than the capsule. Teeth 2-fid 1. R. crispulum.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Fruitstalk longer. Operculum acicular,

as long as the capsule. Teeth entire 2. It. rupestre.

Leaves narrow-lanceolate. Operculum subulate, shorter than the

capsule. Teeth cleft 3. F. protensum.

Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 3-carinate, apiculate 4. if. ptychophyllum.

■ II. Racomitehjm. Stems irregularly branched ; branches with lateral branchlets ;
shoots not fastigiate.

Leaves deeply plaited, ovate-lanceolate, acute 5. if. symphyodon.

Leaves tortuous, lanceolate subulate, toothed, with diaphanous hair-

points

VOL. I.

6. if. lanuginosum.
2 F

426

IV. MUSCI.

\_Racomitrium .

1 . R. crispulum, Hook.f. and Wils. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 75. — Dryptodon, FI.
Antarct. 124. t. 57- f. 9. Stems forming loose tufts, 1-1 1 in. high, slender,
branching. Leaves pale or dark lurid-green, erecto-patent and subrecurved,
ovate-oblong, acuminate, keeled, margin entire, reflexed below ; apex sub-
diaphanous ; nerve percurrent ; pericluetial shorter, obtuse or acute. Fruit-
stalk very short, pale, lateral by the growth of side-shoots. Capsule elliptic-
oblong, erect or inclined; annulus distinct ; teeth red, 2-fid, reflexed when
dry ; operculum conical, subulate, not half as long as the capsule. Calyptra
mitriform, base torn and inflexed.

a. Leaves gradually attenuated ; cells of upper portion rounded.

P>. Leaves with a suboval base, obtuse and apiculate, It. chlorocarpum, Mitten, mss.

Var. a. Campbell’s Island, J. B. H. Var. /8. Northern Island : on alpine rocks,
Colenso. Mitten distinguishes the Northern Island form as a species (R. chlorocarpum).
(Tasmania, Kerguelen’s Laud.)

2. R. rupestre, Hook. f. and Wils. ,- — FI. N. Z. ii. 75. — Dryptodon ,
FI. Antarct. 402. t. 152. f. 1. Stems densely tufted, slender, 1-2 in. long.
Leaves lurid-green, spreading, densely subspirally imbricate when dry,
ovate-lanceolate or ovate acuminate; lower subsquarrose, upper recurved,
keeled, margin subrecurved, when dry more or less incurved and twisted ;
nerve scarcely continuous, red ; perichsetial broader, elliptic-oblong, obtuse.
Fruitstalk very short, twisted when dry. Capsule small, erect, elliptic-ob-
long, red-brown ; mouth contracted ; teeth red, spreading when dry ; oper-
culum with a very slender beak, nearly as long as the capsule.- — ? R. convo-
lutum, Montagne, Sylloge, 37.

Northern Island: moist rocks on the mountains, Colenso ; also found in Tasmania,
Fuegia, and Kerguelen’s Laud.

3. R. protemsum, Braun; — FI. N. Z. ii. 76. Stems loosely tufted.
Leaves light green, spreading all round or subsecund, appressed when dry,
rather rigid, elongate-lanceolate, not diaphanous at the summit ; nerve strong,
percurrent; perichaetial somewhat sheathing. Fruitstalk pale, \ in. long. Cap-
sule subcylindric, pale brown, thin- walled; teeth long, irregularly split to
the base; operculum usually as long as the capsule, beaked. — Wils. Bryol.
Brit. 166. t. 45.

Northern Island : moist rocks in mountain regions, Colenso. (Europe, Fuegia.)

Z' R. ptychophyllum. Mitten, mss. Stems tufted, 2 in. high;
branches numerous, fastigiate. Lower leaves brown, upper yellow, spreading,
imbricate when dry, and forming cuspidate tips to the branches, elliptic-
lanceolate, subobtuse, apiculate, the tip diaphanous, keeled with the per-
current nerve, and with two deep folds on each side ; margins quite entire,
reflexed ; cells narrow.

Middle Island : Otago ( Lindsay in Serb. Mitten). Resembling R. protensum, var. 3
of FI. Antarct., from Kerguelen’s Land, but distinguished by the folds of the leaf (Mitten).

5. R. symphiodon. Mitten in FI. Tasman, ii. 181. t. 173./. 4. — R.
fasciculare, B ridel, var. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 76. Stems loosely tufted, slender, elon-
gated ; branches slender, subfascicled. Leaves spreading, subsecund, erect
wflien dry, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, with hyaline points, margin recurved
below, quite entire ; perichsetial acute. Fruitstalk yellow, very short. Cap-

Racomitrium.']

IV. MUSCI.

427

sule cylindric ; mouth small; teeth short, with transverse connecting bars.
— R. fascicular e, var. 2 and 3, FI. Antarct. p. 402. Grimmia emersa, C. Muell.
in Bot. Zeit. 1851, 562. R. microcarpum ?, Mont, in Yoy. au Pole Sud, Bot.
Crypt, p. 284.

Northern and Middle Islands : common on rocks on the mountains. (Tasmania,
Fuegia.)

6. R, lanuginosum, Bridel ; — FI. Antarct. i. 124 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 76.
Stems elongate, loosely tufted, 2-12 in. long, branched. Leaves hoary,
spreading, erecto-patent, lanceolate, acuminate, their apex hyaline toothed
and granulate. Fruitstalk apparently lateral, short, erect, tubercled. Cap-
sule minute, ovoid, pale brown ; mouth small ; walls thick ; teeth 2-fid, divi-
sions filiform ; annulus large ; operculum as long as the capsule, or longer.
— Wils. Bryol. Brit. 169. t. 19.

Var . pruinosum, FI. N. Z. iii. 76. Leaves more hoary, the hyaline point longer, spinu-
lose-serrate ; teeth erect.

Campbell’s Island: on rocks, J. D. H. — Var. pruinosum, Northern and Middle
Islands : rocks on the mountains, common, Colenso, Travers , Haast , Hector and Buchanan
(not seen in fruit) ; the common form of this moss is abundant in the north and south tem-
perate zones.

27. SCHLOTHEIMIA, Bridel.

Tufted, creeping, usually dark-coloured mosses, with erect short branches,
growing in tufts on trees. Stems and branches red-brown or blackish below,
yellow or greenish at the tips. Leaves imbricated all round, oblong ; cells
circular, opaque, punctiform. Fruitstalk terminal, long or short. Capsule
erect, subcylindric, smooth or grooved, not annulate. Teeth in 2 rows ;
outer 16, in pairs, revolute; inner 16 or more, irregular, erect, conniving and
orming a cone. Operculum conical, beaked. Calyptra conical or mitriform,
‘ough at the tip, 4- or more lobed at the bottom ; the lobes indexed.

A considerable genus in the tropics and south temperate zone.

Leaves Ungulate, shortly mucronate or not 1.5. Brownii.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, with a long mucro 2. S. Campbelliana.

1. S. Brownii, Schwcegr. Suppl. ii. t. 167 ; — Ft. N. Z. ii. 77. Stems
loosely tufted, slender, \ in. long; branches nearly as high. Leaves dusky
red-brown, lingulate, obtuse or somewhat cuspidate, lax, erecto-patent ;
twisted when dry ; nerve narrow, scarcely excurrent. Fruitstalk very slender,
i~ I in. long. Capsule small, ovate-oblong, striated ; inner peristome 32-
parted ; operculum veiy slender. Calyptra smooth.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, J. 1). H.; Port Nicholson, Lyall (not found in fruit).
(Australia.)

2. S. campbelliana, C. Muell. Synops. Muse. i. 753. — S. quadrifida,
FI. Antarct. i. 126. t. 58. f. 1, not of Bridel. Stems loosely tufted;
branches |-1^ in. high, rather robust. Leaves red-brown, the upper green,
spreading, twisted when dry, oblong-lanceolate, contracted in the middle,
obtuse and emarginate or acute ; nerve excurrent as a slender long mucro,
concave, not striated. Fruitstalk stout, ^ in. high. Capsule cylindrical,

2 F 2

428 iv. MUsci. [ Schlotheimia .

erect, or inclined ; operculum conical, witli a slender beak, half as long as the
capsule. Calyptra smooth.

Campbell’s Island : on truuks of trees and on rocks, J. D. H.

28. MACROMITRITJM, B ridel.

Densely tufted, usually brown or blackish mosses, with creeping stems and
erect branches, often forming large patches on trees and rocks. Stems and
branches often dark below and yellowish-green at the tips. Leaves rather
or very opaque ; cells very minute, circular. Fruit stalk terminal. Capsule
ovoid, narrowed below, erect, equal, thick-walled ; mouth often when dry
contracted by 8 folds ; annulus 0 ; peristome 0, or single or double ; outer
16 flat lanceolate teeth, inserted in pairs below the mouth; inner a lacerated
membrane. Operculum with a straight beak. Calyptra mitriform, glabrous
or pilose, longitudinally folded or grooved, laciniate at the base.

A very large tropical and subtropical genus, of which many of the species are either
variable or difficult of discrimination. Of the New Zealand ones here described, I suspect
some will have to be united hereafter.

I. Calyptra glabrous.

Peristome double 1. M. sulcatum.

Peristome single (0? in M. asperulum).
a. Leaves obtuse or acute , not mucronate ( see 8, Hectori.)

Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Fruitstalk very short ... 2. M. longirostre.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute. Fruitstalk very loug 3. M. lonyipes.

/8. Leaves mucronate by the more or less excurrent nerve ( nerve
vanishing in M. Hectori).

Margin of leaves rough, with prominent papilla? 4. 31. asperulum.

Stems slender. Leaves lanceolate-subulate, flexuous and twisted

when dry 5 . M. gracile.

Leaves subcirrhose when dry, linear-ligulate, obtuse 6. M. ligulare.

Leaves straight, both when dry and moist 7. M. orthophyllum.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse ; nerve vanishing below the apex . 8. M. Hectori.

II. Calyptra pilose. Peristome single,
a. Leaves more or less lanceolate , acute or acuminate.

Leaves spreading and recurved, subobtnse. Capsule ovoid-oblong,

striate 9. M. recurvifolium.

Leaves spreading and incurved, acuminate. Capsule nrceolate,

smooth 10. M. Mauritianum 1

Leaves spreading and recurved. Capsule subpyriform, slightly

grooved 11. M. microphyllum.

Leaves spreading, incurved, acute. Capsule ovoid, smooth . . . 12. M. incurvifolium.

13. Leaves more or less ligulate, obtuse , apiculate or mucronate.

Leaves spreading, subincurved ; cells minute, dense. Capsule ob-
long ; mouth plaited 13. M. hemitrichodes.

Leaves spreading, subincurved ; cells lax. Capsule oblong ; mouth

plaited 14. M. microstomum.

Leaves erecto-patent ; cells dense. Capsule ovoid 15. M. prorepens.

Leaves spreading and incurved; margins erose; cells rather large . 16. bl. erosulum.

y. Leaves ligulate , retv.se or Z-lobed 17- A/, retusum.

III. Calyptra unknown 18. M. aristatum.

1. M. sulcatum, Bridel; — FI. N. Z. ii. 77. Branches very short.

Macromitrium .]

IV. MUSCI,

429

Leaves spreading, crisped when dry, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, undulate,
quite entire ; nerve percurrent. Fruitstalks in. long. Capsule ovoid,
deeply grooved; outer teeth 16, linear, geminate; inner united into a mem-
branous lacerate cone ; operculum with a long straight beak. Calyptra
glabrous, fimbriate to the middle. — Schlotheimia , Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 156.

Var. /3. Leaves less acuminate, scarcely undulate ; probably a different species.

Var. j8. Northern Island, Colenso. A doubtful determination. The original plant is a
native of Ceylon and Nepal.

2. M. longirostre, Sclnccegr. Suppl. t. 112; — FI. Antarct. t. 126; —
FI. N. Z. ii. 78. — Branches erect, 1 in. high, crowded. Leaves bright
yellow-red or bronze, lower black, subrigid, crowded, erecto-patent, twisted
when dry, linear-lanceolate, very acute, with 2 parallel lines one on each side
the solid stout nerve, margins recurved ; nerve reddish. Fruitstalk stout,
rather short, a_a in. long, black. Capsule sulcate, elongate, narrow, almost
linear-oblong, gradually narrowed into the stout fruitstalk ; peristome single ;
opercidum with a slender straight beak. Calyptra glabrous, fimbriate half-
way up. — Ortliotrichum , Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 25.

Yar. 0. acutifolium, FI. N. Z. 1. c. Leaves more acuminate, with a subexcurrent nerve.
— Orthotrichum, Hook, and Grev. in Brevvst. Journ. 1. c. t. 5 ; FI. Antarct. 1. c. i. M. Pacci-
vanum, De Notaris.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Menzies ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Lord Auck-
land’s group and Campbell’s Island, J. B. II. Chatham Islaud, Mr. Travers.

Var. 0. Port Preservation, Lyall. (Tasmania, Chiloe, a form.)

3. M. longipes, Schweegr. Suppl. t. 139 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 78. Branches
elongate, erect, 1-11, in. high. Leaves dull yellow-green, reddish below,
crowded, erecto-patent, crisped and twisted when dry, linear- or subulate-
lanceolate, subacute, margin recurved, nerve pale. Fruitstalk very long,
rarely short, -§•— ]£ in., slender. Capsule elliptic; mouth contracted, plaited ;
peristome single ; operculum very slender, straight. Calyptra glabrous. —
Ortliotrichum, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 21.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Menzies , etc. (Norfolk
Island.)

4. M. asperuhim. Mitten in FI. Tasman, ii. 376. — M. fimbriatum,
FI. N. Z. ii. 77, not of Palisot. Stem slender, creeping; branches short,
tufted. Leaves bright red-brown, dense, spreading, incurved when dry,
ligulate from an oblong base, lower obtuse, upper acute, mucronate by the
excurrent nerve, margins papillose and rough ; perichsetial shorter, acute.
Fruitstalk ^ in. long. Capsule ovoid, attenuate below ; peristome 0 ; mouth
darker, plaited ; operculum conical, acuminate. Calyptra naked. M. micro-
stomum, FI. N. Z. ii. 79, in part.

Northern and Middle Islands; common on trunks of trees, etc. (Tasmania.)

5. M. gracile, Schwoegr. Suppl. t. 112 ;- — FI. N. Z. ii. 78. Stems
flexuous, slender, sparingly branched, suberect, 1-2 in. long. Leaves pale
yellow, brown below, brittle, spreading and incurved, flexuous and twisted
when dry, lanceolate-subulate, cuspidate by the excurrent nerve. Fruitstalk
•g— j in. long. Capsule ovoid, striate when dry ; peristome single. Calyptra
glabrous. — M. Mossmanianium, C. Muell. in Bot. Zeit. 1851, 561. Orthotri-
chum,, Hook. Muse. Exot, t. 27.

430

IV. MUSCI.

[ Macromitrium .

Northern and Middle Islands, probably common : Bay of Islands, J. D. H. ;
Dusky Bay, Menzies ; Chalky Bay, Lgall; Nelson, Tracers ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan.

6. M. ligulare, Mitten in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 78; — Habit of JM.
prorepenfl Leaves spreading, when dry crisped, twisted, and subcirrhose,
linear-ligulate, obtuse, or shortly apiculate with the excurrent nerve, margin
sub-erose ; perichaetial shorter, ovate, acute. Fruitstalk £ in. long, ovoid;
mouth darker, plicate ; teeth short ; operculum conical, acuminate. Calyptra
naked.

Northern Island: Waikeki, Sinclair ; Kerr ( in Herb. Mitten).

7. M. orthophyllum, Mitten in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 79. Habit,
size, and colour of M. longirostre. Leaves spreading when moist, appressed
when dry, striate in both cases, broadly lanceolate, keeled and shortly apicu-
late with the excurrent nerve ; perichaetial longer, broader, more erect, with
longer points. Fruitstalk £ in. long. Capsule ovoid, attenuate at the base ;
mouth plicate ; teeth short, free ; operculum subulate, as long as the capsule.
Calyptra glabrous.

Northern Island, Kerr (in Herb. Mitten) ; Auckland, Knight.

/(. M. Hectori, Mitten , mss. Branches erect, divided. Leaves brown,
almost shining, dense, spreading, scarcely twisted when dry, oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse, apiculate, flat or waved, keeled ; nerve vanishing below the
apex ; lower cells elongate, papillose ; perichaetial similar. Fruitstalk
slender. Capsule fusiform, with a slender neck, plaited ; teeth granular,
cohering at the base ; operculum long, subulate. Calyptra long, naked.

Middle Island : Otago, Hector and Buchanan.

9. M. recurvifolium, B ridel FI. N. Z. ii. 78. Stems 1-2 in.
long, creeping, rather slender. Leaves pale yellow-brown, widely spreading,
or recurved when moist, spirally twisted when dry, subulate-lanceolate, rather
obtuse, fragile; nerve pale, continuous; cells small, dense, opaque. Fruit-
stalk i- in. long, slender. Capsule oblong-ovoid, slightly grooved. —
Ortliotrichum, Hook, and Grev. in Brewst. Journ. Science, i. 120. t. 5.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, Logan, J. D. H., Colenso, Kerr (in Herb. Mitten).
(Java.)

10. M. Mauritianum ? Schweegr. Suppl. t. 189; — FI. N. Z. ii. 79.
Stems long, creeping ; branches short or long. Leaves dense, yellow-green,
spreading and incurved when moist, much crisped and twisted together when
dry, lanceolate, acuminate ; nerve stout, pale ; cells dense, small. Fruit-
stalk short. Capsule urceolate, smooth. Calyptra slightly hairy.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, Logan. A doubtful plant ; the original is stated to
be a native of Mauritius, Java, aud Australia.

11. M. microphylliim, Hook, and Grev. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 80. Stems
and branches very slender, 1-2 in. long, -fa in. diam. Leaves yellow-brown,
loosely spreading and recurved when moist, striate and appressed when dry,
ovate- or subulate-lanceolate, acute, keeled, with 2 striae at the base, pellucid,
more or less papillose above ; nerve stout, vanishing below the tip ; cells
minute. Fruitstalk very slender, in. long. Capsule oval-oblong or sub-

Macromitriumi]

IV. MliSCI.

431

pyriform, slightly grooved; peristome very short, undivided. Calyptra hairy.
— M. barbatum. Mitten, mss. ; Orthotrichum, Hook, and Grev. in Brewst.
Journ. Sc. i. t. 6.

Northern and Middle Islands: East Coast, Colenso ; Auckland, Knight; Port
Nicholson, lyall ; Nelson, Travers ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Australia, Tasmania,
and S. Africa.)

12. M. incurvifolium, Schwcsgr. Suppl. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 79. Stem
creeping. Leaves spreading and incurved when moist, crisped when dry,
subulate-lanceolate, subacute, keeled, incurved at the tip. Capsule ovate,
smooth; operculum acicular, straight. Calyptra laminate, pilose. — Ortho-
trichum, Hook, and Grev. in Brewst. Ed. Journ. i. 117. t. 4.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Menzies. (Doubtful.)

Mr. Wilson suspects some mistake in the habitat of this moss, which, though a native of
Australia and the Pacific Islands, has not been found in New Zealand, except by Menzies.

13. M. hemitrichodes, Scliweegr. Suppl. t. 193;— FI. N. Z. ii. 79.
Stems long, creeping, 3-4 in. long, rather stout; branches in. high.
Leaves dark green, lower brown, spreading and subincurved when moist,
crisp when dry, ligulate-lanceolate, obtuse, apiculate ; margin recurved below ;
nerve stout, concolorous ; cells very minute, dense, opaque. Fruitstalk 3— j
in. long, slender. Capsule ovoid or subcylindric, smooth,' plaited at the
mouth. Calyptra somewhat hairy.

Northern Island, Logan. (Australia.)

14. M. micro stomum, Schwcpgr. Suppl., not of FI. N. Z. ii. 79. Stems
and branches elongate, strict, branched at the apex. Leaves brownish-green,
spreading and spirally twisted when moist, crisped when dry, ligulate-lanceo-
late, obtuse, apiculate, papillose ; nerve reddish ; cells lax, larger than in its
allies, roundish. Capsule ovoid, smooth, plaited at the contracted mouth ;
peristome single ; teeth narrow, geminate, trabeculate, white. Calyptra gla-
brous.— Orthotrichum, Hook, and Grev. in Brewst. Journ. Sc. i. t. 4.

Northern Island : Wellington, Stephenson. Nelson, Travers. (Tasmania.) Mitten re-
fers the ‘ New Zealand Flora ’ plant of this name to M. erosulum and asperulum.

15. M. prorepens, Schwcegr. Suppl. ii. t. 171 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 79.
Stems 1-3 in. long ; branches short, erect, simple. Leaves yellow-brown,
erecto-patent when moist, scarcely crisped when dry, ligulate-lanceolate, ob-
tuse, apiculate, keeled, scarcely papillose ; cells small. Fruitstalk very slender,
■§— yV in. long. Capsule ovoid ; mouth somewhat plaited. Calyptra pilose.
Inflorescence monoecious. — Ortliotrichum, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 120.

Northern and Middle Islands: Waikehi, Sinclair; Dusky Bay, Menzies ; Milford
Sound, Lyall ; Nelson, Travers ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan.

16. M. erosulum, Mitten in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 78. Habit, size, and
colour of M. prorepens. Leaves spreading when dry, compactly crisped and
incurved, ligulate from an oblong base, keeled, mucronate; nerve yellow-
brown, excurrent ; lower cells narrow, upper papillose ; perichsetial broader,
acute. Fruitstalk about £ in. long. Capsule ovoid, brown ; mouth darker,
plaited. Operculum subulate, as long as the capsule ; teeth short. Calyptra
pilose. M. rnicrostomum, FI. N. Z. ii. 79, in part. .

Northern and Middle Islands : probably common.

432

IV. MUSCI.

[ Orthotriclium .

17. M. retusum} Hook. f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii.‘ 79. t. 85. /. 6.
Stems tufted, creeping ; branches \ in. long. Leaves pale vellow-green,
crowded, erecto- patent and recurved when moist, crisped when dry, ligulate-
oblong, retuse and 2-fid at the apex, scarcely keeled ; nerve pale ; cells very
minute, opaque. Fruit unknown.

Northern Island : habitat unknown, Colenso. Kiapara ?, Ker in Herb. Mitten.

18. M. aristatunij Mitten, mss. Small ; branches short. Leaves
greenish-brown, spreading, contracted when dry, broadly lanceolate, obtuse,
with a subpiliferous apex, keeled ; nerve vanishing below the apex ; basal
cells shortly oblong ; upper scarcely papillose.— Mitten.

Northern Island: Auckland, Kniglit; specimen very small, and without fruit.

M. piliferum, Schwsegr., a Sandwich Island plant, occurs in Mr. Menzies’ collection, but
has been found by no one else, and as the habitats of several of that eminent collector’s plants
were confounded, it is most probable that this is one such ; it may be known by its
spreading lanceolate-subulate leaves, with long hair-points.

M. Tongense , Sullivant, Mosses of the U. S. Expl. Exped. 7- 1. 5 ( M . abbreviation, Mitten,
mss.), is unknown to me.

29. ORTHOTRICHUM, Hedwig.

Densely tufted, bright or dark green, short-stemmed mosses, often forming
small cushions on trees and rocks, rarely on earth, sometimes creeping.
Fruitstalk terminal. Capsule erect, pyriform ; neck more or less elongate,
striate, ribbed when dry ; annulus 0 ; peristome 0, single or double ; outer
16 teeth mostly united in pairs and inserted below the mouth; inner 8-16
cilia. Operculum with a conical beak. Calyptra large, inflated, campanu-

late, plicate, often pilose ; base crenate or lacerate.

A large European and north temperate genus, rare in the tropics.

Peristome double.

Leaves spreading, subacute. Capsule immersed 1.0. calvum.

Leaves spreading, subacute. Capsule exserted 2. 0. pumilum.

Leaves spreading, erose. Capsule exserted 3. O. luteum.

Peristome single (Brachystf.i.eum).

Leaves erecto-patent, oblong below, narrow above, obtuse .... 4. 0. crassifolium.

Leaves suberect, subulate, acuminate 5.0. angustifolium.

1. O. calvum, Ilook.f. and Wils.; — Ft. N. Z. ii. 8. t. 85./. 7. Stems
tufted, short, slender. Leaves dull green, spreading and rather recurved when
moist, suberect when dry, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong below, and more
linear above, subacute; nerve solid; cells opaque. Fruitstalk -1 2,- in. long.
Capsule about as long as the fruitstalk, minute, elliptic-oblong or clavate,
striate ; inner peristome of 8 cilia ; operculum not seen. Calyptra yellow-
brown, glabrous.

Northern Island : Mauawata, on branches, Colenso.

2. O. pumilum, Dickson ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 80. Stems short, tufted, ^ in.
high. Leaves spreading when moist, appressed when dry, lanceolate, sub-
acute, concave ; margin revolute ; nerve vanishing below the apex. Fruit-
stalk very short. Capsule sunk amongst the leaves, ovoid, with a short neck,
broadly striate; operculum conical, short. Calyptra naked. — Wils. Bryol.
Brit. 178. t. 45 ; Schwmgr. Suppl. t. 50.

Zygodon .]

IV. ML'SCI.

433

Northern Island : Cliffs at Hawke’s Bay, Colenso. A European plant, of which I
have very imperfect New Zealand specimens.

3. O. luteum, Mitten in Ft. Tasman, ii. 184. Stems densely tufted, £
in. high. Leaves pale yellow, spreading when moist, crisped when dry,
oblong and concave below, above linear-lanceolate, keeled ; nerve yellow,
vanishing below the apex ; margins erose, recurved about the middle ; peri-
chaetial longer, lanceolate. Fruitstalk •§■ in. long. Capsule cylindric-oblong,
plicate ; neck thickened ; inner peristome of 8 cilia ; operculum with a
short beak. Calyptra pilose. — Ulota lutea, Mitten in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 77.

Northern Island : Kaipara Mossman, Mitten. (Tasmania.)

4. O. crassifolinm. Hook. f. and Wits. FI. Antarct. 125. t. 57 . /. 8.
Stems very short, tufted, | in. high, Leaves dirty olive-green, erecto-
patent when moist and dry (then horny), coriaceous, ovate or oblong and
concave below, linear or ligulate above, obtuse ; margin recurved ; nerve
stout, vanishing below the apex, upper leaves narrower above and broader at
the base. Fruitstalk very short. Capsule exserted or immersed, pyriform,
smooth ; neck very short ; peristome single, yellow ; operculum convex with
a short straight beak. Calyptra plaited, glabrous, 8 -fid at the base.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : on rocks and stones, near high-
water mark, J. D. H. (Kerguelen’s Land, Fuegia.)

5. O. angustifolium, Hook. f. and Wits. FI. Antarct. 125. t. 57 . f. 7.
Stems very short, tufted, -J— | in. high. Leaves black-green, crowded, sub-
erect both when moist and dry, strict, thick in texture, subulate-lanceolate,
acuminate; nerve thick, continuous ; perichsetial longer, subsecund. Fruit-
stalk very short. Capsule immersed, small, elliptic-ovoid ; mouth rather
large; peristome single; operculum convex with a short beak. Calyptra
not seen.

Campbell's Island : on rocks, on the hills, J. B. H.

30. ZYGODON, Hook.

Tufted, small, usually bright green, monoecious, dioecious, or hermaphro-
dite mosses, often creeping, growing on trees, rarely on the ground. Leaves
lanceolate or oblong, keeled; margin plane ; cells minute. Fruitstalk ter-
minal. Capsule erect, pyriform or clavate, grooved or striate; annulus 0;
peristome 0 or single or double; outer 16 flat teeth united in pairs, reflexed
when dry ; inner 8-16 linear hyaline cilia alternating with the outer, some-
times conniving and forming a campanulate cone. Operculum obliquely
beaked. Calyptra oblique, cucidlate.

* Inner teeth horizontal, free at the base,
a. Leaves with margins entire or nearly so.

f Peristome double.

Leaves erecto-patent, ligulate, obtuse 1 . Z. obtusifolius.

Leaves spreading, squarrose, oblong, acute 2. Z. Brownii.

ft Peristome single or 0.

Leaves suberect, lingulate, subacute 3 . Z. intermedius.

Leaves spreading, oblong-lanceolate 4. Z. Reinwardtii.

434

TV. MUSCI.

\Zygodon.

&. Leaves with the margins denticulate.

Leaves spreading, subincurved. Capsule immersed 5 . Z. cyathicarpus.

** Inner teeth conniving in a bell-shaped cone, united by a very short membrane at the
base (Codouoblepharum, Schwagrichen) .

Leaves suberect, lingulate, apiculate 6 . Z. Menziesii.

1. Z. obtusifolius, Hook. Muse. Exot. 1. 159 ; — Fl.N.Z. ii. 80. Stems

tufted, in. high. Leaves dull green, loosely erecto-patent, ligulate, obtuse.
Fruitstalk in. long. Capsule deeply furrowed, 8-ribbed ; peristome

double ; inner of 8 cilia ; operculum with an inclined beak, ^ as long as the
capsule. Calyptra roughish above, subplicate below. Inflorescence monoe-
cious.— Schvvsegr. Suppl. t. 136.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, J. 1). 11., Colenso. (East Indies.)

2. Z. intermedius, Bruch and Schimper ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 80. Stems
loosely tufted, slender, |-1 in. high, branching. Leaves pale yellow-green,
lax, erecto-patent, lanceolate-lingulate, subacute, or oblong-lanceolate; margins
plane ; nerve ceasing below the apex. Fruitstalk ■§-- } in. long. Capsule ob-
long, deeply grooved ; more than half as long as the capsule; peristome single,
outer absent, inner of 8 cilia ; operculum with a slender inclined beak. In-
florescence dioecious. — Z. conoideus, /3, Hook, and Grev. in Brewst. Journ. Sc.
i. 132.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Menzies. (Tasmania, Australia, Chili.)

3. Z. Brownii, Schwcegr. Suppl. t. 317 h\ — FI. N. Z. ii. 81. Stems
tufted, branched, |-1 in. high. Leaves pale green, spreading, recurved and
squarrose, oblong, acute ; nerve continuous and excurrent. Fruitstalk very
slender, f- in. long. Capsule pyriform, furrowed ; peristome double ;
outer often rudimentary or irregular ; inner of 8 cilia. Inflorescence dioe-
cious.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands: common. (Australia, Tasmania.)

4. Z. Reinwardtii, Braun ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 81. Stems short, in.
high. Leaves yellow-green, spreading, oblong-lanceolate ; margins waved,
minutely denticulate, keeled ; nerve excurrent; perichsetial shorter. Fruit-
stalk erect, flexuous, ■§■— | in. long. Capsule subpyriform, sulcate ; peristome
fugacious or absent (?) in the New Zealand form ; operculum conic, beaked.
Calyptra large, substriate, coriaceous. Inflorescence hermaphrodite.—
Schwsegr. Suppl. t. 312 a. Zygodon denticulatus, Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot.
vi. 329. Z. anomalns, Dozy and Molkb. ; FI. Tasman, ii. 185.

Northern and Middle Islands: Port Nicholson, Sinclair ; Ruahine mountains,
Colenso ; Southern Alps, Haast ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Tasmania, Java, S. Ame-
rica.) Inner peristome, in Java specimens, of 16 cilia; outer present and fugacious in the
Tasmanian.

5. Z. cyathicarpus, Montague, Flor. Chili Crypt. 132. t. 3 ; — FI. N.
Z. ii. 81. Stems in. high, tufted, rather stout. Leaves pale green,
spreading, subrecurved, crisped when dry, linear-lanceolate, acute, keeled,
remotely denticulate ; perichsetial overtooping the capside. Fruitstalk very
short. Capsule immersed, striate ; peristome 0 ; operculum convex, with a
short oblique beak. Inflorescence monoecious. — Gymnostomum linearifolium.

Leptostomum.']

IV. MUSCI.

435

Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. v. 42. Didymodon cyathicarpus, Mitten in Journ.
Linn. Soc. iv. 70.

Northern Island : Makororo river, Colenso, with Bartramia uncinata. (North Ame-
rica, South Africa, Tasmania.) Mitten regards this as a Weissioid moss.

6. Z. Menziesii, Mitten in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 74. Stems tufted,
densely fastigiately branched, £ in- high. Leaves crowded, suberect, yellow-
brown when old, Ungulate, apiculate, keeled ; nerve nearly continuous, strong,
reddish, vanishing below the apex. Fruitstalk in. long, slender. Capsule
pyriform, pale, strongly grooved, contracted below the mouth ; peristome
double ; inner of 16 cilia, conniving and forming acampanulate cone ; oper-
culum convex, obliquely beaked. Inflorescence dioecious. — Codonoblepharum ,
Schwsegr. Suppl. ii. t. 137 ; FI. Tasman, ii. 186.

Northern and Middle Islands : on hark of trees, Colenso. Middle Island : Dusky
Bay, Menzies. (Tasmania, Australia.)

31. LEPTOSTOMUM, Br.

Densely-tufted, erect, bright green, soft, dioecious mosses, with matted,
brown rootlets on the bases of the stems. Leaves piliferous, transparent ;
nerve stout ; cells circular. Fruitstalk terminal, long. Capsule erect or
pendulous, pyriform or clavate ; annulus usually 0 ; peristome a membranous
ring, more or less cleft, arising from the inner wall of the capsule. Oper-
culum very short, conic. Calyptra cucullate, fugacious.

A genus of beautiful mosses, all natives of the southern temperate hemisphere, and grow-

ing on trunks of trees and rocks.

* Capsule narrowed into the fruitstalk.

Capsule erect or inclined ; hair-point of leaf straight 1. L. gracile.

Capsule inclined ; hair-point flexuous 2. L. inclinans.

** Capsule erect , not narrowed below.

Capsule large, hair-point branched 3. L. macrocarpum.

1. L. gracile, Brown; — FI. N. Z. ii. 82. Stems densely tufted, 2-3
in. high. Leaves bright green, erect, crowded, closely imbricate when dry,
lower ovate- lanceolate, upper oblong, all with a straight hair-point ; margin
reflexed; nerve stout. Fruitstalk 1-2 in. long. Capsule oblong, erect or
inclined, subclavate; peristome a membranouns white ring, with 16 2-fid
divisions ; annulus obscure ; operculum hemispherical. — FI. Antarct. i. 122 ;
Schwsegr. Suppl. t. 104. Gymnostomum, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 22.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Menzies, etc. Campbell’s Island :
barren, J. D. Ii.

2. L. inclinans. Brown; — FI. N. Z. ii. 82. Stems densely tufted.
Leaves bright green, erecto-patent, loosely imbricate, erect when dry, ovate-
oblong, obtuse, with a flexuous long hair-point, which is toothed at' the tip ;
margin recurved ; nerve stout, pale. Fruitstalk slender. Capsule inclined,
obvoid-clavate, pale; peristome as in L. gracile; operculum conical -hemi-
spheric.— Schwsegr. Suppl. t. 213. — Gymnostomum , Hook. Muse. Exot. t.
168. L. Jlexipile, C. Mueller in Bot. Zeit. 1851, 547.

Northern Island : damp woods, Ruahamanga river, etc., Colenso.

436

IV. MUSCI.

[ Orthodontum .

3. L. macro carpum, Brown ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 82. Stems \ in. high.
Leaves bright green, elliptic- or obovate-oblong, obtuse, with a branched
hair-point, concave ; margin recurved ; nerve slender. Fruitstalk very long.
Capsule large, erect, ovate-oblong, not narrowed at the base ; mouth small ;
peristome very small ; operculum conical obtuse. — Bryum, Hedwig, Muse.
Frond, iii. t. it).

Abundant on rocks and trunks of trees throughout the Northern and Middle Islands.
Oue of the handsomest New Zealand mosses.

32. AIJLAC OMNIUM, Schwsegr.

Tufted, perennial, erect mosses, usually growing in mar-shy places ; stems
tomentose with radicles. Leaves variable ; cells roundish. Fruitstalk ter-
minal, long, flexuous. Capsule erect or cemuous, furrowed when dry, with
a slender struma; annulus compound; peristome double; outer teeth 16,
equidistant, incurved when dry, closely trabeculate ; inner a pellucid mem-
brane, divided into 16 perforated processes, with interposed cilia. Operculum
convex, obtusely beaked. Calyptra small, cucullate, smooth.

A small European genus.

1. A. Gaudichaudii, Mitten in Hook.Kew Journ. 1856, 262. Stems
erect, branched. Leaves long, erecto-patent, oblong, cuspidate by the ex-
current nerve, strongly toothed ; perichsetial longer and narrower. Capsule
narrow, erect, cylindrical, plaited when dry ; annulus large, adherent ; outer
teeth pale yellow, erect. Inflorescence dioecious. — Leptotheca, Schwsegr.
Suppl. t. 137.

Northern Island, Auckland, Knight. (Australia, Tasmania.) Mitten refers the Brachy-
menum ovatum, FI. Antarct., of Falkland Islands, to this plant, but in that the leaves are
quite entire.

33. ORTHODONTIUm, Schwmgr.

Slender, tufted, pale green, erect mosses, usually growing on rocks. Leaves
long, slender ; nerve vanishing ; cells lax large, oblong-square. Fruitstalk
terminal, slender. Capsule erect or drooping, pyriform or clavate, exannu-
late, symmetrical, very thin-walled; cells lax; teeth in 2 rows; outer 16,
lanceolate, inserted below the mouth, often inflexed wdien dry; inner 16,
Aliform, united at the base by a somewhat keeled membrane. Operculum
short, conical, beaked. Calyptra small, cucullate, fugacious.

Delicate mosses, resembling Brya. There are but few species, chiefly tropical, one is
British.

1. O. sulcatum^ Hook, and Wits. Ic. Plant, t. 739 B ; — FI. N. Z. ii.
81. Stems tufted, nearly | in. long. Leaves pale, spreading and recurved,
linear-lanceolate, nearly flat; nerve vanishing below the apex. Fruitstalk
slender. Capsule elliptic-oblong, furrowed and inclined when dry ; neck short.
Operculum with a short oblique beak. Inflorescence monoecious or herma-
phrodite.

Middle Island, Port William, Lyall (Australia.)

IV. MUSCI.

437

34. BRACHYMENIUM, Hook.

Small slender Bryoid mosses. Leaves closely imbricate ; reticulations lax.
Capsule suberect, oblong subclavate or pyriform, not furrowed, equal at the
base ; annulus simple ; peristome double ; outer of 16 linear-lanceolate teeth ;
inner a membrane irregularly split at the apex into 16 cilia. Operculum
conical. Calyptra cucullate.

A small genus of tropical and southern mosses, very closely allied to Bryum.

1. B. coarctatum, C. Muell. Synops. i. 312 ( Bryum ). Stems short,
i-4 in. high, tufted. Leaves minute, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
quite entire ; nerve stout, ferruginous, exserted as a hyaline point ; perichse-
tial larger, longer, narrower. Fruitstalk slender, flexuous, from short basilar
shoots. Capsule ovoid, erect ; mouth contracted; operculum conic, acute.

Northern Island : Auckland, Knight ; scraps only, picked out of other mosses by Mr.
Mitten. (Java, Pacific islands.)

35. MIELICHOFERIA, Nees and Homscli.

Characters and habit of Bryum , but the inflorescence is terminal, on short
axillary branches, and appears lateral. Capsules pyriform or clavate, oblique
or pendulous, with a tapering apophysis often of equal length ; peristome
simple, of 16 teeth, connate at the base; annulus large, unrolling spirally.
Operculum short. Calyptra small, narrow, cucullate.

A genus of a few species of alpine mosses.

1. M. longiseta, C. Muell. Synops. i. 236. Stems short, erect, simple.
Leaves yellowish, lanceolate, acuminate, with a slender excurrent nerve,
slightly toothed at the apex ; periclnetial broader, nearly entire ; nerve va-
nishing. Fruitstalk very long, slender, flexuose. Capsule pyriform, erect or
inclined; apophysis of equal length.

Northern and Middle Islands; Auckland, Knight ; Alps of Canterbury, Sinclair and
Haast. (Andes of Columbia.)

36. BRYUM, Linn.

Usually erect, densely tufted perennial mosses, rarely creeping, growing in
all situations, except aquatic. Stems proliferous at the tips. Leaves usually
membranous ; nerve distinct; cells rhomboidal. Fruitstalk terminal. Capsule
pyriform or clavate, inclined or pendulous ; neck short or long ; annulus
usually present ; peristome double ; outer 16 simple equidistant teeth, with
a dark central line, transversely lamellate on the inner surface, incurved when
dry ; inner a membrane cleft into 1 6 keeled teeth, with often interposed cilia.
Operculum short, convex, apiculate. Calyptra small, cucullate, fugacious.

One of the largest genera of mosses, found in all parts of the world, especially the cold and
mountaiuous. Many of the New Zealand species are provisional only, and most of them
require to be re-examined with more and better specimens. Their characters are often very
obscure.

A. Plants usually annual. Leptobryum

1. B. pyriforme.

438

IV. MUSCI.

\Bryum.

B. Plants perennial Bryum.

I. Upper leaves larger, spreading (except in B. campylothecium), rosulate, more or less

serrulate.

Upper leaves spreading ; margin thickened 2. B. truncorum.

Upper leaves erect, lanceolate ; margin hardly thickened ... 3. B. campylothecium.

Upper leaves spreading, ovate-oblong; margin not thickened . . 4. B. Billardierii.

Upper leaves spreading, spathulate ; margin not thickened . . . 5. B. rufescens.

II. Upper leaves not larger and spreading , distinctly serrulate (except in B. eximium).
a. Nerve vanishing below the apex of the leaf.

Lower leaves ovate-acuminate 6. B. Wahlenbergii.

Lower leaves lanceolate 7. B. crudum.

i8. Nerve percurrent or excurrent.

Leaves ^ in. long 8. B. eximium.

Leaves small, oblong-ovate, not crisped when dry. Inflo-
rescence dioecious 9. B. obconicv.m.

Leaves small, oblong-ovate, crisped when dry. Inflorescence

dioecious 10. B. Icevigatum.

Leaves small, upper narrow-lanceolate. Inflorescence monoe-
cious 11. B. nutans.

III. Upper leaves not large and spreading, quite entire or very obscurely serrulate.

a. Leaves white and silvery 12. B. argenteum.

0. Leaves green, very obtuse 13. B. blandum.

y. Leaves green, subulate-lanceolate 14. B. tenuifolium.

y. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate , acute or acuminate, not white or
silvery, nerve excurrent or percurrent.
t Inflorescence hermaphrodite.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate 15. B. bimum.

Leaves lanceolate, keeled, much crisped when dry . . . 16. B. torquescens.

Leaves oblong ; cells large, soft 17. B. mucronatum.

++ Inflorescence dioecious.

§ Capsule cylindric, clavateor long-pyriform.

Leaves erecto-patent, oblong, cuspidate ; nerve stout, ex-

current 18. B. curvicollum.

Leaves suberect, lanceolate ; nerve slender, excurrent in a

hair-point 19.5. creberrimum.

Leaves appressed, ovate-oblong ; nerve short .... 20. B. crassum.

Leaves erecto-patent, ovate-lanceolate. Operculum large,

mamillate 21. 15. coespiticium.

Leaves erecto-patent, oblong-lanceolate. Operculum

shortly conical, apiculate 22. B. chrysoneuron.

§§ Capsule short, oblong or pyriform.

Capsule pyriform 23. B. annulatum.

Capsule ventricose, depressed at base. Leaf-margin flat 24. B. pachytheca.

Capsule ovate-oblong, rounded at base. Leaf-margiu re-
curved 25. B. atro-purpureum.

OF DUBIOUS SECTION.

B. flaccidum, B. varium, B. intermedium, B. incurvifolium.

1. B. pyriforme, Hedwig. Tufts annual or perennial, forming broad
silky patches, bright green. Stems simple, slender, rooting at base only.
Lower leaves lanceolate, entire, upper linear-setaceous, flexuous, slightly
serrate ; nerve extending almost to the apex ; cells oblong. Fruitstalk
slender, flexuous. Capsule inclined or pendulous, pyriform, thin in texture ;
mouth small ; operculum convex. — feptobryum, Wils. Bryol. Brit. 220. t. 28 ;
FI. Tasm. ii. 188.

Bryum.']

IV. MUSCI.

439

Northern and Middle Islands : probably common, Colenso, Haast, Hector, etc.
(N. and S. temperate regions). Messrs. Mitten and Spruce observe that this plant, which is
annual in temperate regions, becomes perennial in the tropics.

2. B. truncorum, Bory ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 87. Stems 1-2 in. high.
Leaves dark green, upper rosulate, spreading and recurved, crisped when dry,
oblong-obovate, acuminate ; margin thickened, recurved below, serrulate at
the apex; nerve subexcurrent. Fruitstalk curved at the top, 1-3 in. long.
Capsule narrowed into the fruitstalk, elongate, cylitidric-pyriform, curved,
drooping; operculum conical, apiculate.- — FI. Antarct. 134 and 415; FI.
Tasman, ii. 192 ; B. leptotkecium, Taylor.

Northern and Middle Islands : common on stumps of trees, etc. Campbell’s
Island : barren, J. D. H. (Common in the southern hemisphere.) Mitten thinks the
name leptothecium should be adopted for the New Zealand and Australian moss, whose
identity with the original Mascarene one is not established.

3. B. campylothecium, Taylor ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 86. Stems 1-2 in.
high, tomentose. Leaves pale yellowish, imbricate, coriaceous, erecto-patent,
uppermost rosulate, but not spreading, appressed when dry, obovate-oblong,
subacute, obscurely serrulate at the apex, not concave ; margins thickened,
reflexed ; nerve excurrent as a long point. Fruitstalk slender. Capsule
pendulous, curved, ovate-oblong or pyriform, with a narrow obconic apo-
physis ; operculum conical, mamillate.

Northern and Middle Islands : probably common on trees and rocks, etc. Camp-
bell’s Island : mixed with B. Billardieri, J. D. II. (Australia and Tasmania.) Taylor’s
original description was, according to Wilson (Bryol. Brit. 242, in note), taken from two
Swan River plants, of which one is the true B. Billardieri. Mitten considers this to be
well distinguished from B. truncorum by the imbricate, not rosulate upper leaves.

4. B. Billardieri!, Schwcegr. Suppl. t. 76; — FI. N. Z. ii. 86. Stems
4—1 in. high. Leaves pale green, interrupted, upper rosulate, spreading,
crisped and waved when dry, ovate-oblong, subacute ; margin not thickened,
reflexed below ; apex serrulate ; nerve subexcurrent. Fruitstalk stout, curved
at the top, 2 in. long. Capsule curved, clavate-pyriform, drooping, not
narrowed into the fruitstalk ; operculum subcorneal. — FI. Antarct. p. 413 ;
Wils. Bryol. Brit. 242. t. 4.

Northern Island: moist rocks and trunks, Bay of Islands, Colenso, J. B. H. ; Auck-
land, Sinclair. When growing in the spray, this becomes of a rigid texture and lurid-green
colour, the leaves spreading, but hardly rosulate. (Common in the southern hemisphere.)

5. B. rufescens, Hootc.f. and Wils.; — FI. Tasrn. ii. 192. t. 174./. 1.
Very closely allied to B. Billardieri, but the stems are more slender. Leaves
spathulate, softer, reddish-yellow, of looser texture at the base ; nerve reddish ;
margin scarcely recurved. Capsule clavate, arcuate, rather pendulous ; mouth
purple.

Middle Island : Matama river, Otago, in boggy ground. Hector and Buchanan. Mere
scraps, without fruit, identified by Mitten. The stems and leaves are quite black, except the
tips, which are yellow-green. (Tasmania.)

6. B. Wahlenbergii, Scliwcegr. Suppl. t. 70 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 83. Stems
4-1 in. long, reddish, erect or ascending. Leaves pale glaucous-green, upper
lanceolate, lower ovate-acuminate, concave, pellucid ; nerve vanishing near

440

IV. MUSCI.

[Bryum.

the serrulate apex. Fruitstalk 1-2 in. long. Capsule pendulous, shortly
pyriform ; annulus 0 ; teeth rather large ; operculum convex or subconical,
mamillate. Inflorescence dioecious. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 227. t. 47 ; FI.
Antarct. 134, 414. B. albescens, auct.

Middle Island : Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Stewart's Island, Lyall. Lord
Auckland’s group (barren), Lyall. (Common in the temperate and cold parts of the
N. and S. hemisphere.)

7. B. crudum, Schreber. Loosely caespitose, glaucous-green, glossy
and transparent. Lower leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate, entire, upper longer,
ovate-lanceolate, uppermost linear-lanceolate, flexuose ; nerve vanishing below
the serrate apex. Fruitstalk reddish, flexuose. Capsule suberect, cernuous,
oblong or obovate-pyriform ; operculum convex, apiculate. Inflorescence
in Europe hermaphrodite or dioecious. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 224. t. 28.

Middle Island : Canterbury Alps, Haast and Sinclair. (Europe, N. America, India,
Pi ‘ .) A beautiful moss.

'o. B. eximium. Mitten, mss. Inflorescence lax. Stems simple, flaccid,
2-3 in. long. Leaves larger, i in. long, uniform, spreading on all sides,
bright green, lax, sometimes deflexed, ovate-oblong or linear-oblong, acute,
concave ; nerve percurrent ; margin indistinctly bordered, obscurely serrate ;
cells small, oblong. Fruit uuknown.

Northern Island, Kerr (Herb. Mitten ) ; Middle Island, N. E. valley, Otago, Hector
and Buchanan.

9. B. obconicum, Ilornsch. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 85. Stems with lateral
shoots. Leaves clustered at the top of the stem, erecto-patent, not twisted
wdien dry, oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrulate at the apex ; margin slightly
thickened, recurved ; nerve opaque, keeled, excurrent, spinulose at the apex.
Fruitstalk curved at the top. Capsule drooping, clavate, curved, with a long
neck, which tapers into the fruitstalk ; operculum convex, mamillate. In-
florescence dioecious. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 239. t. 49.

Northern Island : Auckland, Sinclair. (Europe, Australia, S. Africa.)

10. B. laevigatum, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. Antarct. 415. t. 154./. 3.
— B. crassinerve, Hook. f. and Wils. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 83. Stems ^-2 in.
long, tomentose with purple root-fibres. Leaves pale yellow-green, erecto-
patent, erect and crisped when dry, oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute,
subserrulate towards the recurved apex, very concave, rather coriaceous ;
margin reflexed ; nerve solid, continuous. Fruitstalk 1 in. long. Capsule
pendulous, narrow-pyriform, not curved; operculum conical, obtuse. In-
florescence dioecious.

Northern aud Middle Islands: Auckland, Sinclair-, Canterbury, Travers; Otago,
Hector and Buchanan. (Australia, Fuegia.)

11. B. nutans, Schreb. ; — FI. Antarct. 134. Stems |-2 in. high.
Leaves spreading ; upper narrow-lanceolate, serrate towards the apex ; lower
shorter, ovate-lanceolate, quite entire ; nerve strong, continuous. Fruitstalk
slender. Capsule nodding or pendulous, oblong-pyriform ; operculum large,
convex, papillose. Inflorescence monoecious ; antheridia in pairs in the axils
of the perichsetial leaves. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 225. t. 29.

Northern Island, Kerr ( in Herb. Mitten). Middle Island : top of Kaikerai hill,
Otago, Lindsay ; Canterbury, Haast.

Bryum.]

IV. MUSCI.

441

Lord Auckland’s group : peaty soil on the hills (barren), J. D. II. (Europe, Tas-
mania.)

12. B. argenteum^ Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 84. Stems very short, |-1
in. high. Leaves silvery or glaucous, very pale and glistening, imbricate,
broadly ovate or oblong, concave, obtuse and apiculate or acuminate, quite
entire ; nerve vanishing beyond the middle ; cells large and lax. Fruitstalk
rather short, dark red. Capsule small, ovoid or oblong, pendulous, blood-
red ; operculum mam dlate. Inflorescence dioecious. — FI. Antarct. 413 ; Wils.
Eryol. Brit. 247. t. 29.

Middle Island, Lyall ; probably common throughout the islands. (Europe, Tasmania,
America, India, Australia, Falkland Islands, in Cockbum Island, at the extreme southern
limit of terrestrial vegetation, lat. 64° S.)

13. B. blandum, Hook./, and Wils. FI. Antarct. 134. t. 60./. 1 ; — FI.
N. Z. ii. 83. Stems tufted, 1 in. high, sparingly branched, flaccid. Leaves
upper pale yellow-green, shining, lower reddish, loosely imbricate, suberect,
oppressed when dry, oblong, obtuse, quite entire, very concave ; margin not
reflexed ; nerve slender, reddish, not quite continuous to the tip ; cells large,
lax. Fruitstalk 1 in. long. Capsule clavate-pyriform, cernuous. Inflores-
cence dioecious.

Northern and Middle Islands : probably common, Makororo river, Colenso ; Bay of
Islands, J. I). II. (a lurid variety) ; Auckland, Knight ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan.

Campbell’s Island, in bogs (barren), J. ID. H. A beautiful moss, also found in Tas-
mania.

14. B. tenuifolium, HooJc. f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 83. t. 85. /. 5.
Stems short, simple, in. high. Leaves pale green, erect or subsecund,
subulate-lanceolate, acuminate ; margin recurved, quite entire ; nerve solid,
excurrent ; perichaetial longer, slender. Fruitstalk pale. Capsule almost
pendulous, oblong, straight or curved, obconic at the base ; operculum
conical ; inner peristome inconstant. Inflorescence dioecious.

Northern Island, Colenso ; Bay of Islands, on clay banks, J. D. II.

15. B. bimum, Schreb. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 85. Stems |~3 in. high, matted
by purple radicles. Leaves yellowish-green, spreading, rather twisted when
dry, ovate-lanceolate, keeled ; margin recurved, quite entire ; nerve excurrent.
Fmitstalk 2 in. long. Capsule pendulous, obovate-pyriform or obconical,
brown ; operculum large, convex, raamillate. Inflorescence hermaphrodite.
— FI. Antarct. 413; Wils. Bryol. Brit. 238. t. 49.

Northern and Middle Islands : Hawke’s Bay, in marshes, Colenso ; Banks’s Peninsula,
Jolliffe ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Kerguelen’s Land, Tasmania, Europe.)

16. B. torquescens, Bruch and Schhnp. ; — FI. Tasman, ii. 190. Stems
matted, covered with radicles. Leaves much crisped when dry ; -lower rather
distant, narrow-lanceolate, keeled ; margins reflexed ; upper crowded, oblong-
lanceolate, all concave, quite entire; nerve excurrent. Fruitstalk 2 in.
high, curved at the top. Capsule drooping or pendulous, subincurved,
narrow-obconic, with a tapering neck, red-brown ; operculum convex, broad,
mamillate, purple, shining. Inflorescence hermaphrodite. — Wils. Bryol. Brit.
239. t. 49.

• Northern and Middle Islands: Auckland, Knight ; Hokianga and Banks’s Peninsula,

VOL. I. 2 G

442

IV. MTJSCI,

\Bryum.

Jolliffe ; Nelson, Travers. (Australia, Tasmania, Europe, S. Africa.) Apparently scarcely
diff from B. birnum.

Xl . B. mucronatum. Mitten, mss. Steins tufted, brandling with inno-
vations, 1 in. high. Leaves spreading, oblong, acuminate, with a subre-
curved mucro ; nerve brown, percurrent or excurrent ; margins rather thick-
ened, quite entire ; cells large, soft. Fruitstalk elongate. Capsule elongate,
pyriform ; neck arched, horizontal or pendulous ; peristome complete ; oper-
culum convex. Inflorescence hermaphrodite. ( Mitten ).

Middle Island: Canterbury Alps, Haast ; Otago, in open ground, Sector and Bu-
chanan. M. Mitten observes that this comes very near indeed to the European B. uligi-
nor"™ differing in the inflorescence and peristome.

ZS. B. curvicollum, Mitten, mss. — B. clavatum. Hook. f. and Wils. ;
— El. N. Z. ii. 84. t. 85. f. 3, not of Schimper. Stems ^ in. high, tomentose
with brown radicles. Leaves erecto-patent, incurved, firm, rather opaque,
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, very concave, cuspidate, quite entire ; nerve stout,
excurrent. Fruitstalk short, -g- in. long, red-brown. Capsule suberect or
nodding or pendulous, curved, long, narrow, oblong-clavate ; operculum
subconical. Inflorescence dioecious.

Var. /8. extenuatum, El. N. Z. 1. c. Leaves spreading, hardly incurved. Fruitstalk
longer. Capsule longer, less pendulous.

Var. y. Capsule suherect ; inner peristome adnate to the outer.

Northern and Middle Islands: Bay of Islands, Logan; Cape Turnagain, Colenso ;
Southern Alps, Haast ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. — Var. /3. East Cape, Sinclair, Co-
lenso.— Var. y. Manawata river, Colenso. (Var. a. also found in Tasmania and Tristan
d’Acunha.)

19. B. creberrimum, Tayl.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 84. Stems 1 in. high, with
long shoots. Leaves olive-green, lax, suberect, when dry erect, twisted and
flexuous, lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat keeled ; margin subrecurved, quite
entire ; nerve slender, excurrent as a very fine hair-point. Fruitstalk slender,
flexuose ; capsule nodding or pendulous, long, slender, subcylindric, narrowed
into the slender apophysis ; operculum convex, mamillate. Inflorescence
dioecious.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands and Auckland, Sinclair, Jolliffe, etc. (Australia.)

20. B. crassum, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 86. t. 86. /. 1.
Stems elongate, rigid, naked and tomentose, with fibrils at the base, ^ to 1
in. long. Leaves crowded at the tops of the stems, closely imbricate and
appressed when dry ; lower minute, scale-like ; upper coriaceous, ovate-oblong,
acute, concave ; margin recurved, quite entire (serrulate at the tip ?) ; nerve
stout, scarcely excurrent. Fruitstalk f in. high, arched at the top. Cap-
sule pendulous, narrow-oblong, pyriform or subcylindric, scarcely narrowed
into the fruitstalk ; operculum hemispherical or subconical, apiculate. In-
florescence dioecious.

Northern Island: Manakau Bay, on scoriae, Colenso. (Tasmania.)

21. B. caespiticium, Linn. Tufts compact, dark green or yellowish,
stems and branches covered with matted radicles. Leaves erecto-patent,
straight when dry, terminal larger, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ;
margin reflexed, entire or serrulate at the tip ; nerve excurrent. Fruitstalk

Bryum.'\

iv. Muscr.

443

elongate. Capsule pendulous, oblong-obovate, .mouth contracted when dry;
operculum large, mamillate. Inflorescence dioecious. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 243.
t. 29; FI. Tasman, ii. 191.

Northern Island, Colenso. Middle Island : Otago, Hector. Specimens so named
by Mitten. The capsule is cylindrical and much longer than in the usual European state.
(Ubiquitous.)

22. B. chrysoneuron, C. Mueller in Bot. Zeit. 1851, 549. — B. durius-
culum. Hook. f. and Wils. ; FI. N. Z. ii. 84. Stems short. Leaves spreading
or erecto-patent, rather rigid, erect when dry, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
concave ; margins quite entire, reflexed ; nerve stout, excurrent, or almost
so. Fruitstalk very slender, flexuous. Capsule cernuous, oblong-pyriform
or cylindric, narrow at the base ; operculum shortly conical, apiculate.
Inflorescence dioecious.

Var. ft. El. N. Z. 1. c. Leaves smaller, crowded, nerve scarcely excurrent. Fruitstalk
and capsule shorter.

Var. 7. El. N. Z. 1. c. Stems and fruitstalk longer. Leaves distant, spreading, lanceolate.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle islands on banks, etc. Very closely
allied to and probably a form of the European B. sanguineum.

22. B. annulatum, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. Antarct. 134. t. 60./. 2 ; —
Fl. N. Z. ii. 84. Stems very short, in. high, tufted. Leaves dark green,
crowded, rather rigid, spreading, not crisped when dry, ovate-lanceolate,
acute, concave ; margin quite entire ; nerve stout, solid, continuous, hardly
excurrent. Fruitstalk ^ in. long, arched at the top. Capsule pendulous,
shortly pyriform or obovoid, dark brown ; anmdus very large ; teeth yellow,
trabeculate ; operculum convex, hardly conical. Inflorescence dioecious.

Northern and Middle Islands: Manawata river, on clay banks, Colenso; Otago,
Hector and Buchanan ; Canterbury, Travers. Campbell’s Island : on the ground,
J. D. H.

23. B. pachytheca, C. Muell. Synops. Muse. i. 307 ; — Fl. Tasman, ii.
191. Stems short, in. high. Leaves pale dull green, erect when dry,
oblong-ovate, acuminate, concave ; margin flat, quite entire ; nerve stout, ex-
current, red. Fruitstalk short, not arched above. Capsule pendulous from
the top of the fruitstalk, ovoid, ventricose, rounded and somewhat lobed at
the base, red-purple ; operculum short, subconical. Inflorescence dioecious.

Middle Island : Canterbury, Travers. (Tasmania, Australia.)

24. B. atro-purpureum, Weber and Mohr ; — Fl. N. Z. ii. 85. Stems
very short, branched. Leaves imbricate, erecto-patent, erect when dry, ovate,
acuminate, concave; margin recurved, quite entire; nerve stout, subex-
current. Fruitstalk slender, curved at the top. Capsule pendulous, shortly
ovate-oblong, abruptly rounded at the base ; operculum broader than the
contracted mouth, convex, mamillate. Inflorescence dioecious. — B. dicho-
tomum, Hedwig; Wils. Bryol. Brit. 244. t. 50; Fl. N. Z. 1. c. 85. B.
erythrocarpum, Bridel.

Northern and Middle Islands : Bay of Islands, in clay banks, J. T>. H. (Australia,
South Africa, Europe, and elsewhere) ; Canterbury, Travers.

I have several other Brya from New Zealand, which are not in a good enough state to
determine properly ; amongst others are —

2 g 2

444

IV. MTJSCI.

\_Bryum.

B. flaccidum, Bridel ?, of FI. N. Z. ii. 85, which much resembles B. caspiticium.

B. varium, FI. N. Z. ii. 85. t. 85* .f 4, a Dusky Bay plant without fruit, of which I find
no specimens in Herb. Hook.

B. intermedium, Bridel?, FI. N. Z. ii. 87, of which a mere scrap was so named by my
friend Mr. Wilson.

B. INCURVIFOLTUM, C. Muell. in Bot. Zeit. 1851, 549, a dubious plant, of which no
fruit has ever been found, collected by Mossman at Kiapara.

' 37. MNIUM, Bruch and Schimp.

Erect, rarely creeping, loosely tufted, usually rather large perennial mosses ;
stems proliferous from the base, not from the tops. Leaves large, crowded
and spreading at the tops of the stems ; cells hexagonal. Fruitstalks ter-
minal, often several together. Capsule pendulous, ovate-oblong, annulate ;
peristome double, as in Bryum. Operculum usually rostrate, rarely convex,
and apiculate. Calyptra small, cucullate.

Usually handsome mosses, growing in woods, on moist rocks and trunks of trees, in many
parts of the globe, differing in habit more than by tangible characters from Bryum. ; the
New Zealand species may be known by the rostrate operculum.

Leaves ovate acuminate, nerve subcontinuous . . . . • . . . 1 .31. rostratum.

Leaves longer, denser, nerve stronger 2. M. rhgnchophorum.

1. M. rostratum, Schwcegr. Suppl. t. 79; — FI. N. Z. ii. 87. Stems
decumbent, then ascending, §-2 in. long, with creeping barren runners.
Leaves large, crisped and undulate when dry, lower ovate acuminate, upper
spreading, oblong, obtuse, apiculate ; margin thickened, toothed ; nerve sub-
continuous. Fruitstalk crowded, 1-2 in. long. Capsules nodding or pen-
dulous ; operculum rostrate. Inflorescence hermaphrodite. — Wits. Bryol.
Brit. 254. t. 31.

Common in the Northern and Middle Islands: Colenso, etc. (Europe, Asia,
America.)

2. M. rhynchophorum. Hook, and Harv. Ic. PL t. 20. /. 3. Very
similar to and perhaps a form of M. rostratum, but the leaves are longer, of
denser substance, with minute cells, and the nerve stronger with a pellucid
border.

Northern and Middle Islands : probably common in woods. Waikare lake, and
Tuaranga, Colenso ; Chalky Bay, Lyall. (Europe, Asia, America.)

38. MEESIA, Hedwig.

Large handsome mosses, with the habit of Bryum. Eruitstalk very long
and slender. Capsule suberect, obovate or clavate, curved, gibbous at the
back; mouth small and oblique; apophysis long, tapering. Peristome
double; outer of 16 short entire or split teeth, more or less adherent to the
inner peristome, which is longer and formed of a membrane split into 16
keeled processes ; annulus small. Operculum small, conical. Calyptra sub-
mitriform, indexed at the base, fugacious.

A small genus of more or less Alpine mosses.

1. M. macrantha. Mitten in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. viii. 260. Stems
tufted, short, branched. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse, margin recurved ; nerve

Meesia.]

IV. MUSCI.

445

vanishing below the apex ; perichaetial large. Fruitstalk long, slender.
Capsule pyriform, curved ; outer teeth short, obtuse ; inner of long regular
keeled processes ; operculum conic, obtuse. Inflorescence monoecious ; male
on short branches, surrounded with broad perigonial leaves.

Middle Island : Otago, on open ground, Hector and Buchanan. (Alps of Victoria.)

39. CONOSTOMUM, Swartz.

Densely tufted, erect, bright green, dioecious or monoecious mosses, grow-
ing on the ground. Stems covered with radicles. Leaves closely imbricate,
erect, narrow ; nerve excurrent; cells minute, square. Fruitstalk terminal.
Capsule inclined, globose, grooved; mouth small; annulus 0; teeth 16,
narrow-subulate, conniving in a cone and joined by their tips. Operculum
conic and beaked. Calyptra cucullate.

An Arctic and Antarctic genus, also found on the lofty mountains of temperate and
tropical zones. It has been united with Bartramia § Philonotis by modern authors, but I
follow Wilson in keeping it distinct.

Nerve broad 1.0. australe.

Nerve slender 2. 0. pusillum.

1. C. australe, Swartz ; — FI. If. Z. ii. 87. Stems erect, branched,
densely tufted, -§—1 in. high. Leaves erect, most densely imbricate, linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, upper piliferous ; nerve broad, excurrent. Fruitstalk
1-1 1 in. high. Capsule inclined, eubglobose ; operculum obliquely rostrate.
Inflorescence monoecious. — Schwsegr. Suppl. t. 130 ; FI. Antarct. 132 and
411.' Philonotis, Mitten in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 81.

Northern and Middle Islands: Ruahine mountains, Colenso ; Canterbury Alps,
Haast, Travers ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Lord Auckland’s group and Camp-
bell’s Head : common on the hills, J. 1). H. (Tasmania, Fuegia, Andes.)

2. C. pusillum. Hook. f. and Wits. FI. N. Z. ii. 88. t. 86. /. 2.
Stems in. high, loosely tufted. Leaves suberect, laxly imbricate, yellow-
green, not appressed when dry, lanceolate, acuminate, piliferous ; margin
recurved, doubly serrate ; nerve slender, excurrent ; cells lax. Fruitstalk
pale, f in. long. Capsule suberect, pale, furrowed when dry; teeth
slender, red ; operculum not half as long as the capsule, beak inclined.
Calyptra brown. Inflorescence monoecious. — C. parvulum, Hampe in
Linnaea. Philonotis, Mitten, 1. c.

Northern and Middle Islands: tops of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso; Otago,
Hector and Buchanan. (An alpine, Tasmanian, and Australian moss.)

40. CRYPTOPODIUM, Bridel.

A rather large, loosely tufted, erect, branching, dioecious moss, growing on
rocks and trees. Stems curved, covered with leaves throughout their length.
Leaves long, erecto-patent, subsecund, sharply serrate; cells dense, square.
Fruitstalks shorter than the capsules, often crowded, terminal on lateral
shoots. Capsule ovoid, erect, smooth ; annulus 0 ; mouth large ; peristome
double; outer of 16 lanceolate, acuminate, reflexed (when dry) teeth; inner
a membrane split into 16 imperforate teeth, with often cilia between them.
Operculum convex, apiculate. Calyptra cucullate. Inflorescence dioecious,

446

IV. MUSCl.

[< Cryptopodium .

1. C. bartramioid.es, Brid. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 88. Stems 2-6 in. high,
long, curved, rigid, sparingly branched. Leaves linear-subidate, with broad
sheathing bases, doubly spinulose-serrate ; nerve solid. Capsules often 3
together, sunk amongst the leaves. — Bryum, bartramioides , Hook. Muse.
Exot. t. 18.

Northern and Middle Islands: Rnahine mountains, Coleuso ; Pelonis, Jolliffe ;
Dusky Bay, Menzies; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. — This fine moss has the habit and
dense opaque foliage of a Bartramia, but the unstriated large-mouthed capsule of Bryum.
Mitten considers it a congener of Spiridens.

41. BARTRAMIA, Hedwig.

Small or large, densely or loosely tufted, usually erect mosses, growing on
trees, rocks, and earth. Branches fascicled, and stems often covered with
matted radicles. Leaves narrow, rigid, serrate, papillose ; nerve strong, con-
tinuous or excurrent. Cells small, square. Eruitstalk terminal. Capsule
usually globose, furrowed when dry, erect, inclined or drooping; mouth con-
tracted; annulus 0 ; peristome 0, or single or double ; outer of 16 lanceo-
late red smooth teeth, marked with a central line, incurved when dry ; inner
16 broad keeled teeth, with 2-fid pointed tips, with or without alternating
cilia. Operculum short, flat. Calyptra small, cucullate.

A large genus of mosses, common in alpine and subalpine localities, rare or absent in hot
ones. Some of the species here described are excessively near one another.

A. Stems irregularly dichotomously branched. Leaves spreading, not striate. Inflo-

rescence monoecious or dioecious.

* Capsule hidden amongst the leaves 1 . B. Halleriana.

** Capsule exserted.

Leaf-sheath oblong, blade subulate 2. B. papillata.

Leaf-sheath broad ; blade linear 3 . B. patens.

Leaf-sheath obovate-quadrate, blade subulate 4 . B. robusta.

Leaf not sheathing; nerve very broad, excurrent 5. B. crassinervia.

B. Branches fascicled. Leaves not striate. Inflor. dioecious (Philonotis).

* Leaves serrulate, margins flat.

Leaves lanceolate, distant, perichsetial with long points . . . 6 . B. remotifolia.

Leaves subulate-lanceolate, perichaetial subulate 7 . B. australis.

** Leaves serrulate, margins recurved 8. B. tenuis.

*** Leaves quite entire 9 . B. ajflnis.

C. Leaves sheathing, distinctly plaited. Inflor. dioecious (Breutelia).

* Branches densely fascicled.

Capsule pen dulons; upper cells of leaf short 10. B.pendula.

Capsule pendulous ; upper cells of leaf elongated II. B. Sieberi.

Capsule erect or incurved 12. B. comosa.

** Branches sparingly fascicled.

Sides of sheathing base of leaf rounded 13. B. divaricata.

Sides of sheathing base of leaf angled 14. B. consimilis.

*'** Stems dichotomously branched 15. B. ? elongata.

1. B. Halleriana, Hedwig ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 88. Stems loosely tufted,
tall, 1-2 in. high, subfastigiately branched. Leaves bright yellow-green,

Bartramia.\

IV. MUSCI.

447

spreading or secund, broad and sheathing at the base, suddenly contracted to
a linear very long subulate blade, doubly serrulate ; nerve continuous. Fruit-
stalk very short, on side shoots, hence appearing lateral. Capsules immersed,
often 2 together, much overlapped by the leaves ; operculum conical. In-
florescence monoecious. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 281. t. 23. B. Mcssmaniana,
C. Muell. in Bot. Zeit. 1851, 551.

Northern aud Middle Islands : on rocks and trees, Ruahine range to Lake Waikare,
Colensn ; Nelson mountains, Travers ; rocks and banks, Otago, Hector and Buchanan.
(Europe, N. and S. America, Euegia, Australia, and Tasmania, mountains of India and Africa.)

2. B. papillata, Hook.f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 89. t. 86./. 4. Stems
1 in. high, sparingly branched. Leaves yellow-green, crowded, patent or
erecto-patent, striate, more or less crisped when dry, subulate, with an ob-
ovate sheathing base, minutely serrulate, papillose at the back ; nerve solid.
Fruitstalk ^ in. long, appearing lateral from terminating short lateral shoots.
Capsule inclined, subglobose ; operculum small, convex. Inflorescence
dioecious. — B. acerosa, Hampein Linnaea. B. fragilis, Mitten in Linn. Soc.
Journ. iv. 81.

Northern and Middle Islands : Bay of Islands, Falls of tlie Waitangi, J. D. IT. ;
base of Tongariro and Ruahine range, Colenso ; Nelson, Travers ; Otago, on banks, etc.,
Hector and Buchanan. (Australia and Tasmania.) — Very near the European B. ithyphyl/a.
M. Mitten informs me that his B.fragilis is a state with denser foliage.

3. B. patens, B ridel ; — FI. Antarct. 133. Stems erect, short, sparingly
branched. Leaves spreading, light yellow-brown when dry, lax, rigid,
linear or setaceous from a broader sheathing base, acuminate, serrulate ;
nerve broad, green. Fruitstalk \ in. long. Capsule oblique, broadly ob-
long ; operculum convex, shortly beaked.

Middle Island : Otago, Hector and. Buchanan ; Campbell’s Island, rocks on the
hills (barren), J. D. H. — Closely allied to B . papillata. (Fuegia.)

4. B. robusta, Hook.f. and Wils. FI. Antarct. 133. t. 59./ 4. Stems
erect, loosely tufted, 1 in. high, very stout. Leaves yellow-green, dense,
rigid, spreading, rather fragile ; base short, oblong, obovate-quadrate,
sheathing ; blade long, subulate, acuminate, serrulate ; nerve very broad and
stout, covering the wrhole breadth of the upper part of leaf. Fruitstalk stout,
red, f in. long. Capsule erect, globose, brown; peristome not seen; oper-
culum conical, rostrate, yellow. Inflorescence dioecious.

Ii uckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : moist places in the hills, J. I). H.

5 yfe. crassinervia. Mitten, mss. Stems very short, tufted, branched.
Leaves spreading, not sheathing at the base, which is subovate ; blade
lanceolate, acuminate ; margins recurved, serrulate ; nerve very broad, toothed
at the back and apex ; lower cells long, upper quadrate ; perichsetial broader.
Fruitstalk short, red. Capsule subglobose, unequal, plaited ; teeth narrow,
red ; operculum convex, apiculate. Inflorescence hermaphrodite.

Middle Island : Fagus forest, on the Hopkins, alt. 2500-3500 ft., Haast. — Allied to
the European B. gracilis , but the nerve is thick, broad, and occupies one-fourth of the width
of the leaf.

6. B. remotifolia, Hook.f. and Wils. FI. Tasman, ii. 193. 1. 174./ 3.
— B. appressa, FI. N. Z. ii. 89. t. 86. f. 5. Stems short, slender, fascicu-

44B

IV. MUSCI.

[Bartramia.

lately branched ; branches slender, recurved. Leaves pale, glaucous, dis-
tant, spreading, rather crisped when dry, papillose, ovate or lanceolate,
acuminate with long points, serrulate ; margin plane ; nerve slender, pellucid,
excurrent ; perichaetial longer, erect or spreading, almost aristate at the
point. Fruit stalk stout, 1 in. long, red. Capsule suberect. Inflorescence
dioecious. — Philonotis appressa, Mitten in Linn. Soc. Journ. iv. 81. B.
ex'ujua , Sullivant in Mosses of U. S. Expl. Exped. 11. t. 8. B. pusillo,
Sulliv. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 316. Hypnum scubrifolium, El. Antarct.

138. t. 60. f. 6.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, Falls of the Waitangi, J. D. H. ; Wairarapa valley,
Colenso. Middle Island : Otago, Hector. Lord Auckland’s group, Lya/l. The
name appressa was abandoned as being uusuited to the female plant, which has spreading

7/B. australis. Mitten, mss. Stems tufted, 1-2 in. high. Leaves
spreading or subsecund, broad, lanceolate from a truncate base, gradually
attenuated ; margins serrulate ; nerve excurrent, toothed at the back and
apex; cells all elongate, papillose; perichaetial ovate at the base. Fruitstalk
long, slender. Capsule curved, reniform, plaited ; mouth decurved ; teeth
red, inner yellow. Inflorescence dioecious.

Middle Island: Alps of Canterbury, Travers, and of Otago, Hector and Buchanan. —
Allied to B. catcarea, but the leaves are gradually narrowed from the base upwards, the
cells narrower, and margins not recurved. Mitten.

8. B. tenuis, Taylor in Phytoloyist, 1844, p. 1095. — B. uncinata,
Schwaeg. ; Marehtca, Brid. ; and radicalis, Palisot, — FI. N. Z. ii. 89. Stems
short, slender ; branches fascicled, very slender, often curved. Leaves crowded,
subfalcate, secund, spreading, narrow, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate with a long
point ; margin flat or slightly recurved, serrulate ; nerve excurrent ; peri-
chsetial erect, with a setaceous point. Fruitstalk 1 in. long. Capsule
cernuous ; cilia of inner peristome connected at their apices (in Tasmanian
specimens). Inflorescence dioecious; male capitulate. — FI. Tasman, ii. 193.
t. 174. f. 4 ; C. Muell. in Bot. Zeit. 1851, 552.

Northern aDd Middle Islands : abundant in wet places. Kermadec Islands,
Milne. (Tasmania, Australia, Norfolk Island, Tristan d’Acuuha.)

9. B. afimis, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 176; — FI. N. Z. ii. 90. Stems
sparingly branched, 1-2 in. high ; branches fascicled. Leaves crowded,
erecto-patent, appressed when dry, strict, ovate-lanceolate, narrowed into a
very slender point, margin much recurved, quite entire ; nerve stout. Fruit-
stalk \ in. high. Capsule ovoid, pendulous ; operculum conical, acuminate.-
Inflorescence dioecious ; male discoid. — Schwsegr. Suppl. t. 137.

Northern and Middle Islands : Manakan Bay on scoriae, Colenso ; Auckland, Knight ;
Nelson, Travers ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Tasmania and Australia.)

10. B. pendula, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 21 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 90. Stems
tall, stout, 2-4 in. long, tomentose; branches fascicled, slender. Leaves
spreading, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate ; nerve excurrent. Fruit-
stalk slender, 1 in. high. Capsule pendulous, oblong-clavate, grooved. —
Schwregr. Suppl. t. 239. FI. Antarct. 133 and 412.

Abundant throughout the islands, Menzies , etc., and in Campbell’s Island, J. I). H.
(Tasmania, Fuegia.)

Bartramia.]

IV. MUSCI.

449

11. B. Sieberi, Mitten in FI. Tasman, ii. 194. t. 174./. 6. Very
similar to B. pendula, but stouter ; branches more robust. Leaves yellow -
green, not shining when dry; cells everywhere distinctly papillose, those of
the upper portion of the leaf elongated. Capsule oblong, pendulous. In-
florescence dioecious.

Northern and Middle Islands : probably common ; Bay of Islands, Sinclair (growing
with B. pendula ) ; Canterbury Alps, Haast, Travers ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan.
(Australia, Tasmania.) — Wilson does not distinguish this from B. pendula.

12. B. comosa, Mitten in FI. Tasman, ii. 195. t. 174./. 7. Stems
tall, robust, very tomentose, 2-4 in. high, much fasciculately-branched
above. Leaves divaricating, sheathing base short, erect, obovate ; blade
narrow, lanceolate, serrulate, plaited, minutely papillose ; nerve excurrent in
a slender point ; perichsetial smellier, ovate-lanceolate. Fruitstalk about 1 /
in. high. Capsule suberect or inclined, ovoid, grooved ; operculum conical.
Inflorescence dioecious.

Northern Island : Auckland, Knight ; Bay of Islands, Cunninyham,JoUiffe. Middle
Island : Milford Sound, Lyall. — Allied to B. pendula, but differing in the short erect
base of the leaf ; cells much shorter. (Tasmania.)

13. B. divarieata, Mitten in FI. Tasman, ii. 195.- — B. gigantea, FI.
N. Z. ii. 90, not Brid. Stems elongate, nearly simple, or with branches
sparingly fascicled, tomentose below, 2-4 in. high. Leaves divaricating;
base short, sheathing ; blade lanceolate, plicate, papillose, serrulate ; nerve
excurrent ; perichastial ovate, quite entire ; nerve slender. Fruitstalk long.
Capsule ovoid-oblong, horizontal, with a narrow pyriform neck ; operculum
conical. Inflorescence dioecious.

Northern and Middle Islands: Bay of Islands, J. J). H., Sinclair-, Auckland,
Knight; Milford Sound, Lyall. (Tasmania.) — Scarcely different from B. comosa and
pendula.

14. B. consimilis, C. Muell. Synops. i. 492. — Hyptmm. , FI. Antarct.
137. t. 60. f. 4. Stems 3-4 in. high, sparingly fasciculately branched,
slender ; branches erect. Leaves dark green, spreading, loosely imbricate,
uppermost subsecund, gradually narrowed from a quadrate base whose sides
are angular, minutely serrulate, plaited ; nerve subexcurrent ; cells rounded,
punctiform. Fruit unknown.

Lord Auckland’s group : marshy places on the hills, J. I). H.

15AlB. ? elongata, Mitt. mss. — Flypnum , FI. Antarct. 137. t. 60. f. 3.
Stems very robust, curved, ascending, 4-6 in. long, ■§■ in. diameter, very
sparingly branched. Leaves closely imbricate, suberect and subsecund, pale
yellow and shining when dry, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, plaited, often
waved, serrulate, papillose at the back ; nerve slender, excurrent. Fruit un-
known.

Middle Island : Otago, Waipori Creek, on the ground, Hector and Buchanan. Lord
Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, J. 1). most beautiful moss, doubt-

fully referred here.

42. FUN ABI A, Schreber.

Short-stemmed, tufted, biennial, monoecious mosses, growing on earth and

450

IV. MUSCI.

[ Funaria .

on burnt wood, soil, etc. Leaves very membranous, concave, reticulation lax ;
nerve strong. Fruitstalk terminal, often long and flexuous. Capsule in-
clined or pendulous, pyriform, curved, gibbous, smooth, oblique, often much
contracted; annulus 0 or compound; peristome double; outer 18, oblique,
closely -jointed teeth, united at their summits, and forming a reticulated disk,
striated below; inner of 16 membranous, lanceolate, flat cilia, opposite the
outer teeth, and adhering to their bases. Operculum very shortly conic.
Calyptra large, cucullate, inflated, with a subulate tip.

Some of the plants of this genus are amongst the most widely diffused ou the globe,
F. hygrometrica especially appearing everywhere ou burnt ground.

Leaves quite entire, nerve continuous. Operculum convex. Annulus

compound F. hygrometrica.

Leaves serrulate at apex, nerve vanishing. Operculum flat. Annulus 0 F. glabra.

Leaves quite entire, uerve excurrent. Operculum flat. Annulus 0 . . F. cuspidata.

1. F. hygrometrica, Hedwig ; — FI. N.Z. ii. 90. Stems short. Leaves
imbricate, crowded into an oblong head, broadly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
concave, quite entire ; nerve continuous ; perichsetial serrate at the apex.
Lruitstalk arcuate. Capsule pendulous, incurved, pyriform ; mouth wrinkled ;
border red ; annulus compound ; operculum convex. — FI. Antarct. 135, 415 ;
Wils. Bryol. Brit. 269. t. 20.

Var. /3. calvescens. Stems more slender ; upper leaves spreading, twisted when dry. Cap-
sule suberect. — F. calvescens. Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 65 ; "Wilson, 1. c.

Abundant throughout the islands, and as far south as Campbell’s Island ; also in the
Kermadec Islands and Chatham Island. One of the commonest mosses in the world,
almost sure to appear where wood has been burned.

2. F. glabra, Taylor in ITook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846, p. 57 ; — FI. N.
Z. ii. 91. Stems very short. Leaves erecto-patent, obovate, apiculate, ser-
rulate at the apex ; nerve vanishing below the apex. Fruitstalk erect, twisted
to the left. Capsule clavate-pyriform, curved, gibbous ; annulus 0 ; inner
peristome imperfect ; operculum nearly flat ; margin not coloured.

Northern Island : Ahuriri and Raukawa mountains, Colenso ; Auckland, Knight.
(S.W. Australia, Tasmania.)

3. F. cuspidata, IFook.f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 91. t. 86./. 3. Stems
A iu. high. Leaves spreading, nearly flat, ovate, acuminate, quite entire ;
nerve far excurrent. Fruitstalk pale, 1 in. long. Capsule erect, pyriform,
small, quite symmetrical ; annulus 0 ; inner peristome imperfect ; operculum
nearly flat.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, J. I). II.

43. ENTOSTHODON, Schwsegrichen.

Short, loosely tufted, biennial, monoecious mosses, growing in earth,
rarely on stones. Stems short. Leaves membranous ; cells large, lax. —
Fruitstalk terminal . Capsule erect, pyriform ; annulus 0 ; teeth 16, lanceo-
late, simple or in pairs, inserted below the mouth, trabeculate on the iuner
face, erect when dry. Operculum plano-convex. Calyptra cucullate, very
membranous, inflated below.

A small genus, chiefly confined to southern temperate climates. One is British.

Entosthodoni]

IV. MUSCI.

451

1. E. gracilis, Hook.f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 91. t. 86./. 7. Stems
very short, £ in. high, unbranched. Leaves erect, imbricate, oblong, acute
or acuminate, concave, quite entire ; nerve vanishing below the apex. Fruit-
stalk very slender, 1 in. high, twisting to the left in drying. Capsule erect,
apophysate ; operculum nearly flat ; annulus 0, contracted below the mouth
when dry.

Northern Island, Kerr ; Bay of Islands, Sinclair. (Tasmania.)

44. PHYSCOMITMTJM, Bridel.

Characters of Entosthodon, but teeth 0, and operculum conic.

A rather large geuus of mosses, found in all temperate climates. The descriptions are so
short that it is not necessary to add a key to the species.

1. P. apophysatum, Taylor ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 91. t. 86./ 6. Stem very
short, -j- in. high. Leaves few, erecto-patent, ovate, acuminate or almost pili-
ferous, subserrate, concave ; nerve vanishing below the apex. Fruitstalk very
short, stout. Capsule large, erect, clavate-pyriform, constricted below the
mouth when dry.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, on clay banks, J. I). E. ; Hawke’s Bay, Colenso.
(Swan River, Tasmania.)

2. P. pyriforme, ( Bruch and Schimper ,) var. /3, FI. N. Z. ii. 92.
Stems tufted. Leaves erecto-patent, subspathulate, subacute, concave, serru-
late ; nerve nearly continuous. Fruitstaik very short. Capsule suberect,
turbinate or pyriform ; mouth wide ; annulus present ; operculum conical,
apiculate. — (?) P. conicum, Mitten in FI. Tasman, ii. 197.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, Colenso , J.E.H.; Auckland, Knight. (The
P. gyriforme is a common European, American, and Australian plaut.)

3. P. pusillum, Hoolc.f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 92. t. 81. f. 1. Stems
very short, \ in. high. Leaves spreading, spathulate, obovate- or ovate-ob-
long, acuminate, nearly entire ; nerve nearly continuous. Fruitstalk extremely
short. Capsule erect, immersed, subglobose ; operculum conical. Calyptra
small, conical-mitriform, covering the operculum only, torn at the base. Male
inflorescence discoid.

Northern Island, Sinclair.

4. P. Perottetii, Montague , Syllog. 80 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 92. Minute.
Leaves imbricating and forming an ovoid capitulum, ovate acuminate, very
concave, quite entire ; nerve excurrent. Capsule pyriform ; operculum flat.

Northern Island : Auckland, Knight. — Apparently the same as the Indian Moss of
Montagne, hut cells are larger and laxer, and nerve more continuous.

45. EREMODOW, Bridel.

Tufted monoecious or dioecious mosses, growing on old wood, on earth, or
on animal matter. Leaves membranous, acuminate, serrate ; nerve vanishing ;
cells large and lax. Fruitstalk terminal. Capsule erect, upper part cylindric,
lower forming a narrow apophysis ; annulus 0 ; teeth 8 equidistant or 16 in

452

IV. MUSCI.

\Eremodon.

pairs, inserted below the mouth, flat, reflexed when dry ; spores compound,
with 6-8 radiating lines. Operculum conic or convex. Calyptra mitriform
or cucullate, glabrous or pilose, lacerate.

The Eremodons in the southern hemisphere are the representatives of the large genus
Splachnum in the northern, but grow on decayed wood or moist ground, not on dung, as
is usual with their Northern allies.

Leaves serrated .... 1. E. robust us.

Leaves quite entire.

Nerve continuous or excurrent 2. E. octoblepharis.

Nerve vanishing below the apex 3. E. purpurascens.

1. E, robustus, HooJc.f. andWils. FI. N. Z. ii. 93. t. 87./. 2. Stems
1-4 in. high, tomentose with radicles. Leaves pale, bright green, distant,
lax, spreading, spathulate, lanceolate, with acuminate recurved apices, sharply
serrated ; nerve vanishing below the apex. Fruitstalk stout, % in. high.
Capsule erect, oblong-clavate ; teeth 8, incurved when dry, wide at the base,
yellow ; operculum subconic. Calyptra 4-partite at the base, rough at the
apex. — Dissodon callophyllus, C. Muell. in Bot. Zeit. 1851, 546.

Northern Islaud : Bay of Islands, Sinclair , Oldfield; Auckland, Knight ; Hawke’s
Bay, Jolliffe. (Tasmania.)

2. E. octoblepharis, Rook. f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 94. Very
similar to C. robustus, but smaller; stems 1 in. high. Leaves obovate, long
acuminate, almost piliferous, quite entire; nerve continuous or excurrent.
Capsule erect, clavate ; teeth 8, double, perforated down the middle, reflexed
when dry. — Splaclinum , Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 167 ; Schwsegr. Suppl. t. 129.
S. plagiopus, Mont. Voy. au Pole Sud, 285. Dissodon ptlagiopus, C. Muell.

Var. /8. pyriforme, FI. Antarct. 123. t. 57. f. 4. Leaves more erect, and crowded.

Var. y. major, 1. c. 123. t. 57. f. 4. Leaves larger, broader, lurid-green.

Throughout the islands, abundant. Var. 0 and y, Lord Auckland’s group and
Campbell’s Island, J. I). H. (Tasmania and Australia.)

3. E. purpurascens. Hook. f. and Wils. — Splachnum , FI. Antarct.
123. t. 57. f. 6. Larger and laxer than E. octoblepharis. Leaves spreading,
broadly obovate, acuminate, quite entire ; nerve vanishing below the acumi-
nate apex.

Northern Island: Auckland, etc., Colenso and Bottom, Kniglit. Lord Auckland’s
group and Campbell’s Island : in bogs, J. I). H. Not distinct, I suspect, from the
E. octoblepharis.

46. POLYTRICHUM, Linn.

Erect, tufted, often large, rigid, dark green or brown, monoecious or dioe-
cious mosses, growing on the ground or roots of trees, etc. Stems very rarely
branched. Leaves usually long, thick, coriaceous, opaque; nerve very thick,
with parallel grooves or plates on the upper surface ; cells obscure, very mi-
nute. Fruitstalk terminal, stout. Capsule erect or slightly inclined, terete or
4-6-angled, rarely concave or flat on one side, and convex on the other, often
contracted below the mouth; annulus 0; teeth 16, 32 or 64, very short,
rigid or homy in texture, incurved, of several layers of superposed cells, with
a circular membrane stretched loosely across their tips. Operculum flattish,
often beaked. Calyptra small, cucullate, naked or densely clothed with a
thatch of matted hairs.

Toly trichum. ]

IV. MUSCI.

453

A large and remarkable genus, of usually rigid, brown or lurid-green mosses, often large,
sometimes gigantic ; found in both temperate and tropical climates, but far most abundantly
in the former, reaching the Arctic circle.

A. Calyptra nearly glabrous.

I. Atrichum, Palisot. Stem simple. Nerve of (toothed) leaf

narrow. Capsule terete ; operculum with a long beak . . 1. P . angustatum.

II. Oxigotrichum, DC. Stem simple. Nerve of (entire) leaf

broad. Capsule ovoid or oblong ; operculum long . . . 2 . P. tenuirostre.

III. Psilopilum, Bridel. Stem simple. Nerve of leaf grooved

or lamellate. Capsule terete ; operculum small.

Leaves spreading, toothed. Teeth 32 3. P. crispulum.

Leaves suberect, quite entire. Teeth 16 4. P. australe.

IV. Por.YTRicHADELPHUS, C. Muell. ( Cyphoma , Hook. f. and

Wils.) Stem simple or dichotomous. Capsule horizontal,

flat above, concave below 5. P. Mogellanicum.

V. Phaxackoha, Hook. f. and Wils. Stem tall, fastigiously

branched, dendroid. Capsule short, terete.

Stem 4-10 in. high. Leaves linear, from an ovate base . . 6. P. dendroides.

Stem 2-4 in. high, scaly. Leaves lanceolate-subulate . . . 1. P. squamosum.

B. Calyptra clothed with matted hairs.

VI. PogOjStatum , Palisot. Stem simple or branched above. Capsule
terete or nearly so. Apophysis 0.

Stem 1-2 in. Operculum shortly beaked 8. P. tortile.

Stem 2-4 in. Operculum with a long beak 9. P. alpinum.

VII. Eupolytrichuh, C. Muell. Stem simple or dichotomous.

Capsule angled, apophysate.

Capsule 4-angular. Leaves quite entire 10. P. juniperinum.

Capsule 4-augular. Leaves serrate ; perichsetial distinct . . 11. P. commune.
Capsule 4-6-angular. Leaves serrate ; perichadial 0 . . . 12. P. graci/e.

1. P. angustatum. Hook. Muse. Fxot. t. 50 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 94. Stems

slender, 2 in. high. Leaves spreading when dry, waved and crisped, narrow-
lanceolate, doubly spinulose-serrate above ; nerve slender, sparingly lamellate.
Fruitstalks in. long or more, 1-3 together. Capsule cylindric, slightly
curved, brown ; operculum with a long, slender, inclined beak. Calyptra
slender, spinulose at the apex. Inflorescence dioecious. — Atrichum ligulatum,
Mitten in tvew Journ. Bot. 1856, 262.

Northern and Middle Islands : shaded woods, Huiarau, Colenso ; Otago, by creeks,
Hector and Buchanan. (Europe and N. America, Tasmania.) Closely allied to the Euro-
pean P. undulatum. Mitten distinguishes the southern species as Atrichum ligulatum , dis-
tinguishing it by the leaves broader towards the apices, not involute when dry, and with
wider thickened margins.

2. P. tenuirostre, Menz.; — Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 75 ; — El. N. Z. ii. 94.
Stems rigid, short, \ in. high. Leaves spreading, incurved when dry, lower
ovate-lanceolate, upper oblong-lanceolate, subacute, quite entire, concave ;
nerve slender, continuous ; lamellae indistinct. Fruitstalk 1-3 in. long, stiff,
glossy. Capsule ovate-oblong, suberect, elliptic ; operculum with a slender
beak, as long or longer than the capsule. Calyptra not seen.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Menzies, Lyall.

3. P. crispulum, Hook.f. and Wils. El. N. Z. ii. 95. t. 87./. 3. Stems
1 in. high. Leaves rather flaccid and spreading, crisped when dry, oblong-
lanceolate, subacute, toothed, deeply grooved above the middle ; nerve broad.

454

IV. MUSCI.

[Pohjtrichum.

Fruitstalk stout. If in. long. Capsule inclined, ovate-oblong, terete ; mouth
small; teeth 32 ; operculum with a slender beak. Calyptra hairy at the tip,
ventricose. Inflorescence dicecious.

Northern Island : shaded woods, Huiarau, Colenso. (Tasmania.)

4. P. australe, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 95. t. 87 ./. <5. Stems f—
1 in. high. Leaves crowded, erecto-patent, erect and incurved when dry,
ovate below, gradur.lly narrowed and oblong-subulate above, subacute, quite
entire, densely lamellate ; nerve indistinct. Fruitstalk stout, f in. long. Cap-
sule inclined, ovoid, terete ; mouth small; teeth 16 ; operculum with a short
deflexed beak. Calyptra short, scabrid at the tip.

Northern and Middle Islands : Ruahine mountains, Colenso; mountains of Otago,
alt. 5-6000 feet, Hector and Buchanan. (Tasmania.)

5. P. Magellan! cam, ffedwig, Sp. Muse. t. 20; — FI. N. Z. ii. 95.
Stems stout, 1-4 in. high, dichotomously branched. Leaves erecto-patent or
spreading and recurved, rigid, not altered when dry ; base ovate, sheathing,
thence subulate, serrate, obscurely lamellate. Fruitstalk stout. Capsule in-
clined or horizontal, oblong, semiterete ; teeth 64 ; operculum conical,
beaked. Calyptra bristly or rough at the apex. — FI. Antarct. 182 and 411.
t. 59. f. 3. — Catharinea innovans, C. Muell. in Bot. Zeit. 1851, 548.

Northern and Middle Islands : common on banks, J. D. H., etc. Lord Auck-
land's group, J. ]). H. (Tasmania and Fuegia.)

6. P. dendroid.es, Conmerson ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 96. Stems 6 in. to 1
foot high, stout, fasciculately much-branched above ; the branches spreading
like those of a tree. Leaves spreading, sheathing at the base, thence linear-
subulate, sharply serrate, lamellate. Fruitstalks elongate, numerous. Capsule
short, inclined, cylindrical ; mouth large ; teeth 64 ; operculum with a
slender beak, longer than the capsule. Calyptra slightly hairy. — Schwaegr.
Suppl. ii. pt. 2. t. 151.

Northern Island, in snbalpine and wooded districts, Colenso , etc.’, and throughout the
Middle Island, Lyall , etc. — A magnificent moss. (Fuegia and Chili.)

7. P. squamosum. Hook. f. and Wils. FI. Antarct. 411. t. 153./. 8.
Habit and appearance of P. dendroideum., but much smaller, 3-4 in. high ;
branches short, dense, curved. Leaves on the main stem scarious, those of
the branches erecto-patent, subulate-lanceolate, strict, serrate, not half the
length of those of P. dendroideum. Fruit unknown.

Northern Island : Taranaki hills, New Plymouth, Jupp {Mitten). — I have seen no
New Zealand specimens of this species, which I discovered in Fuegia.

8. P. tortile, Swartz ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 96. Stems simple, 1-2 in. high.
Leaves loosely spreading, incurved when dry, sheathing at the base, thence
linear-lanceolate, flat, serrate. Fruitstalk 1 in. high. Capsule suberect,
nearly terete, obscurely 6-lined ; operculum convex, with a short beak.
Calyptra clothed with matted hairs.— P. subulatum. Menzies in Linn. Trans,
iv. 303. t, 6. f. 5.

Northern and Middle Islands : Bay of Islands, on clay hanks, J. B. H. ; Tehawera,
Colenso ; Hutt valley, Sinclair ; Auckland, Jolliffe ; Otago, Lindsay. (E. and W. Indies,
S. America.)

Poly Irichum.']

IV. MUSCI.

455

A doubtful moss, very closely allied to the British P. aloides, but apparently identical
with the tropical P. tortile.

9. P. alpinum, Linn. Stems 2-4 in. long, curved. Leaves spreading
and recurved, long linear-lanceolate, sheathing at the base, suberect when
dry ; margin incurved, sharply serrate, spinulose at the back ; nerve lamellar.
Fruitstalk long, stout, yellowish. Capsule erect or inclined, ovoid or oblong,
terete ; teeth short, narrow ; operculum with a long beak. Calyptra covered
with red-brown matted hairs. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 207. t. 11; FI. Tasman,
ii. 200.

Middle Island : Fagus forests of Otago, alt. 2-3000 feet, Hector and Buchanan.
(Europe, N. America, Australia, Tasmania.)

10. P. juniperinum, Hedioiy ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 96. Stems short,

in. high, simple, stout. Leaves spreading and recurved, sheathing at the base,
thence linear-lanceolate, acuminate and aristate ; margins indexed, quite en-
tire ; nerve not reaching the margin, lamellate. Fruitstalk 1-2 in. long.
Capsule inclined or horizontal, 4-angled ; teeth 64 ; operculum with a short
beak. Calyptra covered with matted hairs. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 213. t. 10.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle Islands; on banks, in hogs, etc.
Lord Auckland’s group, Hombron and Jacquemont. (Cosmopolitan.)

11. P. commune, Linn.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 96. Stems simple, rigidly
flexuous, 1-4 in. high, red-brown. Leaves spreading, recurved or erecto-
patent, linear-subulate or lanceolate-subulate, serrate, acuminate, not aristate;
nerve overlying the whole width, lamellate ; perichsetial membranous, sheath-
ing, erect, piliferous. Fruitstalk 2-3 in. long. Capsule oblong, 4-angled,
apophysate ; teeth 64 ; operculum with a short beak. Calyptra covered
with matted hairs. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 211. t. 10.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle islands, Colenso, and Chatham
Island, W. Travers. A very handsome moss, found all over the world, used for making
brushes and hassocks in England.

12. P. gracile, Menzies. Stems densely tufted, 2-5 in. high. Leaves
short, lanceolate from a sheathing base, with a broad, pellucid, serrate margin,
flat ; nerve lanceolate ; perichsetial 0. Fruitstalk 2-3 in. high. Capsule-
ovoid, obscurely 4-6-angled ; teeth 32 or 64, irregular; opercidum beaked.
Calyptra shorter than the capsule, covered with pale matted hairs. — Wils.
Bryol. Brit. 210. t. 46.

Middle Island : Canterbury, Sinclair and Haast. (Europe, N. America.)

47. DAWSONIA, Br.

Large, handsome, rigid, dark green mosses, with the habit and most of the
characters of Polytrichum . Capsule inclined or horizontal, flat above, convex
below ; peristome a long brush of capillary cilia, unjointed, fringing the mouth,
and also sometimes terminating the columella. Operculum subulate. Calyp-
tra with a covering of matted hairs.

One of the handsomest and most curious genera of mosses, confined to New Zealand and
Australia and Tasmania.

1. D. superba, Grev. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 97. Stems 5-14 in. high, very
rigid, naked below. Leaves rigid, dark brown, squarrose or suberect, very

456

IV. MTJSCI.

[. Dawsonia .

narrow linear- subulate, with a large sheathing base, sometimes 1 in. long,
spinulose-serrate. Fruitstalk short, stout, 2-4 in. long. Capsule generally
partially hidden by the leaves ; peristome of excessively numerous (above
500), filiform, cylindric cilia, in 8 or 9 concentric layers. Calyptra small,
covered with smooth matted hairs.

Northern and Middle Islands ; in dense forests, probably common ; from Auckland
southward, Sinclair ; Massacre Bay, Lyall ; Otago, Lindsay. One of the most magnificent
known mosses. (Tasmania and Australia.)

48. ANCECTANGIUM, Br. and Sch.

Tufted, perenial, dioecious mosses, growing on rocks and banks. Stems
dichotomous ; branches fastigiate. Leaves crowded, linear-lanceolate or subu-
late ; cells small, roundish. Fruitstalk lateral, elongate, slender. Capsule
erect, ovoid or obovoid, membranous, with a short inflated apophysis ;
annulus small ; teeth 0. Operculum with a slender inclined beak.

A small European subalpiue genus.

1. A. compactum, Schw mgr. Tufts dense, bright yellow-green. Stems
1-4 in. high. Leaves 3-farious, spreading from an erect base, incurved,
crisped when dry, lanceolate, acuminate, keeled; margin flat, slightly toothed
towards the base ; nerve pellucid, subexcurrent. Fruitstalk pale, Jg- in. long.
Capsule small, oblong-ovoid, pale ; operculum as long as the capsule. —
Wils. Bryol. Brit. 311. t. 5. Gymnostomum mdivum, Hedwig.

Middle Island : open grounds, Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Europe.)

49. AULACOPILUM, Wils.

A minute, creeping, sparingly-branched monoecious moss. Leaves dis-
tichous, nerveless, glaucous, papillose ; cells most minute. Fruitstalk short,
stout, lateral. Capsule erect, ovate-globose, truncate at the mouth, exannu-
late ; teeth 0. Operculum conical, beaked. Calyptra large, including the
capsule, and embracing the fruitstalk below it, grooved, split at the side.

1. A. glaucum, Hook. f. and Wils. in Lond. Journ. Hot. 1848, 90. t.
iv. A; — FI. N. Z. ii. 98. Stems creeping, | in. long, sparingly branched.
Leaves pale glaucous-green, spreading, oppressed when dry, distichous,
obliquely ovate, acuminate, papillose ; perichaetial erect, lanceolate. Fruit-
stalk in. high. Capsule about half as long as the fruitstalk.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, on trees with Fabronia, Colenso. (South Africa,
Mitten .)

50. FABRONIA, Bridel.

Minute, tufted, creeping, monoecious mosses, usually growing on trunks of
trees. Leaves imbricate, usually ciliate-toothed or serrulate, membranous;
cells large, lax. Fruitstalk latei’al. Capsule erect, of thin texture, subglo-
bose or pyriform ; annulus 0 ; teeth 16, in pairs, inflexed, coriaceous. Oper-
culum various. Calyptra cucullate.

Generally tropical or subtropical mosses ; two are found in Europe.

1. F. australis, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 160 ; — El. N. Z. ii. 98. Minute.

Fabronia.]

IV. MUSCl.

457

Stems very slender, creeping, with erect branches l in. high, pale green.
Leaves crowded, subsecund, turned upwards, rather concave, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate; nerve reaching halfway; perichaetial short,
ovate. Capsule not ribbed, subglobose ; operculum flattish.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, Colenso, J. D. II. (Australia.)

51. LETJCODON, Bridel.

Creeping, branched, tufted loosely, rather stout, dioecious mosses, growing
on rocks and trees ; stems erect, often curved, terete ; branches sometimes
pendulous. Leaves densely imbricate, usually nerveless, grooved striated or
smooth; cells long and narrow or dot-like. Fruitstalk lateral. Capsule
erect, narrow-oblong ; annulus 0 or partial ; teeth 16, connate at the base,
perforate, 2-3-partite. Operculum conical or rostellate. Calyptra cucullate.

A considerable genus, of which the species are not much allied to one another, and have
been variously disposed of by Mitten and others.

Leaves not plaited or undulate, acuminate and piliferous ; nerves 0 or 2

short 1 . L. Lagurus.

Leaves plaited, mneronate, acuminate, nerveless 2. L. implexus.

Leaves not plaited, obtuse, nerveless 3. L. nitidus.

1. L. Lagurus, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 126; — El. Antarct. i. 136.
Stems tufted, creeping, with erect, short, stout branches, \ in. high, covered
with matted fibrils. Leaves bright green, glossy, closely imbricated, oblong-
ovate, concave, acuminate and piliferous, not striated ribbed or plaited;
nerves 0 or short, sometimes 2-nerved to the middle. Fruitstalk 1 in. long.
Capsule subcylindrical ; teeth united ; operculum with a slender oblicpie beak,
half as long as the capsule. Calyptra large. Male inflorescence of a few sub-
globular antheridia, on very slender stems with variable small leaves. — Stereo-
don, Mitten in Journ. Linn. Soc. vi. 88.

Campbell’s Island (barren). (Fuegia and Tasmania.) — Wilson suggests (Bryol. Brit.
313) removing this from Leucodon under the name of Lampurus. The L. Lagurus, var. j3.
of ‘Bryologia Britanniea,’ is a species of Hypnum (Mitten).

2. L. implexus, Kvnze. Tufts dense, soft, bright green, shining,
covered below with matted rootlets. Leaves imbricate, suberect, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, piliferous, deeply plaited, quite entire or minutely
toothed at the apex, nerveless. Fruitstalk short. Capsule erect, cylindric-
oblong; teeth irregular ; operculum conical, almost beaked. — L. hexastichus,
Mont. L. Kunzeanus and Neckera implexa, C. Mueller.

Middle Island : Nelson Mountains, Sinclair ; Otago, on rocks and trees, Hector and
Buchanan. (Chili.) Determined by Mitten ; the leaves have longer acuminate points than
in Mueller’s description of the Chili plant.

3. L. nitidus, Hook.f. and Wits. El. N. Z. ii. 99. t. 87./. 4. Stem about
1 in. long, procumbent, branches obtuse. Leaves loosely imbricate, oblong,
obtuse, concave, quite entire, not striate, nerveless, pale green, shining ; mar-
gins subrecurved ; perichaetial longer, convulute. Fruitstalk i in. long, red.
Capsule erect, oblong, grooved when dry ; teeth red, irregularly split half-
way down, trabeculate ; operculum long-beaked. — Stereodon Lyallii, Mitten in
Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 89.

2 H

VOL. i.

453

IV. MU S.C I.

[Leucodon.

Northern aud Middle Islands : Bay of Islands, on trunks of trees, rare, J. D. H. ;
Nelson, Travers. Mr. Wilson remarks that this curious moss has the habit of Ptero-
ffonium, aud may perhaps form a new genus, for which he proposes the name Dichelodon-
tium.

52. LEPTODON, Mohr.

Creeping, much-branched, tufted, dioecious perennial mosses ; branches
pinnate, usually elastically curving inwards when dry. Leaves quite entire ;
nerve short ; cells dot-like. Fruitstalk lateral. Capsule straight, erect or
inclined; annulus 0; teeth 16, very short, linear-lanceolate, membranous.
Operculum beaked. Calyptra cucullate, clothed below with very long hairs.

A genus of few' species, some tropical, and one or two temperate.

1. L. Smithii, Bridel; — FI. N. Z. ii. 99. Stems 1-3 in. long, slender;
branches 2-pinnate. Leaves rounded-ovate, obtuse ; nerve vanishing above
the middle. Fruitstalk very short. Capsule suberect, oval-oblong. — Wils.
Bryol. Brit. 317. t. 14.

Middle Island, Lyall , on bark ; Otago, N.E. valley, on trunks of trees, with a north
exposure, Hector and Buchanan. (Europe aud South Africa.)

53. CLADOMNION, Hook. f. and Wils.

Loosely tufted, creeping mosses, with erect generally long and slender,
nearly simple branches. Leaves imbricate all round, plaited and striate,
nerveless. Fruitstalk very short, lateral. Capsule erect, straight, grooved;
peristome double; outer of 16 lanceolate teeth; inner, a membrane deeply
divided into 16 keeled cilia. Operculum beaked. Calyptra large, cucullate.

I follow Wilson in keeping this genus as defined in the ‘Flora of New Zealand,’ excluding
C. setosum, which I refer back to Cyrtopus of Bridel. Mitten refers C. ericoides and
sciuroides to the section Achyrophyllum of Hypnum, to which no doubt they are naturally
much allied in foliage and in w'hich the capsule is angled.

Leaves quite entire 1. C. ericoides.

Leaves serrated at the apex 2. C. sciuroides.

1. C. ericoides, Hook.f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 99. Stems creeping;
branches 2-8 in. long, suberect, nearly simple, stout. Leaves pale red or
yellow-brown, shining, imbricate, ovate or oblong, acuminate, with recurved
apices, concave, quite entire, plaited and striate; nerve 0. Fruitstalk in.
long. Capsule erect, oblong, 8-grooved ; outer teeth yellow, firm ; iuner of
16 keeled cilia, united halfway up; operculum with a slender beak; spores
very large. Calyptra yellowish. Male inflorescence axillary, small, often
clustered.— LesJcea, Hook. Mils. Exot. t. 140. Stereodon, Mitten in Journ.
Linn. Soc. iv. 89.

Northern and Middle Islands : common, south of Auckland, Menzies, etc.; Nelson,
Travers ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan.

2. C. sciuroides, Hook.f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 100. Stems creep-
ing; branches suberect, incurved, rather flattened. Leaves yellow-brown.

Cladomnion .]

IV. MUSCX.

459

when dry rather shining, snbsecund, erecto-patent, ovate, acuminate, serrate
at the apex, plaited and striate ; nerve 0. F ruitstalk i in. long. Capsule
erect, oblong, 8-grooved; outer teeth pale; inner a membrane with rudi-
mentary cilia; spores small ; operculum conical-subulate, half as long as the
capsule. Inflorescence dioecious. — Leskea, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 175.
Stereodon, Mitten in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 89. Neckera glyptotheca, Mueller
(in Herb.).

Middle Island : Nelson, Bidwi/l ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Tasmania.)

54. METEORIUM, Bridel.

Flaccid, pale green, dioecious mosses. Stems creeping over trees and
stones, then pendulous, often very long and flexuous ; branches short,
spreading. Leaves imbricate, usually very delicate, shining, concave, nerved
or nerveless, smooth or striate ; cells small. Fruitstalk lateral, very short.
Capsule erect, straight, narrow, oblong or ovoid ; annulus 0 ; peristome
double ; outer of 1 6 erect teeth ; inner as many cilia, free, or united by a
membrane at their bases. Operculum beaked. Calyptra cucullate.

Beautiful tropical and southern mosses ; none are British.

Pendulous; stems 6-18 in. long.

Leaves oblong-spathulate, obtuse ; nerve 0 1. M. molle.

Leaves ovate-cordate, apiculate ; nerve vanishing 2. M. cuspidiferum.

Leaves ovatc-cordate, acuminate; nerve produced beyond the

middle 3. M. jlexicaule.

Pendulous ; stems 1-4 iu. long.

Minute. Leaves ovate-lanceolate ; nerve very short 4. M. pvdllum.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate; nerve produced to or beyond the middle 5. M. nitens.

1. M. molle, Hook. f. and TFils. FI. N. Z. ii. 100. Stems very long,
pendulous, slender, flexuous, flaccid, 1-8 in. long ; branches nearly simple.
Leaves pale straw-coloured, shining, imbricate, oblong-spathulate, obtuse,
subcordate at the base, margins incurved ; apex inflexed, concave, quite
entire; nerve 0 ; perichaetial twice as long, sheathing. Fruitstalk -J- in. long.
Capsule ovoid ; inner peristome divided to the middle into 16 keeled cilia ;
operculum with a slender beak as long as the capsule. Calyptra hairy,
dimidiate. — Leskea mollis, Hedwig, Muse. Frond. 4. t. 40. Neckera, C.
Muell. Stereodon, Mitten in Joum. Linn. Soc. iv. 88.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands: common in forests, etc. (Australia,
Tasmania, Chili, Fuegia.)

2. M. cuspidiferum, Tayl. mss. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 101. Stems as in M.
molle. Leaves dark green or yellowish, loosely imbricate, erecto-patent,
ovate- cordate, apiculate, semiamplexicaul and slightly toothed at the base,
elsewhere quite entire, keeled, substriate; nerve vanishing; cells most minute.
— Tracliypus Hornschuchii, Mitten in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv, 91.

Var. /3. cerina ; leaves broader, waved when dry ; margins reflexed at the base. — T. cerinus,
Mitt. 1. c.

Common in the Northern and Middle Islands : Saddle Hill, Otago, Lindsay ; Bay of
Islands, Sinclair, J. I). H. Kermadec Islands, Milne. £. Middle Island, Lyall.
(Norfolk Island, Tasmania, East Indies.)

2 H 2

460

iv. musci. [ Meteorinm .

3. M. flexicaule, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 101. Stems
pendulous, flexuous, very slender indeed, 4-10 in. long. Leaves dull yellow
or brownish, loosely imbricate ovate-cordate or subspathulate, shortly acumi-
nate, concave, not striated, margin quite entire except at the obscurely-toothed
base ; nerve produced to the middle. — Trachypus jlexicaulis, Mitten, 1. c.
Leskea Jlexicaulis, Taylor.

Northern and Middle Islands, Dr. Stanger ; Hawke’s Bay, Colenso; Wellington,
Stephenson ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan ; Nelson, Travers. (Tasmania, Andes.)

4. M. pusillum, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 101. t. 88./. 1.
Minute ; stems very slender, weak, 1 in. long. Leaves dull green, loosely
imbricate, suberect when dry, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, margin quite
entire, subrecurved ; nerve very short ; perichaetial erect, lanceolate. Fruit-
stalk i in. long. Capsule half as long as the fruitstalk, ovoid, 8-grooved,
pale ; operculum coniqpl, very short.

Northern Island : Wairarapa valley, Colenso.

5. M. nitens, Hook.f. and Wils. FI..N. Z. ii. 101. t. 87./ 7. Stem
1-2 in. long, creeping, then pendulous, slender ; branches numerous, short,
ascending, hi. long. Leaves shining, yellow-green, crowded, erect when
dry, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, margin subrecurved, minutely denticulate,
somewhat striate ; nerve vanishing about or above the middle ; cells very
narrow.

Northern Island, Sinclair. — A scrap without habitat or fruit.

55. CRYPHiEA, Mohr.

Slender, monoecious, creeping on trees or rocks ; branches erect or pendu-
lous, somewhat pinnately divided. Leaves imbricate, ovate, quite entire,
nerved ; cells very minute, like dots. Fruitstalk lateral, extremely short,
hidden by the perichaetial leaves. Capsule erect, narrow-oblong ; annulus
present ; peristome double ; outer 16 narrow erect teeth ; inner 16 filiform free
cilia. Operculum conical. Calyptra very small, mitriform, conic, glabrous,

scarcely covering the operculum.

A genus of several tropical and temperate species.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, quite entire ; perichaetial piliferous .... 1 . C. parvula.

Leaves broadly ovate, long-acuminate, quite entire 2. C. acuminata.

Leaves very broadly ovate, obtuse, quite entire 3. C. dilatata.

Leaves orbicular-ovate, acute, minutely serrulate 4. C. Tasmanica.

* 1. C. parvula. Mitten, mss. — C. consimilis, FI. N. Z. ii. 101, not of
Montagne. Stems creeping, 1-2 in. long ; branches distant, spreading, fili-
form. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, margin quite entire, subrecurved ;
nerve nearly continuous ; perichaetial broadly obovate, refuse, suddenly pro-
duced into a piliferous acuminate point. Fruitstalk scarcely visible. Cap-
sule ovoid ; operculum conical, acute. Calyptra red-brown, rough at the
apex. Inflorescence monoecious.

Northern Island : Wairarapa valley, Colenso ; Otago , Hector and Buchanan. (Tas-
mania, Australia.) — Very near the Chilian C. consimilis, but differing in the perichaetial
leaves exceeding the operculum, and in the wider cauline leaves (Mitten).

Cryphcea.']

IV. MUSCI.

451

2. C. acuminata9 Hook. f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 102. t. 88./. 4.
Stems very short, f in. long, sparingly branched. Leaves dull yellow-green,
erecto-patent, ovate, long-acuminate, quite entire ; nerve vanishing above the
middle ; perichsetial larger, setaceous at the apex. Capsules secund, sessile,
hidden by the perichsetial leaves ; operculum conical, with a short beak.
Inflorescence monoecious.

Northern Island : on trees, Hawke’s Bay, etc., Colenso ; Otago, Hector and
Buchanan.

8. C. dilatata, Hoo/c.f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 102. t. 88./. 2. Stems
2-6 in. long, slender, pendulous, branched ; branches very short, spreading.
Leaves dull green, spreading, erect when dry, loosely imbricate, broadly
ovate, obtuse, quite entire, concave ; nerve vanishing below the subcrenulate
apex ; perichsetial lanceolate ; nerve stronger. Capsules sunk amongst the
perichsetial leaves, often crowded, scattered or secund ; operculum couic.
Inflorescence monoecious.

Northern Island, Colenso.

4. C. Tasmanica} Mitten in FI. Tasman, ii. 204. t. 175./. 6. Stems
elongate, naked below, above furnished with short close-set subsecund
branches. Leaves spreading, orbicular-ovate, acute, margin flat, most mi-
nutely serrulate ; nerve vanishing below the apex ; perichsetial ovate, then
subulate. Capsule sunk in the perichsetial leaves ; operculum convex, acute.

Middle Island : Otago, on trees ?, Hector. (Tasmania.)

56. CYRTOPUS, Bridel.

Stem erect, subpinnately branched. Leaves crowded, subsecund or sub-
erect, serrate, with a stout nerve. Fruitstalk very short. Capsule oblong,
erect ; peristome of Cladomnion. Operculum beaked.

The genus Cyrtopus was established as a section of Neckera, by Bridel, upon this and a
few other plants that have been placed in various genera by subsequent authors. I have
thought it best in this work to retain it for this plant, which has been referred to five other
genera, as its synonymy shows.

1. C. setosus, Bridel, Bryol. ii. 234. — Cladomnion , FI. N. Z. ii. 100.
Stems erect, flexuous, 6 in. long, nearly simple. Leaves dark greenish,
crowded, subsecund, rigid, ovate at the base, then subulate with setaceous
rigid apices, serrate ; nerve solid. Fruitstalk very short. Capsule scarcely
emerging from the leaves, erect, not grooved, oblong ; teeth red ; operculum
with the beak shorter than the capsule. Calyptra yellow-brown. — Neckera ,
Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 8. Spiridens, Mitten in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 89.
Ancectangium, Hedwig, Sp. Muse. 48. t. 5. f. 4, 6. — Filotriclium , C. Muell.

Northern and Middle Islands: abundant from Bay of Islands, Sinclair, to Dusky
Bay, Menzies, etc. (Tasmania, South America, Sandwich Islands.)

57. MESOTUS, Mitten.

A stout tufted moss ; stem short, creeping, covered with matted rootlets ;
branches erect, stiff, simple or forked, crowded. Leaves close-set, spreading

462

IV. MUSOI.

[Alt' sot us.

serrulate ; nerve percurrent.' Capsule ovoid-oblong, not furrowed, suberect,
hidden amongst the leaves, lateral from the growth of innovations (but origi-
nally terminal according to Mitten) ; peristome single; teeth 16, red, equi-
distant, irregularly torn at the apex. Operculum conical, acuminate.
Calyptra small, mitriform, lobed at the base.

A remarkable moss, of which Mitten says that it has the structure of leaf of Symble-
p/iaris, creeping stem of Macromitrium, and teeth of Grimmia. Dr. Schimper considers it
to be truly pleurocarpous, and allied to Esenbeckia.

1. M. celatus, Mitten , mss. Branches 1-2| in. high, robust. Leaves
dull yellow-green, crowded, twisted when dry, erecto-patent when moist,
ovate at the base, then lanceolate-subulate, keeled ; margins fiexuous, quite
entire below, above serrulate ; nerve percurrent ; periehaetial numerous, pale,
convolute, broad below, suddenly contracted to a subulate point.

Middle Island : Otago, on dry hanks, Hector and Buchanan.

58. FHYLLOGOmUM, Bridel.

Bright green shining or glistening mosses, creeping on the trunks of trees ;
stems short, pinnately branched ; branches quite flat and frond-like. Leaves
distichous, equitant, very closely imbricate, folded along the middle, sharply
keeled, nerveless ; cells long and narrow. Fruitstalk lateral, very short.
Capsule suberect, straight; annulus 0; teeth 16, equidistant, flat. Oper-
culum beaked. Calyptra large, nearly mitriform, rather hairy, torn at the
base.

A tropical and subtropical genus of most beautiful mosses, remarkable' for their golden-
green hue and the almost metallic brilliancy of their lustre.

1. P. elegans, Hook. f. and Wits, in FI. N. Z. ii. 102. t. 88./. 6.
Stems creeping, about 1 in. long ; branches lanceolate, ^ in. broad. Leaves
oblong-iliomboid, obtuse, quite entire, so concave as not to be flattened
without splitting ; periehaetial shorter, erect. Fruitstalk as long as or shorter
than the capsule, which is turbinate, and when dry has a wide mouth and
exserted columella.

northern and Middle Islands : on smooth bark of trees, from the Bay of Islands,
J. I). II. etc. ; Auckland, JolUffe, to Otago, Hector and Buchanan.

59. NECKERA, Hedwig.

Stems creeping on trees and rocks ; branches erect, pinnately divided,
flattened. Leaves complanate, sub-2-farious, 8-fariously inserted, oblique,
often transversely waved, shining, transparent ; cells very minute. Fruit-
stalk lateral, short or moderately long. Capsule erect, ovoid or oblong ; an-
nulus 0 ; peristome double; outer of 16 lanceolate teeth, trabeculate on the
inner face; inner a membrane divided into 16 keeled teeth. Operculum ob-
liquely beaked. Calyptra cucullate, glabrous.

A considerable genus, in both temperate and tropical climates, very rare or unknown in

cold and frigid regions.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate 1. A. pennata.

Leaves oblong, rounded at the apex 2. N. Icevigata.

Neckera.']

IV. MUSCI.

463

1. IV. pennata, Hedicig ; — FI: N. Z. ii. 103. Stems pinnately branched.
Leaves bright green, shining, undulate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate
at the apex ; nerve very short and inconspicuous; inner pericli setial narrow-
lanceolate, acuminate. Capsule hidden by the leaves ; operculum with a
short beak. Calyptra small, scarcely covering the operculum. Inflorescence
monoecious. — N. liymenodonta, C. Muell. ; Wils. Bryol. Brit. 414. t. 34.

Northern and Middle Islands : Wangera and Wawari, on trunks of trres, Colenso ;
Auckland, Knight ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Europe, Asia, and America.)

2. 1ST. laevigata, Hoolc. f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 103. t. 88. ,/. 3.
Stems 1 in. and more high, pinnately branched, 2-4 in. long. Leaves bright
green, loosely imbricate, not undulate, rather rigid, oblong, very obtuse, quite
entire, convex ; nerve short. Fruitstalk imbricating, convolute, lanceolate,
sheathing the fruitstalk, which is ^ in. long. Capsule exserted.

Middle Island: Banks’s Peninsula, Lyall; Queensland Bush, Otago, Martin (lib.
Lindsay), Hector and Buchanan.

60. TRACHYLOMA, Bridel.

Stems stout, erect from a creeping rhizome, tree-like, flattened, pinnately
branched above. Leaves distichous, not oblique, flattened, nerve indistinct ;
cells minute. Fruitstalk slender. Capsule erect, straight or slightly curved,
oblong or cvlindric ; annulus 0; peristome double, outer 16, narrow,
coriaceous, nodose teeth ; inner 16, narrow, keeled, nodose cilia united by a
membrane at the base ; operculum with a long, straight beak. Calyptra
cucullate.

A considerable genus in tropical and temperate regions.

1. T. planifolium, Bridel; — FI. JST. Z. ii. 103. Stems stout, erect,
about 3 in. high, rising from a stout creeping rhizome. Leaves bright-green,
shining, distichous, erecto-patent, ovate, serrate at the tip ; nerve very faint,

their length; perichcetial long, narrow, serrate. Fruitstalk ^ in. long and
upwards, flexuous, often curved at the top. Capsule erect, subcylindric,
equal or slightly unequal ; outer teeth ^ the length of the capsule, pale
yellow, incurved wThen dry ; inner almost white ; operculum conic-subulate.

■ — Neckera pla.nifolia, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 23 (scarcely of Hedwig).

Northern and Middle Islands : from Bay of Islands ( Wilkes's Exped.) and Waikehi,
Sinclair, to Dusky Bay, Menzies, and Hector and Buchanan.

61. ISOTHECILTM, Bridel.

Stout, stiff, erect, tree-like, dioecious mosses. Stem rising from a creeping
rhizome ; branched (often pinnately) above, naked belorv. Leaves inserted
all round the branches, usually spreading or squarrose, nerveless or 1-2-nerved,
often serrate ; cells minute, dense. Fruitstalks lateral, often crowded towards
the top of the stem, long or short, straight or curved at the top. Capsule
erect or cernuous, straight or curved ; annulate ; peristome double ; outer of
16 lanceolate teeth, each marked with a middle line, reflexed when dry,
trabeculate in the inner surface; inner a membrane deeply divided into 16
cilia, with or without interposed cilia. Operculum conic or beaked. Ca-
lyptra cucullate.

IV. MUSCI.

[. Isothecium .

464

A large tropical and temperate geuus, differing from Hypnum in the erect dendroid habit
and usually curved cernuous capsules. All the New Zealand species are dicecious, some are
amongst the handsomest mosses in the islands. Hypnum hispidum (p. 472) should perhaps
be transferred to near I. pandum. I have great difficulty in discriminating some of the
species under sections A 0 aud B j8.

A. Stem erect, leafy, and more or less pinuatelv branched from the base.

a. Leaves more or less serrulate ; nerve strong.

Stem 2-3 in. Nerve spinulose at the back. Capsule erect, grooved . 1 . I. sulcatum.

Stem 3-5 in. Nerve not spinulose. Capsule terete 2. I. pandum.

fl. Leaves entire or nearly so ; nerve 0 or 2 faint.

Stem 2-3 in. Leaves spreading, broad-ovate, acute, entire, 2-nerved . 3. I. Arbuscula.

Stem 2-3 in. Leaves spreading, broad-ovate, acuminate, entire, 2-

nerved 4. 1. ramulosum.

Stem 1-2 in. Leaves spreading, narrow ovate-oblong, serrulate, 2-

nerved 5. I. angustatum.

Stem 1 in. Leaves erecto-patent, long acuminate, quite entire,

nerveless 6. I. pulvinatum.

Stem 1 in., very slender. Leaves imbricate, oblong, obtuse .... 7- L gracile.

B. Hypnodendron. — Stem naked below, rigid, fastigiatelv branched above.

a. Capsule terete ; operculum conical.

Branches umbellate. Leaves ovate, serrate, cuspidate 8.1. Menziesii.

Branches flattened. Nerve spinulose at the hack 9. I. Kerrii.

f). Capsule grooved. Operculum with a slender bealc.

* Branches not whorled, nearly simple, flatteued. Leaves ovate,

serrate 10. I. spininervium.

** Branches whorled, pinnate. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate . 11. I. marginatum.

*** Branches stout, densely fascicled or whorled. Leaves rigid, serrate,
subulate-lanceolate.

Branches w horled, suberect. Nerve terete, smooth 12. I. comosum.

Branches fascicled, lateral, decnrved. Nerve keeled 13. I. Sieberi.

. Branches fascicled, lateral, decurved. Nerve terete, spinulose at

the point 14. I. comatum.

1. I. sulcatum. Hook. f. and Wils. Fl. N. Z. ii. 104. Stems sub-
erect, 2-3 in. long, subovate, pinnately or 2-pinnately branched ; branches
divaricating, crowded. Leaves yellowish, crowded, imbricate, suberect,
ovate, obtuse, mucronate, serrulate at the apex, concave; nerve solid, serrated
at the back. Fruitstalk £ in. long, towards the top of the stem or on the
branches. Capsule erect, cylindrical, 8-grooved, reddish ; teeth yellow, outer
incurved when dry ; operculum subulate. — Leskea, Hook. Muse. Exot. 1. 164.
Climacium, Bridel.

Northern and middle Islands: Bay of Islands, J. D. H., etc. ; Auckland, Sinclair ;
Canterbury, Sinclair and Haast. (Australia.)

2. I. pandum, Hook.f. and Wils. Fl. N. Z. ii. 105. t. 89./. 1. Stems
3-5 in. high, naked below, arcuate or deflexed ; branches pinnate. Leaves
shining yellow-green, distichously imbricate, flattened, ovate or oblong,
obtuse or apieulate, towards the apex serrulate; nerve stout; cells dot-like.
Fruitstalk £ in. long, arcuate at the top. Capsule horizontal, subcvlindric,
contracted at the base, nearly straight; operculum conical, beaked.

Isolhecium .]

IV. MUSCI.

465

Northern and Middle Islands : not uncommon on rocks and stumps of trees, from
the Bay of Islands, J. D. H., to Otago, Lyall.

3. I. Arbuscula, Hook./, and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 104. Stems erect,
2-3 in. high, naked below, rigid, rising from a stout rhizome, 2-pinnately
branched ; branches sometimes decurved and rooting. Leaves pale straw-
colour, imbricate, spreading, sometimes obscurely distichous, ovate, acute,
quite entire, very concave ; nerves 2, indistinct. Fruitstalk ^ in. long,
flexuous, stout, often curved at the top. Capsule suberect or cernuous, ovoid,
straight or curved, not grooved ; operculum conical. — Hypnurn , Hook. Muse.
Exot. t. 112. Stereodon, Mitten in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 88.

Var. 0. deflexum. Apices of stem and branches elongated and deflexed, often rooting at
the tips. — Stereodon deflexus, Mitten, 1. c.

Throughout the islands, abundant on trees, Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s
hold, J. D. H. (Australia, Tasmania, Aneiteuin.) Mitten regards var. dejlexurn as a dis-
tinct species.

4^I^ ramulosum, Mitten, mss. Very similar indeed to I. Arbuscula, but
the leaves are not nearly so concave, and strongly acuminate.

Northern and Middle Islands : common on trunks of trees and from the Bay of
Islands, Jolliffe, to Otago, Hector and. Buchanan. Chatham Islands, Travers. (Victoria.)

5. I. angustatum, Mitten (Stereodon), Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 88. Very
similar to I. Arbuscula, but smaller in all its parts, 2-3-pinnately divided.
Leaves spreading, subcompressed, narrow-oblong ovate, acute, concave, quite
entire, those in the branches serrulate above ; periehsetial subulate, spread-
ing. Capsule short, ovoid, horizontal.

Northern and Middle Islands : probably common, Raoul ; Auckland, Lyall, Knight ;
Otago, Dunedin, Hector and Buchanan ; Chain Hills, Lindsay.

6. I. pulvinatum, Hook./, and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 105. t. 88./. 5.
Small, stems 1 in. high, curved or decurved; branches pinnate, subincurved.
Leaves bright green, erecto-patent, second, ovate, long-acuminate, rather
concave, quite entire ; nerve 0; periehsetial squarrose. Fruitstalk £ in. long,
curved at the top. Capsule ovate, cernuous, terete ; operculum conical.

Northern Island, Colenso ; Bay of Islands, J. 1). H. ; Auckland, Bolton.

7. I, gracile, Hook.f.andWils.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 106. — Hypnam, FI. Antarct.
141. t. 61. f. 3. Stems short, procumbent or suberect from a creeping rhi-
zome, sparingly subpinnately branched ; branches straight or recurved. Leaves
pale green, opaque, imbricate, secund, oblong or ovate-oblong, hardly acute,
concave, obscurely toothed ; nerves 1-2, very short; periehsetial squarrose.
Fruitstalk f in. long, quite smooth. Capsule cernuous, oblong ; operculum
conic ; annulus large. Inflorescence dioecious. — Hypnum gracilescens, C. Muell.
Stereodon, Mitten.

Middle Island: Otago, Buchanan ; Nelson, Jolliffe. Lord Auckland’s group,
J. D. H. (Tasmania.) Very similar in habit to Fterogonium filiforme.

8. I. Menziesii, Hook./, and. Wils. Ft. N. Z. ii. 105. Stems stout, erect,
2-5 in. high; fastigiately branched above; branches subumbellate, spreading.
Leaves yellow-green, shining, lower squarrose, ovate-cordate, with very slender
acuminate -.apices ; upper rather compressed, ovate, cuspidate, concave ;

466

IV. MUSCI.

\Isothecium.

margin and strong nerve serrated at the back ; nerve often vanishing below
the apex ; cells narrow. Fruitstalk 2-3 in. high. Capsule suberect or pen-
dulous, smooth, large, oblong-cylindrical, not grooved ; mouth not contracted;
operculum short, conical. — Hypnum, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 33.

Common throughout the islands, Menzies , etc.

9. I. KLerrii, Mitten inJonrn. Linn. Soc. iv. 86 ( Tracliyloma ). Habit and
appearance of I. Menziesii. Leaves ovate, acute, toothed ; nerve slender, ex-
current, toothed at the back. Capsule unequal, horizontal, not grooved ;
operculum conic with a short beak.

Northern and Middle Islands: apparently common, Auckland, Jolliffe ; Wellington,
Stephenson; Waikehi, Sinclair ; Canterbury, 'leavers; Otago, Hector and Buchanan.

10. I. spininervium. Hook. f. and Wits. FI. N. Z. ii. 105. Stems
robust, erect, 2-3 in. high, fastigiately branched at the top ; branches simple,
spreading. Leaves glossy, bright green, subdistichously imbricate, ovate,
acute, serrated at the margin and back ; nerve solid. Fruitstalk f- lg- in.
high, erect or arched at the top. Capsule oblong, cylindric, grooved, cer-
nuous ; operculum with a slender beak, shorter than the capsule. — Hypnum.,
Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 29. Rhacopilum, C. Muell.

Var. 0. arcuatum. Fruitstalk short, arcuate. — Hypnum arcuatum , Hedvvig, Sp. Muse,
t. 62. Pterigophy/lum, Bridel, Bryol. ii. 348. Tracliyloma, Mitten.

Abundant throughout the islauds, Menzies, etc. (Tasmania, Java.)

11. I. marginatum, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 106. t. 89. /. 2.
Stem robust, erect, red, 2-4 in. high ; branched at the top ; branches whorled,
pinnately divided, decurved. Leaves dull green, crisped when dry, ovate-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, rather concave ; margin thickened, ser-
ndate; nerve thick, spinulose at the back. Eruitstalk crowded, stout, 1-1 £
in. high, arcuate at the top. Capsule cernuous, cylindrical, grooved ; oper-
culum with a slender beak. — Hypnum limbatum, Sullivan! ?

Northern and Middle Islands; common in moist forests. Mitten inclines to suppose
that Hypnum limbatum is only a young state of I. marginatum (see under Hypnum).

12. I. comosum, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 106. Stems very
stout, rigid, 1-3 in. high, densely covered with matted radicles; branches in
one or more crowded wdiorls, stout, suberect or horizontal, somewhat pin-
nately divided. Leaves rigid, dusky-green, reddish when dry, spreading,
subsecund, ovate-lanceolate, with a rigid subulate apex ; margin serrate ;
nerve terete, not keeled, smooth at the excurrent point. Eruitstalks
usually numerous, crowded at the top of the stem, stout. Capsule cernuous
or pendulous, subcylindric, grooved ; operculum nearly as long as the cap-
sule, beak slender. — Hypnum, Labill. FI .Nov. Holl. ii. t. 253, Schwaegr.
Suppl. t. 91. Tracliyloma, Mitten.

Abundant throughout the islands, and in Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s
Island. A stout handsome moss. (Tasmania, Australia, Java.)

13. I. Sieberi, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. Tasman, ii. 296. Stem stout,
erect, tomentose, 1-4 in. high, branched from the sides ; branches not
whorled, stout, deflexed, subcuspidate. Leaves green, not fulvous, crowded,
erecto-patent, narrow'-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, striate when dry ;

Isothecium.~\

IV. MU SCI.

467

margin thickened, coarsely serrate ; nerve stout, keeled at the back, excurrent.
Fruitstalks crowded, f in. high. Capsule horizontal, grooved ; operculum
with a long beak. Inflorescence dioecious. — Hypnum Sieberi, C. Muell.
Synops. ii. 504.

Lord Auckland’s group. (Tasmania.) Very similar to I. comosum but more robust,
greenish, not fulvous, branches decurved, lateral, not whorled. Leaves longer, more crowded,
more serrated and striated, cells larger, nerve not cylindrical, keeled at the back.

14. I. comatum, C. Muell. Synops. ii. 692. Habit and ramification
of I. Sieberi, but branches fewer, not cuspidate. Leaves deep green, lax,
patent, subsecund, rigid, cordate, lanceolate at the base, narrowed into a long
subulate, setaceous, acutely-serrated apex ; nerve excurrent, stout, punctulate
at the back, serrated at the cylindric point ; cells at the outer base large.
Fruitstalks crowded, 3-^ in. long. Capsule pendulous, elongate, cylindrical,
8-grooved, rather curved ; operculum with a long beak. — I. Colensoi, FI.
Tasman, ii. 207. t. 176. f. 1.

Northern Islands: Taranaki bills, Jupp, Kerr. Middle Island: Nelson, Travers ;
Canterbury, Haast ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Tasmania.)

62. ENTODON, C. Muell.

Stem compressed, decumbent or procumbent, pinnate. Leaves ovate,
imbricate all round the stem, shining, 2-nerved at the base, entire. Fruit-
stalk straight. Capsule erect, cylindric, regular. Peristome double ; outer
teeth 16, rigid, not hygrometric, inserted below the mouth of the capsule,
split at the apex; inner of 16 narrow cilia; annulus present or 0 ; columella
exserted. Operculum short. Calyptra dimidiate.

A enus, native of Europe and other countries.

1XE. truncorum, Mitten. Tufts depressed ; stems pinnately branched.
Leaves spreading, compressed, imbricated so as to form cuspidate ends to
the branches, concave, oblong, acuminate, quite entire ; nerves very short ;
upper cells narrow, basal quadrate ; inner perichaetial erect, convolute, with
lanceolate-subulate apices. Fruitstalk short. Capsule erect, cylindric, pale
red ; operculum subulate.

Middle Island : Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Resembles the northern E. clado-
rhizans, but leaves narrower, with more numerous distinct quadrate cells at the base. Peri-
stome incomplete. (Mitten.)

63. HYPNUM, Linn.

Stems creeping, variously branched ; branches erect prostrate or pendu-
lous, terete, or compressed. Leaves distichous or imbricated all round, often
secund ; nerves 1, 2, or 0 ; cells and reticulation various. Fruitstalk lateral,
slender, usually curved at the top and then smooth or scabrous. Capsule
curved, horizontal, inclined or drooping, usually annulate ; terete (grooved or
angled in § Acicularia) ; peristome double, outer of 16 lanceolate teeth,
marked with a middle line, inner surface trabeculate, inner a membrane cut
to the middle into 16 keeled teeth with or without interposed cilia. Opercu-
lum various. Calyptra cucullate, glabrous (hairy in II. pubescens) .

468

IV. MUSCI.

\_Hypnum.

One of the largest genera of mosses, found in all parts of the globe. The species are
extremely difficult of discrimination. Considerable experience and proficiency are required
before a beginner can name any of the species correctly. Most of the New Zealand ones
are referred to Stereodon by Mitten, but I have iu this genus as in others followed Wilson’s
and my own generic nomenclature, as given in the Flora of New Zealand, being convinced
that it is on the whole the best for a local flora ; there are however no limits to the discre-
pancies of opinion as to the system and nomenclature of the pleurocarpous mosses, and as
to which the highest authorities are completely at issue. The groups here adopted are pretty
natural, but it is not always easy to perceive the characters upon which they are fouuded,
especially those of the secund-leaved group ( Cupressformia ), to which so many species
belong.

KEY TO THE GROUPS AND SFECIES OF HYPNUM.

I. Stem and branches covered with matted radicles amongst the leaves.

A. Tamariscina. Leaves small. Nerve strong. Fruitstalk smooth.

II. Stem and branches not covered with radicles.

a. Leaves imbricate all round the stem , squarrose or erect or incurved , or secund or
falcate, not 2-fariotts or distichous.

* Leaves more or less falcate and secund , often circinate.

B. Adunca. Stems flaccid. Operculum short, conic.

C. Hispida. Stems elongate, rigid. Nerve very strong. Operculum beaked.

D. Cupressiformia. Stem flaccid. Nerve 0 or short and slender. Operculum beaked.

** Leaves spreading, not squarrose nor large nor concave.

E. Prolonga. Fruitstalk scabrid. Operculum beaked.

F. Conferta. F'ruitstalk smooth. Operculum beaked.

G. Rutabula. Fruitstalk scabrid. Operculum conic.

H. Serpentia. Fruitstalk smooth. Operculum conic.

*** Leaves squarrose and spreading , large and often concave.

I. Stellata. Capsule not grooved.

J. Ptychomnion. Capsule grooved.

**** Leaves closely imbricate , not squarrose , large and concave.

K. Cochlearifolia.

/B. Stems compressed. Leaves imbricate, the lateral spreading 2-fariously.

L. Distich ophylla.

A. Tamariscina. — Stems pinnately or 2-pinnatety branched, covered with matted
green, fibri/lous rootlets. Leaves imbricated alt round the stems and branches, not 2-
farious or distichous ; nerve stout.

* Stems procumbent, straight or slightly arcuate.

Stems pinnately branched ; branches irregular in length. Leaves

not plaited; perichaetial with few cilia 1. H. furfurosum.

Stems pinnately branched ; branches short, close-set, regular. Leaves

plaited; perichaetial with many cilia 2. H . fulvastrum.

Stems 2-pinnately branched 3. II. sparsum.

** Stems very arcuate, proliferous from the descending assurgent apices, 2-pinnate.

Leaves of branches incurved ; nerve prominent below the apex on

the back 4 . H. hzviusculum.

Leaves of branches with erect apices ; nerve not prominent ... 5. H. denticulosum.

B. Adunca. — Leaves falcate , secund; nerve single, continuous or vanishing below the
apex. Fruitstalk smooth. Operculum short, conical ( unknown in H. limbatum). Often
aquatic or marsh mosses.

Hypnum.~\

IV. MUSCI.

469

* Nerve vanishing below the middle.

Leaves circinate, striate, subserrulate 6. II. uncinatum.

Leaves not striate, deltoid at the base, quite entire 7 .if. Kneiffii.

Leaves not striate, lanceolate, quite entire or subserrulate .... 8. H.fluitans.

Leaves circinate, lanceolate from an ovate base, quite entire . . . 9. if. brachiatum.

** Nerve continuous.

Leaves cordate at the base, quite entire 10. H. filicinum.

Leaves oblong- or linear-lanceolate, serrate 11. if. limbatum.

C. Hispida. — Stems rigid, stiff, sparingly branched. Leaves falcate and secund, nerve
very stout.

Leaves ovate, rigid, nerve excurrent . 12. II. hispidum.

Leaves ovate, rigid, nerve vanishing 13. if. glauco-viride.

Leaves lignlate from an ovate base 14. H. umbrosum.

D. Cupressiformia. Stems flattened. Leaves more or less secund, falcate or circinate,
imbricate all round the stem or obscurely 2-farious ; cells at the outer base often large ;
nerve 0 or 1-2, short. Fruitstalk smooth (rather rough in if. cerviculatum). — Species very
difficult of discrimination.

* Opercidum as long as the capsule.
f Leaves strongly falcate or circinate.

Leaves lanceolate, long acuminate ; perichsetial serrulate . . . .15. if. cerviculatum.

Leaves linear-lanceolate ; perichaetial similar. Branches long . .16. N. tenuirostre.

Leaves linear-lanceolate ; perichaetial broader. Branches short . . 27. LL. amcenum.

++ Leaves slightly falcate,
a. Leaves quite entire or obscurely serrulate.

Leaves lanceolate, subpiliferous. Capsule pendulous 18. if. crassiusculum.

Leaves oblong, acuminate ; perichaetial similar. Capsule horizontal 19. M. Jolliffii.

Leaves ovate or oblong, acuminate ; perichaetial narrower. Capsule

suberect ' 20. if. homomallum.

Leaves lax, minute, lanceolate. Capsule pendulous 21. H. molliculum.

y8. Leaves distinctly serrulate.

Leaves deltoid-ovate 22. H. pubescens.

Leaves linear-lanceolate 23. H.leptorhynchum.

** Operculum shorter than the capsule.
f Leaves entire or nearly so, nerveless.
a. Leaves strongly falcate, ovate-lanceolate.

Leaves acuminate; perichaetial setaceous 24. H. chrysogaster.

Leaves acuminate ; perichaetial subpiliferous 25. H. cupressiforme.

Leaves subpiliferous. Capsule pendulous 26. if. mundulum.

Leaves subpiliferous. Capsule suberect 27- if. limatum.

fi. Leaves obscurely falcate-secund.

Stems short, slender. Leaves narrow-lanceolate 28. H. pulchellum.

Stems elongate, slender. Leaves oblong-lanceolate 29. H. acutifolium.

ft Leaves 2-nerved, serrulate, strongly falcate.

Stems pinnately brauched. Capsule pendulous 30. H. sandwicense.

E. Pr^longa. Leaves spreading, imbricate all round the stem, not squarrose nor secund,
serrulate in the N. Z. species ; nerve reaching about halfway up. Fruitstalk scabrid ; oper-
culum beaked. — Small-leaved species, always creeping or prostrate. (Leaves subsecund in
H. austrinum.)

Leaves lanceolate, subpiliferous . . .31. H. muriculatum.

470

IV. MUSCI.

[Hypnum.

Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate 32. B. austrinum.

Leaves ovate-cordate acute 33. B. remotifolium.

F. Conferta. Leaves imbricating all round the stem, not squarrose nor secund, usually
small and serrulate. Fruitstalk smooth (see B. plumosum in G.). Operculum beaked.

Leaves ovate, gradually acuminate ; perichatial recurved .... 34. B. tenuifolium.
Leaves broadly ovate, suddeuly acuminate ; perichsetial recurved . . 35. H. e/usum.

Leaves oblong, piliferous ; perichsetial erect 36. B. aristatum.

G. Rltabula. Leaves spreading, imbricate all round the stem, not squarrose, rarely
subsecuud ; nerve reaching beyond the middle in the N. Z. species. Fruitstalk rough (ob-
scurely so in B. plumosum). Operculum short, conical.

Leaves ovate-acuminate, serrulate. Operculum acuminate . . . 37- H. rutabulum.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, secund-falcate, serrulate. Oper-
culum very obtuse 38. U. paradoxum.

Leaves subsecund, ovate-lanceolate. Operculum very acute . . . 39. H. plumosum.

H. Serpentia. Leaves imbricated all round the stem, not squarrose, rarely subsecund ;
nerve short or reaching beyond the middle. Fruitstalk smooth. Operculum short, conic
(see H. plumosum in G.). Usually very minute mosses.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate 40. B. serpens.

I. Stellata. Leaves imbricated all round the stem, small, spreading and squarrose.
Fruitstalk smooth. Capsule not grooved.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; nerve reaching halfway . . .41. H. polygamum.

Leaves ovate, acuminate ; nerve solid, continuous 42. 11. relaxum.

Leaves ovate, long-acuminate ; nerve vanishing below the apex . . 43. B. decussatum.

J. Acicularia. Stems stout, suberect, sparingly branched. Leaves imbricated all round,
squarrose, large, very concave, tiaccid, serrate, nerveless. Capsule grooved or angled. Calvptra
large, inflated.

Leaves squarrose and recurved, strongly serrate above 44. H. aciculare.

Leaves refracted from the middle, minutely serrulate above . . . 45. H. densifolium.

K. Cochiearifolia. Stems stout or slender, prostrate, sometimes pendulous. Leaves
imbricated all round, often oppressed, not squarrose or secund, very . concave and inflated,
transparent, obtuse or apiculate ; nerve 0 or obscure. Fruitstalk smooth. Capsule not
grooved. Operculum conical.

* Nerve very short or 0.

Stems 2-4 in. long. Leaves hemispherical, very obtuse .... 46 . H.cochlearifolium.
Stems 2-3 in. long. Leaves broadly oblong, obtuse, cordate at the

base 47. B. clandestinum.

Stems 1-2 in. long. Leaves orbicular-quadrate, auricled at the base,

round at the apex 48. B. chlamydophyllum.

Stems 1 in. high. Leaves large, oblong, very concave, acute or acu-
minate 49. B. inflatum.

Stems ascending. Leaves broadly ovate, shortly acuminate . . .50. B. vagum.

** Nerve produced to the middle.

Stems 2-5 in. long. Leaves broad oblong, subacute 51. E. divulsum.

L. Distichophvlla. Stems and branches compressed. Leaves inserted all round the
stem, but distichous (the lateral only 2-farious in E. polystictum), flat or concave, nerveless
or shortly 2-nerved. .Fruitstalk and capsule smooth.

* Leaves nerveless.

Stems 2-4 in., pinnately branched. Leaves subserrulate ; cells not
papillose 52. B. extenuatum.

Hypmm.~\ iv. musci. 471

Stem 1 in., vaguely branched. Leaves quite entire 53. H. politum.

Stem I5 in., pinnately branched. Leaves serrulate ; cells papillose . 54. H. polystictum.

** Leaves 2-nerved at the base.

Leaves entire or denticulate . 55. H. denticulatuvn.

A. Tasmariscina.

1. H. furfurosum, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 107. t. 88. /. 7.
Stem procumbent, slender, rigid, slightly arcuate, 1-2 in. long, pinnately
branched, covered with matted fibrils ; branches rather long, distant, filiform.
Leaves green or yellowish, squarrose on the stem, suberect on the branches,
incurved when dry, ovate-cordate, acuminate, somewhat keeled, scarcely pli-
cate, quite entire or serrate towards the apex ; perichsetial larger, erect, long-
acuminate, somewhat cilinte. Fruitstalk 1 in. long, smooth, red. Capsule
pale-brown, cylindric-oblong, cernuous, slightly curved ; operculum beaked,
shorter than the capsule. — H. unguiculatum , FI. Tasm. ii. 208. t. 176. f. 3.
(?) H. hastaturn, C. Muell. Synops. ii. 485.

Northern and Middle Islands : probably common on moist rocks and trunks of trees ;
Bay of Islands, Cunningham , etc. — A puzzling moss, difficult to discriminate from the two
following. Mitten, who has paid much attention to the discrimination of the species of
this section, informs me that the H. hastaturn , C. Muell., may belong to this as well as
H. Stuartii, for that is very variable. He has less doubt in referring H. unguiculatum to
the same species. (Tasmania, Australia.)

2. H. fulvastrum, Mitten in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 92 ( Leskea ). Similar
to LI. furfurosum-, but branches short and close-set, giving a linear outline to
the frond. Cauliue leaves secund, plaited, those of the branches and branch-
lets evenly disposed on every side; perichsetial much ciliate. — Mitten, mss.

Northern and Middle Islands : probably common, Auckland, Knight , Bolton , Kerr,
etc. (Tristan d’Acunha.)

3. H. sparsum, Book. f. and Wils. Fl.N. Z. ii. 109. t. 89./. 5. Stems
very slender, matted, creeping, 1 in. long, 2-pinnately branched ; branches
short, very slender. Leaves dark green, very minute, spreading, incurved
Avhen dry, ovate or ovate-cordate, subobtuse, quite entire, but rough at the
edges ; nerve stout, pellucid, vanishing below the apex ; perichsetial much
larger, long-acuminate, inner laciniate. Fruitstalk ^ in. long, smooth. Cap-
sule inclined or cernuous, narrow-oblong. Inflorescence dioecious.

Northern Island, Colenso ; Wangarei, Bolton; Waikehi, Milne. Middle Island,
Nelson, Travers. This differs from H . furfurosum chiefly in the 2-piunate stems. (Aus-
tralian Alps.)

4. H. laeviusculum, Mitten in Ft. Tasm. ii. 207 (Leskea). Stems
arcuate, regularly 2- pinnate, proliferous from the descending assurgent apices.
Leaves of H. furfurosum, those of the branclxlets compressed, with incurved
apices ; nerve cristate at the back ; cauline subcrenulate, with flexuous points ;
nerve not excurrent, vanishing below the filiform apex. — Mitten in Journ.
Linn. Soc. iv. 92.

Northern and Middle Islands: probably common ; Kiapara, Mossman ; Wellington,
Stephenson ; Milford Sound, Lyall. (Tasmania.)

472

IV. MUSCI.

\_Hypnum.

j(i. H. denticulosum, Mitten, mss. Very similar to II. Iceviuscuhim,
but leaves of the branches patent, not compressed, their apices erect ; nerve
not protuberant on the back below the apex ; cauline leaves not narrowed
into a filiform apex, all the leaves with the margins minutely closely denticu-
late.— Mitten.

Northern Island: Auckland?, Herb. Sinclair.

Hedwig, Muse. Frond, iv.

B. Adunca.

6. H. uncinatum, Hedwiy ; — Ft. N. Z. ii. 107. Stems 1-2 in. high,
slender, erect, pinnately branched. Leaves crowded, secund, falcate, circi-
nate, subulate-lanceolate, narrowed into very slender points, striate, subserru-
late ; nerve vanishing below the apex ; perichsetial very long, striate. Fruit-
stalk 1 in. high, reddish. Capside cernuous, oblong, smooth ; operculum
conical, apiculate. Inflorescence monoecious,
t. 25 ; Wils. Bryol. Brit. 394. t. 26.

Northern and Middle Islands : in wet begs, etc., Huiarau river, Colenso ; Canterbury,
Sinclair and Haast ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Almost all cold climates.)

7. H. Kneiffii, Schimper ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 107. Very similar to II. un-
cinatum, but leaves less crowded, not circinate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
deltoid at the base, concave, quite entire, not striated ; nerve reaching half-
way. Capsule oblong, cernuous ; operculum conical. Inflorescence dioecious.
— Wils. Bryol. Brit. 390. t. 58.

Northern and Middle Islands : East Cape, Colenso ; Dusky Bay, Lyall. — Specimens
all very imperfect and without fruit. (Europe, N. Asia, N. America.)

8. H. fluitans, Linn.; — Ft. Antarct. i. 141. Stems erect or floating,
1-3 in. long, subpinnately branched. Leaves yellow-brown, loosely imbricate,
falcate, second, lanceolate, acuminate, subserrulate or entire ; nerve vanish-
ing beyond the middle. Fruitstalk 2-3 in. long. Capsule oblong, cernuous ;
operculum conical. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 387. t. 58.

Campbell’s Island : swampy places, barren, J. H. H. (All temperate and cold lati-
tudes.)

At'. H. brachiatum, Mitten , mss. Stems matted, 4-5 in. long, pinnately
branched, red-brown below, pale green and yellow above. Leaves falcate-
secund, much incurved, concave, lanceolate from a broad ovate base, long-
acuminate, quite entire ; nerve vanishing below the apex ; perichsetial erect,
elongate, lanceolate, convolute. Fruitstalk slender. Capsule shortly cylin-
dric, arcuate ; operculum conical, acuminate.

Northern and Middle Islands: Tobago Bay, Knight ; Otago, in wet grounds,
Hector and. Buchanan. — Very nearly allied to the European H. revo/vens, and scarcely dis-
tinguishable from it, except (according to Mitten) by the more ovate base of the cauline leaves,
with more numerous cells at their angles.

10. H. fUicinum, Linn.; — FI. Antarct. i. 141. Stems slender, 2-3 in.
high, compressed, pinnately branched, tomentose with purplish radicles.
Leaves dull green, spreading, falcate or suberect, secund, cordate at the base,
serrulate ; nerve solid, continuous ; perichsetial striated. Fruitstalk 1 in.

Hypnurn. ]

IV, MUSCT.

478

long, smooth. Capsule cernuous, subcylindrical ; operculum conical, acute.
Inflorescence monoecious. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 392. t. 26.

Lord Auckland’s group : banks of streams, Lyall. A very slender form or variety,
distinguished as var. 0. in FI. Antarct. (All cold and temperate latitudes.)

11. H. limbatum, Sullivant in Proc. Am. Journ. Sc. and Art. 183, and
in Musci of U. S. Expl. Exped. 18. Stems 2-3 in. long, slender, flexuose,
floating, sparingly branched. Leaves lax, spreading, oblong- or linear-lanceo-
late, acuminate, concave, keeled, serrate above; nerve stout, percurrent; apex
serrated; margins thickened. Fruit unknown.

New Zealand ; on stones in the bottom of streams (U. S. Expl. Exped.). Mitten is
inclined to regard this as a state of Isothecium marginatum , p. 466

C. Hispida.

12. H. hispidum, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. Antarct. i. 140. t. 61. f. 2.
Steins prostrate or pendulous from a creeping rhizome, arched, subpinnately
branched above, 3-10 in. long, rigid, subhispid; branches curved, often
attenuate. Leaves dark green, rigid, secund, densely imbricate, ovate below,
subulate above, very long-acuminate and setaceous, somewhat plaited, quite
entire ; nerve stout, excurrent ; perichaetial smaller, ovate ; nerve long, exserted.
Fruitstalk short, in. long, red, smooth, stout, flexuous. Capsule ovoid,
cernuous or horizontal ; operculum with a slender curved beak as long as the
capsule or shorter, Calyptra small, white. Inflorescence dioecious. — Leskea,
Mitten. H. aristatum, Sullivant in Proc. Amer. Acad. Sc. and Art, 1854.

Abundant on rocks, in streams, and throughout, the island, J. T>. II. Lord Auck-
land's group: rocks on the hills, barren, J. D. II. — A puzzling moss. Wilson suggests
that it may be better placed in Isothecium. I have followed Sullivant in placiug it in section
Hispidcy (Tasmania, Australia, Norfolk Island.)

■f3. H. glauco-viride. Mitten , mss. Very closely resembling II. his-
pidum, but nerve vanishing below the apex. — Mitten.

Kermadec group : Sunday Island, Milne. (Norfolk Island.)

14. H. umbrosum, Mitten in Journ. Finn. Soc. iv. 92 {Leskea). Habit
and colour of II. hispidum , but smaller and more slender. Stems 1-2 in. long,
with a few irregular branches. Leaves spreading, subsecund, ligulate and
acuminate from a subovate base, minutely serrulate above ; nerve stout, vanish-
ing in the elongated apex ; perichaetial ovate-subulate from a broad base,
1-2-toothed on each side. Fruitstalk \ in. long, red. Capsule ovoid, hori-
zontal ; operculum rostrate, as long as the capsule. Inflorescence dioecious.

Northern Island, Kerr {in Herb. Mitten) ; Auckland, Kniglit.

D. CuPR.ESSIFOK.MIA.

15. H. cerviculatum, Hook. f. and Wils. Ft. N. Z. ii. 113. t. 91./.
2. Stems creeping, matted, 1 in. long, subpinnately branched; branches
nearly straight. Leaves yellow-green, shining, falcate and secund, lanceo-
late, acuminate, serrulate at the apex, margin scarcely recurved; nerve 0 ;
perichaetial erect, ovate-lanceolate, apiculate, serrulate. Fruitstalk short, i

vol. i. 2 1

474

IV. MUSCI.

[ Hypnum .

in. long, stout, roughish. Capsule oblong, horizontal, base substrnmose;
annulus 0 ; operculum with a long slender beak. Inflorescence dioecious.
— H. leptorhynchum, (3. FI. Antarct. 141. Stereodon, Mitten in Journ. Linn.
Soc. iv. 87.

Northern Island: Port Nicholson, Sinclair ; woods at Tehawera, Colenso. Lord
Auckland's group, J. I). II. (Tasmania.)

16. II. teirairostre. Hook. Muse. F.rot. t. Ill; — FI. N. Z. ii. 113.
Stem creeping, subpinnately branched ; branches elongate, erect, f-1 in.
long. Leaves pale or dark green, shining, crowded, falcate, secund, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, concave, quite entire or minutely serrulate towards the
apex; nerve 0 ; pericheetial similar. Frnitstalk long, slender, quite smooth.
Capsule cernuous, ovoid-oblong ; operculum with a long slender beak. In-
florescence monoecious.

Middle Island: Dusky Bay, Menzies ; Bligh’s Sound, Chalky Bay, and Otago, Lyall,
Hector and Buchanan. (Tasmauia.)

17. H. amoemim, Iledw. Sp. Muse. t. 77. /. 6-9. Stems prostrate,
vaguely and pinnately branched, ^-1 in. long; branches short, their apices
incurved. Leaves yellow-brown, shining, falcate and secund, lanceolate, long
acuminate, concave, quite entire ; cells large, pellucid at the marginal base ;
nerve 0 ; perichaetial broader, entire or serrulate towards the apex. Fruit-
stalk f in. long, very slender, red. Capsule horizontal, ovoid, urceolate
when dry ; operculum with a slender beak as long as the capsule.

Northern Islaud : Auckland, Knight. (Andes, Fuegia, Australia.)

18. II. crassiusculum, Bridel; — FI. N. Z. ii. 113. Stem creeping,
vaguely branched, 1-2 in. long, subpinnately branched ; branches short, in-
curved, subcuspidate. Leaves pale green, loosely imbricate, subsecund, not
falcate, lanceolate, acuminate, piliferous, quite entire, concave, margins
scarcely recurved ; nerve 0 ; cells inflated at the marginal base ; perichaetial
longer, erect. Fruitstalk short, quite smooth. Capsule ovoid-oblong, sub-
cernuous ; operculum with a long slender beak. Inflorescence monoecious.
— Sehwsegr. Suppl. t. 91. H. contiguum, FI. Tasra. ii. 213. t. 177. f. 2.

Northern and Middle Islands : Auckland, Sinclair ; Canterbury, Sinclair and Haast;
Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Tasmania, N. and S. America, Tristan d’Acunha.)

19. H. Jolliffii, Mitten in Journ. Finn. Soc. iv. 87 ( Stereodon ) ; —
Ft. Tasman, ii. 213. t. 177. f. 1. Stems matted, 1-3 in. long, forming
bright green shining patches ; branches slender, with cuspidate apices.
Leaves loosely imbricate, secund, not falcate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, quite entire or obscurely serrulate at the apex; cells at the mar-
ginal base larger and hyaline ; nerve 0 or 2 obscure ; perichaetial similar,
erecto-patent. Fruitstalk slender, 1 in. long. Capsule small, ovoid, inclined
or horizontal ; operculum slender, as long as the capsule.

Northern and Middle Islands, Jolliffe ; AVangaroa, Sinclair; Otago, Hector and
Buchanan. (Tasmania.)

20. H. Lomomallum, C. Muell.; — FI. Tasm. ii. 213. Stems tufted,
decumbent, prostrate, forming shining golden-yellow patches; branches short,
flexuose. Leaves crowded, secund, slightly falcate, broadly ovate or oblong,

ffypnitm.]

IV. MTTSCI.

475

acuminate, very concave, quite entire, margin recurved; cells at tlie marginal
base numerous, thick-walled, square ; nerve 0 ; perichaetial narrow, straight.
Fruitstalk short, in., red. Capsule narrow-oblong, suberect ; operculum
with a slender beak as long as the capsule. — H. Drummondii, Tayl. Leskea
homomalla, Hampe, Ic. Muse. t. 6.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, J. D. H. ; Auckland, Jolliffe. (Australia, Tasmania.)

21. H. molliculum, Sullivant, Mosses of TJ. S. Ex pi. Exped. 14. t. 11.
A small, slender, flaccid, pale green plant, creeping on earth ; branches weak,
ascending. Leaves 2-farious, secund, hardly falcate, spreading, oblong-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, concave ; margins erect, quite entire ; cells at the marginal
base similar to the others ; nerve 0 or very short ; peric'naetial similar. Fruit-
stalk short, very slender. Capsule ceniuous, small ; operculum in our spe-
cimens slender, as long as the capsule.

Kermadec group : Raoul Island, M‘ GilUvrag and Milne. (Sandwich Islands). — I have
referred this plant doubtfully to -Sullivauts, the operculum being as long as the capsule and
more slender than the figure of that author, who does not however describe this orgau.

22. H. pubescens, Hoo/c.f. and Wils. El. N. Z. ii. 113. t. 91./. 3.
Stems creeping loosely, subpinnatelv branched, 1 in. long ; branches rather
distant, nearly straight. Leaves yellow-green, shining, incurved, loosely im-
bricate, scarcely secund, deltoid-ovate, acuminate, serrulate, obscurely striate
when dry ; nerve obscure. Fruitstalk slightly rough, in. long. Capsule
cernuous, ovoid ; operculum conical, almost as long as the capsule. Calvptra
hairy. Inflorescence dioecious.

Northern Island, Co/enso ; Auckland, Sinclair, Knight ; Hick’s Bay, Jolliffe. Very
near the European II. molluscum.

23. H. leptorhynchum, Bridel ; — El. N. Z. ii. 112. Stems densely
tufted, creeping, pinnately branched, ^-1 in. long; branches slender, matted.
Leaves yellow-green, shining, falcate, secund, not circinate, twisted when
dry, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate towards the apex ; margin subre-
curved ; cells at the marginal base larger, inflated; nerve 0. Fruitstalk
long, slender, smooth. Capsule oblong, nodding; operculum with a slender
beak, as long as the capsule. Inflorescence monoecious.- — Schwaegr. Suppl.
t. 93 ; FI. Antarct. 141, excl. var. /3; Stereodon cyparoides,E litten in Journ.
Linn. Soc. iv. 87 (not of Bridel.); II. lencocytus, C. Muell.

Abundant on trunks of trees throughout the Northern and KEiddle Islands, Colenso,
etc., and in Lord Auckland’s group, J. K. H. (Australia, Tasmania, S. America, S.
Africa.)

24. H. chrysogaster, C. Muell. in Linncea, 185.— i/. patale, FI. N.

Z. ii. 112. t. 90. f. 6. Stems procumbent, 2-4 in. long, pectinately branched;
branches crowded, spreading, flattened above, recurved. Leaves white or
pale bright green, glossy, distichously spreading, strongly falcate, secund,
almost circinate, ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, subserrulate at the apex ;
cells at the marginal base larger, collected into two yellow spots ; nerve 0 ;
pericliaetial erect, setaceous, serrulate. Fruitstalk slender, 1-2 in. long,
smooth. Capsule oblong-ovoid, horizontal or cernuous ; operculum convex,
obtuse, apiculate. Inflorescence dioecious. — Stereodon, Mitten in Journ.
Linn. Soc. iv. 87. //. cupressiforme, FI. Antarct. 141.

2 i 2

476

IV. MTJSCI.

\Hypnum.

Northern Island : common on trunks of trees, J. D. II., etc. ; Pelorus, JoUiffe. Middle
Island : Chain-hills, Otago, Lindsay, Hector and Buchanan. Campbell’s Island, J. D. H.
Auckland Island, J. D. II. , Bolton. (Tasmania, Juan Fernandez.)

25. H. cupressiforme, Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 111. Stemscreeping or
prostrate, 1-5 in. long, vaguely pinnately branched; branches incurved.
Leaves pale yellow, shining, circinatelv falcate, secund, incurved, ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, concave, quite entire or obscurely toothed ; cells enlarged
at the marginal base ; nerve 0 ; perichaetial erect, subpiliferous, Fraitstalk
slender, 1 in. long. Capsule suberect, horizontal or eernuous, subcylindric ;
operculum short, conical, cuspidate. Inflorescence dioecious. — Wils. Bryol.
Brit. 897. t. 27. H. Mossmanianum, C. Mueller in Bot. Zeit. 1851, 565.

Common throughout the islands, Colenso, etc. Very variable. Wilson considers the large
cells at the marginal base of the leaf a good diagnostic character. (One of the most widely
diffused mosses in the world.)

26. H. mundulum, Hook. f. and JFils. FI.. N. Z. ii. 112. t. 91./. 1.
Stem 1-1£ in. long, procumbent, slender, flexuous, pinnately branched ;
branches crowded, erecto-patent, subrecurved. Leaves very pale yellow,
rather shining, falcate, secund, circulate, ovate-lanceolate below, narrowed
to a long slender almost piliferous apex, quite entire ; nerve 0 ; perichaetial
shorter, erect, acuminate, subserrulate. Fruitstalk slender, ^ in. long, red,
quite smooth. Capsule ovoid, pendulous, dark red-purple; operculum
shorter than the capsule, beaked. Inflorescence monoecious.

Middle Island, Lyall.

27. H. limatum, Hook.f. and JFils. FI. Antarct. Suppl. 545. Stems
pinnately branched, $ in. long ; branches short, incurved. Leaves pale
green or yellowish, shining, crowded, secund, falcate, subcircinate, mem-
branous, ovate at the base, thence gradually narrowed into long subpiliferous
points, quite entire; nerve 0; perichaetial elongate, subsquarrose, subserru-
late. Fruitstalk % in. long, quite smooth. Capsule suberect, cylindrical;
operculum short, convex, hardly conical, apiculate, red. Inflorescence
dioecious.— H. terrce-Novce, Brid., /3. australe , FI. Antarct. 142. t. 61. f. 4.

Campbell’s Island: on decaying wood, J. D. H. (Tasmania.)

28. H. pulchelluxn, Dicks. ? Stems very slender, suberect, scarcely
creeping, sparingly fastigiatelv branched. Leaves lax, more or less secund,
slightly falcate, lanceolate, tapering from a broader base to an almost pili-
ferous apex, quite entire; cells at the marginal base similar to the others;
nerve 0 ; perichaetial erect. Fruitstalk 1 in. high, slender, rising from the
base of the stem. Capsule nearly erect, oblong, tapering into the fraitstalk,
slightly curved; operculum conical, beaked. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 404. t. 25.
II. nitidulum, Wahlb.

Middle Island : Canterbury Alps, Sinclair and Haast. — I have queried Mitten’s deter-
mination of this moss, which differs from the European one in laxer habit, paler colour,
and longer, less falcate and rather narrower leaves. — Schimper remarks that it is nearer II.
Muellerianum, but distinct. ( H . pulchellum is a native of Temp. Europe and N. America.)

29. H. acutifolium, Hook.f. and JFils. FI. Antarct. 138. t. 60./. 5.
Stems ascending, slender, f-1 in. high, sparingly fastigiately branched;
branches subcompressed. Leaves pale yellowish-brown, closely imbricate,

Hypnum.']

IV. MUSOI.

477

obscurely falcate-secund, or nearly erect, oblong-lanceolate, with a long acu-
minate apex, quite entire, concave, nerveless ; cells at the outer base larger
and darker coloured. Capsule unknown.

Campbell’s Island : growing amongst H. chlamydophjllum on the hills, J. B. H. —
Sullivant (Musci of U. S. Expl. Exped. 18) suspects this to be possibly a form of II.
crinittim, from which, however, it widely differs.

30. H. Sandwiehense, Hook, and Am. FI. N. Z. ii. 113. Stems
procumbent, 1 in. long, pinnately branched ; branches short, not crowded,
distichously spreading. Leaves bright yellow-green, shining, spreading
somewhat distichously, falcate and secund, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serru-
late at the apex, margin scarcely recurved ; cells at the outer base a little
enlarged ; nerves 0 or 2, very short ; perichaetial larger, broader, often serru-
late. Fruitstalk \ in. long, quite smooth. Capsule pendulous, ovoid ;
operculum convex, apiculate. Inflorescence monoecious. — 1L. acinacifolium,
Hampe (tide Mitten).

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, on trunks of trees; rare, J. B. H., Colenso.
Kermadec group : Sunday Island, Mitne. (Sandwich Islands.)

E. PftiELONGA.

31. H. imiriculatum, Hook.f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 108. t. 89./. 3.
Stems small, slender, procumbent, subpinnately branched, 1-2 in. long ;
branches short, ^ in. long, simple, subcompressed. Leaves spreading, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, subserrulate, almost piliferous ; nerve produced beyond
the middle. Fruitstalk % in. long, rough. Capsule horizontal, oblong,
curved at the base, where it joins the fruitstalk ; operculum with a long beak.
Inflorescence monoecious.

Var. 0. branches flattened, leaves less acuminate, and rather twisted when dry.

Northern and Middle Islands: not uncommon in woods. Var. 0. Bay of Islands,
J. B. II. — Closely allied to several northern and other species. (Norfolk Island, Tas-
mania.)

32. H, austrinum, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 108. t. 89./. 4.
Stems 2-3 in. long, creeping, vaguely branched ; branches 1 in. long, sub-
erect, incurved. Leaves dark green, opaque, spreading, subsecund, ovate or
ovate-cordate, acuminate, serrulate, concave ; nerve faint, produced beyond
the middle; perichaetial erect. Fruitstalk ^ in. high, rough. Capsule ovoid,
cernuous ; operculum beaked. Inflorescence monoecious.

Var. 0. Branches crowded, more slender; leaves smaller.

Northern and Middle islands : in woods from Auckland, Knight, to Akaroa, Raoul.
Var. 0. Middle Island, Lyall. (Tasmania, Australia.)

33. H. remotifolium, Greville ; — FI. N.Z. ii. 108. Stems creeping,
rather slender, 1-2 in. long, subpinnately branched ; branches j— ^ in. long,
spreading. Leaves pale, glossy, spreading, cordate-ovate, acuminate, almost
piliferous, serrulate ; nerve produced beyond the middle ; perichaetial ovate-
oblong, piliferous. Fruitstalk rough, 1 in. high. Capsule cernuous, broadly
oblong, curved ; operculum with a slender beak, almost as long as the cap-
sule. Inflorescence hermaphrodite. — Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 200 (fruitstalk
erroneously smooth). H. asperipes, Mitt, in FI. Tasman. 209, t. 176, f. 4.

478 iv. Mtrsci. \Kypnum.

Northern Island: in various localities, Sinclair and Colenso ; Auckland, Knight.
Middle Island: Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Tasmania, S. America?)

F. CONFEKTA.

34. H. tenuifolium, Hedw. — H. confer turn, FI. N. Z. ii. 108, not of
Smith. Stems matted, small, slender, arching, prostrate and ascending,
pinnately branched, 1-2 in. long ; branches compressed, long or short.
Leaves dark green, subsecund, ovate-cordate, acuminate, serrulate, concave ;
nerve produced beyond the middle ; cells linear ; perichaetial recurved, long-
acuminate. Fruitstalk £-l£ in. high, smootli. Capsule cernuous, ovoid-
oblong, curved; operculum with along slender beak. Inflorescence monoe-
cious.— FI. collatum, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. Tasm. ii. 209. t. 176. f. 5.

Northern and Middle Islands : common on trunks of trees, from the Bay of Islands,
J. D. H., to Otago, Lyall. (Tasmania.) — I follow Mitten in referring this to the little-
known H. tenuifolium (which is described as having quite entire leaves) ; the same author
thinks it is probably a large form of the European H. confertum.

‘/35. FI. elusum, Mitten, mss. Stems depressed, subpinnately branched.
Leaves spreading, somewhat compressed, broadly ovate, suddenly contracted
to an acuminate apex, minutely serrulate above ; nerve slender, produced to
the middle ; pericluetial ovate-subulate, with reflexed apices, nerveless.
Fruitstalk red, smooth. Capsule inclined, unequal ; operculum subulate,
beaked. Inflorescence monoecious.

Middle Island : N.E. valley, Otago, Hector and Buchanan. — Mitten describes this as
having the appearance of H. muricnlatum, from which its smooth fruitstalk distinguishes
it ; and as differing from IT. tenuifolium in its smaller size and suddenly acuminate leaves.

38. El. aristatum, Hook. f. and Wits. Ft. Tasm. ii. 210. t. 176. f. 6.
Stems small, tufted, 1-2 in. long, pinnately branched; branches slender,
attenuate. Leaves dark green, not glossy, spreading, subcoin pressed, lax and
flexuous when dry, oblong-acuminate and piliferous at the apex, serrulate,
concave; margin not reflexed ; nerve distinct, produced beyond the middle;
perichaetial erect, acuminate. Fruitstalk 1 in. long, smooth. Capsule
cernuous, arcuate, oblong ; annulus small, adhaerent ; operculum with a short
beak. Inflorescence monoecious.

Northern and Middle Islands: Auckland, Knight ; Saddle Hill, Otago, Lindsay.
(Australia, Tasmania.)

G. Rutabula.

37. El. rutabulum, Linn.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 109. Stems rather stout,
1-3 in. long, suberect or prostrate, vaguely or subpinnately branched ;
branches erect, flexuous, very variable in length. Leaves pale, very shining,
membranous, loosely imbricate, spreading, ovate, acuminate, concave, sub-
siriate, subserrulate ; nerve produced beyond the middle; perichaetial strongly
recurved. Fruitstalk stout, rough. Capsule ovoid-oblong, cernuous ; oper-
culum short, conical. Inflorescence monoecious. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 345. t.
26 ; FI. Antarct. i. 138.

Northern and Middle Islands : in woods and on rocks, probably common, Bay of
Islands, J. B. H . ; Canterbury, Haast. ; Akaroa, Raoul ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan
Campbell’s Island, J. D. H. (Tasmania, Europe, N. aud*S. America.)

Hypnurn .]

IV. MUSCI.

479

38. K. paradoxum, Hoolc.f and Wils. FI. Antarct. 419. t. 155. f. 2 ;
— FI. Tasin. ii. 210. Stems 2-3 in. long, pinnately branched, creeping,
loosely tufted ; branches with curved tips. Leaves falcate and secund, shortly
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, strongly serrulate, striate ; nerve stout, produced
beyond the middle. Fruitstalk rough, brown, ^ in. long. Capsule ovoid-
oblong, horizontal or cernuous ; operculum conical, very obtuse.

Middle Island : Canterbury Alps, Sinclair and Haast ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan.
(Tasmania, Australia, Fuegia.)

39. H. plumosum, Swartz ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 109. Stems slender, 2-3
in. long, vaguely branched ; branches suberect, rather incurved. Leaves
erecto-patent, imbricate, subsecund, firm, ovate-lanceolate, concave, smooth,
subserrulate at the apex; nerve produced beyond the middle; perichaetial
with long- recurved points, nerveless. Fruitstalk f in. long, roughish
above the middle. Capsule ovoid, subcerntious ; operculum small, conical,
acute. Inflorescence monoecious. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 340. t. 25.

Northern and Middle Islands : Bay of Islands, Cunningham, J. 1). H. ; Auckland,
Knight ; Bay of Plenty, Joltiffe ; Bligh’s Sound, Lyall. (Europe, Asia, America.)

H. Serpentia.

40. H. serpens, Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 109. Stems minute, matted,
creeping, |-f in. long vaguely branched; branches filiform, simple, suberect.
Leaves dark green, small, loosely imbricate, spreading, erect when dry, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, quite entire ; nerve produced beyond the middle, or
much shorter; cells lax; perichaetial larger, sheathing, membranous ; nerve
obsolete. Fruitstalk red, smooth. Capsule oblong, subcernuous ; oper-
culum conical, convex, acute. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 362. t. 24.

Var. 0. FI. Antarct. 138. Nerve stronger and more solid.

Northern Island : Hawke’s Bay, in bogs, Cotenso (barren, and hence doubtful). Var.
0. Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H. (Abundant in rnauy temperate climates, but not
hitherto in Tasmania.)

I. Stellata.

41. H. polygamum, Bruch and Schimp. — H. nodiflorum, Wils. in FI.
N. Z. ii. 109. Stems procumbent, vaguely subpinnately branched ; branches
short, slender, spreading. Leaves yellowish, firm, spreading, subsquarrose,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, quite entire ; cells narrow ; nerve produced to
the middle, or shorter ; perichaetial erect, striated, inner with subulate tips.
Fruitstalk 1-2 in. long, smooth. Capsule cernuous, oblong, quite smooth ;
operculum conical. Inflorescence polygamous, male and female often
crowded together. — Wiis. Bryol. Brit. 365. t. 56.

Northern Island : hogs near Hawke’s Bay, Cotenso ; Hick’s Bay , Joltiffe. (Europe,
N. America.)

42. H. relaxum, Hook. f. and Wits. FI. N. Z. ii. 110. t. 90./. 1.
Stem procumbent, 2-4 in. long, vaguely subpinnately branched ; branches
long, erect, thickened at the top. Leaves yellowish, crowded, subsecund,
spreading and recurved, soft, rather twisted when dry, ovate, acuminate,
hardly serrulate ; nerve stout, solid ; cells oval. Inflorescence dioecious.

Northern and Middle Islands: probably common, Cotenso ; 'Wellington, Lgall ,
Akaroa, Raoul ; Port Cooper, Lyall.

4S0

IV. MUSCI.

[Hypnum.

43. H. decussatum, Ilook.f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 110. t. 90./. 2.
Stems rather stout, 3—4 in. long, procumbent, pinnately branched ; brandies
short, ■§• in. long, simple, crowded, often recurved. Leaves yellowish or
reddish, spreading, squarrose and recurved, not twisted when dry, ovate, long-
acuminate, almost quite entire ; nerve continuous nearly to the apex. Fruit
unknown. Inflorescence dioecious.

Northern and Twiddle Island : East Cape, Sinclair ; Cape Turnagain and Hawke’s
Hay, Colenso ; Banks’s Peuiusida, Joltiffe. (Tasmania.)

J. Acicularia.

44. H, aciculare, Labi.ll. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 110. Stems large, stout,
2-10 in. long, vaguely branched ; branches elongate, simple. Leaves
crowded, spreading and squarrose, undulated, pale green, large, ovate, long-
acuminate, serrate towards the apex, nerveless ; perichaetial small, oblong,
abruptly piliferous. Fruitstalk 1-2 in. high, stout, purple. Capsule 8-
angled, subcylindric ; operculum longer than the capsule,. with a slender beak.
Calyptra large, chesnut-brown, coriaceous. Inflorescence dioecious ; male
axillary red. — Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 92.

Abundant in woods throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, and in Lord
Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island. (Tasmania, Australia, temp. S. America,
Sandwich Islands.) — One of the largest and commonest N. Z. mosses.

45. H. densifolium, Brid. Sp. Muse. ii. 204. Habit and appearance
of II. aciculare , but leaves more crowded, all of their leaves strongly re-
fracted from the middle, more shortly acuminate, and very finely serrulate.

Northern Island : Wellington, Stephenson {Herb. Mitten.) (Tristan d’Acuuha.)

K. CoC HLEARIFOLIA.

46. H. cochlearifolium, Schwcegr. Suppl. t. 88 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 111.
Stems long, robust, prostrate, almost creeping, 2-4 in. long, cylindrical,
sparingly branched ; branches short, 1 in. long, erect, stout. Leaves pale
green, glossy, spreading, imbricate, orbicular, obtuse, quite entire, concave
and almost hemispherical ; nerve 0; cells narrow; perichaetial sheathing.
Fruitstalk f- in. long, smooth, arcuate at the top. Capsule subcernuous,
ovoid; operculum conical, half as long as the capsule. Inflorescence dioecious.
— -FI. Antarct. i. 139. Il.J/exile, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 10 (not of Swartz).

Var. /3. Stems more or less pendulous; branches shorter; fruitstalk very short, stout;
capsule more rounded ; operculum acuminate.

Throughout the Ncrthern and Middle Islands from the Bay of Islands, C unningham,
to Dusky Bay, Menzies , most abundant. Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s
Island, J. D. H. (Tasmania, Australia, Chiloe.)

47. H. clandestinum, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. N.Z. ii. 111. t. 90./. 3.
Stem procumbent, 2-3 in. long, cvlindric, vaguely sparingly branched;
branches i-1 in. long, straight or incurved. Leaves pale greyish-green,
glossy, spreading, imbricate, oblong-orbicular or broadly-oblong, very obtuse,
cordate at the base, very concave like a boat, scarcely toothed ; nerve 0 ; cells
narrow ; perichaetial subsquarrose. Fruitstalk short, in. long, smooth.
Capsule ceruuous or horizontal, oblong-cylindric, smooth ; operculum short,

Hypnurn .]

IV. MUSCI.

481

conical. Inflorescence monoecious ; male fl. : amongst or upon the leaves of
the fertile stem.

Middle Island: moist forests, Port William, Lyall; Chain Hills, Ctago, Lindsay;
Nelson, Travers ; Canterbury, Haast. (Tasmania, Australia.)

48. H. chlamydophyllum, Hook.f. and Wils. Fl. Antarct. t. 61./. 1 ;
— Fl. N. Z. ii. 111. Stems prostrate, 1-2 in. long, sparingly vaguely branched,
cylindrical ; branches long, erect, simple, cuspidate. Leaves pale green,
shining, spreading, imbricate, orbicular-subquadrate, rounded at the apex,
auricled at the base, quite entire, concave and inflated ; nerves 1 or 2, very
short ; cells narrow-oblong ; perichsetia] erect. Fruitstalk slender, 1-| in.
long, smooth. Capsule cernuous or horizontal, narrow, ovoid-oblong ; oper-
culum short, beaked. Inflorescence monoecious. — H. auriculatum, Montague.

Northern Island : abundant in moist woods in the interior, Colenso. Middle Island :
Dusky Bay, Menzies ; Nelson, Travers ; Canterbury, Haast; Otago and Port William,
Lyall, Hector and Buchanan. Campbell’s Island : barren, J. H. H. (Tasmania, Fuegia.)

49. H. inflatum. Hook. f. and Wils. Fl. N. Z. iii. 111. t. 90./. 5.
Stems large, stout, tumid, erect, 2-8 in. high and 3- in. diameter, very
sparingly branched. Leaves bright, shining, yellow, crowded, large and
inflated, closely imbricate, suberect, oblong, apiculate or acuminate, quite
entire, very concave, much undulated; apex recurved; nerve 0.

Northern Island: Mauawaki, Colenso. Middle Island: Nelson, Travers; Murray
Bay, Jolliffe (barren). A very remarkable moss, of which the genus cannot be determined
till the fruit is discovered.

50. H. vagum, Hornschich. Stems ascending, stout, much vaguely
branched. Leaves broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, almost nerveless; peri-
chaetial long, sheathing, more or less reflexed. Fruitstalk elongate, erect,
smooth, flexuous. Capsule oblong, nearly horizontal, purple; operculum
conical, subulate, straight.

Northern Island, Ken' ( in Herb. Mitten). I have seen no New Zealand specimens.
(Australia.)

51. H. divulsum, Hook. /. and Wils. Fl. N. Z. ii. 111. t. 90. /. 4.
Stems very long (2-5 in.), Aliform, slender, cylindrical, vaguely sparingly
branched ; branches rigid, suberect, incurved or straight. Leaves grey-green,
hardly glossy, spreading, loosely imbricate, rounded-obovate, obtuse or sub-
acute, minutely serrulate ; nerve reaching halfway ; cells punctiform ; perichse-
tial squarrose. Fruitstalk in. long. Capsule cvlindric-ovoid, cernuous;
operculum conical, acuminate. Inflorescence dioecious.- — Fl. Tasman, ii. 211.

Northern Island : Auckland, Kniglit. Middle Island: Nelson, Travers; Canter-
bury, Haast; Port Cooper and Banks’s Peninsula, Jolliffe , Lyall; Otago, Hector and
Buchanan. Similar to H. clandeslinum, but with nerved less-obtuse leaves and punctiform
cells. (Tasmania, Australia.)

L. Distichophylla.

52. H. extenuatum, Bridd. — H. crinitum, Hook. f. and Wils. Fl.
N. Z. ii. 114. t. 91. f. 4. Stems procumbent, 2-5 in. long, much pinnately
branched ; branches distant, \ in. long, flattened, acute. Leaves pale green,
shining, distichous, erecto-patent, subcompressed, concave, ovate-oblong,
obtuse, with a piliferous point as long as themselves, subserrulate ; nerve 0 ;

482

IV. M LTSC1 .

[Hypnum.

perichsetial nearly similar. Fruitstalk 1-2 in. long, slender, smooth. Cap-
sule ovoid-oblong, cernuous ; operculum conical. Inflorescence dioecious. —
Sullivant, Musci of U. S. Expl. Exped. 18.

Northern Island: not uncommon in woods, A. Cunningham, Cotenso, etc. Middle
Island : Pelorus harbour, Jollijfe ; Nelson, Travers ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan.
Lord Auckland’s Islaud, United States Expl. Exped. (Tasmania, Australia.) Our
H. crinitum is hardly different from H. extenuation. Bride], though smaller, with rather
larger points to the leaves (the figure in FI. N. Z. represents it as too large and robust.)
C. Mueller describes IT. extenuatum as a native of N. Zealand, at Kiapara (Bot. Zeit. 1851,
B66) ; there are a few barren scraps of it amougst my own Bay of Island collections, but
I cannot distinguish the two species except as forms.

53. H. politum, Hoofc. f. and TFils. ; FI. Antarct. t. 154. /. 2. — FI.
N. Z. ii. 114. Stems suberect or prostrate, 1 in. long, sparingly branched,
flattened ; branches \ in., acute. Leaves bright green, shining, closely im-
bricate, distichous, spreading, oblong, compressed, keeled, very concave,
acute, with subpiliferous apices, quite entire; nerve 0; cells very minute ;
perichsetial much shorter, ovate, erect, long acuminate. Fruitstalk 1 in. high,
smooth. Capsule inclined, slender, narrow oblong, with an attenuated apo-
physis; operculum conical, beaked, half as long as the capsule. Inflorescence
dioecious. — Phyllogonium cullichroum, Montague, not of Bridel.

Northern Island, Cotenso (scraps very barren). Middle Island : Otago, Hector and
Buchaunn. (Australia, Tasmania, Audes, Fuegia, Kerguelen Laud, S. Africa.)

-ml. H. poly Stic turn, Mitten, mss. Stem procumbent, flexuous, coin-
pressed, pinnately branched, 1-1^ in. long. Leaves pale yellow, shining,
compressed, distichously spreading, complicate, broadly ovate, shortly acu-
minate, serrulate; nerve 0; cells elongate, very narrow, each with a row of
about 5 papillae. — Mitten.

Northern Island : On a Lichen ( Sticta ), Knight. Characterized by Mitten, who
picked it from out of some Lichens sent by Dr. Knight. The leaves are hardly distichous,
being imbricated all round, though the branches are compressed and the lateral leaves
spread 2-l'ariously. The character of the cells is a very remarkable one, and compared by its
author to that of the Indian H. Nipalense and S. American H. planum ; it requires a high
power of the microscope to detect it.

55. H. denticulatum, Linn. Stems prostrate, sparingly branched, 1
in. long; branches short, subfascicled. Leaves complanate, light green and
glossy, inserted all round the stem but 2-farious, not undulate, concave, ob-
liquely ovate, subacute or with a short tapering entire or serrulate apex ;
margin recurved below; nerves 2, short, basal. Fruitstalk basal, 1 in. long,
stout, reddish. Capsule cylindric-oblong, inclined or horizontal; operculum
conical, subacute. Inflorescence monoecious. — Wils. Bryol. Brit. 407. t. 24;
H. Donianum, Smith.

Middle Island : Hopkin’s Biver, in Beech forests, alt. 3-4000 ft., Haast. (Europe, N.
America, Himalaya.) I follow Mitten in referring this plant to the European H. denticu-
latum, which is a very variable plant. The leaves of the New Zealand form are shorter,
broader, less acute, and less very obscurely serrulate.

The European H. riparum is stated (FI. N. Z. ii. 109) to be possibly a native of New
Zealand, from very imperfect specimens collected at Hawke’s Bay by Colenso. I do not
now find the specimens, which were very small and incomplete, and I think that the identifi-
cation is belter suppressed.

Omalia .]

IV. MUSCI.

483

64. OMALIA, Bridel.

Small, bright green, shining, creeping, stoloniferous, monceeious mosses ;
stems quite prostrate or suberect, pinnately branched ; branches flat. Leaves
distichously imbricated, often subsecund, but inserted 8-fariously, flattened,
the lateral oblique, unsymmetrical, vertical, inflexed at the base on one side ;
nerve short or 0 ; cells’ very minute, narrow. Fruitstalk lateral, long, slender,
curved at the tip. Capsule ovoid, drooping ; annulus obscure ; peristome of
Hypnum. Operculum beaked. Calyptra cucullate.

A small genus, found iu various temperate climates, on trees and rocks.

* Leaves dark green , serrulate.

Leaves obovate-oblong or spalhulate 1. 0. pulchella.

Leaves linear-oblong, undula'e when dry 2.0. oblongifolia.

** Leaves pale glossy green, quite entire.

Leaves oblong, with a flat falcate point ; nerve 0 3. 0. falcifolia.

Leaves rounded-obovate, nerved 4. 0. auriculata.

1. O. pulchella. Hook. f. and Wih. FI. N. Z. ii. 114. t. 91. /. 5.
Stems prostrate or inclined from a creeping rhizome, rigid, much pinnately
branched, J-l in. high ; brandies £ in. long. Leaves light green, not glossy,
crowded, complanate, distichous, oblong or rounded-obovate or spathulate,
apiculate, serrulate ; nerve stout, reaching halfway ; perichsetial squarrose.
Fruitstalk smooth, i in. high, arcuate at the top. Capsule nodding, broadly
ovoid ; operculum with a curved beak, as long as the capsule. Calyptra
white. Inflorescence dioecious. — Hookeria punctata, nob. in Lond. Jouru.
Bot. 1844. 550.

Northern and Middle Islands: on trees, probably common ; Bay of Islands, J. J).
H . ; Auckland, Knight ; Port Nicholson and Milford Sound, Lyall. (Norfolk Island.)

2. O. oblongifolia, Hook. f. and Wits. FI. N. Z. ii. 115. t. 91./. 6.
Similar in habit aud most characters to O. pulchella, but the branches are
narrower ; leaves deeper green, undulate when dry, longer, linear-oblong,
less serrulate, and the nerve is produced beyond the middle. — Hookeria punc-
tata, var. /3, nob. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1844. 550.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, with 0. pulchella, J. D. H. ; Auckland, Knight
(drawing only), Sinclair.

3. O. falcifolia. Hook. f. and Wits. FI. N. Z. ii. 115. t. 92/1.
Habit of 0. pulchella, but more simple ; branches much broader, in. across.
Leaves pale green, glossy, crowded, oblong, with a broad flat falcate obtuse
apex, quite entire ; nerve 0 ; periehgetial long, erect, narrow. Fruitstalk very
slender, in. long, arched at the top, smooth. Capsule oblong, horizontal
or nodding; operculum short, conical. Inflorescence dioecious. — Hypnum
falcifolium, nob. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1844, 554.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, Cunningham; Auckland, Sinclair, Jolliffe ; Port
Nicholson, Lyall. (Tasmania.)

4. O. auriculata. Hook. f. and Wih. FI. N. Z. ii. 115. t. 92./. 4.
Stems creeping, broad, 2-pinnately branched, 1-2 in. long and broad ;
secondary branches broad, short. Leaves pale vellow-green, glossy, sub-

484

XV. MUSCI.

[ Rhizogonium .

secuud, obovate-rotundate, apiculate, concave, quite entire, auricled at the
base; nerve produced to the middle, sometimes forked. Fruit unknown.

Northern Island: Auckland, on trees, Knight, Sinclair.

65. RHIZOGOmUM, Bridel.

Stems or branches erect, from a creeping rhizome; tufted, simple, rarely
branched, rigid, often compressed. Leaves rigid, distichous or imbricate all
round, simply or doubly spinulose, serrate; cells very lax, minute; nerve
stout. Fruitstalk lateral, from the bases of the stems, rarely from the side,
slender, long. Capsule inclined, suberect or nodding ; peristome of Hypnum.
Operculum usually beaked. Calyptra subulate, cucullate.

Tufted erect mosses, often very beautiful, common in tropical and subtropical and southern,
temperate forests.

A. Leaves distichous.

a. Leaves simply toothed or serrate or quite entire.

Leaves ovate-oblong, subobtuse ; nerve vanishing below' the ser-
rulate apex 1 . 22. distich urn.

Leaves ovate-oblong, denticulate ; nerve excurrent 2. 22. novce-Hollandice.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, quite entire ; nerve excurrent . . . 3 .JR. pennatum.

0. Leaves doubly serrulate.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; nerve continuous . ... 4. 22. bfarium.

B. Leaves spreading all round the stem , not distichous.

Leaves spreading, linear-subulate 5. 22. spiniforme.

Leaves erecto-patent, lanceolate-subulate, twisted when dry . . 6. 22 mnioides.

Leaves spreading, linear-lanceolate 7. 22. subbasilare.

1. R. distiehum, Bridel FI. N. Z. ii. 115. Stems in. high.

Leaves dark green, distichous, coriaceous, ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, toothed
at the apex ; margin not thickened ; nerve stout at the base, vanishing below
the apex. Fruitstalk stout, 1 in. high. Capsule horizontal, oblong; oper-
culum conical, beaked. Inflorescence dioecious. — R. Muelleri, Flamp. in
Linnsea; Hypnum, Schwaeg. Suppl. t. 87.

Northern and Middle Islands : common on stumps of trees, etc., Sinclair, etc. (Tas-
mania and Australia.)

2. R. novae-Hollandlse, Bridel ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 116. Stems slender,
£-1 in. high. Leaves glossy, yellow-green, pellucid, distichous, often secund,
rigid, oblong-ovate, acuminate, denticulate, margin scarcely thickened ; nerve
excurrent ; cells rather large. Fruitstalk 1 in. high. Capsule horizontal,
oblong, pale red ; annulus large ; operculum beaked, nearly as long as the
capsule. Inflorescence dioecious. — Les/cea, Schwacgr. Suppl. t. 88 ; FI. Ant-
arct. i. 136.

Northern and Middle Islands: common on wood. Lord Auckland’s group
(barren), J. D. H. (Tasmania and Australia.)

3. R. pennatum, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 116. t. 92./. 2.
Stems 1 in. high, very slender and elegant. Leaves pale vellow-green, shin-
ing, pellucid, spreading, distichous, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; margin
thickened ; nerve excurrent, stout. Fruitstalk 1 in. high. Capsule suberect,

Rhizogonium.\

IV. MTJSCI.

435

small, almost turbinate, annulate; operculum conical, beaked, nearly as long
as the capsule. Inflorescence dioecious.

Middle Island : on trees, Dusky Bay, Menzies ; Port Preservation, Lyall.

4. R. bifarium, Schimper in Bot. Zeit. 1844, 125 ; — -FI. N. Z. ii. 116.
Stems |-1 in. high, slender, branched above ; branches few, subfascicled,
slender, curved, rachis flexuous. Leaves dull green, distant, spreading, dis-
tichous, rigid, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; margin more or less thickened,
doubly-serrate ; nerve solid, continuous. Fruitstalk from the middle of the
stem, curved at the top. Capsule small, horizontal, ovoid; operculum coni-
cal, beaked, shorter than the capsule. — Hypnum, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 57,
FI. Antarct. i. 137. Trachyloma, Mitten.

Northern and Middle Islands: common in forests on stumps of trees, etc., Menzies,
etc. Chatham Island, W. Travers. Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H. (Tasmania.)

5. R. spiniforme, Bruch; — FI. N. Z. ii. 116. Stems rigid, 1-3 in.
high, stout, unbranched. Leaves yellow-brown or reddish, loosely imbricate,
spreading, rigid, linear-subulate ; margin thickened, doubly spinulose-serrate
on the edges and keel ; nerve stout, excurrent. Fruitstalk basilar. Capsule
horizontal, oblong, arcuate; operculum beaked. — Hypnum, Linn.; Hedwig
Sp. Muse. iii. t. 25.

Var. j3. Stems more slender; leaves shorter. — PI. Antarct. i. 137. T. Hookeri, C. Muell.
in Bot. Zeit. 1851, 547-

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, Cunningham. Kermadec group, M‘Gillivray,
Var. £. Middle Island : Queen Charlotte’s Sound, Jolliffe. Lord Auckland’s group
and Campbell’s Island : on rocks, barren, J. D. II. (Most tropical and temperate southern
latitudes.)

6. R. mnioides, Hoo/c.f. and TFils. FI. N. Z. ii. 116. Stems |-1 in.
long. Leaves dull green, lurid, erecto-patent, twisted when dry, lanceolate-
subulate, decurrent at the base ; margin narrowly thickened, doubly serrate ;
nerve solid. Fruitstalk basilar, in. long. Capsule subcernuous, ovoid;
operculum beaked. — R. Mossmanianum, C. Muell. in Bot. Zeit. 1851, 547.
Hypnum, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 77. H. subbasilar e, Schwsegr. Suppl. t. 256
(not of Hooker).

Northern Island: mountains of the interior, Colenso ; Auckland, Knight; Port
Nicholson, Sinclair. Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Menzies, Lyall. (Tasmania, Andes,
Fuegia.)

7. R. subbasilare, Scldmper in Bot. Zeit. 1844, 125. Branches erect,
compressed, simple. Leaves subbifarious or subsecund but not distichous,
erecto-patent, lax, linear-lanceolate, or linear-ligulate, acuminate, pellucid,
serrulate; nerve vanishing below the apex; cells lax; perichsetial minute,
nerveless. Fruitstalk basilar, flexuous. Capsule cylindric-oblong, cernuous
or horizontal ; operculum conical. Inflorescence monoecious. — FI. Tasman,
ii. 216. Hypnum, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 9. H. mnioides, Schwaegr. Suppl.
t. 257, not of Hook.

Middle Island : Canterbury, on shaded rocks, Travers ; Otago, Lammermuir hills and
Waipori Creeks; Hector and Buchanan. (Tasmania, Fuegia.)

66. HYMENODOU, Hook. f. and Wils.

A small elegant dioecious moss, with the habit of Rhizogonium. Leaves

486

IV. MUSCI.

[. Hymenodon .

distichous, oblong, piliferous, papillose; cells rounded, minute. Fruitstalk
slender, lateral from near the base of the stem. Capsule suberect ; peri-
stome of 16 narrow, subulate, membranous equidistant fugacious teeth, cohe-
ring by their tips, and united by a narrow basal membrane. Operculum
beaked. Calyptra split down one side. Inflorescence dioecious.

A small tropical genus, found in New Zealand, Java, and Brazil, on trunks of trees, etc.

1. H. piliferus. Hook. f. and Wih. FI. N. Z. ii. 117. t. 92. /. 3.
Stems quite simple, erect, in. high. Leaves brittle, light glaucous-green,
not shining, moistening slowly, laxly distichously imbricate, spreading,
elliptic-oblong, flat, with long piliferous points, erenulate ; nerve vanishing ;
perichsetial lanceolate, acuminate, erect. Fruitstalk 1 in. long and slender,
red. Capsule contracted at the mouth ; teeth white, fugacious, faintly
striate longitudinally and transversely. Calyptra small, white. — ? Hypmm
Mougeotianum, A. Rich. ; FI. N. Z. 57.

Northern and Middle Islands : Bay of Islands, on trunks of Cyathea dealbata,
J. I). H., etc. : Wangaroa and Auckland, Jolliffe ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Tas-
mania, Australia.)

67. HTPOPTERY GIUM, Bridel.

( Including Lopidium and Catharomnion.)

Rhizome creeping on trees; stems erect, tree-like, 1-2-3-pinnately
branched, flattened. Leaves 3-ranked, the lateral vertical and oblique ; dorsal
dissimilar, smaller, appressed to the stem, stipule-like ; nerve produced to the
apex, or vanishing ; cells minute. Fruitstalk lateral, produced underneath the
leaves, curved at the top. Capsule suberect, cernuous or pendulous, straight,
annulate ; peristome of Ilypnum or Leskea, outer sometimes wanting. Oper-
culum convex, beaked. Calyptra coriaceous, conical-subulate, usually
dimidiate.

Tropical and south . temperate mosses, abounding in damp woods, exceedingly pretty in
habit ; forming matted tufts in vegetable soil and on trees. Branches often radiatiug from
the top of the stem.

I. Hypopterygium. — Stem 2-3-pinnatelv branched above, there orbicular or deltoid in
outline ; branches I’adiating. Fruitstalk rather long. Capsule pendulous.

a. Leaves not mixed with bristles.

* Branches Z-pinnate 1. LI. filicul reform e.

** Branches 2-pinnate.

Fruitstalk stout. Operculum conical, acuminate. Inflorescence

monoecious 2. H. viridulum.

Fruitstalk slender. Operculum subulate, beaked, as long as the

capsule. Inflorescence dioecious 3. 3. oceanicum.

Leaves decurved ; dorsal with a continuous nerve 4. 3. novce-Zelandioe.

Leaves ovate, acute; dorsal with the nerve vanishing beyond the

middle 5 .3. discolor.

Leaves glaucous ; dorsal orbicular-ovate, acuminate ; nerve pro-
duced towards the apex 6. 3. glaucum.

f}. Leaves with bristles intermixed.

Leaves spinulose-serrate 1.3. tamariscinum.

Leaves slightly toothed at the apex . ... 8. 3. rolulatum.

Hypopterygiumi]

IV. MUSCI.

487

IT. Cathadomnton. — Stem elougate, pinnately branched above. Fruitstalk short.
Peristome single (outer absent). Leaves intermixed with bristles.

Leaves ciliate 9. FI. ciliatum.

III. Lopidiuh. — Stem elongate, pinnately branched above. Fruitstalk short. Capsule
inclined or cernnous. Peristome double.

Fruitstalk stout, smooth 10. H. concinnum.

Fruitstalk slender, rough 11. II. Slruthiopleris.

1. H. filiculaeforme, Bridel ; — Ft. N. Z. ii. 117. Stems erect, from
a creeping rhizome, naked below, 1-2 in. high, 3-pinnately radiatingly
branched like a small fern above, deltoid or broadly ovate in outline ;
branches numerous. Leaves small, deep green, distichous, spreading,
obliquely ovate-cordate, acuminate, subserrulate ; nerve vanishing; dorsal
orbicular, apiculate. Fruitstalk short, f in. long. Capsule ovoid, pendu-
lous ; operculum beaked, nearly as long as the capsule. Calvptra dimidiate.
Inflorescence dioecious. — Hyp/ium, Schwsegr. Suppl. t. 281 A.

Northern and Middle Islands : common on stumps of trees, etc., from the Bay of
Islands, J. D. II. ; to Otago, Lyall.

2. H. viridulum. Mitten, mss. — H. rotulatum, FI. 1ST. Z. ii. 118, not
Hypnurn rotulatum , Hedwig. Stems short, bright green, 2-pinnately
branched ; branches arranged in a deltoid form. Leaves on the main stem
broadly ovate, acute, quite entire; nerve vanishing beyond the middle, on the
branches similar, serrulate ; dorsal suborbicular, apiculate, with the nerve
continuous or ceasing below the apex ; cells oblong-hexagonal ; perichaetial
short, ovate, acuminate. Fruitstalk red. Capsule horizontal or pendulous ;
operculum conical, acuminate. Inflorescence monoecious.

Northern and Middle Islands: Wellington, Stephenson; Wangaroa and Akaroa,
Kerr (in Herb. Mitten). — The above is as described by Mitten, who observes that this is
a soft green moss with more slender branches than H. novce-Zelandice, and leaves with
larger cells that have acute ends. In appearance it comes nearest II. discolor , but it is
smaller, with different inflorescence.

3. H. oceanicum. Mitten, mss. Stems short, i— | in. high, expanding
into a rounded-triangular green frond, \ in. broad. Leaves on the primary
branches ovate-oblong, apiculate, slightly serrulate, margined; nerve slender,
vanishing beyond the middle ; upper cells rounded, lower oval, pellucid ;
leaves of branchlets more oblong and denticulate ; dorsal leaves small, orbi-
cular, denticulate ; nerve excurrent ; perichaetial erect, oblorig, subulate-
acuminate, quite entire, nerveless. Fruitstalk long. Capsule pendulous,
oblong, rugose at the base ; operculum with a subulate beak as long as the
capsule. Inflorescence monoecious. — Mitten.

Kermadec group: Sunday Island, Milne and M'GiUivray. — Very similar to H. viri-
dulum, but the fruitstalk is much longer and more slender. (Norfolk Island.)

4. H. novse-Zelandise, C. Muell. in Bot. Zeit. 1851, p. 562. — H.
Smitkianum, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 118. Stems 1-2 in. high;
branches arranged in a deltoid form. Leaves pale yellow-green, firm, more
or less decurved, distichous, orbicular-ovate, apiculate, margin thickened,
denticulate at the apex, rather concave ; nerve stout, continuous ; dorsal
orbicular, acuminate, with a stout continuous nerve; perichaetial lanceolate,

488

IV. MUSCI.

[ Ilypopterygium.

acuminate. Fruitstalk reddish, ± in. long. Capsule pendulous ; operculum
beaked. Calyptra dimidiate. Inflorescence dioecious. — Hookeria rotulata.
Smith in Linn. Trans, ix. 279 (not Leskea rotulata of Hedwig).

Abundant throughout the islands, at the roots of trees, etc., Menzies, etc. (Tasmania,
Australia.)

5. H. discolor. Mitten, mss. Habit of H. novce- Zelan dice, but rather
larger, not turning yellow when dry ; branches recurved at the apex. Leaves
on the stem broadly obliquely-ovate, subcordate, acute, serrulate ; nerve
vanishing at the middle, or the branches broader upwards, with longer nerve;
dorsal leaves on the stem orbicular, acuminate with the short nerve, on the
branches serrulate above with percurrent nerve ; pericliaetial small, ovate,
acuminate. Fruitstalk red. Capsule ovoid, horizontal ; operculum with a su-
bulate beak. Inflorescence dioecious.

Northern Island: Auckland, Knight, Jupp ; Kiapara, Mossmann.

6. H. glaucum, Sullivant, Musci of U. S. Expl. Exped. 26. — II.
Smithiunum, fi. FI. N. Z. ii. 118. A very small species ; stems tufted, -j- in.
high ; branches forming a nearly orbicular crown, pale glaucous yellow-green,
decurved. Leaves closely imbricate, very deflexed, broadly ovate-acuminate
or apiculate, obscurely serrulate ; nerve produced halfway or more ; dorsal
large compared with others, orbicular, abruptly acuminate, with the nerve
continuous. Fruitstalk stout, arcuate. Capsule ovoid, cernuous ; operculum
with a slender beak, nearly as long as the capsule.

Northern Island: common at the roots of trees, from the Bay of Islands, A. Cunning-
ham, etc., southwards.

7. K. tamariscinum, Sullivant, Musci of U. S. Expl. Exped. 26. — II.
setigerum, Hook. f. and Wils. Fi. N. Z. ii. 118. Stems 2 in. high, branched
as in II. rotulatum. Leaves yellow-green, rather glossy, mixed with small
bristles, distichous, ovate-acuminate, spinulose-serrate ; nerve vanishing ;
dorsal ovate, more acuminate, spinulose-ciliate. Fruitstalk very stout, \ in.
high; purplish, suddenly deflexed at the top. Capsule ovoid, pendulous,
pale, abrupt and tubercled at the base ; annulus distinct ; operculum yel-
low, beaked, as long as the capsule. Calyptra not dimidiate. Inflorescence
dioecious. — Hypnum setigerum , Palisot. Leskea tamariscina, Hedwig, Sp.
Muse. t. 51 (not Hypnum tamarisci of Swartz); FI. Antarct. i. 136.

Abundant throughout the islands, Cunningham, etc. Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H.
(barren). — Sullivant restores the name of tamariscinum to this plant, it being identical with
Hedwig’ s figure and description of Leskea tamariscina.

8. H. rotulatum, Hedwig (Leskea), not of FI. N. Z. ii. 118. Stem short,
naked below, 2-pinnately branched in a radiating manner above, there orbicular.
Leaves mixed with a few setae, dull green, not crowded, distichous, spreading,
crisped or undulate when dry, orbicular-ovate ; margin thickened, slightly
toothed at the apex ; nerve vanishing above halfway ; dorsal orbicular,
apiculate ; nerve very short ; perichaetial ovate-lanceolate, concave, setulose
on the back and apices, acuminate. Fruitstalk \ in. long. Capsule pendu-
lous ; neck tubercled ; operculum beaked. Inflorescence monoecious. —
Leskea, Hedwig, Sp. Muse. t. 51.

Hypoplerygium.']

IV. MUSCI.

489

Northern Island : Wangaroa, Kerr (in Herb. Mitten). — Mitten refers the II. rotula-
tum of FI. N. Z. to H. viridulum.

9. H. ciliatum, Bridel. — Catharomnion, FI. N. Z. ii. 119. Stems 1 in.
high, naked below, and covered with matted radicles, pinnately branched
above ; branches crowded, alternate. Leaves pale green, hoary (from tie
long cilia), mixed with set®, distichous, orbicular-ovate, acuminate, long-
ciliate; nerve vanishing; dorsal much smaller, ovate -lanceolate, acuminate,
ciliate. Fruitstalk very short, -J in. long, purplish, stout. Capsule nearly
erect, oblong, somewhat unequal, reddish-brown ; peristome large, single ;
operculum beaked. Calyptra mitriform, indexed, and laciniate at the base.
Inflorescence dioecious . — Fterigynandrum, Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 17.

Northern and Middle Islands: common in forests, on the ground, from the Bay of
Islands, J. Ii. H., to Nelson, Travers. (Tasmania.)

10. H. concinimm, Bridel. — Lopidium , FI. N. Z. ii. 119. Stems
1-3 in. high, naked below, pinnately branched above, then erect; ramification
ovate-oblong in outline. Leaves yellowish or yellow-green, distichous,
crowded, oblong-ligulate, acuminate, margin thickened, serrulate at the apex ;
nerve subcontinuous ; dorsal more dilated at the base ; cells very small,
roundish; perichajtial nearly entire; nerve nearly continuous. Fruitstalk

in. long, stout, thickened upwards, scarcely longer than the perichsetial
leaves, smooth. Capsule suberect ; operculum conical-subulate, nearly as
long as the capsule. Calyptra conical-subulate. Inflorescence dioecious. —
Leskea, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 34 ; FI. Antarct. i. 136.

Northern and Middle Islands: Bay of Islands, Withes’ s Expedition; Nelson, Travers;
Dusky Bay, Menzies ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Lord Auckland’s group: on
rocks, J. D. H.

11. H. Struthiopteris, Bridel.— Lopidium pollens, FI. N. Z. ii. 119.
Flabit and ramification of II. concinnum. Leaves pale, crisped when dry,
ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, toothed at the apex, margin thickened ;
nerve stout, excurrent ; dorsal cordate, acuminate ; perichsetial with longer
points. Fruitstalk slender, | in. long, rough. Capsule horizontal, annu-
late ; operculum beaked, as long as the capsule. Calyptra cleft on one side.
Inflorescence monoecious. — Mitten in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 96. Leskea
concinna , Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 269 (not of Hooker).

Northern and Middle Islands : common in damp forests, etc. (Australia, Tasmania,
Chili, Java.)

68. CYATHOPHORTJM, Palisot.

Bright green, large, simple, dioecious mosses. Rhizome creeping on trees ;
stems erect, simple. Leaves 3-ranked ; lateral vertical, spreading, oblique ;
dorsal smaller, stipule-like, rounded, appressed to the stem ; nerve short,
often 2-fid ; cells large, lax. Fruitstalk lateral, very short, inserted in a cup-
shaped tumid sheath on the under-surface of the stems. Capsule oblong,
straight, annulate; peristome of Hypnum. Operculum convex, acuminate.
Calyptra small, mitriform.

A most beautiful genus of mosses, confined to India, Australia, and N. Zealand.

VOL. I. 2 K

490

IV. MXJSCI.

[Cyalhophorum.

1. C. pennatum, Bridal; — FI. N. Z. ii. 120. Stems erect, 2 in. to
1 ft. long, simple, rarely 2-fid, naked below, very flat, bright green and trans-
lucent. Leaves distichous ; lateral i- £ in. long, ovate-oblong, oblique,
serrate ; nerve half as long, often forked ; dorsal leaves rounded, apiculate ;
perichsetial small, slender. Fruitstalk very short, stout, curved ; sheath
large, conspicuous. Capsules large, ovoid, pale brown ; spores small ; oper-
culum conical, acuminate, half as long as the capsule. Calyptra very small,
cellular, brown, covering the upper half of the operculum. Antheridia mixed
with club-shaped paraphyses. — Hookeria pennata. Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 163.

Var. (3. minus. Leaves more distant, acute, FI. Antarct. i. 143. t. 62. f. 3.

Var. y. apiculatum. Stems short ; leaves shorter, apiculate, more sharply serrate.

Abundant throughout the islands from the Bay of Islands to Lord Auckland’s Island.
Var. fi. Lord Auckland’s Island, J. D. H. ; Totara, Colenso. Var. y. Middle Island, Lijall.
(Tasmania and S.E. Australia.)

69. CALOMNION, Hook. f. and Mils.

A minute, densely tufted, dioecious, bright green, shining moss, growing
on trunks of trees. Stems simple, flattened, lanceolate, erect from a creeping
rhizome. Leaves 3-farious, of 2 forms ; lateral distichous, lanceolate ; dorsal
appressed, broader, both quite entire, with stout nerves ; cells minute,
rounded. Fruitstalk terminal, stout, erect. Capsule erect, cylindric-oblong,
annulate ; mouth contracted ; teeth 0. Operculum with a long beak.
Calyptra cucullate.

A very curious moss, of doubtful affinity.

1. C. lsetum. Hook. f. and Wils. FI. N.Z. ii. 97. t. 87./. 5. Stems
^ in. high, persistent, the old ones bristle-like. Lateral leaves vertical, but
not as to insertion, oblong-lanceolate, acute ; nerve reaching the tip ; dorsal
leaves appressed, nearly orbicular, apiculate ; perichsetial erect, linear, rather
obtuse. Fruitstalk about as long as the stem ; operculum nearly as long as
the capsule. Male flowers gemmiform, with closely imbricate scales ; para-
physes few or 0. — Eudadon complanatum, Hook. f. and Wils. in Lond. Journ.
Bot. iii. 538.

Northern and Middle Islands : Bay of Islands, Sinclair ; on dead trees and tree-fern
trunks, J. D. H. ; Waikehi, Sinclair ; Auckland, Knight ; N.E. valley, Otago, Hector
and Buchanan.

70. RACOPILUM, Palisot.

Rigid dark green mosses. Stems creeping, on wood, rock, and the
ground, more or less pitmately branched, often tomentose with radicles.
Leaves more or less distichous, or imbricate all round, usually of two forms ;
lateral spreading, subdistichous, subpapillose ; dorsal smaller ; nerve ex-
current, piliferous ; cells minute, rounded. Fruitstalk lateral, stout or
slender, erect, usually curved at the top. Capsule unequal, elongate, curved,
drooping, erect, or pendulous, grooved, annulate ; peristome of Hypnum.
Operculum beaked. Calyptra mitriform, more or less hairy below, rarely gla-
brous, sometimes dimidiate, base inflexed, fringed.

A rather large tropical and subtropical genus.

Racopilum. ] iv. musci. 491

a. Leaves of two forms ; dorsal smaller.

Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate. Fruitstalk stout, i in. long . . . 1. R. strumiferum.

Leaves oblong, obtuse. Fruitstalk very slender 2. R. cristatum.

Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate. Fruitstalk stout, 1-1 \ in. long . . 3. R. latum.

#. Leaves uniform.

Leaves obliquely ovate-cordate, acuminate ......... 4. R. robustum.

1. R. strumiferum, C. Muell. Rot. Zeit. 1851, 563. — R. australe, FI.
N. Z. ii. 121. t. 92. f. 7. Stem -|-6 in. long, tomentose with brown radicles,
vaguely subpinnately branched ; branches short, straight or curved. Leaves
yellow or green, crisped when dry, lateral distichous, spreading, ovate or
oblong-ovate, acuminate and almost piliferous by the long, stout, pellucid
excurrent nerve, serrulate at the apex, dorsal leaves smaller. Fruitstalk \ in.
long, stout, 3-angular when dry. Capsule yellow, afterwards red, horizontal,
decurved, strumose, narrow, cylindrical, grooved ; operculum with a short
beak. Calyptra hairy, inflated below, hardly dimidiate. Inflorescence mo-
noecious or dioecious.

Northern and Middle Islands : common in forests, on the roots of trees, Cunningham ,
etc. (Tasmania.) --

2. R. cristatum, Hook. f. and Wits. FI. N. Z. ii. 121. t. 92./. 7.
Stem 1-3 in. long, slender, vaguely branched. Leaves pale green, much
smaller than in the others, lateral distichous, spreading, crisped when dry,
oblong, obtuse, serrulate at the apex ; nerve excurrent in a hair-point ; dorsal
much smaller, ovate-cordate, acuminate. Fruitstalk f in. long, very slender,
terete wdien dry. Capsule horizontal, curved, grooved ; teeth scabrid at the
back ; operculum with a short beak. Calyptra sparingly pilose, dimidiate. —
? R. tomentosum, C. Muell. in Bot. Zeit. 1851, 563.

Northern Island: forests at Tehawera, Colenso. Kermadec group, M‘ Gillivray .
(Norfolk Island, Tasmania, Australia, India, Japan, Pacific.)

3. R. Isetum, Mitten in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 93. Stem slender, 1-2 in.
long. Leaves pale yellow-green, lax, crisped when dry, lateral, subdisticlious,
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, subserrulate ; nerve concolorous, excurrent ;
dorsal broader, shorter, ovate, acute. Fruitstalk 1-1 in. long, twisted when
dry. Capsule horizontal, slightly curved ; operculum with a subulate beak,
■§■ as long as the capsule. Calyptra sparingly pilose.

Northern Island, Kerr ; Auckland, Sinclair. Middle Island, Nelson, Jolliffe,
Manlell. Very similar to R. strumiferum , but the fruitstalk is much longer.

4. R. robustum. Hook. f. and Wits. FI. N. Z. ii. 121. t. 92./. 5. Stems
stout, i- 1^ in. long, sparingly branched ; branches ascending. Leaves all
uniform, pale yellow-green, crowded, spreading, complicate and involute when
dry, obliquely ovate-cordate, acuminate, subserrate at the apex, piliferous apex
long. Fruitstalk stout, in. long, twisted when diy. Capsule much curved,'
long cylindric, lower part erect, upper horizontal, grooved ; operculum shortly
beaked. Calyptra mitriform, hairy, shortly split at the base. Inflorescence
monoecious ?

2 K 2

492 iv. MUSCJ. [Racopiluin .

Northern Island: forests at Tehau-totara, etc., Cole/iso, Jollijfe. Chatham Island,
W. Travers.

71. HOOKEBJA, Smith.

Monoecious or dioecious mosses. Stems prostrate or creeping, rarely sub-
erect, variously branched, often pinnatelv ; branches usually compressed or
quite flat. Leaves usually membranous, imbricate all round or distichous ;
lateral often dissimilar, stipule-like and oblique; nerve 0 or 1-2; cells lax,
rhomboid or hexagonal. Fruitstalk lateral, slender, often recurved at the top.
Capsule ovoid, cernuous ; annulus obscure or 0; peristome double; outer of
16 lanceolate-subulate incurved teeth, ribbed on the outer face, trabeculate
on the inner; inner a membrane divided into 16 keeled teeth, with rarely
interposed cilia ; operculum beaked. Calyptra mitriform, naked or fringed
at the base.

A large genus of tropical and temperate mosses, of which few species occur in the north
temperate zone, but many in the south.

§ I. Saui.ojia, Hook f. and Wils. Leaves subsecund, not margined; cells large, lax.
Outer teeth remotely barred at the back ; inner keeled, without interposed cilia. Calyptra
naked, indexed at the base, not fimbriate.

Leaves oblong-ovate, acute, quite entire 1. H. tenella.

§ II. Mniadelphus, C.Muell. Leaves margined or not; nerve 0 or vanishing. Inner
teeth of peristome without interposed cilia. Calyptra fimbriate at the base ( Distichophyllum ,
Dozy and Molkb.).

a. Leaves with thickened margins.

* Leaves serrulate ; nerve 0 or reaching halfway.

Leaves orbicular-obovate ; cells large, lax ; nerve 0 2. H. apiculata.

Leaves orbicular-ovate ; cells large, lax ; nerve reaching halfway . 3. H. rot undifolia.

** Leaves quite entire ; nerve reaching halfway.

Leaves green, obovate or oblong ; cells small ; perichsetial acumi-
nate 4. H. crispula.

Leaves white, obovate, apiculate ; cells small ; perichsctial obtuse . 5. H. pulcliella.

Leaves yellowish, obovate, apiculate, crisped when dry ; perichaetial

obtuse 6 . H. sinuosa.

Leaves yellow-green, obovate, not apiculate ; margin reflexed ; pe-

richeetial obtuse 7 . H. amblyophylla.

Leaves yellow, oblong, acute, filmy ; perichsetial acute . ... 8. H. adnata.

Leaves obovate-spathulate, apiculate, opaque ; perichectial ovate,

acute 9. H. flexuosa.

0. Leaves without thickened margins.

Leaves obovate, obtuse 10. H. microcarpa.

§ III. Pterygophyllum, Bridel. Leaves flattened, not margined, toothed; nerve short,
2-fid ; cells large, lax. Eruitstalk glabrous. Outer teeth remotely barred. Calyptra .not
fimbriate at the base, often laciniate. (The species of this section are probably all forms of one.)
Stems 2-10 in. long. Leaves pale green, obovate or rhomboid . 11. H . quadrifaria.
Stems 5-1 in. long. Leaves blackish, oblong-ovate or obovate . 12. H. denticulata.

Stems 1-4 in. long. Leaves pale green, ovate-oblong . . . .13 ■ H. robusta.

Stems 5-1 i i. long. Leaves brown or blackish and spathulate . 13. H. nigella.

§ IV. Eriopus, Bridel. Leaves flattened, scarcely margined, serrate; nerves 2, short;
cells large, lax. Fruitstalk crested above with long hairs. Outer teeth trabeculate; inner
with interposed cilia. Calyptra fimbriate at the base, papillose at the apex.

Ilookeria.]

IV. MUSCI.

493

Stems 2-4 in. long. Leaves obovate 14. IT. cristata.

Stems 1 in. high. Leaves orbicular-oblong 15. IT. flexicollis.

§ I. Sauloma.

1. H. tenella, HooJc. f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 122. t. 92./. 8. Stems
short, stout, sparingly branched, in. high. Leaves almost white, glossy,
crowded, imbricate, secund, plicate, narrow ovate-oblong or lanceolate, acute ;
margin quite entire, not thickened, recurved ; nerve 0 or very faint ; cells
lax; perichsetial small, ovate-lanceolate, erect. Fruitstalk £ in. high, smooth.
Capsule erect or subcernuous, small, ovoid, contracted below the mouth when
dry ; operculum short, conical, hardly beaked. Calyptra naked, even at the
base. Inflorescence dioecious.

Northern and Middle Islands on dead wood, Colenso ; Banks’s Peninsula, Lyall.
(Tasmania.)

§ II. Mniadelphus.

2. H. apiculata, Ilook.f. and Wils. FI. Antarct. 421, 155./. 6 ; — FI.
N. Z. ii. 122. _ Stems tufted, 1 in. high, stout, erect, sparingly branched,
below covered with black radicles ; branches compressed, fertile, procum-
bent. Leaves loosely imbricate, undulate when dry, lateral spreading ; dorsal
appressed, ovate-orbicular, apiculate ; margin thickened, subserrate at the
apex ; nerve 0 ; cells large, hexagonal ; perichsetial erect, ovate-lanceolate,
acute. Fruitstalk flexuous, rough. Capsule horizontal or cernuous, ovoid,
subapophysate ; operculum shorter than the capsule, with a straight beak.
Calyptra small, hairy, white, fimbriate at the base. Inflorescence dioecious.

Northern Island : creeping amongst Racopilum (barren), Colenso. Mitten observes
that this is truly an Eriopus, though wanting the technical character of the hairs on the fruit-
stalk. (Tasmania, Fucgia.)

3. H. rotundifolia, Tloolc. f. and Wils. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1844,
p. 551 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 122. t. 93./. 1. Small; stems prostrate, £in. long,
sparingly branched ; branches compressed, slender. Leaves dark green, lax,
spreading, crisped when dry, orbicular-ovate, apiculate ; margin thickened,
toothed ; nerve reaching halfway ; cells large, lax ; perichsetial toothed.
Fruitstalk slender, i in. long, smooth. Capsule horizontal, narrotv-oblong,
pale; operculum with a slender straight beak, nearly as long as the capsule.
Calyptra fimbriate at the base. Inflorescence dioecious.

Northern and Middle Islands : not uncommon on fallen trees, etc., from the Bay of
Islands, J. 1>. H., to Milford Sound, Tyall.

4. H. crispula, Ilook.f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 122. t. 93./. 2. Stems
short, green, rather broad, prostrate, | in. long, very sparingly branched ;
branches flattened. Leaves bright green, opaque, not glossy, spreading, disti-
chous, crisped when dry, obovate-oblong or broadly oblong, apiculate ; margin
thickened, quite entire ; nerve reaching halfway ; cells very minute ; perichsetial
ovate, acuminate. Fruitstalk slender, smooth. Capsule, etc., as in H. rotundi-
folia.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, on clay banks, J. D. H. Lord Auckland’s
group, Hombron (fide Ufon/apne). (Tasmania.)

494

IV. MUSCI.

\Hookeria.

5. H. pulchella, Hook.f. andWils.Fl.Antarct. 142. t. 62./.1;— FI. N. Z.
ii. 1 23. Stems prostrate, \ in. long, soft, flattened, sparingly branched. Leaves
white, pellucid, flaccid, crowded, distichous, broadly obovate, obtuse or api-
culate, with a narrow, thickened, quite entire margin ; nerve reaching half-
way ; cells small, rounded ; perichsetial erect, smaller, ovate, obtuse ; tips re-
flexed. Fruitstalk % in. high, rough and thickened at the top. Capsule
suberect or cernuous, small, oblong, with a narrow apophysis ; operculum
shorter than the capsule ; beak straight. Calyptra fimbriate. Inflorescence
dioecious.

Northern Island : Tararua, Colenso. Middle Island : common, Bligh’s Sound, Lyall ;
Canterbury, Travers ; on the ground, Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Lord Auckland’s
group : on twigs of trees, J. D. H. (Tasmania.)

6. H. sinuosa, Hook.f. and Wils.Fl. Tasm. ii. 219. t. 177./. 3. Stems
•§ in. long, compressed, sparingly branched. Leaves yellowish, crowded,
firm, subdistichous, crisped and undulate when dry, obovate, obtuse ; margin
broadly thickened, quite entire ; nerve reaching halfway; cells small; peri-
chaetial small, obtuse. Fruitstalk 1 in. high, glossy, smooth, red. Capsule
imperfect. Calyptra fimbriate. Inflorescence dioecious.

Northern Island : probably from near Auckland, Sinclair. (Tasmania.)

7. H. amblyophylla, Hook.f. and TFils. Fl.N.Z. ii. 123. t. 93./. 3.
Stems large, stout, prostrate, 2-3 in. long, sparingly branched, compressed.
Leaves yellow-green, lurid when old, crowded, distichous, erecto-patent,
appressed when dry, obovate, rounded at the apex ; margin thickened, quite
entire, and often recurved at the apex ; nerve reaching halfway ; cells mi-
nute ; perichsetial obtuse. Fruitstalk 1 in. high, slender, smooth. Capsule
small, narrow, horizontal or cernuous. Calyptra fimbriate at the base. In-
florescence dioecious.

Northern Island ; Port Nicholson, Sinclair; Auckland, Knight. Middle Island:
bogs, Mataura river, Hector and Buchanan. (Tasmania.)

8. H. adnata, Hook.f. and TFils. FI. N. Z. ii. 123. t. 93./. 4. Stems
short, j in. long, reddish, sparingly branched; branches broad, compressed.
Leaves pale yellow, delicately membranous, distichous, undulate when dry,
oblong or subspathulate, acute ; margin very narrowly thickened, quite en-
tire ; nerve reaching halfway ; cells minute ; perichsetial ovate, acute. Fruit-
stalk very slender, } in. long, smooth, red. Capsule very small, cernuous,
ovoid ; operculum as long as the capsule ; beak slender. Calyptra fimbriate
at the base. Inflorescence monoecious.

Northern Island : common on leaves of trees and ferns, especially on Trichomanes
elongatum, Cunningham, etc.

9. H. flexuosa, Mitten. A small species, intermediate between H.
adnata and crispula. Leaves spreading, obovate-spatlndate obovate-ob-
long or broadly oblong, shortly apiculate ; margin thin, flexuous, cartilagi-
nous ; nerve vanishing beyond the middle ; cells very minute, rounded ; pe-
richsetial small, ovate, acute. Fruitstalk curved and subscabrid at the apex.
Capsule ovoid, horizontal ; operculum subulate. — Mitten, mss.

Middle Island : Banks’s Peninsula, Herb. Knight. — I have seen no specimens of this

Hookeria .]

IV. MUSCI.

495

species, which Mitten describes from two stems seDt by Dr. Knight ; he observes that the
very minute cells in. diam.) give a more obscure appearance to this moss than to any

of its allies.

10. H. microcarpa, Hook.f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 123. Stems 1-5 in.
long, vaguely branched ; branches broad, compressed. Leaves large, pale
green, whitish in the middle, distichous, imbricate, appressed when dry, ob-
ovate, obtuse ; margin not thickened, quite entire ; nerve 0 ; cells large and
pellucid near the centre, smaller towards the margin ; perichaetial minute,
ovate-lanceolate, Fruitstalk ^ in. long. Capsule small, erect or cernuous,
ovoid ; operculum short, beaked. Calyptra fimbriate at the base. Inflores-
cence dioecious. — Ilypnum , Hedwig, Sp. Muse. t. 59. Fterigopliyllum,
Bridel.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Cunningham, etc. (Tas-
mania.)

§ III. Pterigopiiyllum.

11. H. quadrifaria} Smith ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 124. Very large. Stems
suberect, 2-10 in. long, sparingly branched ; branches compressed, -§■ in.
broad. Leaves pale green, large, whitish when old, loosely imbricate, disti-
chous, vertical, obliquely broadly obovate or subrhomboid, obtuse ; margin
not thickened, denticulate (quite entire on barren shoots) ; dorsal suborbi-
cular ; nerve forked, vanishing ; cells large, lax, hexagonal; perichaetial small,
ovate. Fruitstalk 1 in. long. Capsule pendulous, oblong, tubercled ; oper-
culum conical, with a nearly straight subulate beak. Calyptra small ; base
not fimbriate, lacerate. Inflorescence dioecious. — Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 109 ;
Schwaegr. Suppl. t. 162.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands: abundant, Menzies, e tc. ; in dark
woods, on the ground.

12. Sri. denticulata, Hook. f. and Wils. FI. Antarct. i. t. 62. f. 2.
Stem suberect, sparingly branched, 1 in. high ; branches compressed, subin-
curved, rigid when dry. Leaves shining, pale green when fresh, opaque black
crisped and fragile when dry, loosely sub-4-fariously imbricate, lateral disti-
chous, oblong, ovate or obovate, obtuse or subacute ; margin toothed, not
thickened; dorsal orbicular ; nerve short, vanishing, 2-fid ; cells large, hexa-
gonal; perichaetial small, ovate. Fruitstalk ^ in. long, stout, red. Capsule
cernuous or pendulous, oblong, narrowed at the base ; operculum short, beaked.
Calyptra glabrous, coriaceous, not fimbriate at the base. Inflorescence dioecious.

Xiord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island: in wet places, J. D. H. (Fuegia
and Falkland Islands.)

13. H. robusta, Hook.f. and Wils. FI. N. Z. ii. 124. t. 93./. 5. Very
large; stems 1-4 in. high, suberect, rigid, sparingly branched; branches
flattened. Leaves pale yellow-green, subglaucous, slightly undulate when dry,
distichous, vertical, coriaceous, ovate-oblong, obtuse ; margin not thickened,
toothed; nerve purplish, reaching to the middle; dorsal erect, appressed,
obovate. Fruitstalk f in. long, smooth. Capsule pendulous, ovoid ; oper-
culum very short. Calyptra glabrous. Inflorescence dioecious.

Northern Island : moist woods, in the iuterior, Cotenso, etc.

496

IV. MUSCI.

[ Hooker ia.

14. H. nigella, Hook.f. and TFils. Ft. N. Z. ii. 124. t. 93./. 6. Stems
suberect, 3— 1 in. high ; branches and foliage as in H. denticulata, but lurid-
green, spathulate-obovate, blackish when dry ; perichaetial forming a conspi-
cuous bulb, and operculum shorter than the capsule.

Throughout the Efforthern and Middle Islands : in dark woods. Kermadec group,
Milne. Lord Auckland’s Island, U. S. Expl. Exped. (Tasmania, Australia.)

§ IV. Eriopus.

15. Irl. cristata, Arnott ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 125. Large, robust. Stems
rigid, suberect, 2-4 in. high, sparingly branched ; branches flattened, £—| in.
broad. Leaves green, pale, crisped when dry, laxly imbricate, distichous,
broadly obovate, subacute; margin slightly thickened, sharply serrate ; dorsal
orbicular, apiculate; nerves 2, basal ; perichaetial broadly ovate, acuminate,
piliferous. Fruitstalk short, -|-f in., arched at the top, then crested with
long white hairs. Capsule subpendulous, pyriform ; operculum beaked.
Calyptra short, ciliate, fimbriate at the base, papillose at the top. Inflores-
cence dioecious. — Leskea, Hedwig, Sp. Muse. t. 49. Chcetophora , Bridel.

Common in damp places throughout the K1 or them and Middle Islands : on trunks of
trees, etc.

16. K. fiexicollis, Mitten, mss. Stems 1 in. high, loosely tufted,
ascending. Leaves pale yellow-green, lateral spreading, orbicular-oblong,
apiculate ; margin cartilaginous, serrulate above ; nerve very short ; cells
small, oblong ; dorsal smaller ; pericluetial ovate-subulate. Eruitstalk pale,
crested with cilia, flexuous. Capsule small, short, oval, horizontal; opercu-
lum subulate. Calyptra pale, with appressed cilia.

Middle Island: Canterbury Alps, Sinclair and Haast ; Otago, wet rocks, Dunedin,
Hector and Buchanan. Closely allied to H. apicnlata, hut the fruitstalk is crested with
bristles.

72. BALTOmA, Hook, and Tayl.

Small, erect, tufted, monoecious or hermaphrodite mosses. Leaves imbri-
cated all round the stem; margin thickened ; nerve strong; cells rhomboid.
Fruitstalk lateral, erect, rather rough. Capsule erect or suberect, ovoid, ob-
scurely apophysate; annulus 0; peristome double, outer of 16 narrow teeth,
incurved when dry, recurved when moist, with a middle line, slightly barred ;
inner a membrane divided to the base into 1 6 keeled cilia. Operculum
with a straight beak. Calyptra conico-mitriform, ciliate at the base.

A small genns of tropical and temperate mosses, often growing on small twigs of trees
and bushes.

1. D. nervosa, Uoolc.f. and TFils. in TFils. Bryol. Brit. 419 in note. —
Iiookeria, FI. Antavct. 142. t. 61. f. 5. Stems crowded, suberect, 4-14 in.
high, sparingly fastigiately branched. Leaves pale green, closely imbricate,
erecto-patent, appressed when dry, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, keeled ; margin
thickened, quite entire ; nerve strong, continuous, subexcurrent; cells rounded;
perichaetial shorter, erect, oblong, subacute. Fruitstalk 4 in. long, red, rough
near the top. Capsule small, subereet, cylindric-ovoid, apophysate; opercu-
lum conical, with a short beak. Calyptra fimbriate at the base. — D. Novce-
Zeland'uB, Mitten in Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. 95.

Daltoniaf]

IV. MUSCI.

497

Northern Island : 'Wellington, Stephenson. Lord Auckland’s group : on twigs of
bushes, etc., J. D. H. Much resembling the British D. sp/achnoides, in which the nerve
ceases below the apex of the leaf.

Order V. HEPATIC.ZE.

( Including Jijngermannie.e and Marchantieje.)

Small plants, rarely more than 1-2 in. high, loosely cellular, without woody
fibres or vascular tissue. Fronds either furnished with stem and leaves, or
forming flat, more or less divided foliaceous expansions. Leaves usually disti-
chous, sometimes tristichous, those on one surface being smaller (stipules).
Reproductive organs of three kinds : capsules containing minute spores, pro-
duced (as in Musci) from archegonia ; antheridia, which are minute mem-
branous sacs, by means of whose contents the archegonia are fertilized, and
yemmce. 1. Capsule lateral or terminal, either sunk in the frond or more
often raised on a while cellular stalk ; sometimes hidden in cavities of a
stalked green receptacle, usually bursting into 4 valves placed crosswise, and
containing microscopic spores mixed with spiral fibres. At an early stage the
capsule is covered with a calyptra, which is tipped with a brown styliform
process and sheathed at the base by a tubular or flattened perianth, which
again is usually surrounded by altered leaves which form the involucre.
2. Antheridia oblong or globose, membranous sacs, as in Musci. 3. Gemmae
or cellular buds, found chiefly in the frondose division (Marchantie.®),
in variously-shaped receptacles on the surface of the frond-

A large Order of plants, found in all parts of the world, but most abundant in the humid,
warm, and temperate climates.

The Hepatica may be divided into two primary groups, one of them foliaceous , ■which are
supplied with distinct leaves, and the other frondose, in which the green axis is continuous
and simple, or forked or lobed at the edge ; two New Zealand genera, Noteroc/ada and
Fossombronia, are intermediate between these groups, and may be regarded either as frou-
dose, with the frond pinnatifid to the midrib, or as foliaceous, with the leaves united more
or less at the base.

To understand the structure of a foliaceous Sepatica, search any copse or forest for
greeu or brown moss-like plants, bearing slender white cellular fruitstalks surmounted by 4
little brown radiating arms (valves) placed cross-wise. These differ conspicuously from all
mosses in the white cellular fruitstalk, and capsule divided into the above 4 radiating valves ;
they further differ from most mosses in the leaves being invariably 2-ranked or sometimes
3-ranked, the third rank being different in form and called stipules ; also, unlike so many
mosses, they rarely grow upright, and the rootlets all descend from one side only of the stem
and branches. Now let the specimen be held up with the side from which the roots descend
away from the observer ; this surface is called the ventral, that towards the observer the
dorsal. The third rank of leaves (stipules), if present, is invariably dorsal, and the rootlets
often grow from the base of the stipules. Next observe the direction in which the leaves
are set in the stem ; they are rarely horizontally set on, usually obliquely. If the obliquity
is such that the lower margin is next the observer (dorsal), the insertion of the leaves is
called succubous, in this case (still looking at the dorsal side of the stem) each leaf overlaps
the one below it, or would do so if they were close together. If, on the other baud, the
upper margin is next the observer (dorsal), the insertion is called incubous, and in this case
each leaf overlaps the one above it. This must be clearly understood, for no genus has
both incubous and succubous leaves. In some genera one margin of the leaf, always the
ventral, unites with the stipule ; if the genus is succubous, the union is between the leaf and
the stipule above it ( Lepidozia ) ; if incubous, between the leaf and the stipule below it
( Mastiff obryum ) .

498

V. HEPATICvE.

The fruiting organs appear at the tips or sides of the stems or branches, or sometimes of
short lateral proper branehlets (i. e. of branchlets formed for the purpose) and consist of, first,
an involucre formed of the two (or few) last pairs of leaves and the corresponding stipules,
which become erect, often elongate, and are more lobed than usual ; within this is second, the
perianth, an erect tubular or inflated sheath, often compressed, winged or angled, with a
contracted or dilated entire lobed or 2-3-lipped mouth; within this again is, third, the calyp-
tra, an oblong cyliudric body, split at the side or top ; and fourth, inserted within the calyp-
tra, is the capsule, which, when ripe, is carried up on a long or short white cellular fruit-
stalk.

The capsule splits into 4 valves placed crosswise, and contains spores mixed with extremely
delicate long cells, which contain usually 2 coiled fibres.

Of all these organs the calyptra alone is never absent : there may be no involucre, or the
involucral leaves may be adnateto the perianth, or reduced to scales growing on the perianth.
The calyptra is sometimes confluent with the perianth ; in Gottschea it is sunk in the
hollowed tip of the stem ; in Saccogyne and Gymnogyne, it is enclosed in a curious fleshy
tubular sac that descends from the branch into the ground, or swings from the tip of the
branch.

So much for the plant when in fruit. The female inflorescence consists of one or more
archegonia, analogous to those of mosses , these are slender flagon-shaped bodies, with a
central cavity communicating with the air by the tubular neck. In the cavity of the arche-
gonium is a solitary loose cell ; to this the antherozoid (from the antheridia or male inflo-
rescence) gains access and fertilizes it. After fertilization the archegonium swells (often
carrying up on its surface the other archegonia, which, not being fertilized, do not change)
and its aperture closes ; meanwhile the enclosed cell is becoming rapidly developed into a
capsule, with its fruitstalk, which eventually bursts through the side of the enlarged arche-
gonium (thereafter called calyptra), rises into the air, splits into 4 valves, and discharges
the spores. Thus, one great difference between Musci and Hepatica is, that in the former
the archegonium after beiug developed into a calyptra, is ruptured at its base and carried up
on the top of the capsule, whilst in Hepatica it remains attached to the stem and the capsule
bursts through it.

The male inflorescence consists of minute pedicelled sacs {antheridia) , usually solitary in
the axils of modified leaves ( perigonial ), which sometimes occupy proper branchlets. The
antheridia are on the same or different plants from the archegonia, and contain cells with an
enclosed spiral filament (antherozoids), which are supposed to gain access to and fertilize the
pistillidia.

Of the frondose Hepatica many have the same kind of fruit as has been described ; but in
Marchantiea the involucres perianth and capsule, instead of rising erect from the frond, are
placed on the under side, and are consequently pendulous from a stalked peltate hemisphe-
rical receptacle, and the antheridia are in cups or are imbedded in the substance of the
frond ; in these plants, too, are often found reproductive, green, structureless, globose or
oblong bodies, called gemma, which grow in special cups. In Antlioceros the capsule is
erect, as in the foliaceous species, but is very long, liuear, and splits down one side. Finally,
in Ricci.a, the spherical calvpti'a is sunk in the substance of the frond, aud does not emerge
from its substauce. It firmly coheres with the enclosed capsule, aud both burst as one
body, discharging the contained spores.

Of the Hepatica (about 212) here enumerated, the greater majority were discovered by
Mr. Coleuso and myself, and were new to science on the return of the Antarctic Expedition to
England. They were placed, at the late Dr. Taylor’s request, in his hands for immediate
publication, and the descriptions of many appeared, in 1844, in Hooker’s ‘ London Journal
of Botany',’ and again in the ‘ Botany of the Antarctic Voyage.’ At that time the valuable
‘ Synopsis Hepaticarum’ of Gottsche, Lindenberg, and Nees ab Esenbeck, wras not published
(it was not completed till 1847), aud the difficulty of ascertaining and defining the genera
and species was very great indeed. Owing to this cause and to Dr. Taylor’s precipitancy in
publication, much confusion crept into his work ; the same plant appearing under several
generic names, and some descriptions answering to subsequently cancelled species, having
been also published as good species. It is still more unfortunate that Dr. Taylor did not re-
turn to the Hookerian herbarian specimens of all the species which he received for publica-
tion, and his herbarium having been sold since his death, there is now little chance of some

V. HEPATICZE.

499

of his New Zealand species ever being recognized. Whilst feeling it my duty to make these
facts clearly known, I must add, that those who study this extensive Order of plants by the
aid of modern works, can have no conception of the difficulties which Dr. Taylor had to over-
come, tweuty-two years ago, in classifying and naming the 300 or 400 Hepatic ce with which
I supplied him, and of which not fifty had been published ; imperfect and hasty as his
work was, it showed great skill, no little sagacity, and indomitable perseverance as a micro-
scopic investigator.

In the present work I have followed in Mr. Mitten’s footsteps, he having drawn up all the
descriptions for the 1 Flora Novse-Zelaudise,’ with great care ; and to him, too, I am indebted
for naming the species of this Order received since the publication of that work ; he has also
detected many of Dr. Taylor’s errors, and rediscovered, in later collections, many of his lost
species.

It only remains to append the same caution to the student of this as of every other Order
of Cryptogams, viz. that his advance must be slow to be sure, and that it will take some
months’ careful collecting and study with the microscope to arrive at any clear general idea
of the genera of this difficult Order. The most useful books are Gottsche, Lindenberg, and
Nees’s ‘Synopsis Hepaticarum,’ Hamburg, 1844 (but not completed till 1847), an 8vo
volume of 834 pages, without plates, this I have quoted under the abbreviated title Syn.
Hep. ; and for plates, the ‘ Flora Novse-Zelandise,’ ‘ Flora Antarctica,’ and Hooker’s ‘ Musci
Exotici,’ 8vo, all contain figures of many species.

The following sketch of the genera and species is, no doubt, very incomplete, and probably
also far from satisfactory in various points ; but there really are not materials for a satisfac-
tory and sufficient examination of a great many of the species, and long descriptions of im-
perfect or small specimens are sure to mislead. It can be regarded as a mere outline only,
representing the condition of our knowledge at the present time. I have found it impossible
to construct satisfactory keys to the species, but the descriptions are so short that these will
scarcely be missed.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE NEW ZEALAND HEPATICrE.

I. Foliose. — Plants with distinct leaves and often stipules. Capsule solitary , on an
erect fruitstallc, 4,-valved. Elaters with 2 spiral fibres.

A. Peaces succubous.

* Perianth 0.

1. Gymnomitrium. Leaves entire or 2-fid. Stipules minute or 0.

** Perianth of the same substance as the leaves , not produced downwards into a fleshy

pendent tube.

f Perianth terminal ( lateral in some Plagiochilse).

2. Jungermannia. Perianth tubular ; mouth toothed. Stipules 0 or present.

3. Plagiochila. Perianth compressed at right angles to insertion of the leaves, ob-
conic, 2-lipped. Stipules 0.

4. Leioscyphus. Perianth obconic, compressed, 2-lipped. Stipules 2-4-fid.

5. Lophocolea. Perianth 3-gonous, 3-lobed ; lobes toothed. Stipules 2-4-cleft.

6. Scapania. Perianth compressed parallel to the insertion of the leaves. Leaves 2-
lobed. Stipules 0.

7. Gottschea. Perianth sunk in the tumid top of the stem. Leaves large, complicate,
fimbriate or crisped.

+f Perianth lateral , or on extremely short lateral branches.

8. Chu.oscypiius. Perianth obovate or campanulate, 2-3-lobed. Stipules present.

9. Psiloclada. Perianth tubular with falcate lacinire. Leaves and stipules 4-cleft.

10. Adelanthus. Perianth tubular ; mouth conniveut, toothed. Stipules 0.

*** Perianth or involucre a pendulous fleshy tube.

11. Gymnanthe. Perianth terminal.

12. Saccogyna. Perianth lateral.

500

V. HEPAT1C/E.

B. Leaves incubous.

* Perianth free. Leaves without an injlexed basal lobule.

+ Perianth lateral , or on very short lateral branchlets.

13. Lepidozia. Leaves and stipules very minute, 4-cleft. Perianth 3-plicate ; month
toothed.

14. Mastigobryum. Leaves entire or 3-dentate. Perianth 3-gonous.

15. Micropterygium. Leaves concave, 2-fid. Perianth long, membranous.

ft Print terminal.

16. Isotachys. Leaves and stipules nearly equal. Perianth tubular ; mouth contracted,
toothed.

** Perianth 0 or clothed with the adnate involucral leaves.

+ Leaves without an injlexed basal lobule.

17. Trichocolea. Leaves and stipules multifid ; segments hair-like. Perianth 0.

18. Sendtnera. Leaves and stipules deeply cleft. Perianth with a many-cleft mouth.

ft Leaves with an injlexed basal lobule.

19. Polyotus. Leaves closely imbricate. Stipules often 4-fid. Perianth 0.

*** Perianth free, lateral or axillary on the upper branches. Leaves with an infer ed or

adnate basal lobule.

t Lobule membranous, incurved or oppressed.

20. Radula. Perianth terete or flat. Stipules 0.

21. ill adotueca. Perianth compressed ; mouth contracted, 2-lipped. Stipules large.

22. Lejeunia. Perianth various ; mouth contracted. Stipules entire or toothed, rarely 0.
Leaves usually pale green.

tt Lobule clavate, lunate, cylindric or half orbicular.

23. Frullania. Perianth keeled. Leaves and stipules purple or black, rarely green.

II. Frondose. — Plants with indistinct leaves, or consisting of a continuous scale- or
leaf-like, simple or divided frond. (The 2 first genera are almost foliose.)

A. Capsule solitary, globose or oblong, usually splitting into 4 valves (as in I. Foliose).
Elaters with 2 or 3 spiral fibres.

* Perianth perfect.

t Frond pinnate or pinnatifid. Perianth with adnate involucral scales.

24. Fossombronia. Perianth dorsal. Lobes of frond angular.

25. Noterocj.ada. Periauth subterminal. Lobes of frond orbicular.

ft Frond continuous, simpled, forked or divided.

26. Petalophyllum. Frond crisped. Perianth rising from the midrib underneath,
confluent with the perianth.

27. Zoopsis. Frond minute, slender, of bladdery cells, the marginal with cilia. Pe-
rianth lateral, large, pedicelled, laciniate.

28. Podomitrion. Frond erect, stalked, oblong. Perianth dorsal from the midrib,
tubular.

29. Steetzia. Fronds linear, forked. Perianth subterniinal from the midrib, tubular ;
mouth toothed.

*# Perianth 0.

30. Symphyogyna. Frond linear, midrib indistinct. Involucre a toothed scale, dorsal.

31. Metzgeria. Frond linear; midrib distinct. Involucre a veutricose 2-lipped scale
on the midrib beneath.

32. Aneura. Frond linear, opaque, with no apparent midrib. Involucre cup-shaped,
torn, marginal.

V. HEPATIC2E.

501

B. (Marciiaxtie.e). — Capsules several , pendent from a stalked peltate cup-like

receptacle.

33. Plagiochassia. Receptacle minute, 3-4-lobed ; lobes concealed by the ascending
involucres.

34. Mahchantia. Receptacle large, 8-10-rayed; involucres 2-valved, with several
capsules.

35. Dujiortiera. Receptacle convex, hairy ; involucres horizontal, opening by a lateral
slit, with one capsule.

36. Rebouua. Receptacle 1-6-lobed to the middle; involucres continuous with the
margin of the lobe, with one capsule.

37- Fimbriaria. Receptacle conical, tubercled ; margins forming 4 campauulate invo-
lucres, with one capsule.

C. (TargioniEjE). — Capsule solitary towards the tip of the frond , erect, shortly stalked,

bursting irregularly, enclosed in a sessile 2-valved involucre.

38. Targionia. Involucre of 2 longitudinal valves.

D. ( AnthocerotE/e) . — Capsule solitary on a long fruitstalk, erect, linear, very long, 2-

valved, with a central filiform columella, bursting by 1 or 2 linear valves.

39. Anthoceros. Involucre tubular. Capsule with 2 linear valves ; elaters 0.

E. (Riccis). — Capsules imbedded in the substance of the frond, valveless.

40. Riccia. Involucre 0. Calvptra cohering with the capsule.

1. GYMH OMITBIUM, Corda.

Stems erect or creeping, usually very slender or capillary. Leaves succu-
bous, distichous, flat or concave, entire or 2-lobed Stipules 0 or very incon-
spicuous. Fruit terminal. Iuvolucral leaves 2-4, convolute, emarginate-
Perianth 0. Calvptra short. Capsule globose on a slender fruitstalk ; elaters
with 2 spiral fibres. Antheridia axillary, obovate.

The genus has not beeu found in Tasmania ; it passes into ungermannia.

1. G. stygium, Hook.f. and Tayl. ; — FI. Anturct. 144. t. 62./. 4. Mi-
nute; stems erect, capillary, i— in. high, vaguely branched, olive-brown or
purplish. Leaves erect, subsecund, loosely imbricate, broadly obovate,
rounded or refuse at the apex ; perichsetial orbicular, hyaline at the margins.

Campbell's Island : creeping amongst mosses, etc., on rocks on the hills, J. D. H. —
The southern representative of the northern G. concinnatum, which has 2-fid leaves.

2. G. acinacifolium, Hook.f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 144. t. 62./. 5.
Stems dark purple, erect, tufted, sparingly branched, 1 in. high. Leaves
secund, closely imbricate, opaque, obliquely oblong or acinaciform, rounded
at the apex, posterior margin recurved, anterior convex.

Campbell’s Island : creeping amongst mosses and on rocks on the hills, J. 1). H.

3. G. ochrophyllum, Hook.f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 145. t. 62./. 6.
Steins pale green, filiform, sparingly branched, 1-1^ in. high. Leaves dis-
tichous, loosely imbricate, erecto-patent, concave, obovate or subquadrate,
shortly 2-fid ; segments obtuse, cells lax. Stipules very minute or absent. —
G. minuta, FI. Antarct. 152, not of Crantz.

Lord Auckland’s group : amongst mosses on the hilltops, ./. A. H.

4. G. concinnatum, Corda. — Jungermannia, FI. N. Z. ii. 128. Stem
erect, short ; branches straight, thickened, obtuse and compressed at the apex.

502 v. hepatic^. [ Gymnomitrium .

Leaves most densely imbricate, ovate, 2-fid, with a narrow membranous
border. Stipules 0. — Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 3.

Northern Islands: top of the Ruahine Mountains, Colenso. (Europe, Fuegia.)

2. JUNGERMANNIA, Linn.

Stems prostrate, creeping. Leaves succubous, distichous, entire or lobed.
Stipules usually present. Fruit terminal on the main stem or on a lateral
branch. Involucral leaves free. Perianth tubular, angular ; mouth toothed
or laciniate. Calyptra usually included. Capsule ovoid or globose, on a
slender fruitstalk ; elaters with 2 spiral fibres. Antheridia in the bases of
inflated perigonial leaves.

One of the largest genera of Hepaticoe, found all over the globe.

§ 1. Stipules 0. Leaves entire or obscurely \-toothed.

1. J. monodon, Hook. f. and Tayl. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 128. t. 94. /. 2.
Stems 1-2 in., purple or brown, flexuous. Leaves closely imbricate, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, oblique, sometimes a tooth on one side ; involucral
2-multifid, toothed. Perianth oblong, 4-plicate, mouth ciliated. — Syn. Hep.
p. 664.

Northern and Middle Islands: common, J. D. II. (Tasmania.)

2. J. inundata, Hook. f. and Tayl.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 129. t. 94. f. 3.
Stems :£—§■ in., dirty green, procumbent. Leaves imbricate, almost vertical,
orbicular, quite entire, dorsal margin decurrent, opaque ; involucral larger,
spreading. Stipules 0. Perianth turbinate, 4-5 -plicate and laciniate.
Capsule globose. — Syn. Hepat. 669.

Northern Island : inundated places, J. 2). II. ; Cape Kidnapper, Colenso.

3. J. colorata^ Lehmann; — FI. N. Z. ii. 128. Stems 1-2 in. high,
purple or dusky green, sending otf long thread-like flagella covered with
scales. Leaves closely imbricate, nearly vertical, orbicular, quite entire ; in-
volucral incised. Stipules 0. Perianth ovoid, 8-10-plicate ; mouth con-
tracted, toothed. — Syn. Hep. 36 and 673.

Northern Island: top of the Ruahine range in bogs, Colenso , and probably on all the
Alps. Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, J. D. H. (Australia, Tas-
mania, S. Africa, Juan Fernandez, Chili, Fuegia, etc.)

4. J. flexicaulis, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 128. Closely resembling/, co-
lorata, but the leaves are subcordate, the involucral quite entire. — Syn. Hep.
87.

Northern and Middle Islands : Tararua Mountains, Colenso ; Canterbury, Travers.
(Java, Sandwich Islands.)

13. J. perigonalis. Hook. f. and Tayl. ; — FI. Antarct. 145. t. 62./. 7,
Minute; stems slender, \ in. high. Leaves dark brown or purplish, distant,
suberect, secund, concave, semiamplexicaul, ovate-orbicular or obovate, retuse
or unequally 2-fid at the apex, quite entire ; involucral acutely 2-dentate.
Perianth tubular, elongate ; mouth plicate, contracted, toothed. — FI. Tasm. ii.
222. f. 178. f. 1.

Lord Auckland’s group : rocks on the hilltops, J. D. H. (Tasmania.)

Juntjermannia^\

V. HEPATIC2E.

503

§ 2. Stipules 0. Caul me leaves lobed or cut.

5 . J. punicea, Nees. Stems short, curved ; branches rigid, narrowed
at the tips, giving off stout flagella^ Leaves subvertical, imbricate, nearly
orbicular, 2-fid, teeth conniving, acute ; involucral spreading, toothed, con-
nate. Stipules 0. Perianth 3-gonous, plaited ; mouth toothed. — Syn. Hep.
97 and 676 ; Mont. Voy. au Pole Sud, i. 261. t. 17. f. 3.

Lord Auckland’s group, Hombron.

6. J. schismoid.es, Mont. ;—Fl. N. Z. ii. 129. Stems purple, 1-2 in.
high, erect, rather stout, apices curved. Leaves closely imbricate, very con-
cave or complicate, obliquely 2-lobed; lobes conniving, unequal, acute, cus-
pidate, entire or serrulate. Stipules 0. — Mont. Yov. au Pole Sud, 258. t. 17.
f. 1 ; PI. Antarct. t. 161. f. 9.

Southern Island, Lyall. Lord Auckland's group and Campbell’s Island :
common, Hombron, J. D. H. (Fuegia.) — The leaves are entire in N. Zealand specimens,
serrulate in Fuegian.

6. J. multicuspidata. Hook. f. and Tayl. ; — FI. Antarct. 150. Stems
loosely tufted, prostrate, sparingly branched. Leaves distant, whitish, sub-
erect, membranous, pellucid, obovate, 2-4-fid to the middle, sinus obtuse,
segments acute. Perianth lateral or terminal, long, cylindric, split at the
side, mouth 3-4-toothed. — Syn. Hep. 686.

Campbell’s Island : in pools near the sea, J. D. H. — Taylor compares this with J.
bicuspidata.

§ 3. Stipules present (sometimes absent in J. rotata). Leaves quite entire.

8. J. rotata, Hook.f. and Tayl.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 129. t. 24./. 4. Stems
procumbent, tufted, branched, recurved, flexuous, 1-3 in. high. Leaves im-
bricate, dark green, second, erecto-patent, almost vertical, orbicular, concave,
quite entire, ventral margin subdecurrent ; involucral similar. Stipules ap-
pressed, lanceolate, or 0. Perianth obovate, above obtusely 4-gonous, with
4 indexed laminae. — Syn. Hep. 672.

Northern Island : watery place near Taupo, Colenso. Lord Auckland’s group :
mixed with Plag. fuscella, J. D. H.

§ 4. Stipules present. Leaves more or less toothed.

9. J. dentata, Raddi ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 128. Stems creeping, with erect
branches, swelling at the tips. Leaves rather remote, broader than the stem,
subvertical, complicate-concave, orbicular-ovate, 2-fid to the middle, toothed;
involucral numerous, imbricate, deeply 2-fid. Stipules subulate. Perianth
narrow, membranous, 4-plicate, mouth denticulate. — Syn. Hep. 143.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, J. D. H. ; Te Aute, Colenso. (Europe, Tasmania.)

10. J. squarrosa, Rook. Muse. Fxot. t. 78 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 127. Stem
elongate, simple or dichotomous. Leaves patent, squarrose, most densely
imbricate, quadrate, undulate, 2-cuspidate; lobes quite entire or 1-toothed,
deflexed. Stipules large, similar, but the lobes have flexuous incurved teeth.
Perianth ovate, plicate, mouth lacerate-ciliate. — Syn. Hep. 130.

Northern Island: Auckland, D’Urville, Sinclair; Ruahine Mountains, Colenso.
Middle Island: Dusky Bay, Menzies ; Nelson, Mantell. — The undulations of the leaves
are omitted in the ‘ Musci Exotici ’ plate.

504

V. HEPATICiE.

\J unger mannia.

11. J. ptilchella, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 94; — FI. N. Z. ii. 128v Stems
tall, erect, nearly simple. Leaves half-vertical, subquadrate, 4-fid, very mem-
branous. Stipules broad, 5-6-fid; divisions obtuse, ciliated. Perianth
tubular, 3-gonous above ; mouth truncate, fringed with long cilia that point
in all directions.

Northern and Middle Islands: Auckland, Sinclair; Dusky Bay, Menzies ; Port
Nicholson and Port Preservation, Lyall. (Tasmania.)

12. J. qviadrifida. Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 128. t. 94. f. 1. Stems
% in. long, creeping, ascending, stoloniferous below, dirty brown, tips pink or
yellowish. Leaves vertical, spreading, 4-fid to the middle, sinus obtuse, seg-
ments lanceolate, entire or toothed. Stipules similar, and involucral sharply
toothed. Perianth elongate, 3-gonous above, mouth truncate-lacerate, laminae
erect or spreading.

Northern Island : Patea village, on the ground, Colenso.

3. PLAG-IOCHILA, Nees and Montagne.

Stems from a creeping rhizome, erect, ascending, or creeping,, often large
and rigid. Leaves distichous, succubous, dorsal margin decurrent and re-
flexed, often obliquely. Stipules 0 in the New Zealand species. Fruit ter-
minal or lateral. Involucral leaves 2, larger than the cauline. Perianth

compressed at right angles to the insertion of the leaves ; mouth truncate,

entire or toothed. Calyptra membranous. Capsule on a long or short

fruitstalk, ovoid ; elaters with 2 spiral fibres. Antheridia covered by small

imbricated ventricose perigonial leaves.

One of the largest genera of Hepatic/s, found in all parts of the world. Of the following
sections, § 1 is well marked, but the others are often difficult of recognition. The species
are very puzzling to identify.

§ 1 . Leaves opposite , vertical, connate at the base.

1. P. conjugata, Lindb. — FI. N ,Z. ii. 130. Stems creeping; branches
erect, proliferouslv divided, stoloniferous. Leaves obliquely orbicular-reniform,
denticulate and ciliate. Perianth terminal, obconic ; mouth truncate, denti-
culate and ciliate. — Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 91 ; Syn. Hep. 52.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Menzies.

2. P. connexa, Hook.f. and Tayl. Ft. N. Z. ii. 130. Stems sparingly-
branched, olive-brown or yellow, 1 in. high; apices incurved. Leaves orbi-
cular, lower entire, upper subdenticulate. — Syn. Hep. 648.

Northern Islands: Bay of Islands, A. Cunningham. — There are no specimens of this
in Herb. Hook.

3. P. prolifera. Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 131. t. 94./. 5. Stems 2-3 in.
long, creeping. Leaves rather remote, orbicular, toothed; involucral spinu-
lose. Perianth obovate, compressed ; mouth toothed. Male spikes fas-
cicled, flagelliform, with attenuated apices.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, J. D. H.

§ 2. Stems sparingly branched. Leaves alternate, concave, more horizontal than
vertical. Lower margin not much decurrent nor recurved.

4. P. circinalis, helm. ; — FI. Antarct. i. 348. Stems tufted, erect,

Playiochila.]

V. HEPATICA3.

505

brandling, stout, 1-3 in. high, olive-brown. Leaves closely imbricate, erecto-
patent, obliquely cordate, concave, quite entire or minutely toothed ; margins
recurved, dorsal gibbous ; involucral similar, but large. Perianth obconic,
compressed; mouth entire or slightly toothed.— Syn. Hep. 53, 652. P. he-
micardia, FI. Antarct. 148. t. 63. f. 2 ; Syn. Hep. 627.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : on rooks on the hills, J. 1). H.
(Australia.)

5. P. pleurota. Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 149. t. 63. f. 4; —
Ft. N. Z. ii. 135. Stems tufted, erect, rigid, 1 in. high, sparingly branched,
yellow-green. Leaves lax, erecto-patent, obovate, rather obtuse, sparingly
irregularly toothed ; ventral margin slightly decurrent and recurved. Perianth
exserted, narrow obovate, almost winged ; mouth contracted, toothed. — Syn.
Hep. 633. P. coynata, 1. c. 14. t. 53. f. 3 ; Syn. Hep. 625.

Middle Island : Port 'William, Lyall. Lord Auckland’s group on moist stones,
etc., J. 1). II. — Nearly allied to P. Dicksoni, but not dendroid, and leaves more obovate.

6. P. fuscella. Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 149. t. 63./. 5. Stems
loosely tufted, patent, ascending, vaguely branched, brown or blackish,
1—1^ in. high ; apices incurved. Leaves crisped when dry, erecto-patent,
obliquely orbicular-oblong ; dorsal margin subrecurved, ventral subserrulate
recurved. Perianth obovate, immersed, truncate, deflexed. — Syn. Hep.
648.

Lord Auckland’s group : in boggy places, J. D. H.

§ 3. Leaves more or less vertical , alternate, the margins recurved, dorsal decurrent.

+ S terns erect from a creeping rhizome, tall, very much branched in a tree-like or
fascicled manner. Leaves toothed and usually spinulose.

7. P. Stephensomana, Mitten in PI. N. Z. ii. 133. t. 95. Stems
4-10 in. high, 2-3-pinnately branched. Leaves olive-green, ovate or obliquely
cordate, subquadrate at the apex ; dorsal margin quite entire, ventral spinu-
lose ; involucral similar, more toothed. Perianth on short proper branches,
ovate, compressed ; mouth toothed.

Northern and Middle Islands : in ravines, common, Colenso, Lyall , Stephenson, etc.
— A magnificent plant, the noblest of all Hepaticce.

8. P. gigantea, Lindb.; — PI. N. Z. ii. 133. Stems ascending, fasti-
giately divided in a fan-shaped manner, recurved. Leaves spreading, orbicu-
lar-quadrate, sharply denticulate and ciliate, nearly entire at the base.
Perianth oblong, compressed ; mouth ciliate, dilated. — Hook. Muse. Exot.
t. 93 ; Syn. Plep. 51.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Menzies, etc.

9. P. ramosissima, Lindb. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 133. Stems erect, exces-
sively fastigiately branched. Leaves subopposite, erecto-patent, orbicular-
ovate; dorsal margin quite entire, ventral spinulose dentate at the apex.
Perianth urceolate ; mouth truncate, compressed, ciliate. — Hook. Muse. Exot.
t. 92 ; Syn. Plep. 58.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Menzies ; Port Preservation, Lyall.

10. P. Arbus cola, Lelrn. and Lindb. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 132. Stems erect,

VOL. i. 2 L

506

V. HEPATIC.®.

\Plagiochila.

much branched, dendroid. Leaves spreading, imbricate, dimidiate-ovate,
acuminate ; ventral margin and apex toothed, with a terminal spine. Perianth
terminal and on the forks, long exserted, oblong ; mouth compressed, 2-labiate,
lips acute, ciliate-tootked. — Syu. Hep. 27.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Cunningham , etc. (Java.)

11. P. fasciculata, lindl. — FI. N. Z. ii. 132. Stems ascending,
dichotomous below, fastigiately branched above. Leaves obliquely orbicular-
oblong, convex ; ventral margin and apex unequally toothed. Perianth lateral
and on the forks, long exserted, obovate; mouth compressed, obliquely trun-
cate, ciliate.- — Syn. Hep. 27 ; PI. Tasm. ii. 224. P. Colensoi ? Taylor in
Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846, 269.

Northern and Middle Islands : common on trees, J. D. II., etc. Ziord Auckland’s
group, J. IJ. H. (Tasmania.)

12. P. Dicksoni, Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 134. t. 96. /. 3.
Stems erect, flexuous, 2-3 in. high, sparingly branched in a dendroid manner.
Leaves spreading, ovate-oblong, truncate and 2-3-toothed at the apex ; dorsal
margin quite entire, ventral sparingly toothed ; involucral broader, spinulose.
Perianth elongate-obovate, compressed; lips rounded, toothed. — Syn. Hep.
637.

Northern and Middle Islands, Menzies, etc. — This is sometimes as little branched as
the following, or indeed less so, and both of them may be referred to either section of these
two.

ft Stems not dendroid nor fasciculately branched , either simple or dichotomous or
sparingly divided.

a. Leaves entire or very slightly toothed , or \-Z-toothed at the apex.

13. P. ansata, Ilook.f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 425. t. 156. /. 6 ; — FI.
JV. Z. ii. 131. Stems suberect, tufted, nearly simple, 1-li in. high. Leaves
red-brown, closely imbricate, suberect, appressed, flat, obliquely-orbicular,
quite entire ; involucral truncate, the dorsal margin toothed at the base.
Perianth obconic, compressed; mouth denticulate. — Syn. Hep. 649.

Middle Island : Port 'William, Lyatt. (Falkland Islands.)

14. P. microdictyum. Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 131. t. 94./. 6. Stems
2-3 in. high, slender, sparingly branched ; branches with incurved tips.
Leaves green, spreading, closely imbricate, deltoid-ovate, the angles rounded;
dorsal margin quite entire, ventral sometimes slightly toothed ; involucral a
little toothed ; perianth oblong, compressed ; lips ciliate-toothed.

Northern and Middle Islands: Bay of Islands, J. D. H., with P. prolifer a and
Sendtnera attenuata ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan.

15. P. radiculosa. Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 133. t. 96,/. 1. Stems 2-
3 in. long, prostrate, rooting ; branches few, ascending. Leaves green, im-
bricate, diverging, obliquely oblong- cordate, 1-2-toothed at the apex or quite
entire, dorsally very decurrent ; involucral broader, toothed and ciliate.
Perianth immature, compressed, broadly obconic; mouth truncate, toothed.

Northern Island: on Weinmannia bark, Tarawera, Colenso.

. /8. Leaves much toothed and spinulose.

16. P. deltoidea, Lindb. ; — Ft. JY. Z. ii. 131. Variable in size and

Plagiochila.']

V. HEPATIC/E.

507

form ; stems erect ; branches somewhat fascicled, 2-4 in. high. Leaves
vertical, closely imbricate, subsecund, rhomboid-obovate ; dorsal margin quite
entire ; ventral arched and the apex toothed. Perianth terminal, ovate, com-
pressed; mouth toothed and ciliate. — Syn. Hep. 55. P. gregaria, Hook. f.
and Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1844, 564 ; Syn. Hep. 654. P. Iceta, Mitten.

Northern and Middle Islands: common, on stumps of trees, etc., from the Bay of
Islands, J. D. H, to Thomson Sound, Lyall. (Tasmania.)

17. P. annotina, Lindb. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 131. Stems stout, erect, 3-5
in. high, dichotomous. Leaves very closely imbricate, dimidiate-ovate, con-
vex, obtuse, toothed and ciliate ; ventral bases conniving and forming a crest.
Perianth terminal and lateral, oblong, with a narrow toothed wing ; mouth
truncate, compressed, fimbriate. — Syn. Hep. 41, 643. J. adiantoides, Hook.
Muse. Exot. t. 90.

Northern and Middle Islands: on trees; Tarawera, Colenso ; Dusky Bay , Menzies ;
Otago, Hector and Buchanan ; Southern Island, Lyall. (Tasmania.)

18. P. incurvicolla, Ilook. f. and Tayl.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 132. t. 96 ./.
2. Stems suberect, 2 in. high, sparingly branched, flexuous; tips decurved.
Leaves close-set, brown-green, rigid, spreading, ovate or obovate, coarsely
spinous-toothed all round. Perianth narrow, oblong-clavate, compressed ;
tips rounded, toothed. — Syn. Hep. 651.

Northern and Middle Islands: Auckland, Sinclair; Wairarapa valley, Colenso;
Milford Sound, etc., Lyall ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Allied to P.fasciculata, but
not branched like that plant.

19. P. Lyallii, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 132. Steins erect, dichoto-
mously and fastigiately branched, slender, flexuous, 2-3 in. high. Leaves
brown-green, rather remote and rigid, broadly ovate or semicordate ; dorsal
margin quite entire; ventral and apex spinous; involucral similar, more
toothed. Perianth as in P. incurvicolla , from which it differs in the entire
dorsal margin of the leaf.

Northern and Middle Islands : Auckland, Sinclair; Port Preservation, Lyall. The
description and figure of the perianth in the Flora of N. Z. represent it as too short and
broad. This again most closely resembles P . fasciculata. (Tasmania.)

20. P. Sinclair!!, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 132. t. 96./. 5. Stems 4-5
in. long, erect, strict, sparingly branched. Leaves loosely imbricate, olive-
brown, divergent, obliquely ovate-oblong, obtuse ; dorsal margin retlexed,
quite entire ; ventral and apex spinulose, lower orbicular. Perianth -g- in.
long, terminal, oblong-ovate, compressed; mouth truncate, toothed.

Northern Island : Auckland, Sinclair; Tehawera, Colenso; Port Nicholson, M ant ell.
A noble species.

4. LEIOSCYPHUS, Mitten.

Stems prostrate, creeping or ascending; branches spreading. Leaves suc-
cubous, spinulose, distichous, close set, entire, rarely 2-fid. Stipules small,
2-4-fid. Fruit terminal. Involucral leaves like the cauline. Perianth di-
lated upwards, compressed at right angles to the direction of the leaves ;
mouth entire or toothed. Capsule on a slender fruitstalk. Antheridia as in
Chiloscyphus.

2 l 2

508

V. HEPATIC.®.

[ leioscyphus.

1. h. repens, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 134. t. 97./. 1. Stems creeping,
1 in. long, sparingly branched. Leaves pale green, spreading, close set,
ovate, 2-tootlied ; dorsal margin straight, ventral arched ; cells rounded.
Stipules 2-fid ; teeth subulate, 1-toothed, decurrent and united to the leaf
below. Perianth elongate, obovate, much compressed ; mouth toothed.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, creeping over Lepidozia Lindenbergii , J. JD. E.
Similar to Lophocolea bidentata, hut differing remarkably in the perianth.

2. L. chiloscyphoideus, Mitten in FI. Tasman, ii. 225. Stem creeping,
sparingly branched. Leaves subimbricate, semi-vertical, convex, orbicular;
dorsal margin reflexed. Stipules small, free, distant, ovate, 2-partite ; seg-
ments subulate, flexuous ; margins 1-toothed. Perianth elongate, obliquely
obovate; lips dilated, incurved. — Ghiloscyphus amphibolius, Nees, and retu-
satus, Hook. f. and Tayl. PI. Antarct. 441. t. 161. f. 3. Plagiochila, Syn.
Hep. 647.

Lord Auckland’s group : on hark of trees, etc., J. I). E. (Tasmania, Fuegia,
Falkland Islands.)

3. L. turgescens. Mitten. — Jungermannia, Hook. f. and Tayl. PI.
Antarct. i. 150. t. 64. f. 2. Stems procumbent, sparingly branched, ■§— 1 in.
high, curved. Leaves pale olive-green, closely imbricate, suberect, secund,
very concave, orbicular-reniform, quite entire, pellucid ; ventral margin de-
current. Stipules obovate or orbicular, entire or 2-fid. Perianth oblong,
truncate, compressed; mouth entire or obscurely lobed. — Syn. Hep. 671.

Lord Auckland’s group : on the ground near the hilltops, J. I). E. Perhaps a
Ghiloscyphus , like the C. notophjlla.

4. L. strongylophylla, Mitten. — Jungermannia , Hook. f. and Tayl.
PI. Antarct. i. 146. t. 62. f. 9. Minute, stems tufted, slender, curved,
sparingly branched. Leaves very minute, greenish-brown, loosely imbricate,
suberect, orbicular, concave, quite entire, pellucid, truncate, 2-fid ; involucral
oblong-obovate, longer than the perianth. Stipules small. Perianth oblong,
subcompressed ; mouth rounded, 2-lipped.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, amongst grass, roots of trees, etc.,
J.B.E.

5. LOPHOCOLEA, Nees.

Stems prostrate, creeping. Leaves succubous, distichous, flaccid, decur-
rent at the base, 2-multifid. Stipules 2-4-cleft. Pruit terminal. Involucre
of 2-4 large leaves. Perianth tubular below, 3-gonous above; lobes toothed
and crested. Calyptra short, membranous, rupturing transversely at the base
or irregularly at the apex. Capsule on a slender fruitstalk, oblong ; elaters
and antheridia as in Chiloscyphus.

A large genus, widely distributed.

* Stipules connate by the decurrent bases on one or both sides, with the leaves below them.

1. L. pallida. Mitten; — FI. N. Z. ii. 135. Stems 1 in. long, pro-
strate, sparingly branched or simple. Leaves almost opposite, pale green,
ovate, obtuse refuse or minutely 2-3-toothed ; involucral similar or toothed
on the ventral margin ; cells large. Stipules appressed, 4-toothed ; involucral
ovate, 2-fid, entire or toothed. Perianth 3-winged ; wings and mouth

Lophocolea.

V. HEPATIC;®.

509

toothed. — L. multipenna, in part, of FI. Antarct. 155. ?L. connata, Swartz,
of Montague in Yoy. au Pole Sud, 255.

Northern Island: Auckland, Sinclair. Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. II., mixed
with L. decipiens and Leioscyphus chiloscyphoideus. The description in FI. Antarct. is
very inaccurate, owing to the intermixture of these species. Odour sweet.

2. L. heterophylloid.es, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 135. Stems \ in. long,
procumbent, nearly simple. Leaves yellow-green, imbricate, horizontal or
semivertical, flat, orbicular-ovate, rather retuse. Stipules 2-fid, ciliate, toothed
at the base, decurrent and connate on one side to the leaf below. Perianth
triquetrous ; mouth 3-lipped, toothed. — Syn. Hep. 157. Chiloscyphus cana-
liculatus, Hook. f. and Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1844, 563 (perianth inac-
curately described) ; Syn. Hep. 710.

Northern and Middle Islands : from the Bay of Islands, J. D. JET., to Canterbury,
Lyall. (Tasmania.) Often fragrant.

3. L, biciliata, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 137. t. 97. /. 4. Stem 1 in.
long, procumbent, nearly simple. Leaves broad, spreading, brownish-green,
loosely imbricate, deltoid- ovate, truncate and 2-toothed, teeth slender. Sti-
pules small, 2-partite ; segments 2-toothed on one side. — Chiloscyphus, Hook,
f. and Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1845, 84 ; Syn. Hep. 707.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Specimens imperfect, and affinity doubtful.)

4. L. Colensoi, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 138. t. 97./. 6. Stems 2-3
in. long, creeping, branched. Leaves brownish-green, imbricate, ovate-
oblong, truncate, shortly 2-dentate ; teeth sometimes obsolete. Stipules 2-
partite ; segments 1 -toothed on each side.

Northern Island: East Coast, on wood, Colenso. The largest known species of the
genus.

5. L. subporosa. Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 137. t. 97. /. 3. Stems 1
in. high, creeping, branched. Leaves pale green, imbricate, rather rigid ;
ovate, 2-dentate; cells unequal, involucral spinulose. Stipules 4 -toothed,
narrowly decurrent on one or both sides. Perianth narrow-oblong, 3-gonous,
dorsal angle with a toothed wing ; laminae subobtuse, entire or toothed.

Northern Island: Auckland, Sinclair; Wellington, Stephenson.

5. L. triacantha, Hook. f. and Tayl.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 138. Stems 2
in. long, creeping, branched. Leaves spreading, flat, fuscous-green, close-set ;
ovate-quadrate, truncate and 3-cuspidate. Stipules palmately 4-fid; segments
setaceous, one side decurrent. Perianth unknown.

Northern and Middle Islands : bills at Pahiatua, Colenso; Akaroa, Raoul; Port
Nicholson, Mantell.

6. L. leucophylla, Tayl.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 138. Stems 2-3 in. long,
slender, creeping, branched. Leaves pale greenish or whitish-brown, closely
imbricate, rather horizontal than vertical, convex, membranous, cellular, pel-
lucid, triangular-ovate ; margins strongly recurved, broadly connate, with the
stipules, sharply toothed all round. Perianth terminal ; lacinise entire, obtuse.
— Chiloscyphus, FI. Antarct. 157. t. 65. f. 4; Syn. Hep. 181 and 706.

Northern Island : top of the Rnahine mountains, Colenso.

510

V. HEPATIC.®.

[ Lopliocolea .

Lord Auckland’s group : on the ground, J. D. H.

A beautiful and very peculiar species. The character of the original L. leucophylla ,
Tayl. (published in Syu. Hep. 155, from Herb. Greville), differs totally from this, but as
the authors of that work cite this as synonymous with the present Chiloscyphus leucophyllus
(Lond. Journ. Bot. 1844, 348), it is better to retain this name, and abolish the L. leuco-
phylla, whatever it may have been.

** Stipules free.

+ Leaves entire or nearly so.

7. L. novae-Zelandiae, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 135. Stems procum-
bent, branched. Leaves yellowish-green, cellular, imbricate, spreading, orbi-
cular-quadrate, quite entire or slightly emarginate ; involucral oblique, 2-
toothed. Stipules free, ovate, reflexed, 2-fid. Perianth terminal, obovate,
3-gonous, wingless, 3-fid; segments unequally toothed. — L. subviridis, PI.
Antarct. 438. t. 159. f. 4. L. rivalis, 437. t. 158. f. 7- L. sabuletorum,
437. t. 158. f. 8. J. subintegra, 443. t. 160. f. 5.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, and very variable indeed,
Menzies, etc. Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H. Often fragrant. (Tasmania, Falk-
land Islands.)

8. L. australis, Mitten; — FI. Tasman, ii. 226 in note. Stems 1 in.
long, suberect or procumbent and rooting, branched. Leaves dark brown,
upper closely imbricate, appressed, erect, orbicular, concave, quite entire or
obscurely lobed ; cells large, opaque. Stipules 2-partite, variously toothed.
Perianth curved, oblong, cylindric below, 3-gonous above, angles undulate;
lips crenulate. — Cliiloseyplius , PI. Antarct. 156. t. 65. f. 3 (perianth erro-
neously described) ; Syn. Hep. 189. 709.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell's Island : moist banks, etc., common,
J. D. H.

10. L. planiuscula. Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 156. t. 65./. 2.
Stems 2 in. long, procumbent, flaccid, branched. Leaves purplish, variable
in size, very membranous, pellucid, distichous, orbicular-ovate, quite entire,
base broad, decurrent ; tips recurved, margins sometimes waved. Stipules
2-fid, entire or 1-toothed on each side. — Syn. Hep. 165.

Lord Auckland’s group : wet rocks near the sea, J. T). H.

ft Leaves H-fid or 2-dentate at the apex ( not serrate).

11. Ii. bidentata, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 136. Stems variable in length,
sparingly branched, prostrate. Leaves divaricating, flat, pale green, trian-
gular ovate, flaccid, 2-dentate, with a shallow sinus. Stipules small, distant,
2-partite; segments 2-fid, entire or toothed. Perianth subsessile, angles not
or slightly winged ; mouth laciniate and toothed. — Syn. Hep. 159. J. recur-
vifolia, Hook. f. and Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Lot. 1844, 562. J. leptantha,
J. divaricata, and J. alternifolia, PI. Antarct. t. 159. f. 6, and 161. f. 2 and 8.
J. textilis, PI. Antarct. 435. t. 158. f. 9; PI. N. Z. ii. 137.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, J. D. H. A very common and variable plant, found
in many parts of the world and throughout the temperate regions, to which I suspect some
of the following species of this section may be referable. — L. textilis differs only in the
larger cells of the foliage.

12. L, bispinosa, Book.f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 153. t. 64./. 7. Stems

Lophocolea .]

V. HEPATICiE.

511

J~ ^ in. long, creeping and rooting, slender, tips ascending. Leaves straw-
coloured, loosely set, erecto-patent or suberect, oblong-ovate or subquadrate,
2-fid ; segments spreading, acuminate. Stipules minute, 2-partite ; segments
subulate, entire or 1-tootlied at the base, rarely multifid. — Syn. Hep. 162.
J. perpusilla, FI. Antarct. 154. t. 64. f. 9; Syn. Hep. 163.

Campbell’s Island : moist trunks of trees, etc., J. D. H. — Closely allied to L. biden-
tata, but pale straw-coloured ; leaves more deeply 2-fid and cells minute.

13. L. lerata, Hook.f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 154 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 136.
t. 97. /. 2. Habit and foliage of L. bispinosa , but more erect. Leaves
spreading and greener. Perianth with spinulose wings and tips. — Syn. Hep.
692. J. diademata, Hook. f. and Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1844, 560 ;
Syn. Hep. 692. J. secundifoda, FI. Antarct. 438. t. 159. f. 2 ; Syn. Hep. 693.

Northern and Middle Islands: Bay of Islands, J. D. H. ; Wairarapa valley, etc.,
Colenso ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Lord Auckland’s group : on trunks of trees,
J. B. H. (Tasmania, Puegia, etc.) — Scarcely different from L. bidentata.

14. L, spinifera, Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. Antaixt. 155. t. 65./. 1; —
FI. N. Z. ii, 137. Stems ^ in. long, prostrate, subpinnately branched.
Leaves yellow or whitish- green, closely imbricate, 2-fid, sinus obtuse, margin
recurved, dorsal very decurrent ; cells large, lax. "Stipules large, broad, reni-
form, 6-fid, divisions subulate; involucral toothed all round; teeth recurved.
Perianth ovate, angles winged and toothed above, tips toothed and lacerate.
— Syn. Hep. 163 and 693.

Northern Island : Auckland, Sinclair ; Wellington, Stephenson. Lord Auckland's
group : on the hills, J. J). H. — The large stipules best characterize this.

15. L. alio don t a, Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 155 ; FI. TV. Z. ii.
137. t. 97./. 5. Stems 2 in. long, prostrate, rooting. Leaves dull green,
widely spreading, distichous, horizontal, imbricating, membranous, alternate,
ovate-oblong, obtuse or truncate, 2-dentate or with 2 spinous processes sepa-
rated by a shallow sinus. Stipules minute, 2-partite. — Syn. Hep. 163 and 693.

Northern Island : Tarawera, on Weinmannia, trees, Colenso. Lord Auckland’s
group : on bark, J. B. H. — Closely allied to L. biciliata, etc. Odour strong, aromatic.

tff Leaves toothed.

16. L. muricata, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 138. Stems minute, -g— i in.
long, procumbent, branched. Leaves close-set, pale, subhorizontal, and sti-
pules subquadrate-ovate, acutely 2-dentate, spinulose ciliate, muricate with
short hairs above. Perianth terminal, ovate, plaited ; mouth 5-6-fid. — Syn.
Hep. 169, 703.

Northern and Middle Islands : amongst mosses, etc., probably common. Ruahine
range and Tehawera, Colenso; Wellington, Stephenson ; Port William, Lyall. (Tasmania,
S. Africa.)

6. SCA.PANIA, Lindenberg.

Stems erect or ascending. Leaves succubous, distichous, concave or com-
plicate, 2-lobed. Stipules 0. Fruit terminal. Involucral leaves 2, larger
than the cauline. Perianth compressed parallel to the direction of the

512

V. HEPATICjE.

[. Scapania .

leaves ; mouth entire or ciliated. Capsule on a slender fruitstalk, ovoid ;
elaters with 2 spiral fibres. Antheridia in the forks of 2-lobed perigonial
leaves.-

A small genus, native of the north and south temperate zones, rare in the tropical.

1. S. densifolia, Nees. — S. vertebralis, Gottsch. ; — FI. Antarct. 153.
Stems 3-4 in. high, erect, rarely blanched. Leaves olive-green or brown,
distichous, crowded, vertical, spreading, 2-fariously imbricate, 2-fid, ciliated ;
lobes incurved, twisted. — Syn. Hep. 73 ; Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 36.

Lord Auckland’s group : on trees, rare, J. D. H. (Tasmania.)

A most beautiful plant, originally described as from Staten Land, but probably erroneously,
and brought from Dusky Bay by Menzies, who confounded the habitats of several of bis plants.

7. GOTTSCHEA, Nees.

Stems erect or suberect from a creeping rhizome, simple, rarely branched,
very stout, fleshy and cellular. Leaves succubous, very large, distichous,
cellular, and fleshy, 2-lobed, complicate, serrate or pinnatifid ; lobes sometimes
lamellate. Stipules rarely absent. Fruit terminal in the hollowed apex of
the stem. Involucre tubular, with a lacerate mouth, or formed of imbricating
stipular leaves, free or connate with the tumid apex of the stem, together
forming the perianth. Calyptra ovate. Capsule on a stout fruitstalk, ob-
long or ovoid ; elaters with 2 spiral filaments. Antheridia in ventricose
imbricate perigonial leaves similar to the cauline.

A noble genus, almost confined to the southern temperate hemisphere, and most abundant
in New Zealand.

* Leaves stipulate.

f Leaves with toothed ridges or crests on the Made.

1. G. Lehmaniana, Lindb.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 151. Stem 2-3 in. high.
Leaves ovate-oblong, crested with short lamellae, serrate, ventral lobe ovate-
lanceolate, dorsal as long. Stipules ovate, 2-4-fid ; segments ciliate, furnished
at the base with pinnatifid leaflets. Perianth terminal ; involucral leaves con-
nate, subpinnatifid at the apex, acute, ciliate-serrate. — Syn. Hep. 20; Mont.
Yoy. au Pole Sud, 276. t. 16. f. 1. G. Hombroniana, Mont.

New Zealand, Banks and Solander. Middle Island : Chalky Bay, Lyall. Lord
Auckland’s group, Sombron, J. D. S. (Australia, Tasmania.)

2. G. glaucescens, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 151. Stems 3-4 in. high,
covered with hairs and leafy scales. Leaves glaucous, ovate-oblong, pubes-
cent and with ciliate erect lamellae, unequally 2-fid to the middle ; lobes
obtuse ; dorsal ovate, one-third shorter than the oblong ventral, ciliate.
Stipules orbicular, 4-fid, pubescent and ciliate-serrate. Perianth terminal,
cylindric-oblong ; involucral leaves elongate, margins reflexed, closely ciliate;
mouth obliquely truncate toothed. — Syn. Hep. 20 ; Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 39.

Northern and Middle Islands: Wairarapa valley, Colenso ; Otago, Sector and
Buchanan ; Port William and Port Preservation, Lyall.

3. G. Balfouriana, Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 151. t. 101. f. 2.
Stems 1-3 in. high, covered with ciliated scales. Leaves pale green.

Gottschea .1

V. HEPAT1CUE.

513

crowded, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, toothed and ciliate ; ventral lobe oblong,
falcate, with 3 short-toothed lamellae ; dorsal J-ovate. Stipules suborbicular,
4-fid; segments obtuse, toothed and ciliate. — Syn. Hep. 622.

Northern and Middle Islands, Colenso, Stanger ; Chalky Bay, Lyall. Lord
Auckland’s group, J. I). II.

4. G. repleta, Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 153. t. 101. /. 3.
Stems 1-2 iu. high, covered below with purple radicles, glabrous above.
Leaves yellow-green, erecto-patent, imbricate, amplexicaul, ovate-oblong,
margins sharply toothed ; ventral lobe broadly ovate-lanceolate, subacute,
with 3-4-toothed lamellae ; dorsal much shorter, obliquely orbicular-ovate.
Stipules imbricate, oblong, 2-fid ; segments 2-partite, toothed and ciliate. —
SyiL Hep. 622.

Northern and Middle Islands, Colenso; Port William, Lyall.

5. G. unguicularis, Hook.f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 151. t. 102./. 1.
Stems 1 in. long, covered below with purple radicles, above with scattered
2-fid or toothed scales. Leaves pale green, imbricate, spreading, toothed ;
ventral lobe oblong-obtuse, with few short lamellae ; dorsal broadly ovate,
much smaller. Stipules 4-fid ; segments toothed and ciliate. Involucre
elongate, loosely clothed with leaves which do not sheath. — Syn. Hep. 622.

Northern and Middle Islands, Colenso; Auckland, Sinclair and Bolton; Nelson,
Mantell.

tt Leaves without lamella.

6. G. appendiculata, Nees ;—Fl. N. Z. ii. 150. Stems 4-6 in. high.
Leaves very large, yellow-green, oblong ; ventral lobe ovate-oblong, pinnati-
fid at the apex ; laminae serrulate ; dorsal \ shorter, dimidiate-ovate, acute,
sharply toothed. Stipules 2-partite ; laminae inciso-serrate. Involucre formed
of the uppermost leaves and stipule, cup-shaped ; mouth cut into 8-9 equal
toothed segments. — Syn. Hep. 14; Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 15.

Northern and Middle Islands: Auckland, Sinclair; Hokianga, Sinclair ; Dusky
Bay, Menzies ; Port Cooper, Lyall; Otago, Hector and Buchanan.

7. G. nobilis, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 151. Stems 3-8 in. high, stout,
almost woody, with tufted leaflet-like scales at the bases of the leaves. Leaves
yellow-green, 2-fid to the middle; lobes ovate, acute, spinulose-servate ;
dorsal I shorter. Stipules suborbicular, 2-dentate, spinulose-serrate. Perianth
terminal, ovoid, subplicate ; mouth with serrate lacinise. — Syn. Hep. 21;
Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 11.

Northern and Middle Islands: Tararua, Colenso; Dusky Bay, Menzies; South
Land, Lyall ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan.

8. G. ciliata, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 151. t. 101./. 4. Stems 2-3 in.
high, glabrous. Leaves purplish-green, closely imbricate, very broadly
ovate, ciliated all round with hair-like cilia ; lobes nearly equal. Stipules
2-4-fid ; lobes rounded, long, ciliated.

Northern Island: creeping on fern fronds, Ruahiue range, Colenso. (Tasmania.)

9. G. splachnophylla, Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 424. t. 156.
/ 2 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 150. Stem procumbent, 2 in. high, very succulent and

514

V. HEPATIC*.

\_Gottschea.

fragile, covered with rootlets. Leaves dull olive-green or whitish, very thick,
fleshy, brittle ; ventral lobe ovate-oblong, truncate, entire ; dorsal shorter,
broadly ovate or semicordate, also truncate, both often crenate at the apex.
Stipules suborbicular or oblong, refuse or 2-fid. — ? G. pachyphylla, Nees,
Syn. Hep. 621 ; FI. Antarct. 147.

Northern Island : summit of the Euahine mountains, Colenso.

? Lord Auckland’s group : on the hills, J. B. H. — A very difficult plant to dissect
after being dried. Of the Auckland Island plant referred to G. pachyphylla (a Tristan
d’Acunha species), there were hut a few scraps, which, after examination by Dr. Taylor,
were not returned to Kew. Mr. Mitten suspects that they are referable to this. (Fuegia.)

** Stipules 0.

10. G. pinnatifolia, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 149. Stems 2-3 in. high.
Leaves dull green, closely imbricate, obliquely ovate-acuminate or ovate-
lanceolate, irregularly toothed and ciliate ; dorsal lobe nearly as long as but
narrower than the ventral ; involucral toothed. Stipule 0. Perianth cylin-
dric-oblong ; mouth 5-lobed ; lobes toothed. — Syn. Hep. 22 ; Hook. Muse.
Exot. t. 114 ; FI. Antarct. 147. t. 63. f. 1. G. ciliigera, Hook. f. and Tayl.
in Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 376.

Northern and Middle Islands : Tararua range, Colenso ; Dusky Bay, Menzies ; Port
William, Lyall ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Lord Auckland’s group, J. B. H.
(Tasmania.)

11. G. tuioides. Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 150. t. 101./. 1.
Stems short, stout, 1 in. long, broad. Leaves dark green, imbricate, spread-
ing, with minute asperities on the surface towards the apex, toothed ; ventral
lobe ovate-lanceolate, acute, concave ; margin flat ; dorsal shorter, ovate,
truncate, anterior margin recurved ; involucral free, sheathing. Stipule 0. —
Syn. Hep. 626.

Northern and Middle Islands : forests on the east coast, Colenso ; Port Preservation,
Lyall.

8. CHILOSCYPHUS, Corda.

Stems prostrate, creeping, rooting from the bases of the stipules. Leaves
succubous, distichous, decurrent. Stipules often decurrent and connate with
the leaves below them. Fruit terminal on very short lateral branches. In-
volucre of 2-6 leaves. Perianth 2-3-partite. Calyptra herbaceous, globose
or clavate, often longer than the perianth, bursting irregularly at the apex.
Capsule ovoid, on a slender fruitstalk ; elaters with 2 spiral fibres. Antlie-
ridia in the saccate dorsal bases of perigonial leaves which resemble the
cauline.

Similar in habit to Lophocolea, with which some of the species are probably confounded.

A large genus fouud in all temperate and many tropical parts of the world. In C.
BUlardieri, the commonest species, the character of leaves connate at the base or free, and
entire at the apex or toothed, breaks down. I suspect that a good many of the following
species will be found very unstable.

§ I. Leaves opposite. Stipules united to loth the leaves below them by their decurrent

margins.

* Leaves united by their dorsal bases (sometimes free in J. Billardieri).
t Leaves entire or nearly so at the apex.

C. Menziesii, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 139. t. 98./. 1. Stem 1 in. long,

CJiiloscyphm.']

V. HEPATIC,®.

515

creeping, flexuous, branched. Leaves brownish-green, opposite ; dorsal bases
connate, broadly ovate or ^-orbicular, obtuse, quite entire, thick, succulent ;
involucral concave denticulate. Stipules ovate, 2-dentate ; margins obtusely
3-denticulate, broadly connate with the leaves. Perianth campanulate ; teeth
of the mouth short, incurved.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Menzies, on Lichens; Port Preservation, on bark of trees,
Lyall. Xiord Auckland’s group, J. D. H.

2. C. Billardieri, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 139. Stems 3-5 in. long,
prostrate, dichotomouslv branched. Leaves green or brown, opposite, ovate,
subacute, obscurely 2-dentate; ventral margin arched ; dorsal straight, 6-9-
toothed at the base, free or connate with that of opposite leaf. Stipules im-
bricate, transverse, convex, 2-toothed, connate with the leaves below. Pe-
rianth campannlate; mouth laciniate, fimbriate. — Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 61 ;
Syn. Hep. 175.

Northern and Middle Islands: common in woods, etc., Menzies, etc. Lord
Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : J. I). H. (Australia, Tasmania.) A very
variable plant in size, colour, toothing of the leaves, which are free or connate at their
bases.

3. C. sinuosns, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 141. Stems 3-4 in. long, pro-
cumbent. Leaves crowded, brownish-green, opposite, ovate-oblong, obtuse,
obscurely 2-toothed at the apex, connate or almost so by their dorsal bases ;
ventral margin undulate ; dorsal very decurrent; involucral incised. Stipules
distant, spreading, 5 -partite ; segments toothed, connate with the leaves be-
low. Perianth ovate; mouth laciniate, indexed. — Syn. Hep. 175; Hook.
Muse. Exot. t. 113. C. ohlongifolius, Hook. f. andTayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot.
1845, 563 ; Syn. Hep. 705.

Northern and Middle Islands: abundant from the Bay of Islands, J. D. //., to Dusky
Bay, Menzies. Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. II.

t Leaves strongly 2-^-dentate at the apex.

4. C. fissistipus, Ilook.f. andTuyl. FI. Ar.tarct. 157. Stems f-1 in.
long, procumbent, branched. Leaves ovate, united by their dorsal bases,
2-4-toothed at the apex ; ventral margin undulate, 1-2-toothed ; dorsal
straight ; involucral 2-3-fid ; margins toothed and laciniate. Stipules imbri-
cate, reniform, spinulose, connate with the leaves below them. Perianth
campanulate; mouth open, laciniate. — Syn. Hep. 175 and 704.

Northern Island, Colenso ; Auckland, Bolton, Sinclair. Lord Auckland’s group,
J. D. H. (Tasmania.) — A handsome, strongly scented species.

5. C. acnleatus. Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 140. t. 98./. 4. Stem 1 in.
long, creeping. Leaves green, opposite, imbricate, connate by their dorsal
bases, ovate ; apex 2-toothed, with an obtuse sinus ; dorsal margin with 1
spine, ventral with 2 or 3. Stipules transversely oblong, 4-spinous, broadly
united with the leaves below them.

Northern Island?, creeping over Hypopterygium concinnum (Fieri. Mitten ).

** Dorsal loses of the leaves not connate.
f Leaves nearly entire at the apex.

6. C. supinus, Hook.f. and Tayt. FI. N. Z. ii. 142. t. 99./. 2. Stems

515

Y. HEFATIC.33.

\_CJiiloscy phus.

creeping, 1^ in. long. Leaves brownish-green, imbricate, opposite, mem-
branous, ovate, obtuse or truncate, rarely obscurely toothed ; dorsal margin
arched, rather recurved ; ventral straight. Stipules rather large, suborbicular,
2-dentate with a rounded sinus, spinous-toothed, connate with the leaves be-
low. Perianth campanulate ; mouth laciniate, inflexed. — Syn. Hep. 708.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, Sinclair ; Ruakine range, Colenso. — Abnormal leaves
are 2-toothed.

7. C. polycladus, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 112. t. 99. /. 3. Very
similar in size and appearance to C. supinus, but the ventral margin of the
leaves is toothed towards the base, and the stipule deeply divided into about
6 spreading laciniae. — Lopliocolea, Hook. f. and Tayl. in Loud. Journ. Bot.
1846, 367 ; Syn. Hep. 697.

Middle Island : Akaroa, Raoul.

8. C. decipiens, Gottsche ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 139. Stems procumbent,
branched. Leaves deltoid-ovate ; ventral margin arched, inflexed ; dorsal
bases decurrent, straight, toothed towards the base and free ; apex entire ;
involucral denticulate. Stipules reniform ; margins involute, connate with the
leaves below. Perianth ovate-oblong, plaited, tips rounded, toothed. — Syn.
Hep. 176.

Northern and Middle Islands: Tararua, Colenso ; Dusky Bay, Menzies; Port Pre-
servation, Lyall.

ft Leaves 2-i-toothed at the apex.

9. C. coalitus, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 141. Stem 1 in. long, creeping.
Leaves opposite, ovate-quadrate, truncate, 2-dentate ; teeth subulate ; invo-
lucral small, 2-fid. Stipules 4-6-toothed, connate with the leaves below them.
Perianth obovate ; mouth 4-toothed. — Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 123 ; Syn. Hep.
180 and 706.

Northern and Middle Islands: from the Bay of Islands, J. B. II., to Dusky Bay,
Menzies. Lord Auckland’s group, J. B. H. (Tasmania, Java.)

10. C. Lyallii, Mitten in Ft. N. Z. ii. 140. t. 98./. 3. Stems 2-3 in.
long, creeping. Leaves green, opposite, imbricate, trapezoid, truncate and
2-dentate at the apex, membranous ; dorsal margin entire ; ventral sphmlose-
toothed. Stipules 2-partite ; margins toothed, connate with the leaves below
them.

Middle Island : Port Preservation, Lyall , with C. coalitus. — A very handsome species.

11. C. trispinosus, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 140. t. 98./. 5. Stems
creeping, 1-1^ in. long. Leaves pale green, pellucid, nearly opposite, ovate-
trapezoid, truncate, 2-toothed, cells large ; dorsal margin entire ; ventral
1-spiuose towards the middle. Stipules short, 2-partite; segments 2- or 3-
spinose, narrowly united to the leaves below them.

Middle Island : Bligh’s Sound, creeping over C. coalitus, Lyall. — Odour heavy,
aromatic.

12. C. odoratus. Mitten in Ft. N. Z. ii. 140. t. 98./. 6. Closely
allied in size, habit, arid other characters to C. trispinosus , but the leaves are

V. HEPATICiE.

517

ChiloscypTms. ]

of an olive or brownish-green colour, more deeply 2-toothed at the apex, and
stipules 4-spinose. Perianth shortly campanulate ; mouth shortly toothed.

Northern and Middle Islands : Auckland, Sinclair, etc.. Port Preservation, Lyall. —
Odour pungent, peppery.

13. C. physanthus, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 141. t. 98./. 7- Stem 1 in.
long, creeping. Leaves lurid or dirty green, subopposite, imbricate, ovate,
2-dentate; sinus obtuse; teeth diverging; involucral 4-toothed. Stipules
spinous, 4-toothed, narrowly connate with the leaves below them. Perianth
campanulate, rather plaited above; mouth laciniate, indexed. — Syn. Hep. 700.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, J. D. II. ; Auckland, Sinclair.

§ II. Leaves alternate. Stipules united by one decurrent margin to a leaf below them.

14. C. laxus, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 142. t. 99./. 1. Stem 2 in. long,
brittle. Leaves bright green, subpellucid, alternate, rather remote, ovate-
oblong, unequally 3-4-toothed ; cells large, lax. Stipules small, 2-partite ;
segments 1-toothed.

Northern Island : Auckland, Sinclair. Middle Island, Lyall. (Tasmania.)

15. C. tridentatus, Mitten in FI. Tasman, ii. 228. t. 179./. 1. — C.
combinatus, FI. N. Z. ii. 141. Stems procumbent, slender, 1 in. long.
Leaves brownish-green, convex, rigid, shortly oblong or subquadrate, truncate,
2- or 3-toothed at the apex ; margins recurved ; stipules small, 4-toothed,
connate on one side with a leaf below.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, Cunningham-, Cape Turnagain, Colenso ; Welling-
ton, Stephenson. (Tasmania.)

§ III. Leaves opposite or alternate. Stipules free.

16. C. piperitus, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 141. t. 98./. 8. Stem \ in.
long, creeping. Leaves green or greenish-brown, subopposite, oblong or
ovate-oblong, truncate, 2-toothed ; sinus shallow. Stipules small, 2-dentate ;
teeth lanceolate, diverging.

New Zealand, Herb. Mitten. — A little-known and imperfectly-characterized species.
Odour of black pepper.

17. C. chlorophyllus. Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 139. t. 98./. 2. Stem
\ in., creeping. Leaves alternate, pale green or brownish, imbricate, ovate,
2-cuspidate ; dorsal margin entire ; ventral 1-2-toothed near the apex ;
involucral similar, denticulate. Stipules free, ovate, 2-dentate, toothed on the
sides. Perianth campanulate ; mouth open, lobed, and spinous-laciniate. —
Lophocolea, Hook. f. andTayl. inLond. Journ.Bot. 1844,562 ; Syn. Hep. 698.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, J. D. H. ; Auckland, Sinclair.

18. C. echinellus, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 141. Stems small, procum-
bent. Leaves subimbricate, horizontal, subrotund, spinulose-toothed. Sti-
pules 2-partite; segments lanceolate-subulate, toothed. — Lophocolea, Syn.
Hep. 703.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, said to have been picked out of specimens of Plagiochila
ramosissima from Dusky Bay, sent by Dr. Taylor to the authors of the species (Lindeuberg
and Gottsche), but this is more than doubtful, as Dr. Taylor had no Dusky Bay mosses.

518

V. HEPATIC^.

\_Chiloscyplius.

19. G. cymbaliferns, HooJc.f. and Tayl. — Jnngermarinia, FI. Antarct.
151. t. 64. i. 5. Stems tufted, 1 in. high, suberect or procumbent, curved.
Leaves pale green or yellowish, flaccid, pellucid, densely and closely imbri-
cate, erecto-patent, very concave, subsecund, obliquely orbicular, serrulate ;
dorsal margin produced into an obovate inflated auricle. Stipules free, very
broad, transverse, tumid, closely imbricating, obscurely 3-lobed or quite en-
tire. Perianth lateral, ovate-oblong, tumid below, compressed below the
plaited toothed mouth. — Syn. Hep. 711.

Lord Auckland’s group : roots of old trees in woods, rare, J. D. H. — A very peculiar
plant. (Tasmania.)

9. PS1LOCLADA, Mitten.

Hirsute ; stems capillary, creeping, subpinnately branched. Leaves suc-
cubous, distant, minute, quadrate, 4-cleft. Stipules similar. Fruit lateral,
on very short branches. Involucral leaves 2-fid, large, falcate. Perianth sub-
cylindric, smooth ; mouth laciniate ; lacinias falcate, secund. Calyptra, etc.,
unknown.

1. P. clandestina, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 143. t. 99. /. 4. Stems 1
in. long, capillary, procumbent, sparingly branched. Leaves bright green,
microscopic, scarcely broader than the stem, remote, square in outline, con-
sisting of a short horizontal blade and 4 erect subulate lobes at right angles
to it ; cells large, inflated ; involucral, imbricate, large, falcate-secund, more
cut. Stipules similar, smaller.

Northern Island: Wellington, creeping on mosses, Stephenson. (Tasmania.)

A very imperfectly known plant, of which but a few scraps have been found. The only
species of the genus.

10. ADELATiTTHUS, Mitten.

Stems erect from a creeping rhizome, branched. Leaves succubous, disti-
chous, vertical, the dorsal margin decurrent. Stipules 0. Fruit terminal on
short ventral branchlets, concealed at the bases of the branches. Involucral
leaves 3-farious. Perianth tubular, subtrigonous ; mouth connivent, toothed.
Capsule on a slender fruitstalk. Elaters with 2 spiral fibres. Autheridia in
small ventral spikes.

A small genus, consisting of 4 species, found in various parts of the globe. The fructifi-
cation is very brittle, and hence difficult to examine in a dry state. Dr. Taylor confounded
that of an Aneura (growing amongst it) with it.

1. A. faleatus, Mitten in Journ. Linn. Soc. vii. 243. — Flagiocldla , FI.
N. Z. ii. 131. Stems much branched, 1-3 in. high; branches falcate, in-
curved, thickened upwards. Leaves dingy-green or brown or black, imbri-
cate, vertical, erect, subopposite, orbicular ; dorsal margin subinflexed, quite
entire, decurrent; ventral toothed. — J. falcata, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 89.
Plagiockila, Syn. Hep. 649. Aulicularia occlusa, FI. Antarct. 146. t. 62. f. 8 ;
Syn’. Hep. 619.

Northern and Middle Islands : in bogs, summit of the Tararua and Oparapara
mountains, Colenso ; Dusky Bay, Menzies ; Port Preservation, Lyall. Campbell’s
Island : in bogs, J. D. H. (Tasmania.)

V. HEPATIC.®.

519

11. GYMNANTHE, Taylor.

Stems prostrate or ascending, vaguely branched. Leaves succubous, dis-
tichous. Stipules present or absent. Fruit terminal. Involucre a cylindri-
cal pendulous tube, often fleshy and buried in the ground. Perianth 0 or
adnate with the involucre. Capside on a slender fruitstalk ; elaters with 2
spiral fibres. Antheridia free in the axils of the leaves.

A small genus, with one species in the northern temperate zone and several in the
southern.

* Stipules present, very small.

1. G. unguiculata, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 144. t. 99. /. 6. Stems
club-shaped, creeping, with numerous white rootlets, ascending, 1 in. long.
Leaves pale green or tinged brown or purple, distichous, densely imbricate,
connivent and appressed, suberect, suborbicular or obovate, upper large, ob-
scurely 12-lobed, deeply spiuulose-dentate, with 8-10 large teeth ; dorsal
lobe smaller. Stipules variable, 2-3-fid or palmate.

Northern and Middle Islands : sulphur springs at Waimata, on a Hicranum, Co-
lenso. A curious little plant ; the stems appear clavate from the closely imbricate leaves
being progressively larger upwards. Fruit unknown, but plant very similar to G. Wilsoni
of Britain.

2. G. diplophylla, Mitten in Ft. Tasm. ii. 230. t. 179. /. 5. Stems
short, 1 in. long, creeping. Leaves white, ^pellucid, membranous, cellular,
closely imbricate, divaricating, conduplicate, unequally 2-lobed, upper lobe
smaller, stipuliform, toothed and ciliate. Stipules 2-fid ; segments toothed
and ciliate. Perianth terminal, short, cylindric, purple. — J. diplophylta , FI.
Antarct. 152. t. 64. f. 4. Gottschea, Nees, Syn. Hep. 624.

Northern Island, Sinclair, Kerr {in Herb. Mitten), liord Auckland’s group : on
tree-ferns, J. D. H.

** Stipules 0.
f Leaves quite entire.

3. G. Drummondii, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 144. t. 99./. 8. Stems f
in. long, stout, creeping, rooting at the tips. Leaves greenish-brown, imbri-
cate, spreading, flat, upper larger, ovate, obtuse, quite entire ; dorsal margin
subrecurved. Involucre as long as the plant, clavate, with scattered rootlets.
— Riccia squamata, Tayl. in Drummond’s Swan River Mosses. Podanthe
squamata, Tayl. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846, p. 413 ; Syn. Hep. 789.

Northern Island : forests of Titiokura, Colenso. (Australia and Tasmania.)

ft Leaves 2-cuspidate, otherwise quite entire.

4. G. lophocoleoides, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 144. t. 99./. 7. Stem
1^ in. long, creeping, covered with rootlets below. Leaves pale yellow-green,
distichous, spreading, flat, obovate-quadrate or cuneate, 2-lobed at the apex ;
lobes subulate. Involucre unknown.

Northern Island : Tararua mountains, creeping amongst Plagiochila falcata, Colenso.
This quite resembles a Lophocolea in habit, and its genus must be very doubtful in the
absence of fructification.

ttt Leaves more or less toothed.

5. G. setulosa, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 144. t. 99. /. 5. Stem 1 in.

520

V. HEPATIO/E.

[ Gymnanthe.

long, erect from a creeping rhizome, densely setose. Leaves bright yellow-
green, spreading, 2-farions, closely imbricate, concave, ovate or obovate, un-
equally 2-lobed ; margins waved and spinulose-toothed all round. Involucre
unknown.

Northern Island: Tararua mountains, with Plagiochila falcata , Colenso. — A very
curious plant, but in the absence of fruit a doubtful Gymnanthe.

6. G. saccata, Tayl. in FI. Antarct. 153. Stems erect from a creeping
rhizome, 2-3 in. long, flexuous, fertile incurved. Leaves distant, 3-farious,
distichous, ovate-quadrate, flat, decurrent, truncate, emarginate ; ventral
margin and apex toothed ; dorsal subreflexed, entire. Involucre terminal,
fleshy. — Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 16. G. Urvilleana, Tayl. in El. Antarct. 153 ;
Syn. Hep. 193. G. tenella, Hook. f. and Tayl. El. N. Z. ii. 143 ; Syn. Hep.
192 and 712 ; FI. Tasman, ii. 229. t. 179. f. 3. Plagiochila Urvilleana ,
Mont, in Voy. au Pole Sud, t. 16. J. abbreviata, Hook. f. and Tayl. in Lond.
Journ. Bot. 1843, 374 ; Syn. Hep. 647 ( Plagiochila ).

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands : abundant, from the Bay of Islands,
J. D. //., to Dusky Bay, Menzies. Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H. (Tasmania,
Fuegia.) — A common and very variable plant, G. tenella seems to be a small state of it.

12. SACCOGYNA, Dumont.

Stems procumbent and rooting, vaguely branched. Leaves succubous,
distichous, subhorizontal, entire. Stipules entire or toothed. Fruit lateral.
Involucre fleshy, pendulous from the under side of the stem, giving off radi-
cles, cylindric. Perianth 0. Calyptra adnate with the involucre, or with the
apex free. Capsule on a slender fruitstalk ; elaters with 2 spiral fibres. An-
theridia in the axils of imbricating minute perigonial leaves on proper branches
rising from the axils of the stipules.

This and a single European species, with the habit of Lophocolea, are the only known
species.

1. S. australis, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 145. t. 100./. 1. Stems 2-3
in. long, creeping. Leaves brownish-green or yellowish, distichous, hori-
zontal, imbricating, obliquely ovate-oblong, 2-toothed at the apex or quite
entire. Stipules small, 2-toothed, connate with the leaves below them. In-
volucre oblong, fleshy, with a few rootlets, crowned with a few' small toothed
leaves.

Northern Island: forests of Tararua, Colenso.

13. LEPIDOZIA, Nees.

Stems creeping, often very minute and slender, throwing out rootlets from
the ventral surface. Leaves incubous, obscurely distichous, 4-toothed or 4-
cleft. Stipules present. Fruit terminal (and antheridia) on proper branches
from the under side of the stem. Involucral leaves numerous, short, broad,
toothed. Perianth elongate, 3-angled, the faces hollow ; mouth toothed.
Calyptra membranous. Capsule on slender fruitstalks, globose ; elaters with
2 spiral fibres. Antheridia solitary in the bases of conduplicate 2-3- cleft
perigonial leaves.

Lepidozia. ]

V. HEPATICjE.

521 ,

A large genus, of very minute-leaved plants, often themselves minute and almost micro-
scopic. 'The species are in many cases very badly defined, and I suspect that not a few of
the following may be united hereafter. Very few species indeed inhabit the N. temperate
zone. The larger resemble Sendtnera in general appearance.

§ 1. Leaves 3-5 -fid, but not toothed nor serrate.

* Stems jlexuose , wiry, 1-4 in. long, much pinnately or 2-pinnalely branched ; branches

decurved, attenuated.

1. L. microphylla, Lindb.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 145. Stems 1-2 in. long,
pinnately branched ; branches pendulous with capillary tips. Leaves minute,
distant, appressed, palmately 4-partite ; involucre oblong-ovate, 2-4-fid. Sti-
pules quadrate, flat, deeply 4-fid. Perianth cylindric, attenuate, incurved,
obsoletely toothed. — Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 80 ; Syn. Hep. 202.

Middle Island : Dusty Bay, Menzies ; Otago, Hector ; Port Preservation, Lyall ;
Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Tasmania.)

2. L. capilligera, Lindb. • —FI . N.Z. ii. 145. Stems 1 in. long, erect,
simply pinnate ; branches with capillary tips. Leaves olive-brown, subim-
bricate, \ vertical or horizontal, and stipules obovate-quadrate or cuneate,
4-fid to the middle ; lobes divaricate, subulate. Eruit unknown. — L. tetra-
pila, Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846, 370; Syn. Hep. 716.

Northern and Middle Islands: Tararna, with Saccogyna australis, Colenso ; Otago,
Hector and Buchanan. (Tasmania.)

8. la. prsenitens, Lehm. and Lindb.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 145. Stems pro-
cumbent, alternately 2-pinnate. Leaves subimbricate, ^-vertical, obovate-
cuneate, 4-fid ; segments lanceolate. Stipules patent, transversely quadrate,
4-partite ; lobes divaricate. Perianth subsessile, curved ; mouth sub-4-
toothed. — Syn. Hep. 206.

Northern and Middle Islands: Auckland, Sinclair; Wellington, Stephenson;
Tararua, Colenso ; Dusky Bay, Menzies. Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H. (Tas-
mania.)

4. L. Gottscheana, Lindb. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 145. Stems procumbent,
irregularly subpinnately branched. Leaves approximate, subhorizontal, flat,
obcuneate or quadrate, 4-fid ; lobes subulate. Stipules remote, 4-partite.
Perianth as in L. preenitens. — Syn. Hep. 206.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Menzies. (Tasmania.) — This and the two preceding seem
not essentially different.

5. L. Isevifolia, ILook. f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 157 ; — FI. N. Z. ii.
146. Stems 1-2 in. long, excessively pinnately branched ; branches deflexed.
Leaves yellow or olive-brown, subvertical, rather close-set, subimbricate on
the branches, ovate-cordate, 3-5-fid ; lobes flat or incurved ; involucre small.
Stipules distant, spreading, ovate, cordate or orbicular, 4-fid. Perianth as in
L. preenitens.— Syn. Hep. 208.

Northern Island ; probably common, Wellington, Stephenson ; Port Nicholson, Lyall.
Tehawera, Colenso. Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, J. D. H.
(Tasmania.)

6. L, pendulina, Lindb. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 146. Stem 2-3 in. long, erect,
2-pinnate ; branches pendulous, fascicled ; tips capillary. Leaves imbricate,

VOL. i. 2 M

522

V. HEPATTCiE.

[. Lepidozia .

subvertical, obliquely secund, and stipules orbicular-ovate, convex, deeply 4-
fid ; segments lanceolate, conniving, somewhat waved. — Syn. Hep. 208.

Northern and Middle Islands : top of the Ruahine range, Colenso ; Dusky Bay,
Menzies ; Canterbury, Haast ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Tasmania.)

7. L. spinosissima, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 146. t. 100./. 2. Stems
8 in. long, 2-pinnate ; branches fastigiate, capillary at the ends. Leaves
pale-brown, erecto-patent, distant, and stipules flat, cuneate or oblong-qua-
drate, 4-fid below the middle ; segments subulate, rigid. — Sendtnera, Hook. f.
and Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846, 373 ; Syn. Hep. 723.

Northern Island : common, Bdgerley , Colenso , etc.

8. L. filamentosa, Lindt/. ; — Syn. Ilep. 207. Stems suberect, pinnate;
branches with capillary tips. Leaves remote, ^-vertical, decurrent, convex,
orbicular, 3-4-fid ; lobes broadly lanceolate, with incurved tips ; involucre
oblong, incised and toothed. Stipules ovate-quadrate, 3-4-fid. Perianth
cylindric-pyriform ; mouth toothed. — Mont. Voy. an Pole Sud, 246.

Lord Auckland’s group, D'Urville. AN.W. American and Fuegian plant, of which
I have seen no N. Z. specimens.

** Stems usually less than 1 in. long , capillary , vaguely branched.

9. L. dispar, Mont. Voy. an Pole Sud , 248 ; — Ft. Antarct. 158. Stem
capillary, minute, -J- in. long, tufted ; branches very long, capillary, spreading.
Leaves vertical, distant, spreading, incurved, obovate-cuneate, narrow at the
base, 3-fid to the middle ; segments subulate subacute. Stipules similar,
smaller. Perianth terminal, capitate, large. — Syn. Hep. 203.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, Hombron, J. D. H.

10. L. patentissima, Hook.f. and Tayl. PI. Antarct. i. 158. t. 65./. 5.
Stem minute, short, slender, % in. long, creeping, tufted, subpinnately branched;
branches short. Leaves olive-green, imbricate, rather close-set, obliquely
spreading, cellular, obovate-quadrate, narrowed at the base, 3-5-fid ; segments
shortly ovate-subulate, straight or incurved. Stipules similar, minute. — Syn.
Hep. *204.

Lord Auckland’s group : creeping on trunks of trees, etc., J. D. H.

11. L. Lindenbergii, Gottsche ; — PI. N. Z. ii. 146. Stem creeping, '
1-2-pinnately branched ; branches crowded, spreading. Leaves pale yellow-
green, distant, distichous, subvertical, spreading, obovate-quadrate ; segments
capillary, articulate, straight and incurved ; involucre unequally divided. Sti-
pules orbicular-ovate, 3-5-parted. Perianth cylindric, elongate; mouth con-
tracted, ciliate. — Syn. Hep. 213.

Northern and Middle Islands : probably common, from the Bay of Islands, J. D. H.,
to Dusky Bay, Menzies. — This is the plant alluded to in FI. Antarct. 158, under L. tetra-
dactyla , as horn New Zealand, (Tasmania.)

12. L. capillaris, Lindb.; — FI. JV. Z. ii. 146. Stems in. long,
creeping, capillary, pinnately branched or decompound ; branches diverging.
Leaves vertical, subimbricate, obovate-quadrate, and minute stipules 3-4-
partite ; segments lanceolate, subulate, incurved, obtuse ; involucral shortly
incised, ciliate; margins toothed. Perianth with the mouth ciliate. — Syn.

Lepidozia. ]

V. HEPATICjE.

523

Hep. 212. L. hippuroides, Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 159. t. 65. f. 7, and
I. nemoides, Tayl. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1845, p. 84.

Northern Island, Bay of Islands, Sinclair. Lord Auckland's group : on hark,
etc., J. D. II. — A common tropical and southern plant, first described from West Indian
specimens. (Jamaica, S. Africa, Tasmania, etc.)

13. L. plumulosa, Lehn. and Lindb. — L. tetradactyla, Hook. f. and
Tayl. FI. Antarct. 158. Stems 1 in. long, procumbent, pinnately decom-
pound ; branches subequal, narrowing towards their tips. Leaves close-set,
subvertical, quadrate-obovate, deeply 3-6-fid; segments subulate. Stipules
quadrate, spreading at the base, acutely 4-fid. Perianth cylindric; mouth
contracted, toothed. — Syn. Hep. 211.

Lord Auckland’s group : on bark, etc. J. D. II. (Euegia.) — This was confounded
in IT. Antarct. with the L. Lindenbergii, which has a ciliate mouth to the perianth.

§ 2. Leaves 3-5-Jw? and also toothed.

14. L. tenax, Lindb.; — FI. Antarct. 158. Stems pinnately compound
or decompound ; branches incurved ; tips convolute. Leaves imbricate, ver-
tical, ovate, concave, cauline appressed, 8-partite, sides lacerate and ciliate,
those of the branches spreading, 3-4-fid ; segments subulate. Stipules ovate,
flat, 4-5 -parted, ciliate and lacerate at the base. — Greville in Annals of New
York Lyceum, i. 277. t. 23; Syn. Hep. 212.

Lord Auckland’s group : on the ground and on trunks of trees, J. J). H. (Aus-
tralia.)

15. L. alb ula 5 Hoolc.f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 159. t. 65./. 6. Stems

1 in. long, procumbent, subpinnately branched ; branches decurved, nar-
rowed to the tips. Leaves yellow or greenish-white, pellucid, densely imbri-
cate, very broad, amplexicaul, spreading, very concave, cellular, obliquely-
oblong, 4-fid and deeply incised all round; dorsal margin dilated; lacinise
entire or 2-fid, incurved. Stipules large, orbicular, concave, irregularly deeply
6-8-toothed. — Syn. Hep. 211.

Lord Auckland’s group : creeping over other Hepaticce , J. D. H. — Very much more
beautiful and stouter than the other species, of a different habit and texture, but, owiug
to the absence of fruit, doubtful as to genus.

14. MASTIGOBRYUM, Nees.

Stems creeping and rooting or ascending, large, sparingly branched, giving
off numerous filiform leafless shoots. Leaves distichous, incubous, usually
3-fid at the apex. Stipules toothed, often connate with the leaves above
them. Fruit (and antheridia) terminal, on short proper branches, arising
from the bracts of the stipules. Involucral leaves small, narrow, incised at
the apex. Perianth elongate, 3 -angular; mouth 3-toothed. Calyptra mem-
branous. Capsule globose, on a slender fruitstalk; elaters with 2 spiral
fibres. Antheridia 2 in the axil of each perigonial leaf.

A tropical and subtropical genus, rare in Europe and N. America, most abundant in Aus-
tralia and New Zealand. The species are often broad and flat, some resembliug Lopliocolece
in general habit, but the stipules are connate with the leaves above (not below) them.

2 M 2

524

V. HEPATIC Ji.

[ Mastigobrynm .

§ 1. Stipules quite free from, the leaves.
* Leaves quite entire.

1. M. convexum, Lindb. ; — FI. N. Z. i. 147. Small; stems pro-
cumbent, flexuous, subdichotomous ; branches nan-owed to the tips. Leaves
imbricate at their bases, ^-vertical, ovate, retuse, entire or obscurely 3-den-
ticulate. Stipules remote, free, ovate, 4-fid ; segments acute, incurved.
Perianth ovate, incurved; mouth plaited, toothed. — Syn. Hep. 215.

Northern Island : Tararua mountains, Colenso. (S. Africa, Australia, Peru, Mauritius.)

2. M. tenacifolium, Hoolc. f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 152. t. 64./. 6.
Stems 1-1 -2- in. long, suberect, slender, stiff, rigid, flexuous. Leaves purple-
brown or black, opaque, distant, spreading, rigid, elliptical-oblong, obtuse,
quite entire, concave. Stipules smaller, entire or 2-fid. — Syn. Hep. 687.

Lord Auckland’s group : on rocks near the hilltops. — Mitten (PI. N. Z. ii. 147) con-
fidently refers this to the geuus Mastigobrynm ; the fruit is unknown. (Puegia.)

** Leaves 2-dentate or 2-fid.

3. M. anisostomum, Lehm. and Lindb.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 146. Stems

1- 2 in. long, suberect or creeping, dichotomous ; branches decurved. Leaves
olive-brown, opaque, horizontal or ^--vertical, lax or closely imbricate, con-
cave, deflexed ; those of the branches subsecund, triangular- ovate, unequally

2- dentate. Stipules minute, orbicular, 3-fid. Perianth cylindric; mouth 4-
tootlied. — Syn. Hep. 219. M. atro-virens , Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct.
160 ; Syn. Hep. 218.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Menzies ; Port Preservation, Lyall. Lord Auckland’s
group : creeping amongst mosses, J. _D. H.

4. M. Colensoanum, Mitten in Ft. N. Z. ii. 147- t. 100./. 3. Small;
stem 1 in. long, procumbent, dichotomous, stoloniferous. Leaves pale green,
membranous, spreading, flat, imbricate, oblong, 2-dentate, smaller tooth on
the ventral side ; sinus acute ; dorsal margin arched, ventral straight. Sti-
pules appressed, minute, 3-tootlied.

Northern Island : Tararua, with Saccogyna australis, Colenso. (Australia, Tasmania.)

*** Leaves 2-dentate.

5. M. Taylorianum, Mitten; — Fl.N.Z. ii. 147. t. 100./. 5. Small;
stems |-1 in. long, creeping, dichotomous. Leaves pale green, laxly imbri-
cate, spreading, flat, obliquely oblong-quadrate, 3-dentate; dorsal margin
arched, ventral straight, with a band of large translucent cells. Stipules small,
orbicular, 4-toothed.

Northern Island : forests of Tehawera, Colenso.

6. M. monilinerve, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 148. Stem procumbent,
dichotomous. Leaves approximate, ^-vertical, spreading, convex, obliquely
oblong, 3-dentate ; ventral margin with a band of large translucent cells.
Stipules close-set, orbicular-ovate, crenulate. Perianth plicate above; mouth
toothed. — Syn. Plep. 223.

Stewart’s Island: on Plagiochila annotina, Lyall. (Australia, Tasmania.)

Mastigobryum. ]

V. HEPATICiE.

525

§ 2. Stipules connate on loth sides with the leaves alove them.

7. M. novee-HollandicC, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 148. Stems 2-3
in. long, procumbent, dichotomous; branches equal, often recurved. Leaves
imbricate, divergent, flat or convex, ovate-oblong, subfalcate, unequally ser-
rulate, erose or dentate at the apex ; involucral appressed, inciso-serrate.
Stipules close-set, orbicular-quadrate, dentate or multifid, usually connate
with the leaves above them. Perianth cylindric-ovate, narrowed upwards
and plaited ; mouth dentate. — Syn. Hep. 221. M. adnexum, Lehm. and
Lindb. ; Mont. Yoy. au Pole Sud, 243.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, and in Lord Auckland’s
group. — A common and very variable plant in the Southern Hemisphere.

8. M. novee-Zelandiae, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 148. t. 100. /. 6.
Large ; stems 2-3 in. long, procumbent, dichotomous, with long stout
radicles below. Leaves olive-brown or -green, subopposite, distichous,
spreading and deflexed, imbricate, obliquely ovate, 3-dentate ; dorsal margin
arched, ventral sinuate ; stipules quadrate, spreading, crenulate, united to the
leaves above them.

Northern and Middle Islands : forests of Tehawera and Tararua, Colenso ; Auckland,
Sinclair ; Canterbury, Haast. — A noble species.

9. M. involutum, lindb. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 148. Large; stems 2-3 in.
long, forked ; branches dense. Leaves densely imbricate, diverging and de-
flexed, obliquely oblong, concave; apex 3-dentate, incurved or involute.
Stipules suborbicular, repand ; apex crenate, reflexed, connate with the leaves
above them. — Syn. Hep. 221 ; Montagne in Yoy. au Pole Sud, t. 18. f. 2.
Herpetium, Montagne, Cent. iv. n. 30.

Middle Island: Milford Sound, Lyall ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Lord
Auckland’s group, Hombron, J. D. H. (Tasmania.)

10. M. affine. Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 147. t. 100./. 4. Stem 1 in.
long, dichotomously branched, creeping, sending down long rootlets. Leaves
dirty green, imbricate, spreading, flat, obliquely ovate, obliquely truncate, 3-
crenate or -toothed ; dorsal margin arched, ventral straight. Stipules trans-
versely oblong, toothed and spinescent, connate with the leaves above.

Northern Island: forests of Tararua and Tehawera, Colenso.

11. M. decrescens, Lehm. and Lindb. Stem 1 in. long, creeping,
branched, narrowed at the apex. Leaves imbricate, |-ovate ; dorsal margin
subundulate, ventral margin decurrent, connate with the stipule ; apex trun-
cate, 3-toothed ; teeth crenulate. Stipule reniform, spreading, quite entire.
Perianth cylindric-ovate ; apex narrow, plaited ; mouth toothed. — Syn. Hep.
219; Mont. Yoy. au Pole Sud, 243. t. 19. f. 4 ( Herpetium ).

Lord Auckland’s group, Hombron. — I have seen no New Zealand specimens of this,
the description of which is taken from the ‘ Synopsis Hepaticarum.’ (Mauritius.)

15. MICROPTERYGIUM, Lindenberg.

Stems creeping, with ascending flat branches, incurved or involute apices,
and flagelli from the under surface. Leaves incubous, imbricate, complicate,

526

V. HEPATIC.®.

\Microjitery(jiurn .

keeled in the American but not in the only N. Z. species. Stipules entire
or 2-4-fid. Fruits terminal on short lateral branches. Involucral leaves
elongate, ciliate. Perianth long, membranous, triquetrous ; mouth laciniate.
Calyptra slender, membranous, included. Capsule on a slender fruitstalk ;
elaters with 2 spiral fibres. Antheridia as in Mastigobryum ?

A small genus of temperate and tropical American species.

1. M. nutans, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 148. Stem 1 in. high, stout,
tufted, erect from a creeping rhizome, thickened upwards, succulent, nearly
simple ; tips incurved or nodding. Leaves pale green or whitish, cellular,
spreading, densely imbricate, concave, broadly ovate, unequally 2-fid, sub-
entire ; segments incurved, lower smaller. Stipules erect, broadly ovate, 2-fid
or -toothed. Perianth lateral, large, lanceolate, trigonous above. — Mastigo-
bryum, FI. Antarct. 160. t. 65. f. 8; Syn. Hep. 219 and 717.

Northern Island : forests of Titiokura, Colenso. Lord Auckland’s group: wet
places, at the roots of trees, etc., J. D. H. — Mitten observes that the 2-fid leaves and
absence of a keel are against its association with the American species, but its habit, etc.,
is similar, and widely different from that of Mastigobryum.

16. ISOTACHIS, Mitten.

Stem erect, branching with innovations, almost trifarious. Leaves in-
cubous, imbricating, conduplicate, serrulate. Stipules nearly as large. Fruit
terminal. Involucral leaves, inner minute, outer like the cauline. Perianth
erect, tubular, fleshy, rigid ; mouth contracted, toothed.

A southern genus, of which its author says it may be recognized by its evenly arranged
leaves and stipules, the latter so closely resembling leaves that the leaves may almost be
called trifarious. It resembles Sendtnera in habit, but differs in the form of the perianth
and free calyptra.

1. I. Lyallii, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 149. t. 100./. 7. Stem 2-4 in.
high, erect ; branches decurved at the tips. Leaves pale brown and purple,
imbricate, subquadrate or ^-cordate, truncate ; dorsal margin arched, toothed
at the apex ; ventral spinulose ; segments toothed, recurved. Stipules obovate,
3-4-fid. Perianth subcylindric, obtuse, papillose.

Northern and Middle Islands: top of the Ruahine range, Colenso; Port Preserva-
tion, Lyall. — A tall and handsome plant.

2. I. subtrifida, Hook.f. and Tayl. in Fond. Journ. Bot. 1844, 579 ; — ■
FI. N. Z. ii. 149. Stem 1 in. high, slender, simple; tips decurved. Leaves
pale brown, upper rosy, loosely imbricate, secund, erecto-patent, ovate, con-
duplicate, 2-3-fid ; teeth and dorsal margin entire ; ventral entire or toothed.
Stipules similar, smaller. — Syn. Hep. 681 ; FI. Tasman, t. 179. f. 7.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, J. _D. H. (Tasmania.)

3. I. intortifolia. Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 150. t. 64. /. 1.
Stems 1^-2 in. high, erect, flaccid, sparingly branched. Leaves purplish,
spreading, imbricate, flaccid, cellular, very concave, ventricose, amplexicaul,
orbicular oblong, unequally 2-4-fid, rarely entire ; segments acuminate, in-
curved, toothed. Stipules imbricate, large, orbicular, very concave, emargi-
nate 2-fid or toothed, membranous. — FI. Tasman, ii. 233.

Campbell’s Island : bogs on the hills, J. A. II. (Tasmania.)

V. HEPATICJ5.

527

17. TRICHOCOLEA, Nees.

Stems erect or inclined, tufted, much branched, very soft, white and woolly
to appearance. Leaves incubous and distichous, but clothing the stem,
deeply palmately divided, the lobes laciniated. Stipules present. Fruit in
the forks of branches. Involucral leaves many, connate into a hairy tube,
which is adnate with the calyptra, coriaceous ; mouth truncate. Perianth 0.
Capsule oblong, on a slender fruitstalk ; elaters with 2 spiral fibres. Anthe-
ridia in the axils of leaves on the upper side of the stem.

A small genus of very beautiful pale Hepatica , with the leaves so much eiliate and cut as
to give the whole stem a woolly appearance.

1. T. tomentella, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 158. Stems 2-5 in. long,
3-pinnate. Leaves white, 2-partite; segments capillary, multifid; ventral
lobe smaller, inclined forwards. Stipules subquadrate, 4-partite, capillaceo-
multifid. — Syn. Hep. 237. T. mollissima, FI. Antarct. 181 ; Syn, Hep. 237.
T. tomentella, y javanica, Syn. Hep. 721.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, abundant in damp woods, also in
Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island. (Tasmania, India, Europe, and
America.)

2. T. lanata, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 153. Stem 2-3 in. long, distantly
simply pinnate. Leaves with the dorsal lobe incised, eiliate and laciniate.
Stipules 4-fid to the middle only; segments capillaceo-multifid. — Syn. Hep.
238 ; Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 116.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Menzies , etc.

3. T. polyacantha, Hoo/c.f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. i. 161. t. 65./. 9.
Minute ; stems f in. long, very slender, capillary, sparingly branched. Leaves
very minute, brittle, olive-green, loosely imbricate, spreading, and 4-fid ; seg-
ments multifid, setaceous, articulate, cellular. Perianth terminal, large, erect,
subclavate, hispid, 4-toothed. Fruitstalk very long. — Syn. Hep. 239.

Lord Auckland’s group : in woods near the sea, J. D. H. — A very doubtful Tricho-
colea, perhaps a Lepidozia.

18. SEND TWER A, Endlicher.

Stems erect or inclined, tufted, pinnately branched ; branches often re-
curved, attenuated. Leaves obscurely distichous, incubous, closely imbricate,
2-5 -cleft, segments entire. Stipules 2- or many-cleft. Fruit terminal on long
branches, or lateral, subsessile. Involucral leaves numerous, incised, con-
nate with the perianth. Perianth tubular, deeply cleft, membranous at the
base. Calyptra chartaceous. Capsule globose, on a short fruitstalk ; elaters
free, with 2 spiral fibres. Antheridia in the axils of tumid perigonial leaves,
on proper branches.

A small genus, scattered over various parts of the world.

I. Schisma, Dumont. — Fruit terminal on long tranches.

1. S. juniperina, Nees; — FI. N. Z. ii. 153. Stems 3-5 in. long,
suberect, slender. Leaves pale brown, and stipules oblong, 2-fid, with an

528

V. HEPATIC.®.

[Sen diner a.

obtuse sinus; segments lanceolate, acuminate, straight or slightly diverging.
— Syn. Hep. 239 ; Hook. Brit. Jungerm. t. 4 et Suppl. t. 1.

Northern Island: top of the Ruahine range with J. colorata, Colenso. (Tasmania,
India, Europe, etc.)

2. S. attenuata, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 153. t. 102./. 2. Stems 3 in.
long, pinnately branched ; branches decurved, attenuated, flagelliforra. Leaves
pale yellow-brown, ovate, 2-fid ; segments 2-partite, with subulate lobes,
ventral margin entire, dorsal spinulose-toothed. Stipules similar, but deeper
cut, toothed at the base. Fruit terminal. Involucre ovate, covered with
leafy scales.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, J. D. II.

3. S. ochroleuca, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 153. Stems variable in size,
slender, creeping or ascending. Leaves and stipides ochreous-yellow, 3-5-
fid, ciliate at the base ; segments of the stipules channelled or flat. Perianth
campanulate, covered with foliaceous scales. — Syn. Hep. 240. J. hirsuta,
Nees; FI. Antarct. 160 and 443.

Middle Island : Milford Sound and Port Preservation, Lijall. Campbell’s Island,
J. D. U. ; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Fuegia, India, S. Africa, Mexico.)

II. Mastigophoea. — Bruit on short lateral branches or almost sessile.

4. S. scolopendra, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 153. Stem 3-5 in. long,
erect, pinnate ; branches deflexed, attenuated to the tips, flagelliform, naked,
often rooting. Leaves and stipules closely imbricate, scarious, rigid, oblong,
2-fid ; segments diverging, again 2-fid, acuminate, diaphanous. Perianth in
the axils of lateral branches, obovate, 4-fid, covered with imbricating leaves.
— Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 40 ; FI. Antarct. p. 160. Schisma, Nees, etc.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Menzies. Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s
Island : abundant on the hills, J. H. H. (Tasmania.)

5. S. flagellifera, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 153. Stems 2-3 in. long, erect,
pinnately branched ; branches attenuate, flagelliform. Leaves greenish-brown,
2-farious, horizontal, unequally 2-fid; lobes conduplicate ; dorsal larger, acute,
often slightly toothed ; ventral more lanceolate, entire or 2-fid. Stipules ovate,
2-partite, rarely 4-fid, toothed at the base. — Syn. Hep. 242 ; Hook. Muse.
Exot. t. 59.

Northern and Middle Islands: common, from Bay of Islands, Cunningham, etc., to
Dusky Bay, Menzies. (Tasmania.)

19. POLYOTUS, Gottsche.

Stems prostrate, pinnately branched. Leaves incubous, closely imbricate,
auricled, the auricle often spinous, with a lamina of various shape between
it and the blade of the leaf. Stipules usually 4-fid, the middle lobes clavate.
Fruit lateral or axillary. Involucre of many confluent leaves. Perianth 0.
Calyptra confluent with the involucre, its apex free, bearing sterile pistils
near the apex. Capsule oblong, on short fruitstalk; elaters with 2 spiral
fibres. Antheridia solitary in the axils of terminal perigonial leaves.

A small Australian, New Zealand, and Antarctic genus, not found in the northern hemi-
spheres.

Polyotus.']

V. HEPATICiE.

529

1. P. claviger, Gottscke ; — FI. JV. Z. ii. 152. Stem creeping, 3-4 in.
long, 2-pinnately branched. Leaves yellow-brown, closely imbricate, plane
or convex, ovate-cordate, acute or apiculate, quite entire or more or less
toothed ; auricles clavate, with a large triangular lamina. Stipules 4-partite ;
segments with revolute margins, entire or toothed, 2 intermediate often
saccate. Involucre cylindric-ovoid, rough with the adnate involucral leaves.
— Syn. Hep. 215 ; Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 70.

Var. a. Leaves quite entire.

Var. /3. Stangeri. Leaves of the branches toothed.

Var. y. Taylori. Cauline leaves toothed and spinous on the ventral margin. — P. Taylori,
Syn. Hep. 246.

Northern and Middle Islands : common from Auckland, Sinclair, to Dusky Bay,
Menzies. Campbell’s Island : on alpine rocks, J. J). IP. (Tasmania.) — A very vari-
able plant.

2. P. palpebrifolius, Gottsche ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 246. Stems 4-6 in.
long, creeping, ilexuose, 1-2-pinnate. Leaves brown, closely imbricate, ovate,
spinous-ciliate ; auricle club-shaped, split, with a spine above the fork, and
interposed lamina ciliate and variable in form and lobing. Stipules 4-partite,
ciliate, intermediate lobes on the branches saccate. Involucre axillary, with
ciliated leaflets.™ Syn. Hep. 246 ; Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 71.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Menzies ; Thomson’s Sound, Lyall. (Fuegia.)

3. P. brachycladus, Gottsche ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 152. Stem 3-4 in. long,

2- pinnate; branches very short. Leaves dark purple-brown, orbicular-cor-
date or broadly ovate, ciliate ; auricles club-shaped, with no spine, saccate,
purple, rarely flat and ciliate. Cauline stipules 4-partite, segments entire
toothed or cut, those of the branches with 2 intermediate auricles. Involucre
conical, coriaceous, leafy; leaflets spinous-ciliate. — Syn. Hep. 247 ; El. Tasm.
ii. 234. t. 180. f. 2.

Northern Island : top of the Ituahine mountains, Colenso. (Tasmania.)

4. P. Magellanicus, Gottsche ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 153. Stem creeping,

3- pinnate. Leaves brown-purple, imbricate, ovate-orbicular, spinous-ciliate ;
cauline auricles variable, clavate, saccate, setigerous or plane, with laciniate
segments; laminae larger, 3-angulai-, sometimes subcucullate. Cauline sti-
pules orbicular-ovate, 2-fid, entire or ciliate, those on the branches 2-fid
lacerate or clavate. Involucre very large ; leaves convolute, ciliate. — Syn.
Hep. 248; Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 115.

Northern and Middle Islands: forests, Wairarapa river, Colenso; Chalky Bay,
Lyall. Campbell’s Island : on alpine rocks, J. I). H. (Fuegia, Tasmania, Australia.)

20. RADULA, Nees.

Stems erect or creeping, pinnately branched. Leaves distichous, incubous,
2-lobed; ventral lobe small, indexed, rooting at the base. Stipules 0. In-
florescence monoecious. Eruit in the fork or apex of short branches. Invo-
lucral leaves 2, 2-lobed. Perianth terete or compres sed ; mouth dilated.
Calyptra pyriform, persistent, bursting below the apex. Capsule on a short

530 v. hepatic.®. [ Radula .

fruitstalk, ovoid ; elaters with 2 spiral fibres ; spores large. Antheridia in
the inflated bases of perigonial leaves.

A considerable genus, found in all parts of tbe world.

1. R. buccinifera, Hook.f. and Tayl. Fl. N. Z. ii. 154. Stem 1 in.
long, prostrate, pinnate. Leaves yellow-green or brown, subimbricate, spread-
ing, rounded at tbe apex, upper lobe obovate-orbicular, convex, its apex in-
curved, lower minute, trapezoid, appressed. Perianth at length axillary, very
long, subcylindric, compressed above; mouth dilated, quite entire. — Syn.
Hep. 261.

Northern and Middle Islands : common in forests on tbe mountains, Colenso, etc. ;
Otago, Hector and Buchanan. (Tasmania.)

2. R. physoloba, Mont. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 154. Stem procumbent, rigid,
flexuous, much pinnately branched. Leaves yellow-green or brown, subver-
tical, orbicular, convex, quite entire ; apex inflexed ; lobule large, inflated
below the apex, retuse or emarginate. Perianth terminal or axillary, long,
cochleariform, truncate. > — Syn. Hep. 254 ; Mont. Voy. au Pole Sud, 256. t. 17.
f. 4. L. aquilegia, Hook. f. and Tayl. in Lond. Joum. Bot. 1846, 291.

Northern Island: forests of the Manawata, Colenso. Lord Auckland’s group,
Hombron. (Tasmania.)

3. R. uvifera, Hoolc.f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 162 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 154.
Stem 1-2 in. long, stout, much branched. Leaves olive-brown or purplish,
imbricate, convex, tumid, obovate-orbicular, quite entire ; upper lobe larger,
convex, broadly oblong-orbicular ; apex recurved ; lower ovate-oblong, ob-
tuse, tumid below, its apex appressed to the upper. Perianth obovate-oblong,
much compressed, subcoclileariform, 4-5-costate below; margins subulate;
mouth truncate, entire. — Syn. Hep. 258, 729. R. multicar inata, Syn. Hep.
258.

Northern Island: in mountainous districts, common, Colenso, etc. Lord Auck-
land's group : abundant on bark of trees, J. D. H.

4. R. plicata, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 154. Stem 1 in. long, slender,
procumbent, pinnate. Leaves imbricate, orbicular-obovate, as in R. buccini-
fera. Perianth linear-elongate, flattened, with 3 keels or ribs on the ventral
side, and 2 on the dorsal ; mouth truncate, quite entire.

Northern Island: Auckland, with R. buccinifera , Sinclair. Closely allied to R. buc-
cinifera, but larger and with a very different perianth.

5. R. complanata, Bumortier ; — Fl. TV. Z. ii. 155. Stem 1-2 in. long,
flattened, creeping, subpinnate. Leaves pale greenish-brown, distichous,
closely imbricate ; upper lobe orbicular, almost flat, quite entire ; lower lobe
£ smaller, appressed with a rounded angle. Perianth flattened, oblong, trun-
cate.— Hook. Brit. Jungerm. t. 81 ; Syn. Hep. 257.

Northern Island : Raukawa, on trunks of trees, Colenso. Campbell’s Island, J. D. H.
—The Raukawa plant is a small form, without fruit, bearing buds on the edges of the leaves,
as is common in Europe. (A very common plant in Europe, America, S. Africa, and
India.)

6. R. marginata, Hook. f. and Tayl. Fl. N. Z. ii. 154. Stems flattened,

Radula.~\

V. HEPATIC.®.

531

1-3 in. long, vaguely branched. Leaves dirty yellow or olive-green, subim-
bricate, distichous, spreading ; upper lobe oblong-orbicular, with a thickened
quite entire margin ; lower lobes obliquely ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, suberect,
appressed. Perianth terminal, elongate, flattened, narrowed below ; margins
thickened; lips truncate, quite entire. — Syn. Hep. 261.

Northern and Middle Islands : Bay of Islands, J. D. H. ; Auckland, Sinclair ; Nelson,
Mantell. — The thickened margins of the leaf at once distinguish this curious species.

7. R. dentata, Mitten , mss.—'Lejeunia dentata, Mitten in PL N. Z. ii.
159. Leaves orbicular, unequally 2-dentate, with an obtuse sinus, dorsal
margin 3-dentate ; ventral quite entire ; lobule large, ovate-oblong, obtuse,
quite entire.

Northern Island, Herb. Mitten ; Auckland, Sinclair.

21. MADOTHECA, Dumortier.

Stems creeping or pendulous, often large, pinnately branched. Leaves dis-
tichous, incubous, with an indexed membranous lobule at the ventral base. Sti-
pules large, decurrent. Inflorescence dioecious. Fruit lateral, nearly sessile.
Involucral leaves, 2 or 4, 2-lobed. Perianth obovoid, 2-convex ; mouth 2-
lipped, entire or lacerate. Calyptra globose, persistent, bursting below the
apex. Capsules on short fruitstalks, globose ; elaters free, with 2 spiral fibres ;
spores large, angular. Antheridia as in Frullania.

A considerable and widely distributed genus, both tropical and temperate.

1. M. Stangeri, Gottsche ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 155. Stems 3-12 in. long,
erect ; branches spreading. Leaves yellow-green, closely imbricate, very con-
vex, decurved, suborbicular ; apex incurved, quite entire or with the ventral
margin waved ; lobule triangular-ovate, outer side somewhat reflexed ; involu-
cral unequal, toothed. Stipules ovate, obtuse, gibbous in the centre ; margins
subrecurved, quite entire. Perianth lateral, sessile, 2-lipped; lips toothed.—
Syn. Hep. 281. M. 'partita. Hook. f. and Tayl. in Lond. Journ. JBot. 1844,
392 ; Syn. Hep. 279. M. elegantula, Mont. Yoy. au Pole Sud, 232. t. 18. f. 3.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands : abundant, Menzies, etc. Lord
Auckland’s group : on trunks of trees, J. D. H. — A very fine but variable species, the
southern representative of the European M. platyphylla, Dum.

22. LEJEUNIA, Libert.

Stems prostrate or creeping. Leaves distichous, incubous. Stipules
usually present. Inflorescence dioecious. Fruit lateral or terminal on proper
branches. Involucral leaves 2, 2-lobed. Perianth ovoid or obovoid, terete
or angled; angles winged or crested; mouth 3-4-lobed. Calyptra ob-
ovoid, persistent, bursting below the apex. Capsule on short fruitstalk,
globose, pale, 4-cleft halfway ; elaters adhering to the valves, erect, upper
end truncate, with 1 spiral fibre. Antheridia as in Frullania, on proper
branches.

A very large tropical and temperate genus, of which 236 species were published in the
‘ Synopsis Hepaticarum ’ in 1844, and many have been added since.

532

V. HEPATICjE.

[. Lejeunia .

§ 1. Stipules 0.

1. L. laevigata, Mitten in Ft. N. Z. ii. 157. Stem 1 in. long, creeping,
flattened and closely appressed, pinnate. Leaves imbricate, suborbicular, ob-
tuse ; lobule oblong or obovate, 3-dentate, one-quarter smaller than the leaf ;
involucral narrower, with obtuse entire lobes. Perianth obconic or turbinate,
obtuse ; dorsal face flat ; ventral with 2 appressed folds.

Northern Islands: on fronds of ferns, leaves, etc.; Auckland, Sinclair; Tehawera,
Colenso.

2. L. pulchella3 Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 157. t. 103./. 2. Stem very
minute, — ~ in. long. Leaves white, membranous, remote, incurved re-
curved or flexuous, oblong, obtuse, quite entire; lobule small, subquadrate,
2-3-dentate ; involucral smaller, narrower. Perianth lateral, flattened, ob-
conic or obcordate, retuse ; margins quite entire.

Northern Island : Manawata river', Colenso.

§ 2. Stipules large, suborbicular, quite entire or very inconspicuously toothed.

3. L. olivacea, Book. f. and Tayt. Ft. N. Z. ii. 157. Stems 1 in. long,
procumbent, subpinnate. Leaves brownish, wrinkled when dry, imbricate,
spreading, oblong-ovate, rounded, incurved and often white at the apex,
lobule small, oblong, acute, tumid, quite entire; involucral narrower, acute.
Stipules large, orbicular-obovate, obscurely emarginate. Perianth oblong-
obovate, flattened, 3-ribbed on either face. — Syn. Hep. 334. Fliragmicoma
olivacea. Mitten, mss.

Northern Island: Wellington, Stephenson, Colenso ; Auckland, Sinclair.

4. L. scutellata, Mitten in Ft. N. Z. ii. 155. t. 102./. 4. Stem 1-2
in. long, tufted ; branches pinnate, ascending. Leaves olive-green or brown,
imbricate, spreading, convex, ovate-oblong, quite entire ; apex acute, re-
curved, sinuate at the base ; lobule small, quite entire, orbicular, involute ;
involucral immersed, ovate-lanceolate, nearly entire ; lobules lanceolate. Sti-
pules orbicular-obovate, with lanceolate lobules ; involucral 2-fid. Perianth
axillary, oblong, with entire angles. — Thysananthus scutellatus, Hook. f. and
Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1846, 383 ; Syn. Hep. 739.

Northern and Middle Islands: Bay of Islands, Cunningham, etc.-, Nelson, Mantell ;
Otago, Hector and Buchanan.

5. L. anguiformis, Hook.f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 156. t. 102. /. 5.
Stem 1-1J in. high. Leaves olive-green or brownish, imbricate, spreading,
oblong-ovate, quite entire ; apex obtuse or acute and ventral margin incurved ;
lobule half as long, narrow, elongate, rounded at the apex, quite entire ; in-
volucral broader, with an acute lobule. Stipules larger, orbicular, broader than
long, quite entire. Perianth obovate, compressed ; margins and apex toothed ;
faces obscurely keeled. — Thysananthus anguiformis, Hook. f. and Tayl. in
Lond. Journ. Bot. 1844, 567 ; Syn. Hep. 289.

Northern Island: Tararua, on trees, Colenso.

Two species, of which descriptions were published by Dr. Taylor, but of which the speci-
mens were not returned to the Hookerian herbarium, are referred with probability, by Mr.
Mitten, to this, viz. L. mollis. Mitten, FI. N. Z. ii. 157 ( Ftychanthus , Hook. f. and Tayl.
1. c. 334), with leaves sinuate, plicate at the base, and stipules smaller (Bay of Islands,

Lejeunia.']

V. HEPATICiE.

533

J. D. II.) ; aud Z. ophiocephala, Mitten, FI. N. Z. ii. 157 ( Thysananthus , Hook, f. Tayl. 1. c.
384), with an acute lobule and stipules with recurved tips (Bay of Islands, Sinclair). To
these may be added I. plicatiscypha , Gottsche, Syn. Hep. 748 ; FI. N. Z. ii. 156 ( Phrag -
micoma, Hook. f. and Tayl. 1. c.).

§ 3. Stipules large, many-toothed.

6. L. Stephensoniana, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 155. t. 102./. 3. Stems
1 1 in. long, dichotomously branched. Leaves olive-brown, imbricate, oblong-
ovate, acute, quite entire, flat or with the apex incurved or involute ; ventral
margin incurved ; lobule small, toothed. Stipules obovate, subtruncate,
toothed; margins slightly recurved.

Northern Island: Wellington, Stephenson. — Described from a fragment picked from
off mosses sent to Mr. Mitten.

§ 4. Stipules 2-dentate or 2-fid.
a. Leaves ciliolate or papillose.

7. L. papillata, Mitten in FI. FT. Z. ii. 158. t. 103./. 5. Stems ^
in. long, creeping, branched. Leaves pale green, rather remote, spreading,
deflexed, falcate, ovate-acinaciform, rounded at the incurved apex, ciliolate,
with papillae all round ; dorsal margin convex ; ventral rather concave ; lobule
small, inflated ; involucral smaller, with an ovate lobule. Stipules not ciliate,
orbicular, 2-fid; segments 1-2-toothed. Perianth obovate-quadrate, retuse,
compressed, 5-gonous ; angles papillose.

Northern Island: creeping on fern fronds and mosses, Sinclair, Colenso ; Wellington,
Stephenson.

j8. Leaves not ciliate, very obtuse, rarely acute in L. rufeseens. Stipules minute.

8. 3L. rufeseens, Lindenberg .- — L. implexicaulis, PI. N. Z. ii. 158. Stems
-4— f in. long, creeping, branched. Leaves olive-green, cellular, imbricate,
spreading or suberect, oblong-obovate, orbicular-ovate or ovate, convex ; apex
incurved, obtuse subacute or truncate; lobule small, involute. Stipules
usually narrower than the branch, more or less orbicular, acutely 2-fid. Pe-
rianth lateral, sessile, compressed, with 1 keel on the dorsal and 2 on the
ventral side. — Syn. Hep. 366. L. implexicaulis, mimosa, albo-virens, and
primordialis, Hook. f. and Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1844, 397, 398, and
1845, 92 ; Pi. Antarct. 166. t. 66. f. 4.

Northern and Middle Islands, probably common, creeping amongst mosses, etc.;
Manawata river, Colenso ; Wellington, Stephenson ; Canterbury, Travers. Lord Auck-
land’s group and Campbell’s Island, J. D. H. (Fuegia, Tasmania.) — Probably a very
common southern species (of which L. primordialis is an exceedingly small variety), and the
representative of the European L. serpyllifolia.

9. L. cucullata, Nees. Stems very minute, capillary, almost microscopic,
creeping, branched. Leaves pale green, lax, erecto-patent, concave, orbicular-
quadrate, subtruncate, quite entire ; lobule as large as the leaf, incurved, ap-
pressed ; summit angled ; base tumid. Stipules most minute, 2-fid ; segments
linear, subincurved. — Syn. Hep. 389. L. plicatiloba, Hook. f. and Tayl. PI.
Antarct. 166 ; Syn. Hep. 369; Mont. Yoy. au.Pole Sud, 218.

Lord Auckland’s group, Hombron ; creeping on Parmelia, J. J). LI.

534

V. HEPATICiE.

[Lejeunia.

y. Leaves not ciliate, sometimes papillose at the edge , subacute or acute. Stipules

minute.

10. L. latitans, Kook. f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 159. Stems minute,
creeping, slender, | in. long. Leaves pale green, distant, erecto-patent,
ovate, acute or acuminate; margins papillose ; lobule ovate, involute, half the
size of the leaf; involucral united with the obovate involucral stipule. Stipules
minute, 2 -fid; segments lanceolate, obtuse. — Syn. Hep. 345 ; FI. Antarct.
166.

Northern Island : on moist banks, Colenso. Lord Auckland’s group : creeping
on mosses, etc., J. D. H.

11. L. comitans, Hook.f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 159. Stems minute,
-Jg—i- in. long, procumbent, with thickened shoots. Leaves pale olive-green,
closely imbricate, spreading, minutely cellular, tumid, oblong, subacute, quite
entire ; apex recurved ; lobule ovate, indexed, subacute. Stipules minute, dis-
tant, orbicular, 2-fid. Perianth axillary, obcordate, flattened dorsally, with
1 broad rib on the ventral face. — Syn. Hep. 760.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, with L. mollis, J. I). H.

8. Leaves not ciliate , obtuse. Stipules rather large , conspicuous.

12. L. nudipes, Hook.f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 158. 1. 103./. 4. Stems
minute, creeping, branched, in. long. Leaves pale green, distant, spread-
ing, concave, opaque, obovate, narrowed at the base, rounded at the apex,
subcrenulate ; lobule small, narrow, subacute ; involucral similar. Stipules
ovate, acutely 2-fid, involucral obovate with ovate segments. Perianth clavate,
narrow below and substipitate, 5-gonous, retuse, with crenulate angles. — Syn.
Hep. 372.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, creeping over mosses, J. J). H.

14. L. thymifolia, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. 158. Stem creeping, branched.
Leaves yellow, imbricate, oval, narrowed at the obtuse apex, cpiite entire ;
lobule orbicular, truncate ; involucral ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with a tongue-
shaped lobule. Stipules large, imbricate, ovate-cordate, 2-fid. Perianth
terminal and lateral, obovate, 5-gonous. — Syn. Hep. 373.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, on bark, Sinclair ; Cape Turnagain, Colenso.
(Java, S. America, Madeira.)

15. L. tumida, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 157. t. 103./. 3. Stems very
slender, in. long, much branched. Leaves bright green, loosely imbri-
cate, cells pellucid, very convex, spreading, rather horizontal, obliquely
ovate-oblong, rounded at the apex, quite entire ; lobule small, inflexed, in-
flated ; involucral with a longer obtuse lobule. Stipules orbicular, acutely
2 -fid. Perianth obovoid, tumid, retuse, inflated and obscurely 5 -angled at
the summit.

Northern Island : probably common on trees, Sinclair, Colenso, Stephenson , etc.
Campbell’s Island, J. D. H. (Tasmania, Australia.)

24. FRULLANIA, Eaddi.

Stems prostrate or creeping, flattened, usually purplish-brown. Leaves

Frullania.']

v. HEPATIC.®.

585

distichous, iucubous, convex, quite entire, with a simple or rarely double
lobule at or near the base, which is erect or appressed, club-shaped lunate
trumpet-shaped or inflated. Stipules sometimes rooting at the base, usually
2-fid. Inflorescence dioecious. Fruit terminal on proper branches. Invo-
lucral leaves 2 or 3, not auricled. Perianth ovoid or obovoid, terete or 3-4-
angled ; mouth contracted, tubular. Calyptra pyriform, persistent, bursting
below the apex. Capsule on a very short fruitstalk, globose, 4-cleft halfway ;
elaters adhering to the valves, truncate, with 1 spiral fibre ; spores large,
irregular. Antheridia in the saccate bases of closely imbricate 2-lobed
perigonial leaves. Pistillidia 2 or 4 in each perianth.

A very large genus, growing on rocks, bark of trees, etc. ; a few species are European,
but most are southern.

§ 1. Lobule lunate or Icidney-sliaped, rarely hemispherical , usually longer than broad ,
more or less parallel to the curvature of the leaf.

* Lobules 2. Stipules quite entire .

1. F. cornigera, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 163. t. 104./. 8. Stems 1-2
in. long, pinnate. Leaves olive-brown, opaque, suborbicular, with hyaline
margins ; lobules 2, brown, tubular, decurved. Stipules transversely oblong,
quite entire.

Northern and Middle Islands : Bay of Islands, J. D. H. ; Port Cooper, Lyall.

** Lobule solitary. Base of the leaf inflexed. Stipules 2-fd.

2. F. patula, Mitten in Ft. N. Z. ii. 159. 1. 104./. 1. Stem 1 in. long,
pinnate. Leaves olive-brown, loosely imbricate, flattish, orbicular ; ventral
base broadly inflexed ; lobule small, brown, reniform ; involucral elongate,
ovate, obtuse, ventricose below and sheathing the perianth. Stipules orbicular-
cordate, very large, shortly 2-fid. Perianth small, quite smooth.

Northern Island: Tarawera, on dead bark, Manawata river, on fences, etc., Colenso.

3. F. squarrosula, Roo/c. f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 160. t. 103./. 6.
Stems 1 in. long, 2-pinnate. Leaves olive-green or almost black, patent and
recurved, squarrose, ovate, rounded at the apex ; dorsal margin often white ;
ventral sinuate in the middle ; lobule small, on the incurved margin of the
leaf kidney-shaped or hooded, brown ; involucral with an ovate acute lobule.
Stipules orbicular-ovate, 2-fid. Perianth oblong-ovate, obtuse, smooth at the
back, convex and obscurely 2-keeled above ; ventral face with one keel. —
Syn. Hep. 412.

Northern Island: probably common, Bay of Islands, on Lichen and rocks, J. D. IT. ;
Port Nicholson and Titiokura, etc., Colenso ; Wellington, Stephenson.

4. F. pycnantha, Hook. f. and Tayl. Ft. N. Z. ii. 160. Very similar
to F. squarrosula, but the perianth is covered with minute foliaceous scales,
the stipules keeled down the middle, with subrecurved margins, the involucral
stipule and leaves more cut. — Syn. Hep. 411.

Northern and Middle Islands : probably common, on Lichens, etc., from the Bay of
Islands, J. JD. II., to Thomson’s Sound, Lyall.

5. F. scandens, Mont. Voy. an Pole Sud, 227. t. 19,/. 2 ; — PI. Ant-
arct. 165. Stem 1^- in. long; branches pinnate, very short. Leaves pale

536

V. HEPATIC-®.

[Fnillania.

green, closely imbricate, obliquely ovate-orbicular, quite entire, obtuse, con-
cave, lower margin incurved ? ; lobule lunate ; involucral not seen ; stipule
orbicular, 2 -dentate.

Lord Auckland’s group : on branches of trees, Homlron. — I have seen no specimens,
and am uncertain, from the figure, whether the base of the leaf is incurved or not.

*** Lobule solitary. Base of leaf not inflered. Stipules 2-fid ( toothed in F. Hampeana).

6. F. falciloba. Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 160. Stems 1-2 in.
long, branched. Leaves brown, ovate or orbicular-oblong, slightly incurved ;
lobule large, elongate, falcate ; involucral 2-lobed ; lobule much cut. Stipules
orbicular-oblong, 2-dentate ; involucral large, 2-fid, 1-dentate on each side.
Perianth convex on the dorsal, and having a broad keel on the ventral face.
— Syn. Hep. 423.

Northern Island : Wairarapa valley, on bark, Colenso. (Tasmania.)

7. F. cranialis, Tayl. Stems 1-2 in. long, tufted, procumbent, sub-
pinnately branched. Leaves olive-brown, loosely imbricate, spreading,
rounded, concave, quite entire ; lobule helmet-shaped, ^ the size of the upper
lobe. Stipules ovate, 2-fid, with one tooth on each side. — Tayl. in Hook.
Lond. Journ. Bot. 1845, 86.

middle Island : Canterbury, Haast. (Australia.)

8. F. Hampeana, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 160. Stems pinnate. Leaves
pale green, imbricate, ^-vertical, suborbicular; lobule arched, deflexed,
acuminate. Stipules suborbicular, 6-8-toothed and 2-fid. — Syn. Hep. 426.

Northern Island: trunks of trees, Wairarapa valley, Colenso. (Australia, Tasmania.)
— Readily recognized by the many-toothed stipules.

9. F. spinifera. Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 161. t. 104./. 2.
Stems 1-1£ in. long, pinnate. Leaves brownish-green, loosely imbricate,
diverging, broadly oblong ; lobule small, arched, with acuminate ends ; invo-
lucral lanceolate, acute, with a lanceolate subulate 1-dentate lobule. Stipules
orbicular, shortly 2-fid; involucral broadly 2-fid, with lanceolate lobes.
Perianth elongate, subcylindric, tumid, smooth; retuse with a mucronate
apex. — Syn. Hep. 776.

Northern Island : Auckland, Sinclair ; Tehawera, on trees in the forest, Colenso.

10. F. deplanata. Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 161. t. 104./. 3. Stem 1 in.
long, pinnate. Leaves red-brown, diverging, imbricate, orbicular-ovate or
oblong ; apex rounded, incurved ; lobule large, falcate, recurved, acuminate ;
involucral ovate, acute, entire or toothed, with a lanceolate toothed lobule.
Stipules suborbicular, shortly 2-fid ; involucral elongate, laciniate. Perianth
obcordate, elongate, flattened at the top, retuse, mucronate, smooth.

Northern Island: east coast and interior, on bark, Colenso ; Wellington, on Lichens,
Stephenson.

§ 2. Lobule vertically elongate, clavate tubular trumpet-shaped or orbicular .

* Lobule on the surface of the leaf, %- orbicular .

11. F. reptans, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 161. t. 104./. 4. Stem small,
slender, in. long, creeping, pinnate. Leaves dark olive-brown or red or

■llama.]

V. HEPATIC-®.

537

kish, loosely imbricate, spreading, orbicular-obovate ; lobule very large,
ipyiag the centre of the leaf, and 7 smaller, compressed, semiorbicular,
k ; involucral with a lanceolate 1-dentate lobule. Stipules small, cuneate,
lothed; involucral 2-fid, 1-dentate on eacli side. Perianth oblong-obovate,
ironate ; dorsal face flat, 2-keeled ; ventral convex, 4-keeled ; keels toothed
ve.

lorthern Island : East coast, on bark of Edwardsia, Colenso ; Auckland, Sinclair.
mania.)

2. F. pentapleura, Hook.f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 162. t. 104./. 7.
ms small, slender, -£•— t in. long, pinnate. Leaves red-brown or blackish
olive-green, spreading, orbicular ; lobule on the face of the leaf, com-
ssed, ^-orbicular ; involucral ovate, with an ovate 1-dentate lobule.

: pules small, siiborbicular, 2-fid, entire or dentate on each side. Perianth
ong-obovate, mucronate, compressed, 2-keeled on each face ; keels and
rgins waved. — Syn. Hep. 775.

Jorthern Island: Tarawera, in woods, Colenso ; Auckland, Sinclair.

* Lobule on the margin of the leaf, cglindric, with a dilated trumpet-shaped mouth.

.3. F. ptychantha, Montague ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 163. Stems 2 in. long,
;ping, pinnate, thickened upwards. Leaves from olive-green to red-
pie, loosely imbricate, very tender ; cells minute, obovate-cuneate ; lobule
ill, pedicelled, oblong, inflated, opening downwards ; involucral acuminate,
te entire, united with the stipular. Stipules ovate-oblong, \ as large as
leaf, deeply acutely 2-fid . Perianth exserted, pyriform, 9-plicate. — Mont.
Voy. Pole Sud, 225. t. 19. f. 3 ; Syn. Hep. 442. F. myosota, Hook. f.
1 Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Pot. 1844, 393.

Northern and Middle Islands: Wellington, Stephenson, Lyall. Lord Auckland’s
up aud Campbell’s Island, Hombron, J. B. II.

14. F. hypoleuca, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 163. General characters of F.
ichuntha, but the leaves are closely imbricate, broader ; the lobule distant
im the stem, with an interposed triangular lamina, the involucral leaves sub-
Tate, and the perianth concave on the dorsal face, 1-keeled on the ventral.
Syn. Hep. 443.

Northern Island: Wellington, on Lichens, Stephenson (in Herb. Mitten). (Oahu.)

15. F. fugax, Hook.f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 161. t. 104./. 5. 'Stem
nail, slender, creeping, pinnate, in. long. Leaves red-brown, imbricate,
verging, orbicular; lobule very large, cylindric-oblong, with a dilated
outh below ; involucral elongate, obtuse, with a subulate-lanceolate lobule.

. ;ipules small, 2-fid, and 1-2-toothed; involucral more deeply 2-fid ; segments
atire or toothed. Perianth sessile, oblong; dorsal face flat, 2-keeled;
entral with 1 broad keel. — Syn. Hep. 445.

Northern Island : probably common on Lichens, Bay of Islands, 7 B. II. ; east coast,
c., Colenso ; ’Wellington, Stephenson. — The perianths here described are not fully formed.

16. F. mcumbens, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 162. t. 104./. 6. Very
milar in size and structure to F. fugax, but paler. Leaves more incurved ;
hule very much smaller. Stipules not toothed, and with the obovate
31-iant.h keeled sharply on its ventral face.

VOL. i. 2 N

538

Y. HEPATIC.*.

[ Frullania .

Northern Island : on bark, \A airarapa valley, east coast and interior, Colenso.

17. F. rostrata, Hook./, and Tayl. Ft. Antarct. 163. Stems minute,
slender, subpinnate. Leaves red-brown, imbricate, spreading, orbicular, sub-
apiculate ; lobule oblong, with 2 short processes on its inner margin ; invo-
lucral orbicular-oblong, incurved, apiculate. Stipule minute, orbicular.
Perianth obovate from a slender narrow base, much broader than the stem. —
Svn. Hep. 445.

Lord Auckland’s group: on Parmelia enteromorpha, J. I). H.

18. F. magellanica, Spreng.; — FI. Antarct. 162. Stems 2-3 in. long,
much 2-pinnatelv branched. Leaves red and olive-brown or blackish, imbri-
cate, orbicular-ovate, sometimes obscurely denticulate ; lobule obovate, dis-
tant from the stem ; involucral acute, entire, rarely with the lobule toothed.
Stipule minute, appressed, 2-fid. Perianth obovate, impressed on the dorsal
face, obtusely keeled on the ventral. — Syn. Hep. 446.

Campbell’s Island : on alpine rocks, J. D. H. (Fuegia.)

*** Lobule on the margin of the leaf, erect or diverging , clavate or pedicelled.

19. F. aterrima, Hook.f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 162. Stems ^-1 in.
high, small, slender, sparingly branched. Leaves black, shining, upper
purplish, imbricate, spreading, concave, oblong or orbicular ; tips recurved ;
cells large at the ventral side; lobule erect, pyriform, inflated; involucral
longer, narrower, acute. Stipules minute, 2-partite, and 1-2-toothed.
Perianth obovate, 3-quetrous. — FI. Antarct. t. 66. f. 3 ; Syn. Hep. 450.

Northern Island: Wairarapa valley and Ruahine range. Beech-trees, etc., Colenso.
Lord Auckland's group : rocks on the hills, J. D. H.

20. F. congesta, Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 162. Very similar
to F. aterrima, of a red-brown colour, with rounder stipules, which are never
toothed, the leaves have not the cluster of enlarged cells at the base, and the
involucral are white at the tips. — FI. Antarct. 164 ; Syn. Hep. 451.

Northern Island : probably common on Lichens, bark of trees, rocks, etc., Auckland,
Sinclair; Titiokura, Tehawera, etc., Colenso; Wellington, Stephenson. Lord Auck-
land’s group : on rocks and bark, J. D. H.

21. F. allophylla, Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 163. t. 66./. 1.
Stems minute, slender, flexuous, i §• in. long, sparingly branched. Leaves
red-brown, black when dry, lax, distant, erecto-patent or spreading, convex,
subpetiolate, obliquely ovate, acute or obtuse, sometimes 2-3-toothed ; cells
large ; lobule oblong or clavate, pedicelled, diverging at the base, then in-
curved or decurved. Stipules minute, 2-fid ; segments lanceolate, but some-
times clavate like the lobules.

Campbell’s Island : on hills, intermixed with other Hepatica, J. I). H. — A minute,
very curious aud beautiful little plant.

22. F. reticulata, Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 163. t. 66./. 2.
Stems 1-2 in. long, pinnate, flattish. Leaves black, young red-purple, dis-
tichous, imbricate, very tender, convex, lower orbicular, entire, upper ovate,
coarsely toothed ; cells large, pellucid ; lobules clavate, sometimes absent in
the lower leaves, sometimes 2-fid or double. Stipules 4-partite ; segments
subulate, or some or all clavate.

Frullania .]

V. HEPATICjE.

539

Lord Auckland’s group : rocks on the mountains, J. D. H. — A larger plant than
F. rostrata, with larger leaf-cells and 4-partite stipules.

23. F. gracilis, Nees. Stem creeping, pinnately and 2-pinnately
branched. Leaves imbricate, orbicular, obtuse, quite entire ; lobule auricled,
oblique, exposed ; involucral inciso-serrate. Stipules imbricate, flat, sub-
rotund, 2-fid, quite entire ; involucral inciso-serrate. Perianth 3-gonous,
prismatic, smooth ; dorsal surface convex, ventral with 1 keel. — Syn. Hep.
452 ; Mont, in Voy. au Pole Sud, 223.

Lord Auckland’s group, Hombron. — I have seen no Auckland Island specimens ; the
species is also found in Java and the Malayan peninsula.

24. FOSSOMBRONIA, Raddi.

Prond prostrate, creeping, lobed pinnately; lobes succubous, distichous,
quadrate, 3-5 -lobed, flaccid. Stipules 0. Pruit terminal, or lateral by the
growth of the stem. Involucre of subulate leaves, adnate to the perianth,
which is campanulate; mouth large, lobed. Calyptra pyriform. Capsule on
a short fruitstalk, globose, irregularly 4-valved ; elaters short, with 2-3 spiral
fibres. Antheridia naked on the under surface.

A small genus, found in various parts of the world, intermediate between the frondose and
leafy Hepatica ; the stem may be regarded as a frond pinnatifid to the midrib, or as fur-
nished with adnate leaves.

1. F. pusilla, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 163. Minute; stems | in. long,
simple or forked. Leaves obliquely spreading, lower waved and lobed, upper
crisped, 3-4-lobed or -angled. Perianth obconic, toothed. — Syn. Hep. 467.

Northern Island : east coast and Hawke’s Bay, on banks, palings, etc., Colenso.
(America, Canary Islands, S. Africa, Tasmania, Kerguelen’s Land.)

2. F. intestinalis, Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 163. Minute; stems L-j in.
long, with purple rootlets. Leaves ascending, tumid, plaited, convolute,
incised and lobed; lobes acute. Perianth campanulate, crenate. — Syn. Hep.
469.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, J. I. H. (Tasmania.)

25. NOTEROCLADA, Taylor.

Prond appressed to the ground, creeping, rooting, stout, forked, pinnately
lobed ; lobes broad, sessile, decurrent, soft, quite entire. Stipules 0. Pruit
lateral or terminal. Involucre confluent with the perianth, erect ; cylindrical
or compressed ; mouth somewhat 2- or 4-lobed. Capsule subglobose, on a
slender fruitstalk, 4-valved or bursting irregularly; elaters short, with 2?
spiral fibres. Antheridia immersed in the back of the stem.

A small Brazilian and Australian genus, closely allied to Fossombronia.

1 . N. porphyrorhiza, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 163. Stem simple, \ in.
long, flexuous, with the leaves \ in. broad, green or purple. Leaves dis-
tichous, oblique, approximate, ovate or suborbicular ; margins papillose.
Perianth small, obovate ; lobes crenate-dentate. — Androcryphia, Nees; Syn.
Hep. 470. Jungermannia, Nees ; Montagne in Ann. Sc. Nat. 1839, t. 1. f. 1.

2 n 2

540 v. HEPATIC;® [ Noteroclada .

N. confluens, Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1844, 478 ; FI. Antarct. 446. t. 161.
f. 7.

ortliern and Middle Islands: Titiokura, in watercourses, Colenso ; Auckland,
Sinclair ; Otago, lagoons, Lindsay. (Brazil, Fuegia, Falkland Islands, Kerguelen’s Laud.)

26. PETALOPHYLLUM, Gottsche.

Fronds simple or 2-fid, rooting below from the midrib, lamellate above.
Inflorescence dioecious. Fruit from the back of tbe midrib. Involucre con-
fluent with the perianth, quadrate, campannlate; mouth broad, open, undu-
late, toothed. Calyptra large, globose, as long as the perianth or shorter.
Capsule large, globose, on a slender fruitstalk, bursting irregularly ; elaters
filiform, with 2 or 3 spiral, fibres ; spores large, reticulate. Antheridia dorsal
at the forks, crowded, globose.

A small British and Australian genus.

1. P. Preissii, Gottsche ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 164. Frond ^ in. long, ob-
ovate or cuneate; ventral surface rugulose, striate; dorsal with radiating
lamellae, which are connate, forming little pockets at the costa. — Syn.Hep.472.

Northern Island: Hawke’s Bay, on clay soil, Colenso. (S.W. Australia.)

27. ZOOPSIS, Hook. f. and Tayl.

Frond very slender, tufted, creeping, rigid, silvery-green, almost capillary,
sparingly branched, of large tumid hexagonal cells ; midrib stout ; margins
waved. Fruit lateral. Involucre of a few lanceolate scales. Perianth large,
pedicelled, obovate-oblong, deeply laciniate.

A very curious little plant, which I discovered in Lord Auckland’s group, and has since
been found in Tasmania and New Zealand.

1. Z. argentea, HooJc.f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 164. Fronds 3— §■ in.
long, in. broad, of two lateral and one antero-posterior series of cells sur-
rounding a central cord of filiform cells ; each of the marginal cells stands
out like the tooth of a saw, and is terminated by an incurved bristle, which is
not represented in the figure in FI. Antarct. The fruit is immature. — Syn.
Hep. 473; FI. Antarct. 167. t. 66. f. 6.

Northern Island : probably common amongst mosses, etc., in various localities, Colenso ;
Auckland, Lyall, Sinclair. Ijord Auckland’s group : on the ground at the roots of
tree-ferns, and amongst mosses, J. D. E.

28. PODQMITRITJM, Mitten.

Fronds erect from a creeping rhizome, stalked, oblong, with a stout
midrib, membranous, entire. Inflorescence dioecious. Involucre from the
base of the frond on the ventral surface, shortly pedicelled, with a few
scales at the base. Perianth tubular, much longer than the involucre. Ca-
lyptra included, bearing a few barren pistils, subcampanulate ; mouth lacerate.
Capsule on a long fruitstalk, ovoid, 4-valved ; elaters filiform. Antheridia
crowded on short pedicelled spikes.

The only species known ; it is almost impossible to distinguish its barren fronds from those
of the British Steetzia Lyallii and Syrnphyogyna subsimplex , Mitten.

Podomitrium .]

v. HEPATIC^E.

541

1. P. Phyllantlms, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 164. Fronds 1 in. high,
oblong-lanceolate, dull green, obtuse, quite entire. — Symphyogyna, FI. Ant-
arct. 167. Jungermannia, Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 95. Diplolcena cladorhizans,
Hook. f. and Tayl. in Loiul. Journ. Bot. 1844, 570.'

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands : abundant on stumps of tree-ferns,
rocks, etc., Menzies, etc. Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H. (Tasmania.)

29. STEETZIA, Lehmann.

Frond linear, more or less dichotomously branched, with a midrib. In-
florescence dioecious. Involucre at first terminal, dorsal by the subsequent
elongation of the frond, seated on the midrib, cupshaped, torn. Perianth
tubular; mouth toothed. Calyptra as long, torn at the apex. Capsule on a
slender fruitstalk, ovoid ; elaters free, with 2 fibres. Antheridia dorsal, on
the midrib, covered by minute fimbriated leaves.

A considerable genus, scattered over both the temperate and tropical regions of the globe.

1. S. Lyeilii, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 165. Frond 2-3 in. long, oblong
or linear, crenulate or subserrate. — Blyltia, Syn. Hep. 475 ( Steetzia , 785) ;
Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 77.

Northern Island : clay hanks, East and South coast, apparently common, Colenso.
(Europe, America, Australia.)

2. S. teniiinervis, Hook. f. and Tayl. Ft. N. Z. ii. 165. Frond
slender, 1-2 in. long, pea-green, tips dilated, 2-lobed ; margin crenulate from
the prominent cells, substance thin ; midrib very slender. — Diplolcena, Hook,
f. and Tayl. in Loud. Journ. Bot. 1844, 570.

Northern Island, Colenso ; Auckland, Sinclair. — Probably a variety of L. Lyeilii.

3. S. ? xiphioides, Hook.f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 165. Frond bright
green, 2 in. long, procumbent, T^- in. broad, sparingly dichotomously
branched ; margin crenulate. Involucre immature, of about 5 lanceolate
leaves. — Diplolcena, Hook. f. and Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1844, 567.
Blyttia, Syn. Hep. 476 ( Steetzia , 785).

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, J. D. H. ; Manawatu river, often under water,
Colenso; Auckland, Sinclair. — A very dubious plant, totally unlike any other Steetzia, and
compared by Mitten with large forms of Melzyeria f areata.

30. SYMPHYOGYUA, Mont, and Nees.

Fronds membranous, linear, dichotomously or flabellately branched, stalked,
arising from a creeping rhizome, midrib stout. Inflorescence monoecious or
dioecious. Fruit from the nerves, usually at the forks. Involucre a toothed
scale. Perianth 0. Calyptra smooth, exserted, coriaceous, fimbriated at the
apex by abortive pistillidia. Capsule on a slender fruitstalk, 4-valved ; valves
often cohering by their apices ; elaters with 2 spiral fibres. Antheridia in the
midrib ; perigonial leaves imbricate, tumid, incised, membranous.

A large tropical and south temperate genus, unknown in the north temperate hemisphere.

1. S. flabellata^ Montague ; — Fl. N. Z. ii. 165. Stem 1-3 in. high.
Frond orbicular or reniform, 3-5-partite in a fan-shaped manner, |-1 in.

542

V. HEPATIC;®.

[Symphyogyna.

broad; segments linear, 2-fid, nerved, obtuse. Fruit in the forks, involu-
cral scales 2-lobed. — Syn. Hep. 481. Jungermannia, Hook. Muse. Exot. t.
13; LabiH. FI. Nov. Holl. t. 254. f. 1.

Jtlountainous parts of the Northern and throughout the Middle Islands : from Teha-
wera, Colenso, to Dusky Bay, Menzies. Lord Auckland’s group, Hombron, J. D. IT.
(Tasmania.)

2. S. leptopoda. Hook. f. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 165. Similar to S.
flabellata ; stipes faintly winged ; frond pale green, more tender, 3-chotomous,
segments broader. — Syn. Hep. 482.

Northern and Middle Islands: Bay of Islands, J. D. H. ; Hokianga, Jolliffe ; Tara-
l'ua and Wairarapa, Colenso ; Otago, Lyall.

3. S. Hymenophyllum, Montague ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 166. Stipes 1-2
in. high. Frond flat, erect, dark green, obtruncate or obovate, twice or thrice
2-fid ; segments linear, serrate, emarginate. Fruit at the union of the laciniae;
involucral scale orbicular, toothed. Calyptra cylindric. — Syn. Hep. 480.
Jungermannia , Hook. Muse. Exot. t. 14.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands : common, from the Bay of Islands,
J. J). IT., to Dusky Bay, Menzies. (Tasmania.)

4. S. rhizoboia, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 166. Stipes short. Frond pro-
cumbent, lanceolate, subdivided, dark green, serrate, attenuated and rooting
at the apex. — Syn. Hep. 483. S. obovata, Hook. f. and Tayl. in Lond.
Journ. Bot. 1844, 581. Jungermannia , Hook. Muse. Exot. 87.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, J. D. H.; Auckland, Bolton ; East coast, Hawke’s
Bay, etc., Colenso. (Bourbon, Tasmania.)

5. S. sub simp lex, Mitten in Ft. N. Z. ii. 166. Frond linear, flat,
green, 1^ in. long, -i broad, simple or forked, refuse, attenuate at the base,
quite entire, tender ; cells hexagonal. Involucral scale toothed and lacerate,
sub-2-partite. Calyptra clavate, crowned with pistillidia.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, J. 1). H. ; Auckland, Sinclair ; East coast, on tree-
ferns, Colenso. Stewart’s Island, Lyall.

31. METZGERIA, Raddi.

Fronds more or less branched, flat, linear ; midrib distinct. Inflorescence
dioecious. Fruit from the lower surface of the frond, on the midrib. In-
volucre a ventricose 2-lipped scale. Perianth 0. Calyptra ascending, obo-
void, rather fleshy. Capsule on a long fruitstalk, ovoid ; elaters adhering to
the tips of the valves, with one spiral fibre. Antheridia 1-3, from the mid-
rib beneath the frond, in a 1-leaved involucre. Ovoid buds occur on the
narrow tips of the fronds.

A cosmopolitan and very variable plant, of which all the New Zealand forms are also
European. A few other species are known in South America.

1. M. furcata, Nees; — Ft. N. Z. ii. 166. Fronds 3 in. long, tender,
linear, forked or dichotomously branched, glabrous, the margin and costa
beneath setulose or naked. Calyptra ascending from the side, hairy and
setose. — Syn. Hep. 502.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Colenso, etc. ; and in Lord
Auckland’s group. (Cosmopolitan.)

V. HEPATICyE.

543

32. ANEUEA, Dumort.

Frond pinnatifid or 2-pinnate, sinuate, rather thick, with a broad unde-
fined nerve or 0. Inflorescence dioecious. Fruit from the margin of the
frond underneath. Involucre short, cupshaped, torn. Perianth 0. Calyptra
subcylindric, fleshy. Capsule ovoid or oblong, on a slender fruitstalk ; elaters
attached to the tips of the valves, each with a single broad fibre. Antheridia
immersed in marginal receptacles.

Id the New Zealand Flora, Mr. Mitten adopted the generic name of Sarcomitrium in pre-
ference to that of Aneura, because the fronds have a nerve or thickened axis, and indeed
consist of little else than axis. Names are, however, as often founded on appearances as on
facts, and if the appearance is obvious (as in this case) the name should be retained. A con-
siderable genus, more common in the southern than in the northern hemisphere.

1. A. alterniloba, Hook.f. and Tayl. FI. JN. Z. ii. 167 ( Sarcomitrium ).
Frond dark green, 3-4 in. long, flattened, vaguely branched ; branches alter-
nate, % in. broad, obtusely lobed, crenate, tips rounded ; margin minutely
and remotely toothed. Calyptra setulose. — Syn. Hep. 496.

Northern Island : wet banks and watercourses, Bay of Islands, J. D. H. ; East coast
and interior, etc., Colenso, Sinclair.

2. A. palmata, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 167 (Sarcomitrium'). Fronds
pinnate, primary flat, procumbent; branches ascending, pinnatifidly palmate ;
segments linear, truncate or obtuse. Fruit lateral ; involucre shallow, torn.
Calyptra tubercled. — Syn. Hep. 498.

Northern Island: Beech forests on the East coast, Colenso. (Tasmania, Europe.)

3. A. crassa, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 167 (Sarcomitrium). Frond thick
and leathery, almost horny, blackish-green, procumbent, pinnatifid ; segments
obtuse. — Syn. Hep. 500.

Northern Island : dense forests, East coast and interior, Colenso. (Tasmania.)

4. A. pinnatifida, Nees ; — Ft. N. Z. ii. 167 (Sarcomitrium). Frond
simple or pinnatifid, flat or channelled; branches horizontal, dilated at the
apex, 2-pinnatifid or toothed, obtuse. Calyptra smooth, puberulous. — Syn.
Hep. 495.

Middle Island : Southland, Lyall. (Europe, America, Bourbon, India, Malay Islands,
Australia, Tasmania.)

5. H. multifida, Dumort.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 167 (Sarcomitrium). Frond
pinnately multifid or decompound ; primary biconvex, rigid ; branches pecti-
nate, horizontal, linear; involucre lateral in the primary or secondary branches,
turbinate, fleshy. Calyptra tubercled. — Syn. Hep. 497.

Throughout the Northern aud Middle Islands : by watercourses, wet banks, etc.,
from Bay of Islands, J. D. B., to Port Cooper, Lyall. Lord Auckland’s group and
Campbell’s Island, J. I). H. (Europe, America, India, Australia, Tasmania, Fuegia.)

6. A. prehensilis, Mitten; — Fl.N. Z. ii. 167 (Sarcomitrium). Fronds
loosely tufted, erect, incurved ; primary branches compressed, brown, prui-
nose when dry, winged ; lobes pinnate, secund, flat, linear, with a thick nerve.
Calyptras solitary or 2, at the bases of the upper lobes, brown, scabrous,
elongate-obovate, with torn involucral scales at the base. — Metzgeria, Hook. f.
and Tayl. FI. Antarct. 445 ;• Syn. Hep. 505.

544

V. HEFATICJ3.

[ Aneura.

Northern and Middle Islands: Manawatu river, on dead wood, Colenso ; Port
Nicholson, Lyall ; Otago, Lindsay. (Fuegin.)

7. A. eriocaula, Mitten; — FI. N. Z. ii. 168 ( Sarcomitrium ). Frond
8-6 in. long, flexuous, pinnatifid, pubescent ; primary creeping, compressed ;
branches alternate, ovate, 2-pinnatifid ; divisions linear, obtuse, glabrous,
costate, brown. Calyptra subaxillary, oblong-cylindric, fleshy, glabrous,
rather rough. — Metzgeria, Syn. Hep. 505. Jungermannia , Hook. Muse.
Exot. t. 72.

Middle Island: Dusky Bay, Menzies ; Port Nicholson, Lyall; Otago, Hector and
Buchanan. (Tasmania.)

8. A. cocMeata, Mitten in FI. Taman, ii. 240 ( Sarcomitrium ). Frond
short, very thick and fleshy, loosely emspitose, procumbent, creeping, pinna-
tifidly irregularly lobed ; lobes ovoid, cochleate, concave, very thick and
fleshy, with upturned or connivent margins, 2-lobed at the apex, loosely
cellular and spongy internally. Calyptra fleshy, cylindric, setulose. — Riccia
cocJdeata, Hook, fl and Tayl. in FI. Antarct. t. 66. f. 5 ; Syn. Hep. 612.

ijord Auckland’s group : on stones, in tufts of mosses, etc., J. D. H. (Tasmania.)

33. PLAGIGCHASMA, Lehm. and Lindb.

Frond short, thick, rigid. Inflorescence monoecious ? Fertile receptacles
stalked, capitate, 2-4-lobed ; lobes small, ascending. Involucres 4, large,
erect, 1 -capsuled, concealing the lobes, ovoid, 2-valved. Perianth 0. Ca-
lyptra fugacious. Capsule almost sessile, horizontal, globose, splitting ir-
regularly ; elaters moderately long ; spores enclosed in a transparent wrinkled
membrane. Antheridia immersed in sessile disks.

A genus of a dozen species or so, inhabiting warm climates.

1. P. australe, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 168. Frond 1 in. long, linear-
elongate, green with purple margins ; tips retuse ; margins crenulate, inno-
vations on the ventral side ; scales broad, purple, acute, with hyaline tips,
upper projecting beyond the mai'gin. Fruit in the middle of the frond ;
peduncle short or long, with linear-lanceolate scales at the base. Female
receptacle with 2-4 fruits, scaly below ; subglobose, male papillose. — Syn.
Hep. 515. Fegatella australis , Hook. f. and Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1844,
572.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, J. I). 11. ; Hokianga, Jolliffe ; Tehawera and Patea,
Colenso.

34. MARCHANTIA, Linn.

Frond broad, growing flat on the ground, branched, thick, with a broad
ill-defined midrib or none, covered below with coloured imbricating scales and
tubular rootlets. Inflorescence dioecious, on the surface of the frond. Re-
ceptacles peltate, stalked, rayed,, fruiting on the under surface. Involucres
pendulous, alternate with the rays, 2-valved, lacerate, each with 3-6 3-cleft
perianths. Capsules stalked, pendulous, dehiscing at the apex by revolute
valves ; elaters slender ; spores smooth. Antheridia immersed in the under
surface of male receptacles. — Gemmae occur abundantly in sessile cups on the
surface of the frond.

Marchantia.']

V. HEPATIC.®.

545

A large genus, found in all parts of the world, easily recognized hy forming green scale-
like patches on the ground, paths, walls, and especially on the mould of green-house plants.

1. M. tabularis, Nees ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 168. Patches large, oblong,
lobed; terminal lobes toothed, nerveless. Peduncles 1-4 in. long. Female
receptacles with 8-9 star-like rays ; involucres with 2-4 perianths, ^ shorter
than the ray, tumid,' white, 4-fid ; segments lacerate; central beard slender,
fibrillose ; fruitstalk short. Male receptacles on separate plants on shorter
peduncles, orbicular, 4-lobed ; lobes cremate ; anthers in 8 radiating lines. —
Syn. Hep. 525. M. polymorpha^X. Antarct. 168 and 446, not of Linnaeus.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, in wet places abundant, and in Xjord
Auckland’ s group and Campbell’s Island. (S. Africa, Tasmania, Fnegia, Falkland
Islands, Kerguelen’s Land.) — This is the southern representative of the ubiquitous northern
M. polymorpha, differing from that plant in the more convex fronds without a midrib, more
minute cells, and more prominent pores.

2. M. nitida, Lehm. and Lindenb.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 168. Frond 1 in.
long, green, linear, dichotomous, thickened in the middle, dilated at the ob-
cordate tips ; margin undulate, cremate, under surface purple. Female recep-
tacle excentric, convex, papillose, 8—1 0-rayed ; peduncle paleaceous at the
base, slender, flexuous, pilose; rays dilated, emarginate, crenulate, beardless,
costate above ; inyflucre 2-valved, ciliated, 2-3-fruited. Perianth plicate,
purple at the mouth. — Syn. Hep. 532.

Northern and Middle Islands: Tuaraiawa river, Colenso ; East Cape, Colenso ;
Canterbury, Haast. (India.)

3. M. foliacea, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 168. Frond 2-3 in. long, sub-
coriaceous, flat, smooth, glossy above ; pores small, pale ; below deep purple ;
margin entire, undulate. Female receptacle excentric, convex, umbonate,
about 8-lobed ; peduncle 1 in. long, with purple scales ; lobes dilated, folia-
ceous, suberenate ; involucres pale, lacerate, ciliate. Cups with gemmae,
funnel-shaped, with toothed ciliate margins.

Northern and Middle Islands: Cape Turnagain and base of the Ruahine range,
Colenso; Hokianga, Jolliffe; Nelson, Mantell. (Tasmania.)

4. M. macropora, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 169. Fronds 1-2 in. long,
£ in. broad, dirty green, linear, dichotomous ; margin flat, quite entire ; pores
large, with purple edges ; under surface dark purple ; scales few. Female re-
ceptacle subliemispherical, excentric, about 5-lobed, warted; lobes 2-partite;
peduncle \ in. long, with a few lanceolate scales ; involucres with purple
lacerate margins, and clothed with lanceolate purple lacinise at the base.

Northern Island : wet banks, Makororo river and Aknriri, Colenso; Auckland, Sin-
clair, etc.

5. M. pileata, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 169, Frond 3 in. long, glau-
cous-green, i in. broad, dichotomous, linear, flat, smooth; pores minute,
margined with white ; margins entire ; underneath dark purple. Female re-
ceptacle subexcentric, hemispherical, tuberculate, naked below; margin
crenate; peduncle in. long, smooth, purple; margin of the involucres torn.

Northern Island : wet banks, Makororo river, Colenso. (Tasmania.)

546

V. IIEPATIC.E.

35. DUMORTIERA, Nees.

Habit and most of the characters of Marchantia, but involucres with 1
capsule, horizontal, opening by a vertical slit. Perianth 0. Capsule shortly
stalked; elaters very long ; spores muricate.

A small genus, scattered over various parts of the globe, growing on the ground in moist
places.

1.? D. hirsuta, Nees ; — Fl.N.Z. ii. 169. Prond dichotomous, bright
green, tender, pellucid, with no midrib, crenulate-undulate, hairy below.
Pemale receptacles with many fruits, convex, covered with scattered bristles ;
margin and involucres hirsute, bearded round the top of the peduncle. —
Syn. Hep. 343. D. dilatata, Syn. Hep. 543. Ilygropila dilatata, Hook. f.
and Tayl. in PI. Antarct. 168.

Northern and Middle Islands: abundant, from Bay of Islands, J. T>. H., to Akaroa,
Raoul, in watery places, etc. Lord Auckland’s group, ./. B. H. — One of the largest
and commonest Hepaticce of New Zealand, but never found in fruit and hence doubtful as
to genus and species. The specimens are much larger than any of B. hirsuta, from other
parts of the world ; the latter species is very variable and found in various parts of America
and South Atrica.

36. REBOULIA, Nees.

Prondose, growing on rocks or earth ; habit of Marchantia ; midrib strong,
broad. Pemale receptacle peduncled, flat, conical, or hemispherical, 1-6-
lobed, almost to the middle ; lobes thick, their margins forming a 2-valved
involucre, containing one capsule. Perianth 0. Calvptra ovoid, soon rup-
turing, leaving a cup at the base of the capsule. Capsule exserted, sub-
globose, membranous, lacerate or suboperculate ; elaters with 2 spirals ;
spores tubercled. Male receptacle sessile, discoid.

A small genus of three species, scattered over the world.

1. R. hemispbaerica, Raddi. Prond dichotomous, with innovations
that are rounded and emarginate at the apex, green above, purple below ;
receptacle variable in shape; hairs at its base very slender. — Syn. Hep. 548.

Northern and Middle Islands: Auckland, Knight; Nelson, M ant ell; Canterbury,
Travers. (Cosmopolitan.)

37. FIMBRIARIA, Nees.

Frondose; habit of Marchantia ; midrib keeled. Inflorescence monoecious.
Pemale receptacle hemispherical, concave below ; margins expanding and
forming 4 campanulate, pendent, 1-capsuled involucres. Perianth projecting
beyond the involucre, oblong, splitting into many laciniee at the mouth.
Calyptra fugacious. Capsule sessile, globose, bursting transversely ; elaters
short, with 1 or 2 spirals ; spores muricate. Antheridia not on receptacles,
but immersed in the frond.

1. F. Drummondii, Tayl.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 169. Prond 1-1 £ in. long,
linear-elongate, green or purplish. Pemale receptacle conical, obtuse, papil-
lose with vesicular cells, almost naked below ; perianths white and purplish,
broadly ovate, sub-1 2-fid; segments broad, flat, cohering at the apex ; pe-
duncle 2 in. long, slender, black-pwple. — Syn. Hep. 566 and 791.

Fimbriaria.]

V. HEPATIC.®.

517

Northern and Middle Islands : heights ef Cape Kidnapper and Wairarapa valley, etc.,
CoLenso ; Nelson, Mantell. One of the largest species of the genus. (Swan River, Tas-
mania.)

2. F. australis, Rook. /. and Tayl. FI. N. Z. ii. 170. Fronds 1 in.
long, linear, dichotomous, tender, 2-lobed at the apex, below purple, with
a few small lanceolate obtuse scales. Female receptacle conico-hemispherical,
tubercled, sub-4-lobed, bearded below with long hairs; perianths ovate, 12-
14-fid, pale ; segments cohering by their tips.

Northern and Middle Islands: banks of Mohaka river, Colenso ; Auckland, Bolton;
Nelson, Mantell. (Tasmania.)

3. F. tenera. Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 170. Frond | in. long, } in.
broad, green, dichotomous ; divisions oblong or obcordate, deeply 2-fid, very
tender, veined, fertile cuneate ; below green or brownish. Female receptacle
small, rather convex, 3-4-lobed, naked below, rugulose ; margin crenulate ;
perianths small, shortly conic, 8-fid ; segments pale brown, ovate-lanceolate,
separate at the apices.

Northern Island : clay banks at Paliawa and Patea, Colenso. (Tasmania.)

38. TARGIONIA, Micheli.

Fronds appressed to the ground, rooting, thick and coriaceous, linear,
forked, porous on the upper surface, scaly on the lower. Involucre at the
apex of the frond, 2-valved. Perianth 0. Calyptra persistent, enclosing the
capsule, breaking away from over it, its bulb immersed in the frond ; style
deciduous. Capsule on a very short fruitstalk, membranous, irregularly torn;
elaters with 2 or 3 spiral fibres. Antheridia in lateral disk-like receptacles,
on proper branches. Gemmae 0.

A small genus, scattered over the globe, growing in the ground and on tufts of mosses,
etc.

1. T. hypophylla, Linn. ; — Ft. N. Z. ii. 170. Frond linear-obovate
or cuneate, rigid, with an undefined midrib, pores equal ; scales densely im-
bricate, outer reaching the margin. — T. Michelii, Corda. ; Syn. Hep. 574.

Northern Island: common on moist banks, Colenso, etc. (Europe, N. Africa, N.
America, Tasmania.)

39. ANTHOCEROS, Micheli.

Fronds growing flat on the ground, more or less orbicular, radiating,
thick, opaque, green ; margins lacerate or crenate. Inflorescence monoecious.
Fruit on the upper surface of the frond. Involucre tubular. Perianth 0.
Calyptra conical. Capsule pedicelled, of 2 narrow linear erect lobes ; colu-
mella filiform ; elaters flexuous ; spiral fibres imperfect or 0 ; spores muricate.
Antheridia sessile, in cup-shaped involucres. — Gemmae also immersed in the
substance of the frond.

A very common genus in various parts of the world, forming often large green patches
in moist places.

1. A. laevis, Linn. ,—Fl. N. Z. ii. 171. Frond 1-2 in. long, flat,
radiately branched ; lobes crenate, smooth, nerveless, tender ; involucre cylin-
dric ; mouth obliquely truncate, with broad scarious edges. — Syn. Hep. 586.

548

V. HEPATICiE.

[ Anthoceros .

Dendroceros leptoJiymenius, Hook. f. and Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1844,
575 ; Syn. Hep. 580. Pellia carnosa, 1. c. 576; Syn. Hep. 490. A.punc-
tatus?. Hook. f. and Tayl. in FI. Antarct. i. 168.

Northern and Middle Islands: abundant from the Bay of Islands, J. B. H., to
Akaroa, Raoul. Campbell’s Island, J. B. H. (Europe, America, Tasmania.) A very
common and variable plant. Some of the numerous New Zealand plants referred to this
that are not in fructification may be referable to other things.

2. A. Jamesoni, Tayl.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 171. Frond flat, nerveless,
nearly smooth, much cut into narrow lacinise ; margin lobulate; lobules un-
dulate and crenate. Involucre obliquely truncate, smooth. Capsule elongate,
valves cohering at their tips.

Northern Island : Auckland, Bolton. (Quito, Fuegia.)

3. A. giganteus, Lehm. and Lindenb. ;—Fl. N. Z. ii. 171. Frond

1 in. long, linear, forked, costate, pinnatifidly laciniate ; margin crisped.

Involucre cylindric, obliquely truncate. Capsule 2 in. long and more, de-
hiscing at the apex. — Syn. Hep. 588.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Menzies ; Port Cooper, Lyall.

4. A. Colensoi, Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 171. Frond 1-2 in. broad,
brownish-black, inordinately pinnatifid and pinnately lobed ; lobes flabellate
sinuate and crenate ; lobules small, pale, pellucid, smooth above and below.
Involucre rugulose, with little folds, obscurely 2-lipped. Capsule arcuate,
dehiscing on one side, short, pale brown ; peduncle included.

Northern Island: tops of the Ruahine mountains, Colenso ; Auckland, Sinclair,
Bolton.

40. RICCIA, Micheli.

Small, frondose, terrestrial or aquatic, often of thick consistence. Fronds
simple or divided, usually orbicular or oblong, often stellate. Inflorescence
monoecious or dioecious. Perianth 0. Fruit immersed in the frond. In-
volucre 0. Calyptra cohering with the globose capsule, and crowned with
a persistent styliform apex ; columella and elaters 0 ; spores angular ; au-
theridia imbedded in the frond.

A considerable genus, found in clay banks, ditches, etc., in all parts of the globe.

1. R. acxuniaata) Tayl.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 171. Frond 1 in. diameter,
glauccjss-green, solid, orbicular, stellate, naked below; segments linear, dicho-
tomous, channelled ; margins erect. Fruit tumid, crowded in the centre of
the frond. — Syn. Hep. 793.

Northern Island ; fern hills, Hawke’s Bay, Colenso.

2. R. natams, Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 173. Fronds floating, pale yellow
above, bordered with dull purple, obcordate, channelled, simple or proliferous
from the notches, with long purple Semite fimbriae below ; substances caver-
nous.— Syn. Hep. 606.

Northern Island: Lake Roto-a-Kiwa, Colenso. (Europe, America.)

3. R. flmtans, Linn.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 173. Fronds rather membranous,
dichotomous, flat or subchannelled, green above and below, dichotomous ;

Jliccia.]

V. HEPATIC®.

549

branches linear-elongate, tips emarginate, 2-fid 01 forked; substance caver-
nous towards the tips. — Syn. Hep. 610.

^Northern Island : deep water, head of "Wairarapa valley, Colenso. (Europe, America,
India, S. Africa.)

Order VI. CKAEACEiE.

Branching, submerged, slender, freshwater plants, with whorled branches,
sometimes coated with carbonate of lime. Stems and branches formed of a
few very long simple tubular cells placed end to end, with often smaller tubes
on the surface of one central large one. Reproductive organs of two kinds ;
1, solitary or clustered naked spores or nucules , each coated with spirally
arranged cells, placed in the axils of the branches ; 2, spherical globules , all
axillary, of a bright or dull red or orange colour, consisting of 8 triangular
disciform scales ; in the centre of the inner surface of each scale a columnar
tubular cell is fixed, which points towards the centre of the globule, and at
its end bears a bundle of jointed threads, each joint (or cell) of which con-
tains a spiral antherozoid. Gemmre are often produced on the root ; and
stellate bodies, capable of reproducing the species, often replace the globules.

A most curious Order of plants, abounding in many sluggish freshwater streams of tempe-
rate climates, remarkable for the singular nature of its reproductive bodies, its obscure affini-
ties, and the distinctness with which the circulation of the fluids in the stems and branches of
many species may be seen with a low power of the microscope.

Each node or joint of the stem or branches consists of but one length of cells, sometimes
upwards of 1 in. long, with very transparent walls (except when coated with carbonate of
lime), in which the sap may be watched, forming two currents side by side, and not separata!
by anything, one ascending, the other descending.

The spore (or nucule) consists of a central ovoid cell, full of starch-granules, coated by
5 long cells spirally wound round it, their tips being free and having a cavity between them,
down which the antherozoids are supposed to pass and impregnate the central cell. The spore
germinates by the formation of a cell at its tip, from which rootlets descend and a stem
ascends.

The red globules (or antheridia) have their walls divided by three circles, two vertical, and
three equatorial, and consist of eight disks, each of which is in shape an equilateral spherical
triangle. Each disk is formed of radiating tubular cells ; a tubular cell proceeds from the
centre of the disk to that of the globule, bearing at its apex a few small cells, from which
the filaments, whose joints contain the spermatozoids, originate.

The various species of the genus are very fetid, giving off an odour of sulphuretted
hydrogen.

I am indebted to my friend Professor A. Braun, of Berlin, for determining the New
Zealand species of this Order. The specimens were in most cases insufficient for a full and
satisfactory description.

1. NITELLA, Agardh.

Articulations of the stem and branches formed of 1 or more tubes, never
coated with carbonate of lime. Crown of the nucule formed of about 10
cells, in 2 series, usually deciduous.

A large genus, found in all parts of the globe.

* Eunitella. — Globules terminal at the forlcs of the branches.

1. N. hyalina, Agardli. Monoecious; stem branched, rather stout.
Whorls crowded, of many rays ; longer rays 8, 3 times forked, shorter about

550

VI. CHARACEA3.

[. Nitella .

twice as many, intercalated in pairs, simple or forked ; terminal forks rather
swollen. Nucules large, subglobose, with 9 striae.— Wallmann, Essai Earn.
Charac. 14.

Northern Island : Rupahi Lake, Auckland, Hochstetter {Herb. A. Braun). (Cosmo-
polite.)

2. N. Hookeri, Braun in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. i. 199. Monoecious.
Whorls lax, lower remote, upper forming lax comose heads, of 6-8 rays ; rays
2-3-forked to or below the middle, one of them usually further divided ;
ultimate articulations of about 3 joints, the first elongated, the rest shorter,
forming a 2-celled mucronate apex. Nucules usually in pairs; crown short,
obtuse. — Ckara australis, Tayl. in FI. Antarct., not of Brown.

Northern Island : still waters, Bay of Islands, Colenso, J. D. H. ; Wellington, Ralph.
(Tasmania, Australia, Kerguelen’s Land.)

3. N. interrupta, Braun, mss. Monoecious. Sterile whorls remote,
of 6 rays ; rays usually 4-5 times forked to the middle, divisions 2-3-cellular ;
fertile whorls minute, contracted, arranged in interrupted spikes. Spores
solitary on the secondary branches, brown, with 7 striae ; globules in the pri-
mary branches. — Braun, mss.

Northern Island: Waikate river, Telinek.

2. CHARA, Linn.

Articulations of the stem and branches formed of several series of cells,
often coated with carbonate of lime. Crown of the nucule formed of 5 spread-
ing cells.

Less frequent in the southern than in the northern hemisphere.

1. C. fcetida, A. Braun. Monoecious. Stems fine, striate, brittle,
coated with carbonate of lime, of twice as many tubes as branches (in 2 series) ;
upper branchlets of one tube, without external tubes. Nucules with 13 striae,
as long as 2 of the branchlets that subtend them. Stipules or short branch-
lets at the base of each whorl. — Wallmann, Essai Fam. Charac. 63.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, J. I). H. (Europe, etc.)

2. C. contraria, A. Braun. Monoecious. Stem coated with carbonate
of lime, finely striated, minutely papillose or strigillose ; the primary tubes
prominent, hence exposing the papillose surfaces, which in C. fcetida, to which
this is closely allied, are hidden between the secondary tubes. — Wallmann,
Essai Fam. Charac. 64.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Cosmopolite.)

Order VII. LICHENES.

Perennial plants, of comparatively small size, low organization, and very
various forms, rarely green in colour, consisting chiefly of a horizontal ascend-
ing or erect, simple or branched, foliaceous membranous coriaceous cartila-
ginous or crustaceous or powdery vegetative portion, called the thallus,
which bears organs of fructification. The thallus usually spreads horizon-

VII. LICHENES.

551

tally over dead wood, bark of trees or rocks, but in many genera it is terres-
trial and erect, or pendulous from rocks or branches ; it may be effuse, that is,
without determinate shape ; or ejfigurate, that is, having a definite shape ; or
scaly,' formed of small coriaceous scales ; or crustaceous, of a thick crusty
substance ; or powdery ; or leprous, when formed of minute membranous
scales ; or granular ; or folia ceoas (also called frondose). The attachment of
the foliaceous thallus may be by the whole under- surface, or by fibrils (bundles
of short filaments), and may be by one point or many. When the thallus
is erect, it is often called a podetium, a name also given to the erect cylin-
drical portion of a horizontal thallus. Reproductive organs of four kinds.
I. Apothecia, circular or variously-shaped shields cups slits or prominences,
formed of closely-packed jointed filaments and closed tubes ( asci ), which
latter contain simple or septate spores. II. Spermagones, minute open
cavities in the thallus, containing filaments ( sterigmata ), upon which are most
minute colourless bodies ( spermatic ). III. Pycnidia, or superficial sper-
magones. IV. Gonidia; granules often scattered like powder over the
thallus, which are analogous to buds, and reproduce the species.

A large Natural Order, found in all climates and latitudes. Upwards of 1300 species are
described, very many of which have most exteusive ranges in distribution, from the arctic
circle to the equator and in both hemispheres. Like most other Cryptogamic Orders, they
chiefly affect damp temperate climates.

The iuterual substance of the thallus usually consists of three layers : —

1. The cortical, which is tough, leathery, and formed of densely-packed minute cells, with
thick walls.

2. A green gonidic layer, formed of loose bright green or yellow globular cells, which
either have a proper cellular coat, and are called gonidia, or have none, and are called gonima.
These cells are almost peculiar to Lichens ; they often burst through the upper layer in
masses, called soredia, or are scattered like powder over the cortical layer, or fringe the lobes
of the thallus. In the genus Sticta, they burst through the under surface of the thallus,
and occupy small circular depressious or cups called cyphella. Many Lichens are exten-
sively propagated by gonidia, which may be seen forming green or yellow powdery strata on
bark, stones, etc. ; these strata were formerly supposed to be independent Lichens, and con-
stituted the genus Lepraria. Sometimes the gonidia invade the apothecium of Lichens,
which gave rise to another false genus (V ariolaria) .

3. A medullary, spongy, filamentous or cottony layer, composed of a network of jointed
delicate threads ; these are sometimes developed downwards, forming rootlets or fibrils on
the under surface of many horizontal thalli.

The hypothaltus is a rudimentary horizontal stratum, from which the thallus grows, and
is only distinguishable in the youngest state of the more highly organized Lichens, and lies
beneath the crustaceous or granular thallus of the more lowly.

The apothecia are usually discoid dark-coloured bodies, occupying various portions of the
thallus, rarely however ( Nephromium ) the under surface. They may be orbicular, linear
(lirellate), sessile or stalked, superficial or sunk in the thallus, convex concave or subglobose,
and of all colours. The apothecia consists of the excipte or receptacle and thalamium.

The receptacle is the enveloping part of the apothecium, and is formed of the substance of
the thallus. When the apothecium is adnate to the thallus, the receptacle only borders it, and
when the apothecium is peltate or stalked, the receptacle forms its under surface also ; vvlieu
the bordering portion is of the same colour as the thallus, it is called a thalline or thallodal
border ; when of a different colour, or that of the thalamium, it is called a proper border.
The receptacle may be altogether absent, or almost enclose the thalamium, or form a glo-
bular capsule, called a perithecium. The thalamium is usually solitary in each receptacle, but
sometimes there are several, which are separate or confluent. It consists of a series of vertical
elongate microscopic bodies, rising from a layer of minute cells, called the hypothecium ; and
they are usually held together hy a transparent gelatine. The vertical bodies are two, para-
physes and theca or asci. The paraphyses are the most numerous, they are linear, subcla-

«

552

VII. LICHENE8.

vate, transparent, jointed bodies, whose terminal cells are thiek-walled, are often crustaceous,
warted, coloured, and adhering together from the hard surface of the thalamium. The asci
are shorter vertical bodies, linear clavate or ellipsoid, tapering downwards, and consist of
simple, thick-walled, transparent sacs, containing one or more, usually 8, very minute spores.
At maturity the ascus breaks at the top, discharges the spores, and shrivels up, when fresh
asci are developed from the hypothecium, and this process goes on as long as the apothecium,
which is perennial, exists.

The spores are usually ellipsoid, but may be of any shape, and are simple or internally 1-
or many-septate, or divided both transversely and longitudinally into sporidia.

The spermagones are microscopic, simple or compound cavities in the thallus, opening by
pores, whose orifice is usually dark ; they are full of gelatine, and contain sterigmata,
which are simple or branched, articulate or inarticulate filaments ; short, straight, articulate
sterigmata are called arihrosterigmata. Upon the sides or tips of the sterigmata are the
spermatia, which are most minute, ovoid, ellipsoid, linear or acicular, straight or curved,
colourless bodies. The spermatia accumulate in the cavity of the spermagone and escape by
its pore ; they appear to be the analogues of the antherozoids of Algae, etc., but have no
cilia, and are not developed in antheridia. They are found in maturity usually in spring or
summer, long before the spores of the apothecium are mature, aud the relations between these
two kinds of organ is unknown.

Pgand.es are larger, thicker-walled, sometimes superficial spermagones, of which the ste-
rigmata are simple, inarticulate, tubular, tapering pedicels, called stylospores, that bear at
their tips bodies analogous to spermatia, but larger and curved oblong and full of granular
contents.

In germination the sporidia of a Lichen give off one or more branching filaments, whose
branches interlace and form a network, the hypothallns, which again develops into the me-
dullary stratum. A layer of colourless cells next spreads over the hypothallus, and amongst
these the gonidia appear. In many Lichens, including most of the corticolous ones, there
is no further development of thallus, the apotheeia growing from this, aud in some few
the hypothallus aloue is formed. In the higher forms however a cortical layer is added.
The hypothallns, though often evanescent, is present as the fibrils of Sticta, the black
fringe of I.ecidea geographica ; and in other forms or colours, in many other corticolous and
rnpicolous species.

The food of Lichens is not confined to the gaseous elements, for they take up mineral
matter in abundance, especially carbonate aud oxalate of lime, besides compounds of alumina,
silica, iron, potash, soda, magnesia, aud even of metals, as manganese and iron. Some species
attain a great age, and some appear to burrow into the rock they inhabit ; this burrowing
has been attributed to a corroding power in the vegetable, but I should think it rather due
to the action of the moisture they retain around them.

The study of Lichens is in every respect a most difficult one ; the great master of the sub-
ject is Dr. Nylander, whose arrangement I have followed here, and would refer the student
to his worlds for details I am unable here to give ; these are, especially, his ‘ Synopsis Li-
chenum,’ ‘ Enumeration Generale des Lichens,’ and ‘ Expositio Pyrenocarpeorum.’

Of British authors, Dr. Lauder Lindsay’s ‘ Popular History of British Lichens ’ (12mo,
with 22 plates) is a very good work, being very lucidly written and illustrated by capital
figures.

The New Zealand Lichens were first hastily named aud published by Dr. Taylor ; since his
death, my friend the Rev. C. Babington, a learned man and most sagacious Licheuist, worked
them up with great care aud skill for the 1 New Zealand Flora ;’ and, more recently. Dr.
Nylander has reviewed the majority of them, and verified most of Mr. Babiugton’s determi-
nations. A considerable number of species are introduced from a manuscript, kindly lent me by
Dr. Lindsay, which contains the botanical results of his visit to the islands. Lastly, many
additions are due to Dr. Knight’s skilful researches amongst the corticolous genera, the re-
sults of which, by Mr. Mitten and Dr. Knight, are published in the Linnean Society’s Trans-
actions, illustrated by microscopic drawings of great beauty, made by Dr. Knight.

The following pretends to no more than a sketch of New Zealand Lichenology, and I ex-
pect that fully as many species remain to be discovered as are now known to exist in the
islands. Since the following descriptions were v:ritten. Dr. Lauder Lindsay has communicated
to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, a list of Lichens found by himself at Otago, in which

VII. LICHENES.

553

a good many new species are indicated but not described. W ith regard to the other species
there mentioned, having seen no specimens, I do not venture to introduce them, except by
name at the end of each genus, as many may be identical with species described under other
names by Babington, myself, or others. For myself, I frankly confess that I find it impos-
sible to determine even the toliaceous Lichens satisfactorily, except by comparison of speci-
mens ; whilst the species of the crustaceous and corticolous genera are so difficult to examine,
and impossible to describe in definite language, that I doubt any two independent workers
coming to a tolerably close agreement regarding their limits and nomenclature, even if they
worked upon the same specimens.

The two arrangements most in vogue are those of Fee and Nylander, the latter of whom
I have followed. The size of the spores affords, in many cases, excellent specific characters, but
to ascertain this accurately for the New Zealand species, would take many months of micro-
scopic study, and as the value of such characters can only be judged of after a vast number
of measurements, I have not pretended to introduce them.

KEY TO NYLANDER’s ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA, FOLLOWED IN

THIS WORK.

Family I. Collemacei.

Thallus black-brown or olive-green, often subgelatinous. Gonidia without
a cellular membrane, usually traversing the thallus in moniliform lines. Apo-
thecia often red, white or pale inside.

Tribe I. Lichinei. Thallus shrubby.

1. Lichina.

Tribe II. Collemei. Thallus usually horizontal, foliaceous, lobed.

2. Coble m a. Thallus without a cortical cellular layer.

3. Leptogium. Thallus with a cortical cellular layer.

Family II. Lichenacei.

Thallus variously coloured, not soft or gelatinous. Gonidia with a cellular
membrane.

Series A. EPICONIOIDEI. Spores collected into a black powdery or
crustaceous deciduous spore-mass.

Tribe I. Caliciei. Very minute. Thallus crustaceous or 0. Apothecia on slender,

often filiform stalks.

4. Calicium.

Tribe II. Sphserophorei. Thallus shrubby ,with dilated or swollen tips of the branches
which bear the apothecia.

5. Sphairophoron.

Series B. CLADODIEI. Thallus usually erect. Apothecia terminal on
erect podetia, usually without a border. Spores often 8 in an ascus, oblong,
rarely elongate and septate.

Tribe III. Bseomycei.

6. Ba:omyces.

Thallus horizontal, crustaceous. Apothecia pale red or brown.
Spores simple or \-%-septate.

Tribe IV. Cladoniei. Thallus foliaceous or scaly, or of branched shrubby podetia.
Apothecia convex, without a border. Spores simple.

2 0

7. Cladonia.
vol. i.

554

VIT. LICHENES,

Tribe V. Stereocaulei. Thallus shrubby, tufted , with a solid medullary axis. Apo-
tliecia black or brown , terminal or lateral, with very rarely an obscure thalline border.

8. Stereocaulon. 9. Argopsis.

Series C. RAMALODEI. Thallus shrubby or filamentous, erect or
pendulous, terete compressed or angular, without any basal crust or scales,
tubular or solid. Apothecia usually with a thalline border.

Tribe VI. Siphulei. Thallus of white opaque (fistular •) podetia. Apothecia unknown.

10. Thamnoua.

Tribe VII. Usneei. Thallus white or yellowish, branched , with a firm filiform axis.
Apothecia peltate, with a thalline border which is often ciliate.

11. Usnea.

Tribe VIII. Ramalinei. Thallus terete or compressed, erect or pendulous, with lax
pith or hollow internally. Apothecia with a thalline border.

12. Aeectoria. 13. Ramai.ina.

Tribe IX. Cetrariei. Thallus compressed, shrubby or foliaceous, lobed, shining, with a
central pith. Apothecia marginal, with a thalline border. Spores small, simple.

14. Platysma.

Series D. F HYLLODEI. Thallus foliaceous, depressed, lobed or lacini-
ate, with a fibrous pith. Apothecia peltate or discoid, with or without a
thalline border.

Tribe X. Peltigerei. Thallus dilated, under surface naked. Apothecia usually

marginal.

15. Nephroma. 16. Peltigera.

Tribe XI. Parmeliei. Thallus dilated, rarely subterete or shrubby . Apothecia with a
thalline border. Spermagonia with arthrosterigmata.

17. Sticta. 18. Ricasolia. 19. Parmelia.

Tribe XII. Gyrophorei. Thallus membranous or coriaceous, usually monophy/lous,
attached by a point. Apothecia with a border of the substance of the disk , often compli-
cate or gyrose.

20. Umbilicaria.

Series E. PLACOBIEI. Thallus crustaceous, scaly, granular, powdery or
evanescent. Apothecia with or without a thalline border, sometimes linear.

Tribe XIII. liecanorei. Thallus various. Apothecia with a thalline border, rarely

without.

21. Psoroma. 24. Ahphiloma. 27. Lecanora. 30. Thelotrema.

22. Pannaria. 25. Squamaria. 28. Urceolaria.

23. Coccocarpia. 26. Placodium. 29. Pertusaria.

Tribe XIV. Xiecidiei. Thallus various. Apothecia without a thalline border.

31. Cienogonium. 32. Byssocaulon. 33. Lecidea.

Tribe XV. Graphidei. Thallus very thin, often invisible or beneath the bark.
Apothecia like cracks, fiat or plicate, with or without a border.

34. Graphis. 36. Peatygraphis. 38. Stigmatidium. 40. Melaspilea.

35. Opegrapha. 37- Plagiographis. 39. Arthonia.

VII. LICHENES.

555

Series F. PYRENODEI. Thallus various, peltate, scaly, areolate, con-
tinuous or 0. Apothecia opening by a punctiform pore.

Tribe XVI. Pyrenocarpei.

41. Nobhandina. 42. Trypethelium. 43. Endocarpon. 44. Verrucaria.

KEY TO FEE’S ARRANGEMENT OF THE GENERA.

I. Thallus adherent, crustaceous, amorphous (of delicate matted filaments in Coenogonium

and Byssocaulon).

a. Apothecia more or less stipitate.

Family I. Bseomyceee. Apothecia subglobose, fleshy, with a solid stipes.

6. Basomyces.

Family II. Calicioidese. Apothecia hollow, goblet-shaped.

4. Calicium.

ft. Apothecia sessile.

Family III. Graphidese. Apothecia linear.

34. Graphis; 35. Opegrapha; 36. Platygraphis ; 37. Plagiographis ; 38.

STIGMATIDIUM ; 39. Arthonia; 40. Melaspilea.

Family IV. Verrucariese. Apotheciu enclosed in tubercles of the thallus, with a
small terminal opening.

41. Normandina; 42. Trypethelium; 43. Endocarpon; 44. Verrucaria (see
Thelotrema and Pertusaria in Family VII.).

Family V. Leprarieae. Apothecia of naked sporules.

This family consists of rudimentary states of various Lichens.

Family VI. Variolariese. Apothecia opening into depressed hollow shields or

pustules.

Belongs to the same category as Family V.

Family VII. Lecanoreae. Apothecia discoid with a more or less distinct border,
sometimes thalline , and sometimes of the substance of the disk.

a. Thallus crustaceous.

27- Lecanora ; 28. Urceolaria ; 29. Pertusaria ; 30. Thelotrema ; 33.

Lecidea.

ft. Thallus of matted microscopic filaments.

31. Cienogonium ; 32. Byssocaulon.

II. Thallus subfoliaceous, consisting of scales more or less combined together. Apothecia

discoid, bordered, sessile.

Family VIII. Squamaria.

21. Psoroma ; 22. Pannaria; 23. Coccocarpia; 24. Amphiloma ; 25. Squa-
MARIA ; 26. PLACODIUM.

III. Thallus shrubby or foliaceous, erect or horizontal, loosely attached by the base or by

fibres from its lower suiface.

A. Thallus horizontal, upper and under surfaces of different colour or texture, or both,
a. Thallus not fixed by a central point, spreading diffusely.

2 o 2

556

VII. LICHENES.

Family IX. Parmeliaceae. Thallus coriaceous or membranous. Apothecia discoid,

fixed by the centre.

17- Sticta ; 18. Ricasolia ; 19. Parmelia. (See Platysma in Family XIII.)

Family X. Collematese. Thallus when moist more or less gelatinous. Apothecia
discoid, fixed by the centre.

2. COLLEMA ; 3. LePTOGIUM.

Family XI. Peltigerese. Thallus membranous. Apothecia adnate by their whole sur-
face to the upper or under surface of the lobes of the frond, border 0 or very thin.

15. Nephroma ; 16. Peltigera.

/8. Thallus fixed by a central point, coriaceous.

Family XII. Umbilicariese.

20. Umbilicaria.

y. Thallus erect, pendent or ascending, rarely foliaceous or horizontally spreading ; upper
and under surfaces similar.

Family XIII. Ramalinese. Thallus compressed or flat, sometimes foliaceous, usually
compressed and laciniate, rarely inflated, or flsfu/ar. Apothecia discoid, with a thickened
thalline border.

12. Alectoria ; 13. Ramalina; 14. Platysma.

Family XIV. Usnese. Thallus terete, shrubby, erect or pendulous, with a central core
or thread. Apothecia discoid, ciliated, with a very thin border or 0.

11. Usnea.

Family XV. Coruiculariese. Thallus terete or compressed, without a central thread ,
cottony or flstu/ose within. Apothecia discoid.

Has no New Zealand representative hitherto discovered.

Family XVI. Sphaerophoreae. Thallus erect or suberect, shrubby, terete or com-
pressed, solid within. Apothecia convex or subglobose, sunk in extremities of branches.
5. Sph.erophoron ; 8. Sterkocaulon ; 9. Akgopsis.

1. Lichina, ranked by Fee as an Alga, is referable here artificially.

Family XVII. Cladonieae. Thallus of erect, fistulose podetia, often dilated into cups,
with or without a horizontal scaly portion. Apothecia hemispherical, without a border.

7. Cladonia; 10. Thamnolia.

1. LICHINA, Agardli.

Thallus dark -brown, shrubby, rigid, containing beneath the cortical layer
numerous naked blueish granules. Apothecia terminal, contained in globose
receptacles, discoid with a thalline border ; spores ellipsoid, simple.

A small genus of small Lichens, a good deal resembling Alga, and found on littoral rocks.

1. L. pygmsea, Ag. Thallus about in. high, tufted, branched, com-
pressed above. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 91. Var. (3. intermedia, Bab. in FI.
N. Z. ii. 311. t. 128 C. Thallus £ in. high; branchlets slender, flattened.
Middle Island : Otago harbour. Var. R. on rocks, Lyall. (Europe.)

2. COLLEMA, Acliarius.

Thallus of various forms, cartilaginous or gelatinous, dull green or brown,
with no distinct cortical stratum, traversed by simple tubular threads and

Cullema.~\

VII. LICHENES.

557

moniliforra strings of naked granules. Apothecia rufous, with a thalline
border ; spores in eights, simple or variously divided.

A large genus of Lichens, found on rocks, bark, etc., in many parts of the world, some-
what resembling Nostoc. The New Zealand species do not appear to be taken up by
Nylander in his ‘ Synopsis Lichenum.’

1. C. flaccidum, Ach.; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 309. Thallus membranous,
lobed, dirty green, blueish or greenish-brown, larger lobes expanded, flexuous.
Apothecia reddish, flat, middling-sized ; spores ovoid or broadly fusiform,
septate.

Northern Island : common on trees, Colenso, J. D. //., etc. (Europe, America, Aus-
tralia, etc.)

2. C. pulposunij Ach.; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 310. Thallus dirty
green or greenish-brown, orbicular, lobed ; lobes thick, crenate, subimbri-
cate, often plaited. Apothecia middling-sized, flat, border entire ; spores
ovoid, usually 3-septate. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 114.

Northern Island, Colenso. — Specimens imperfect, barren, hence very doubtful. I find
none in the Herbarium. (Europe, America.)

3. C. nigrescens, Ach. — Yar. leucocarpum , Bab. in El. N. Z. ii. 308.
Thallus black-green, membranous, orbicular, depressed, lobed, radiately
plaited. Apothecia lilac, glaucous, flat, crowded; border entire; spores
cylindric-fusiform, usually many-septate. — C. leucocarpum, Tayl. C. glaucoph-
thalmum, Nyland. Synops. Lich. 114, ex ejus Lich. Nov. Caled.

Northern Island, Colenso. Middle Island, D’Urville ; Otago , Lindsay. (Found in
all parts of the globe. C. nigrescens is cosmopolite, var. leucocarpum is found in Britain,
Mexico, and New Caledonia.)

4. C. fasciculare, Ach. — Yar. Colensoi, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 309.
Thallus suborbicular, rigid, cartilaginous, blue when dry, fixed by the centre,
green when moist ; lobes rounded, sinuous, crisped. Apothecia crowded on
the margins of the lobes, minute, rufous, without a border.

Northern Island : on twigs, Colenso. — I do not find this species in the Herbarium, nor
any notice of it in Nylander’s Synopsis.

5. C. plicatile, Ach. Thallus greenish-brown, imbricate, lobed ; lobes
erect or ascending, plaited, crisped. Apothecia scattered, reddish ; border
entire; spores ellipsoid-fusiform, usually 3-septate. — Nyl. Synops. Lich. 109.

Auckland, Knight {Mitten). (Europe.)

6. C. contigimm, Knight and Mitt, in Linn. Trans. 23. 106. t. 12./.
35. Thallus dull green, black when dry; lobes tufted, complicate. Apo-
thecia small, crowded, marginal, pale brown ; spores ellipsoid, multilocular.

Northern Island: Auckland, on wood, Knight.

3. LEPTOGIUM, Acharius.

Thallus as in Collema, but usually thinner, all cellular or with a cellular
cortical layer. Apothecia with a thalline border, which is concolorous with,
or paler than, the surface of the disc; spores in eights, ovoid or ellipsoid,
variously septate or divided.

558 vii. lichenes. [Leptogium.

A genus with the habit, etc., of Collema , which it closely resembles. The species are
very difficult of discrimination.

1. L. Scoticum, Fries ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 308. Thallus membra-
nous, brown, laciniately lobed, plaited ; lobes rounded. Apotbecia small,
rather concave, same colour as the thallus ; spores ovoid. — Nylaud. Synops.
Lich. 123.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Europe, N. Africa.)

2. Xj. tremelloid.es. Fries ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 308. Thallus lead-
coloured or somewhat olivaceous, glaucous, membranous, lobed ; lobes some-
times imbricate or crisped. Apothecia red, usually elevate ; spores ovoid or
ellipsoid, 3 -septate, narrowed at both ends. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 124.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle Islands. (Cosmopolite.)

3. It. Saturninum^ Nyland. — Collema, Bab. in PL N. Z. ii. 309.
Thallus large, leaden-brown or greenish, lobed, or polvphyllous and compli-
cate ; lobes sinuate, often furfuraceous, cinereous, pubescent below. Apo-
thecia dirty brown, flat, almost shining ; border entire, cupulate ; spores
ellipsoid, 3-septate. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 127.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Europe.) — Babington identifies this with an Antarctic,
S. African, American, and Indian species, no doubt including L. Menziesii, Montagne, and
L. Hildenbrandii, Nyl., under it ; but Nylander separates these latter, by (confessedly) very
slight characters.

4. Xj. chloromelum, Nyland. — L. Brebissonii ? Bab. in PI. N. Z. ii.
307. Thallus lead-coloured and somewhat greenish, membranous, lobed,
plaited longitudinally, very rugose ; lobes waved. Apothecia red or red-
browu, plane or concave ; border thick, rugose and plaited, or granulate ;
spores 3-5-septate, ellipsoid or narrowed at both ends. — Nyland. Synops.
Lich. 128. C. rugatum, Tayl.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, on trees, J. I). H., etc. ' (Europe, America, India.)

5. Xj. bullatum, Nyland. Thallus lead-coloured, opaque, closely rugu-
lose, membranous, lobed and incised, wrinkles narrow acute undulate.
Apothecia dull red, flat or tumid ; border thick, rugulose, bullate, often
urceolate ; spores ellipsoid, 5-septate, narrowed at both ends. — Nyland.
Synops. Lich. 129.

New Zealand, {Nylander). (Tropical Asia and America.)

4. CALICITJM, Acharius.

Thallus granular, powdery or evanescent, very rarely scaly or obsolete.
Apothecia black, stipitate, rarely subsessile, in turbinate capitula, globose.
Spores brown or blackish, simple or septate.

Minute, often microscopic Lichens, found on rocks and old wood.

1. C. curtium, Borrer ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 304. Thallus granular,
cinereous or obsolete. Apothecia black; stipes often stout ; capitulum cylin-
dric-turbinate ; margin white ; mass of spores black ; spores ellipsoid, black,
1-septate. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 156.

Northern Island : on dead wood, Colenso. (Europe, N. America, N. Asia.) — A very
minute plant, belonging to a genus of which the species are most difficult of discrimination.

VII. LIOHENES.

559

5. SPHJ1EOPHOEON, Persoon.

Thallus branched, tufted, shrubby, fragile, cylindric, compressed, flattened
or more or less scale-like ; branchlets dilated at the tips. Apothecia near
the tips of the frond, terminal or on the under surface, bursting irregularly,
covered with a deciduous black layer of pigment ; spores black or dark violet,
spherical.

A genus of 4 species, found on rocks and old wood in temperate climates.

1. S. compressum, Acli. ;—Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 304. t. 130. — S. am -
trale , Laur. Thallus foliaceous, glaucous, blackish at the base, white below,
much dilated above and palmately lobed ; edges erose. Apothecia very large,
with a broad flat thalline border, which is lacerate and scrobiculate or crested.
— Nyland. Synops. Lich. 170.

Northern and Middle Islands: abundant on the ground and stumps of trees, and
Lord Auckland’s and Campbell's Islands. (Australia, S. Africa, N. and S. America.)

2. S. coralloides, Pers. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 307. Thallus terete,
pale or white, sometimes lurid, branched. Apothecia small, on globose re-
ceptacles, irregularly dehiscing above. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 171.

Northern and Middle Islands, Colensn, etc., on rocks, etc. Lord Auckland’s
group, J. D. 11. (Temperate and cold regions of both hemispheres.)

3. S. tenerum, Laur. ; — Bab.in Pl.N.Z. ii. 3 04 ; Fl.Antarct.t.Y^l.fA.
Thallus terete, slender, excessively branched, pale or white ; branches dense,
slender, intricate. Apothecia on the primary branches, small, the border de-
ciduous, having a black capitulum girt by a circular rim. — Nyland. Synops.
Lich. 171. S. curtum , Plook. f. and Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 654.

Abundant throughout the islands and in Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s
Island. (Chili, Antarctic Islands.)

6. BJEOMYCES, Persoon.

Thallus horizontally expanded, crustaceous, scaly powdery or granular.
Apothecia sessile or stipitate, pale pink or flesh-coloured or dirty-white, with-
out a thalline border ; stipes consisting of longitudinal filaments ; spores 1-3-
septate. Spermagonia furnished with arthrostigmata.

A genus of some 17 species, found in various temperate climates on the ground, rotten
wood, etc.

1. B. rufus, DC. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 298. Thallus greenish whitish
or glaucous, thin, effuse, granular ; granules sometimes depressed. Apothe-
cia on long or short white stalks, flesh-coloured, convex ; spores simple, ellip-
soid-oblong.— Nyland. Synops. Lich. 176. Biatora byssoides, Fries; Bab.
l.c. 299.

Northern Island: common on banks, etc., J. D. A., etc. (Europe, America, Aus-
tralia.)

2. B. roseus, Persoon ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 298. Thallus white, gra-
nular, crustaceous. Apothecia pale, flesh-coloured or rosy, subglobose ; stipes
whitish ; spores fusiform or oblong-fusiform, simple.— N viand. Synops. Lich.
179.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Europe, America.)

560

VII. LICHENES.

7. CLADONIA, Hoffmann.

Thallus of horizontal scales, giving off erect tubular or laciniate podetia, or
shrubby or tufted, and formed of erect podetia, which are often branched or
smooth, scaly or granular and sometimes perforated, often dilated at the apex
into conical cups. Apothecia terminal on the podetia or its lobes, convex,
without thalline border, scarlet red-brown or whitish, rarely blackish ; spores
small, oblong, simple. Spermagonia with simple or sparingly branched
sterigmata.

A very large genus of Lichens, most abundant on alpine and subalpiue moorlands; a few
species occur on old wood in damp forests.

§ 1. Apothecia pale or brown,
a. Thallus foliaceous, laciniate. Podetia bearing cups.

1. C. pyxidata, Fries ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 297. Thallus ashy-grey,
glaucous or greenish, scaly below or naked ; podetia often scaly or partially
powdery or furfuraceous ; cups cyathiform, well developed. Apothecia pale
brown or reddish; spores oblong. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 193.

Northern and Middle Islands and Lord Auckland’s group: common. (Cosmo-
polite.)

2. C. fimbriata, Hoffm,.; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 297. Thallus as in
B. pyxidata , but podetia white or glaucous, altogether powdery, and the cups
usually narrower. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 194.

Northern and Middle Islands : common. (Cosmopolite.)

3. C. gracilis, Hoff in. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 297. Thallus ashy,
pale or greenish, with scaly leaflets below or naked ; podetia elongate, corti-
cate, smooth, subulate or bearing cups. Apothecia sessile or stalked, brown
or reddish ; spores oblong. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 196. C. verticilluta,
Floerke; Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 296. C. sarmentosa, Hook. f. and Tayl. in
Loud. Journ. Bot. iii. 651.

Northern and Middle Islands and Lord Auckland’s group : common. (Cos-
mopolite chiefly in cold regions.)

4. C. decorticata, Fries; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 298. Thallus with
close-set glaucous scales, which cover the podetia ; lowest scales broad, cre-
nate, white or blackish below; podetia cylindric, without cups or with narrow
ones. Apothecia brown, usually numerous and confluent ; spores oblong. —
Nyland. Synops. Lich. 199.

Northern Island : on wood, Colenso. (Europe.) — I find no specimens in.the Herba-
rium, and Nylander gives no southern habitat.

5. C. cariosa, Floerke. — C. degenerans, Floerke ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii.
279. Thallus cinereous, glaucous, with crenate scales at the base ; podetia
naked below, above white granular warted and cancellate ; cups unequally
digitately parted ; divisions fastigiate. Apothecia brown, turgid, large ;
spores oblong. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 194.

Northern and Middle Islands: Bay of Islands, Colenso, to Otago, Lindsay. (Cos-
mopolite.)

/8. Cups none. Podetia imperforate , except sometimes at the axils.

6. C. furcata, Hoffm. ;— Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 296. Thallus scaly or

Cludoniu.l

VII. LICHENES.

5(51

naked at the base; podetia pale green white or brownish, smooth, branched ;
axils not perforate ; branches subulate, fertile often fastigiate ; cups 0. Apo-
thecia brown or rufous, small; sports oblong. — Nvland. Syriops. Lich. %06.

Northern and Middle Islands : common. Kermadec Islands, Milne. (Cosmo-
polite.)

7. C. squamosa, Hoffm. ; — Bub. in FI. N. Z. ii. 296. Thallus horizontal,
subfoliaceous ; scales crenate ; podetia white, furfuraceous or scaly, branched ;
axils pervious, toothed and proliferous ; tips forked ; fertile crested, subcorym-
bose ; cups 0. Apothecia pale or red brown. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 209.

Northern Island, Co/enso, Jolliffe. (Cosmopolite.)

8. C. rangiferina, Hoffm. ; — Bab. in. FI. N. Z ii. 296. Thallus erect,
leafless and scaleless ; podetia densely tufted, ashy-white, often brown at the
tips, smooth, slender, elongate, branched ; axils perforate ; branches short,
spreading or decurved ; branchlets subradiate, fertile suberect subcoryrnbose ;
cups 0. Apothecia small, brown or pale; spores oblong-fusiform. — Nyland.
Synops. Lich. 211.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle islands, Lord Auckland’s group,
Campbell’s and Chatham Islands. (Cosmopolite.) — Oue of the most common of
Lichens in cold and temperate latitudes, often forming extended white patches, 2-4 in. high.
The food of the reindeer in arctic regions.

9. C. capitellata, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 296. t. 130 B. Thallus leafless
or with few scales ; podetia white or straw-coloured, slender, smooth, straight,
subulate, sparingly branched ; tips pungent, brown ; axils perforate, gaping ;
cups 0. Apothecia shortly stipitate; disk brown, reflexed, sometimes perfo-
rate in age. — Cenomyce capillutci, Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot.

Northern and Middle Islands : not uncommon, Colenso, etc. (Tasmania.) — Nylander
(Synops. Lich. 216) refers this very doubtfully to C. amaurocrcea, from which, however, as
he observes, it seems to difTer essentially in the absence of cups and perforate axils.

/3. Cups 0. Podetia naked, perforate at the sides, not at the axils.

10. C. aggregata, Eschweiler ; — Bub. in FI. N. Z. ii. 295. Thallus
pale brown or dirty yellow, darker below, of erect, densely tufted, smooth,
glabrous, shining, rigid, slender or stout branched podetia ; sterile branches
forked, with subulate tips ; fertile stouter, turgid. Apothecia minute, black-
ish, crowded ; spores oblong. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 218. Dufourea col-
lodes, Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 650. Cenomyce, El. Antarct. t. 80. f. 2.

Abundant throughout the islands to Campbell’s Island, forming large patches on rocks,
trees, etc. (Mountains of West Indies, S. America, 3. Africa, and S. Asia, also S. Aus-
tralia.)

11. C. retipora, Flcerlce ;—Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 295 . Habit of C. aggre-
gata, but the podetia forming a most beautifully reticulated open network,
white or pale yellow ; branchlets obtuse. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 219.

Northern and Middle Islands, and as far south as Campbell’s Island, forming large
tufts ou the ground. (Australia, Tasmania.) — A most beautiful Lichen.

§ 2. Apothecia scarlet.

12. C. corimcopiodes. Fries; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 298. Thallus
yellow, white, scaly below ; scales lobed, crenate or incised ; podetia smooth

562 vii. lichenes. [Cladonia.

or granular ; cups often proliferous. Apothecia bright scarlet, often conflu-
ent.— Nyland. Svnops. Lich. 220.

Northern Island : on the mountains, Colenso. Middle Island : probably common ;
Mount Brewster, Haast. (Cosmopolite in temperate and frigid regions.)

13. C. digitata, Hoffm. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 298. Thallus leafy below ;
leaflets pale green above, whitish and powdery below, lobed or crenate ; po-
detia white, powdery, naked, cylindric, simple or branched ; cups narrow or
broad ; margins entire toothed or digitate. Apothecia scarlet, solitary or con-
fluent.— Nyland. Synops. Lich. 223.

Northern Island, Cunningham , Colenso , etc. (Europe, N. America, N. Asia, Tasmania.)

14. C. macilenta^ Hoffm.; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 298. Thallus with
pale green crenate or incised leaflets or scales at the base ; podetia cylindric,
white, powdery or granular, slender, simple or divided, obtuse; cups 0 or
narrow. Apothecia scarlet, confluent, tubercled. — Nvland. Synops. Lich.
223.

Northern Island, Cunningham, etc. (Cosmopolite.)

C. uncialis is enumerated by Montagne as a native of Lord Auckland’s group, but not
by Nylander, and we have seen no specimens.

8. STEREOCAULON, Schreber.

Thallus usually tufted, formed of solid podetia, with a medullary axis,
shrubby, fragile, granular and usually fibrillose, sometimes also bearing cepha-
lodia (globular bodies) on the surface. Apothecia brown, terminal or lateral,
without or rarely with a thailine border ; spores 8 in an ascus, cylindric-
fusiform, septate. Spermagonia mixed with straight or curved subacicular
spermatia.

A considerable genus, natives of cold moorlands and rocks, rarely of trunks of trees and
dead wood.

1. S. Colensoi, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 295. t. 130 A. Podetia 1-2 in.
high, stout, white, reddish below, rugulose, sparingly branched ; branches*
often spreading, tufted and fibrillose below, naked above ; cephalodia 0.
Apothecia flat, black, terminal, with a thailine border. — Nyland. Synops. Lich.
232.

Northern Island: on rocks, Colenso.

2. S. ramulosum, Ach. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 295. Podetia 3-5 in.
high, stout, erect, with long branches, granular and with simple or divided
fibrils, also bearing spherical pedicellate pale cephalodia. Apothecia terminal,
pale or brown, without a thailine border. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 235 ; PI.
Antarct. t. 80. f. 1 ; A. Rich. Yoy. Astrolabe, t. 9. f. 4.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, Lord Auckland’s
group, and Campbell’s Island. (S. America, Australia, Tasmania.)

3. S. corticulatum^ Nyland. Podetia small, short, tufted, branched,
firm, erect, compressed, areolate on the surface, granular, powdery above ;
cephalodia subsessile. Apothecia brown, flat or convex, terminal, without a
thailine border. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 241.

Stereocaulon?^ vn. lichenes.

Northern and Middle Islands: on calcareous rocks, Colenso ; Otago, Lindsay.

563

S. denudatum, Flcerke, is enumerated by Babington in the ‘ New Zealand Flora ’ (vol. ii.
p. 295), but barren. I find no New Zealand specimens in the Herbarium, and Nylauder
does not allude to it as a native of the islands. S. corticatulum, Nyland., is indicated in
Lindsay’s list of Otago Lichens.

9. ARGOPSIS, Theodore Tries.

Thallus as in Stereocaulon, but glabrous, or with few scattered fibrils and
granules. Apothecia black, peltate, terminal, dilated, with a delicate thalline
margin; spores solitary in the asci, large, murally divided.

A genus of one species, and that a very handsome plant, which Babington suspects may
prove to be a form of Stereocaulon ramulosum.

1. A. megalospora, Theodore Fries. — Stereocaulon Argus, FI. Antarct.
196. t.. 79. f. 2. 1-4. Thallus 1-3 in. high, whitish, stout. — Nyland. Synops.
Lich. 254.

Campbell’s Island : on rocks, J. D. H.

10. THAMNOLIA, Acharius.

Thallus consisting of erect or prostrate, cylindric or subcompressed, often
flexuose hollow podetia, which are simple or rarely forked, acute, imperforate,
white, often rugose. Apothecia unknown. Spermagonia pale as in Bceomyces.

A genus of one common species, found on moors, etc., and 2 doubtfnl ones.

1. T. vermicularis, Acli. Thallus chalky- white, 2-4 in. long. —
Nyland. Synops. Lich. 265.

Middle Island, Sinclair, on open heathy places. (Europe, N. Asia, Himalaya, Andes,
Australia.)

11. USNEA, Hoffm.

Thallus erect and shrubby or pendulous and branched, pale yellow orgreen-
ish, terete or angled ; axis solid filiform. Apothecia peltate, with a thalline
border, terminal or lateral, eoncolorous or black. Spermagonia lateral, with
simple sterigmata. Spermatia hylindric acicular.

One of the commonest genera of Lichens in all latitudes.

§ 1. Apothecia of the same colour as the thallus.

1. U. barbata, Fries ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 268. Thallus white yellow
pale grey or glaucous, erect or pendulous, long or short, stout or slender.—
Nyland. Synops. Lich. 267.

Var .florida. Thallus white, stout, erect, bristly with spreading close-set fibrils.

Var. dasypoga. Thallus whitish, elongate, pendulous, fibrillose.

"Var. plicata. Thallus pendulous, not fibrillose.

Var. articulata. • Thallus white or yellowish, long, branched, fibrillose or not, jointed or
constricted. Apothecia small.

Var. ceratina. Thallns erect or pendulous, fibrillous and rough with papillae.

Var. trichodea. Thallus very slender, filiform, pendulous ; branches sparsely fibrillose.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands. Lord Auckland’s
group and Campbell’s Island : on trees, rocks, etc. (Cosmopolite.)

564

VII. LICHENE3.

[ Usnea.

2. U. angulata, Ach. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 269. Thallus as in U. bar-
bata, var. dasypoga, but stems and branches angular and scabrous. — Nyland.
Synops. Lich. 272.

Northern Island, J. D. II., barren. (Australia, Madagascar, S. America.)

§ 2. Neuropogon, Nees and Flotoio. — Apothecia black.

3. U. melaxantha, Ach.; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 369. Thallus erect-
straw-coloured or orange-yellow, often banded with black, rigid, dichoto-
mously branched ; tops of branches slender, black, smooth or rough. Apo-
thecia large, black. — Neuropogon, Nyland. Synops. Lich. 272.

Lofty mountains of the Northern and Middle Islands, Colenso, etc. (Arctic and
antarctic regions, Andes and Alps of Tasmania.)

12. ALECTORIA, Ach.

Thallus terete or compressed, erect or pendulous, filiform, intricately
branched ; axis hollow or spongy. Apothecia usually dark-coloured, with a
thalline border ; paraphyses not separating ; spores ellipsoid. Spermagonia
with acicular spermatia.

A small temperate, alpine, and arctic genus.

1. A. ochroleuca, Nyland. — Evernia, Fries Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii.
269. Thallus erect or prostrate, rigid, terete or compressed, smooth or laci-
mose ; branches often black at the tips. Apothecia rufous or brown, nearly
terminal on the subulate top of the branch, sticking out at one side of it. —
Nyland. Synops. Lich. 281.

Northern and Middle Islands, Colenso , Bidwi/l, etc. (Australia, Bourbon, N. hemi-
sphere generally.)

13. RAM ALINA, Ach.

Thallus erect or pendulous, tufted, white or pale, compressed or leafy, laci-
niate, the two surfaces alike. Apothecia scattered or marginal, pale, with a
thalline border ; spores oblong, 1 -septate, usually curved; paraphyses sepa-
rate. Spermagonia with branched filaments ; sterigmata with few articula-
tions ; spermatia cylindric.

A considerable genus, found in all latitudes.

1. R. calicaris, Fries ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 270. Thallus yellow-
white, rigid, compressed, linear, laciniose, unequally divided, often channelled,
never rigid and cartilaginous. Apothecia subterminal, plane. — Nyland.
Synops. Lich. 294.

Var .fraxinea. Thallus with long broad lacinife. Apothecia shortly pedicelled, marginal
or lateral.

Var .fastigiata. Thallus smaller ; lacinise compressed or terete, subfastigiate. Apothecia
subterminal or terminal.

Var . farinacea. Thallus covered with soredia.

Var. Eckloni (var. membranacea , FI. N. Z. ii. 270). Thallus glabrous, membranous.
Apothecia small.

Var. linearis ( R . linearis, Ach, ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 270). Thallus small, narrow, flat, glabrous.

Var . pusilla. Thallus short, fastigiate, subterete, inflated; branches obtuse. Apothecia
terminal. — R. injlata, Hook. f. FI. Antarct. 194. t. 79. f. 1.

Ramalina .]

VII. LICHENES.

565

Throughout the Northern and middle Islands abundant. Var. pusilla, Lord
Auckland’s group, on maritime rocks. (Cosmopolite.)

2. R. scopulorum, Acli. Thallus pale, shining, excessively variable in
stature and branching, terete or compressed, rigid and cartilaginous. Apo-
thecia subpedicelled, subterminal or lateral. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 292.

Northern Islaud, Jollijfe. (Cosmopolite.)

3. R. usneoides, Fries; — Bab. in FL. N. Z. ii. 270. Thallus pale,
compressed, elongate, flaccid, linear, excessively branched, and as it were
longitudinally nerved, often twisted. Apothecia marginal. — Nyland. Synops.
Lich. 291.

Northern Island, J. D. H.

14. PLATYSMA, Hoffmann.

Thallus rigid, shrubby or dilated, lobed or prostrate, erect or ascending,
laciniate, rarely fistular, with a spongy axis. Apothecia marginal, with a
thalline border, reddish-brown or dark ; spores small, simple ; paraphyses
not separating. Spermagonia marginal, enclosed in spiculae or tubercles or
papillae ; spermatia various.

A considerable temperate, alpine, and Arctic genus.

1. P. saepincola, Hoffm. — Cetraria, Ach. ; — Bab. in PI. N. Z. ii. 271.
Thallus chesnut-brown or dark olive-brown, prostrate, f-2 in. broad ; laciniae
prostrate or ascending, smooth or laciniate, sinuate or crenate, paler below.
Apothecia brown, rugulose beneath ; border entire.

Auckland, Sinclair. Specimens imperfect and doubtful. (Northern hemisphere, Fuegia.)

Platysma glaucum and Cetraria aculeata, Fries, are enumerated by A. Richard amongs
the Lichens brought by D’Urville from New Zealand, but I have seen no specimens, and
Nylander does not give the islands as a habitat. They are abundant northern plants, also
occurring in Fuegia.

15. NEPHROMA, Ach.

Thallus foliaceous, prostrate, dilated, upper surface shining, under soft,
without veins. Apothecia adnate to the lower recurved margin of the thallus,
peltate ; spores 3-septate. Spermagonia marginal.

A small arctic and antarctic genus, rarer in the cold, temperate, and alpine regions.

• § 1. Thallus , when cut across , showing a green stratum of separate granules.

1. "N. australe, A. Rich. ; — Bab. in FI. N.Z. ii. 371. Thallus whitish
or straw-coloured, 2-4 in. broad, smooth, laciniate and lobed, sinuate, reddish
here and there ; beneath smooth, white or straw-coloured. Apothecia small,
red-brown. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 318. N. fallens, Nyland. Enum. Lich.
101.

Northern and Middle Islands : common, D’Urville, etc. (Tasmania.) — This is pro-
bably the N. antarcticum, Jacq., of Lindsay’s ‘ Enumeration of Otago Lichens.’

2. N, schizocarpum, Nyland. — N. resupinatum, var. pruinosa, Mont.;
— Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 272. Thallus 2-3 in. broad, livid-brown, smooth,

566

VII. LICHENES.

[. 'Nephroma .

lobed, crenate ; below smooth, of the same colour, with pale margins or alto-
gether pale. Apothecia reddish, longitudinally divided. — Nyland. Synops.
Lich. 318.

Banks’s Peninsula, 3 ombron, on bark.

§ 2. Nephromium, Nylander. — Stratum of green granules in moniliform filaments.

3. N. laevigatum, Ach. — N. resupinatum, var. rufum , Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii.
272. Thallus livid, chesnut-brown, lobed or laciniate, toothed and imbricate,
pale and glabrous below. Apothecia red-brown, border crenulate and fim-
briate.— Nephromium , Nyland. Synops. Lich. 320.

Northern and Middle Islands, Colenso and Lyall. (Europe, N. America, Chili,
S. Africa, Java.)

4. N. cellulosum, Ach. Thallus livid, chesnut-brown, reticulately foveo-
late and laciniate, 2^ in. broad, lobed, beneath white, glabrous and bullate.
Apothecia rufous. — Nephromium , Nyland. Synops. Lich. 321.

New Zealand, {Nylander.) (Tasmania, Fuegia, Juan Fernandez.)

5. N. Lyallii, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 272. t. 127 A. Thallus livid, brown,
with a broad bluish margin, membranous, shining beneath, pale and rugulose ;
lobes laciniate. Apothecia pale red, with toothed fimbriate margins. — Ne-
phromium, Nyland. Synops. Lich. 322.

Northern Island, Colenso. Middle Island, Lyall.

16. PELTIGERA, Ach.

Thallus prostrate, dilated, foliaceous, membranous, fragile, lobed, upper
surface often shining, under spongy, with broad veins. Apothecia marginal
on the upper surface of the lobes of the frond.

A genus of about 8 alpine arctic and temperate Lichens, unknown in tropical climates.

1. P. rufescens, Hoffm. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 324. Thallus small,
pale reddish or ashy ; margin crisped beneath, pale below, with white root-
lets ; veins often obscure or brown. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 325.

Var. spuria. P. canina, var. spuria , Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 324. — Thallus digitately
lobed.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle islands. (Cosmopolite.)

2. P. polydactyla, Hoffm. ; — Bab. in Fl. N. Z. ii. 324. Thallus pale,
livid brown or glaucous, shining, smooth or impressed ; beneath white, reticu-
lated with brown nerves ; fertile lobes narrow. Apothecia on ascending pro-
longed lobes. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 326.

Throughout the Northern and Middle islands, and in Campbell's Island. (Cos-
mopolite.)

17. STICTA, Ach.

Thallus prostrate, spreading from a centre, foliaceous, lobed or laciniate,
often very large, leathery, membranous or brittle; upper surface shining or
smooth, often bearing soredia; white yellow or green internally; lower sur-
face spongy or fibrous, rarely smooth, usually furnished with white or yellow

VII. LICHENES.

567

Sticta. ]

cyphellae (powdery or smootli, white or yellow warts or cups). Apolhecia
superficial, with a thalliue border ; paraphyses separate ; spores fusiform,
usually 1-3-septate. Spermagouia scattered, scarcely protruding, with
arthrosterigmata.

A very large genus, temperate and tropical, not arctic nor alpine, most abundant in New
Zealand ou the ground and trees.

§ 1. Stictina, Nylander. — Stratum of granules blue-green or glaucous-green ; granules
without a cellular membrane.

a. Cyphellce minute, pulverulent, white.

1. S. argyracea, Delise ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 281. Thallus reddish
or pale brown, 3-10 in. broad, smooth, laciniate; laciniae linear, subpinnati-
fid, fracture white, upper surface with scattered white soredia, beneath
whitish or yellowish, tomentose. Apothecia small, red-brown, marginal or
submarginal ; thalline border entire. — S. asp era, Lam. Stictina, Nyland.
Synops. Lich. 334.

Northern and Middle Islands, Colenso, etc. (Madagascar, Java, India, S. Africa,
Polynesia.)

2. S. fragillima, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 279, excl. var. /3. Thallus yel-
lowish or glaucous, thin, rigid, fragile, smooth or rough here and there, frac-
ture white ; laciniae linear, pinnatifid, dichotomous ; beneath ochraceous, sub-
costate, tomentose. Apothecia reddish or brown, scattered ; thalline border
toothed or crenulate. — Stictina, Nyland. Synops. Lich. 337.

Northern Island, Dieffenbach, etc. (Australia, Tasmania, Peru.) — Nylander excludes
var. glaberrima, Bab., which has urceolate cyphellae, and may be referable to S. cinnamomea,
A. Rich, (see remarks at end of genus).

3. S, Hookeri, Bab. in Ft. N. Z. ii. 282. t. 125 B. Thallus lurid,
aeneous or glaucous or brownish, 3-4 in. broad, rigid, scarcely shining, scro-
biculate ; lobes broad, rounded, crenate, with minute furfuraceous tubercles
on the costae and margin, brownish below or blackish, with pale papilliform
cyphellae. Apothecia black, scattered; thalline border entire. — Stictina,
Nyland. Synops. Lich. 336.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, etc., Colenso, etc.

B. Cyyhellce minute, pulverulent, yellow.

4. S. crocata, Ach. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 275. Thallus lurid,
brownish, 3-5 in. broad, opaque or shining, fracture white, broadly lobed ;
lobes crenate, scrobiculate, sometimes reticulately costate, with orange-yellow
soredia : beneath brown or black. Apothecia scattered ; thalline border cre-
nate.— Stictina, Nyland. Synops. Lich. 338.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle islands. (Cosmopolite in temperate
and warm damp climates.)

5. S. carpoloma, Delise ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 276. t. 126. Thallus
glaucous, yellowish or ashy, 3-5 in. broad, rigid, almost shining; laciniae
linear, with narrow retuse lobes, often scrobiculate ; fracture white ; beneath
brown or pale, with small yellow cyphellae. Apothecia black, marginal
thalline border smooth.— Stictina, Nyland. Synops. Lich. 339.

568

VII. LICHF.NES.

[Sticta.

Var. grannlata. — S. grannlata , Bab. 1. c. 281
sometimes white. —Stictina, Nyland. 1. c. 340.

/Phallus thicker, ashy-white ; cypkelim

Northern and Middle Islands : not uncommon. (Bourbon, Java, Polynesia, Tas-
mania, Chili, Fuegia.)

y. Cyphellce urceolate.

6. S. filicina, Acli. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 276. Thallus pale yellowish,
smooth, more or less stipitate, incised and lobed ; lobes costate below the
base or down the middle ; margin sinuous ; beneath pale ochreous, tomentum
thin or 0. Apothecia reddish or brown, scattered ; thalline border entire or
crenulate. — Stictina, Nyland. Synops. Licit. 349.

Var. latifrons. Thallus larger, brownish, stipitate. — S. latifrons, A. Rich, FI. N. Z. 27.
t. 8. f. 2; Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 277.

Var. Menziesii. Thallus thick, orbicular, more stipitate, brown or blackish below. — S.
Menziesii, FI. Antarct. 198. S. latifrons, var. Menziesii, FI. N. Z. ii. 277- t. 122.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle islands, in alpine and more southern
localities. Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H. (S. America, Java, Tasmania.)

§ 2. Sticta, Nylander. — Stratum of granules green or yellow-green ; granules with a

cellular membrane,
a. Cyphella urceolate , white.

7. S. damaecornis, Acli. Thallus 4-6 in. broad, lurid or pale red-
brown, more or less shining, smooth ; lacinim linear, pinnatifid, dichotomous ;
lobes obtuse ; beneath ochraceous or blackish, tomentum often sparse or 0.
Apothecia red-brown ; thalline border entire or crenulate. — Nvland. Svnops.
Lich. 357.

Var . sinuosa. Thallus pale, appressed, more sinuate, pinnatifid, lobes often broader. --
S. sinuosa, Pers. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 280.

Var. macrophytla. Thallus thicker, darker ; lobes broader.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle islands. (S. America, S. Africa, Java,
Polynesia, Australia.)

8. S. variabilis, Acli. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 280. Thallus 3-6 in.
broad, pale glaucous or brownish, membranous, rather rigid; laciniae sub-
pinnatifid ; margin sinuate-crenulate, deflected; beneath brown, with pale
margins, tomentose. Apothecia red-brown, marginal or submarginal ; thal-
line border crenulate. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 357.

Northern and Middle Islands : common. Lord Auckland’s group, ( Montague .)
(Mauritius, Polynesia, Australia.)

9. S. cinereo-glauca, Tayl. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 283. t. 127./. C.
Thallus ashy or glaucous, about 3 in. broad, scarcely shining, lobed ; lobes
crowded, sinuate, crenate or repand, smooth ; beneath pale, with whitish
tomentum. Apothecia small, reddish; thalline border obsolete or crenulate.
- — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 358.

Northern Islaud, Colenso, etc.

/8- Cyphellas punctiform, orange-yellow.

10. S. orygmsea, Acli. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 274. Thallus 3-8 in.
broad, yellowish or pale livid and glaucous, membranous or rigid, almost
shining ; fracture bright yellow, unequally closely scrobiculate or reticulately
costate; lobes rounded, with large unequal crenatures, internally yellow,

Sticta.]

VII. LICHENES.

569

beneath ochraceous, tomentose. Apothecia dark brown or black, glabrous
below ; thalline border crenulate. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. B61 ; Mont, in
Voy. au Pole Sud, t. 15.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islauds, and in Lord Auckland’s
group and Campbell’s Island. (Tasmania, Fuegia.)

11. S. Urvillei, Delise ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 273. Thallus very
similar to S. orygmaea. Apothecia with a thick rugose border. — Nyland.
Synops. Lich. 360. S. endochrysa, FI. Antarct. t. 195. f. 2, not of Delise.

Var. Colensoi, Nylander. Thallus firmer, more scrobiculate , margins granular, or lobu-
late and sorediiferous.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle Islands. (Tasmania, Fuegia.)

12. S. aurata, Acli. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 273. Thallus glaucous,
testaceous or coppery-red, broad, firm, smooth, not pitted, lobed; lobes
sinuate ; margins often covered with golden powder ; fracture golden ; be-
neath blackish-brown, shortly tomentose. Apothecia large, blackish, margi-
nal or submarginal ; thalline border usually indexed. — Nyland. Synops. Lich.
361. S. angnstata, Delise, Stict. t. 3. f. 2.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, rare in fruit. (Cosmopolite.)
■ — A beautiful Lichen.

y. Cyphellce punctiform, white.

13. S. fossulata, Bufour, — S. Richardi , Mont., and S.foveolata, Del.;
— Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 277, 278. Thallus pale, lurid or glaucous, 5-12 in.
broad, scrobiculate, foveolate and transversely reticulate ; lacinim linear, sub-
pinnatifid, intricate, retuse; beneath pale or brown, tomentum sometimes
evanescent. Apothecia red-brown or black, marginal, flat ; thalline border at
length excluded. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 363. S. Billardieri, Bab. S. im-
pressa, S. cellulifera, and S. linearis , FI. Antarct.

Var. /3 . physciospora, Nyland. Spores 2-locular, brown.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, abundant, and in Lord Auckland’s
group and Campbell’ s Island. — Var. /3. in Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H., and
Otago, Lindsay. (Australia, Tasmania, Chili.)

14. S. Freycinetii, Delise ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 280. Thallus pale,
usually ochraceous, 5-10 in. broad, scarcely rigid or shining, smooth or
obsoletely rugose, laciniately lobed ; lobes sinuate, crenate ; margins often
fringed with white soredia ; beneath brown or ashy, tomentose. Apothecia
red ; thalline border inflexed when young, fimbriate or crenulate when mature.
— Nyland. Synops. Lich. 365 ; FI. Antarct. 1r. 196. S. glaber, Hook. f. and
Tayl.

Abundant throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, and in Lord Auckland’s
group and Campbell’s Island. (Australia, Tasmania, Chili, Fuegia.)

Besides the above, various other Stictce are enumerated in the ‘ New Zealand Flora ’
which are not confirmed by Nylander, as S. Mougeotiana, a tropical species, stated to be
found by D’Urville ; S.fu/iginosa, Ach., and S. limbata, Ach., both Northern species, to
which imperfect specimen of New Zealand plants were referred by Taylor or Babington, with
more or less doubt. I do not find in Nylander’s Synopsis S. cinnamomea, A. Rich. (FI.
N. Z. 28. t. 8. f. 3) doubtfully referred by Babington to S. fragillima, /3. glaberrima.

VOL. I. 2 P

570

VII. LICHENES.

[Sticta.

In Lindsay’s enumeration of Otago Lichens, I find the following, which I have not iden-
tified : — S. dissimilis, Nyland .,fuliginosa, Dicks., subcoriacea, Nyland. n. sp., dissimulata ,
Nylaud., and episticta, Nyland. n. sp.

18. RICASOLIA, De Notaris.

Thallus of Sticta, but usually without soredia on the upper surface, or
cyphellas on the lower (except R. coriacea). Apothecia with a prominent
margin. Spermagonia in prominent mamiUae.

A genus of 14 tropical and temperate Lichens.

1. R. coriacea^ Nyland. — Sticta , Tayl. ; — Bab. in PI. N. Z. ii. 283.
t. 125 A. Thallus pale or lurid yellow, 5-6 in. broad, smooth, with unequal
depressions, divided and lobed ; lobes lobulate, crenate and pilose ; beneath
white, tomentose, with white pulverulent cyphellae. Apothecia rufous,
scattered; margin fimbriate. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 367.

Northern and Middle Islands : common, J. D. H., etc.

2. R. glomulifera, De Notaris. — Sticta, Del. ; — Bab. in PI. N. Z. ii.
284. Thallus pale, glaucous, 6-12 in. broad, opaque, thickly membranous,
smooth or rugose, laciniate ; lobes crowded, sinuate-lobulate ; beneath pale,
with brown or white rootlets. Apothecia rufous or brown; margin entire,
usually indexed. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 369.

Northern and Middle Islands: on hark, Colenso ; Otago, Lindsay. (Europe,
America.)

3. R. herbacea, De Notaris. — Sticta, Del.; — Bab. in PI. N. Z. ii.
284. Thallus pale, lurid or glaucous, 6 in. broad and upwards, membranous,
shining, smooth or rugulose ; lobes crowded, crenate and undulate ; beneath
pale with white rootlets. Apothecia rufous, large; margin entire or obso-
letely crenulate, opaque, obsoletely rugulose. — Nyland. Synop. Lich. 369.

New Zealand, Raoul. (Europe, America, S. Africa.)

4. R. Montagnei^ Nyland. — Sticta, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 284. Thal-
lus glaucous, subrufous, foliaceous, corrugated ; lobes rounded, subsinuate,
crenate, scaly at the margins ; beneath naked, ferrugineous or blackish, with
a few obsolete white cyphellae ; fracture white. Apothecia free, broad,
scattered, often crowded, black ; margin deeply indexed, often lacerate, sub-
serrate and leafy. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 373.

Northern and Middle Islands : on wood, Sinclair, Lyall.

19. PARMELIA, Ach.

Thallus spreading from the centre, usually foliaceous, membranous or
coriaceous, laciniate or lobed, rarely with terete fistulous lobes ; upper sur-
face usually shining ; internal substance of matted fibrils ; under surface until
fibrils. Apothecia with a thalline border, scattered, often shining; para-
pliyses separate or not separate; spores ellipsoid. Spermagonia innate;
spermatia various.

One of the largest genera of Lichens, found in all latitudes.

Parmelia.~\

VII. LICHENES.

571

§ 1. Parmf.lia, Nyland. — Paraphyses not separate. Spores simple. Spertnatia
usually acicular.

a. Thallus fibrillous (not densely tomentose ) below , rarely glabrous.

1. P. caperata, Ach. Thallus orbicular, greenish- or yellorvish-white,
broad, membranous, often imbricate ; lobes lobulate or granulate and crenate,
rugulose or granulate here and there ; beneath black and hispid. Apothecia
scattered, bright chesnut ; border elevated and incurved, crenulate and often
powdery. — Nyland. Synops. Inch. 376.

Northern and Middle Islands: on trees, Colenso, etc. (Cosmopolite.)

2. P. perforata, Ach. ;-—Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 285. Thallus orbicular,
glaucous-green or white, membranous, naked, deeply lobed and crenulate;
margin fringed with black hairs; beneath black and rough. Apothecia red-
brown, concave, deep, at length perforated, margin entire. — Nyland. Synops.
Lich. 377.

Northern and Middle Islands: on trees, abundant. Lord Auckland's group,
Le Guillon. (Cosmopolite.)

3. P. perlata, Acli.; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 284. Thallus orbicular,
glaucous, with rounded sinuate crenate flattened lobes, often bordered with
granules or powdery ; beneath black and hairy. Apothecia elevated, olive-
brown, concave; margin thin, iuflexed. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 379.

Var. ciliata. Thallus more naked below ; margin ciliated with black hairs. Apothecia
more stipitate ; margin sorediate. — P. proboscidia, Tayl. ; — Bah. in FI. N. Z. ii. 2S5.

Northern and Middle Islands : on trees, common. (Cosmopolite.)

4. P. tiliacea, Ach. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 285. Thallus orbicular,
membranous, grey-glaucous, smooth or rugulose, subpruinose, lobed and
sinuate, crenate ; beneath brown-black, shaggy. Apothecia brown ; margin
entire or crenate. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 382.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Cosmopolite.)

5. P. laevigata, Ach. Thallus greyish- white, spreading, smooth, deeply
cut into multifid lobes and segments, the ultimate broadly linear, acute, with
terminal powdery warts ; beneath black and shaggy. Apothecia dark ches-
nut, concave; margin entire, indexed. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 384.

Var. sinuosa. Thallus yellowish.

Middle Island: Otago, on gneiss and basalt (var. sinuosa), Lindsay. (Europe, etc.)

6. P. saxatilis, Ach. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 285. Thallus orbicular,
grey, deeply lobed and sinuate ; segments imbricate, retuse, rough with pits
and reticulated powdery lines ; beneath black and shaggy. Apothecia dark
brown; margin indexed, entire or crenate. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 388.

Northern and Middle Islands, Colenso ; trap rocks, Otago, Lindsay. (Cosmopolite.)

7. P. conspersa, Ach. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 286. Thallus whitish
or pale yellow-green, orbicular, membranous, lobed and sinuate, granulate in
the centre, and with scattered raised dark points ; beneath brown with dark
fibres. Apothecia near the centre, dark chesnut ; border indexed, entire or
lobed. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 391.

Northern and Middle Islands : on stones, common. (Cosmopolite.)

2 P 2

572

VII. LICHENES.

[. P annelid .

8. P. olivacea, Acli. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 286. Tliallus orbicular,
olive-brown, rugged in the centre and often granulated ; margin lobed and
crenate; lobes appressed ; beneath brown and fibrous. Apothecia brown,
concave, with an indexed entire or crenated margin. — Nyland. Synops. Lich.
395. — P. imitatrix, Tayl.

Northern Island: on stones, Colenso. Middle Island : Otago, on basalt, Lindsay.
(Almost cosmopolite.)

/3. Thallus glabrous below , inflated at the end.

9. P. physodes, Acli. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 286. Thallus orbicular,
stellate, glaucous-white; segments sinuate, multifid, convex, glabrous, in-
flated, often with powdery warts ; beneath brown-black. Apothecia red-
brown ; margin thin, elevated. — Nyland. Synops. Lich. 401. P. entero-
morpha, Ach. ; FI. Antarct. 532.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, and in Lord Auckland’s
group and Campbell’s Island : on bashes and trees. (Cosmopolite.)

10. P. pertusa^ Scheerer. — P. diatrypa, Ach.; — -Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 286.
Thallus substellate, greenish-grey ; segments sinuate, multifid, nearly plane,
smooth, with powdery warts; extremities inflated, perforated. Apothecia
red-brown ; margin indexed, entire. — Nyland. Syuop. Lich. 402.

Northern and Middle Islands : on trunks of trees and rocks, common ; also in Lord
Auckland’s group, J. I). H. (Cosmopolite in temperate regions.)

y. Thallus densely tomentose below.

11. P. angustata, Pers. — P. moniliformis , Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 287. t.
127 B. Thallus suborbicular, yellowish and glaucous, covered with black
dots, rugose and warted in age, divided almost to the centre into numerous
branching narrow lobes, which are repeatedly forked, decumbent, constricted
here and there ; beneath tomentose with short tufts of crisped fibres, almost
spongy. Apothecia large, elevated, free, chesnut-brown, villous below, with
crisped hairs ; margin entire when young, lobed aud crisped in age. — Nyland.
Synops. 403.

Northern Island : on wood, Colenso. (Australia, Tasmania.)

§ 2. Physcia, Nyland. — Paraphyses separate. Spores rarely simple, usually 2-locular.

Sterigmata many , articulate. Spermatia cylindric.

a. Thallus yellow, slender , much branched, erect or ascending.

12. P. flavicans, DC. — Evernia, Fries. — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 269. Thal-
lus erect, slender, excessively branched, tufted, tawny, compressed, angular,
wavy, warted ; branches divaricating, tapering. Apothecia lateral, nearly
sessile, flat, orange ; border pale, narrow, entire. — Pliyscia, Nyland. Synop.
Lich. 406. Borrera, Ach.

Northern Island, Colenso (barren) ; Nelson, Sinclair. (Cosmopolite.)

A Thallus prostrate.

13. P. chrysophthalma, DC.; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 287. Thallus
small, erect or ascending, tufted, branched, bright greenish or whitish-yellow,
alike on both sides ; branches or segments linear, multifid, fringed. Apo-

Parmelia. ]

VII. L1CHENES.

573

thecia abundant, terminal, orange; margin fringed. — Physcia, Nyland. Synops.
Licb. 410. Borrera, Ach.

Northern Island : on branches of trees, Colenso, Knight. (Cosmopolite.)'

/3. Tkallus orange-yellow, prostrate.

14. P. parietina, Acli.;- — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 287. Thallus orbicular,
small, bright yellow ; lobes marginal, radiating, appressed, rounded, crenate,
crisped and granulate in the centre ; beneath paler and fibrillose. Apothecia
deep orange, concave; margin entire. — Physcia, Nyland. Synops. Lich. 410.

Northern and Middle Islands : common on rocks, wood, bones, etc. (Cosmopolite.)

y. Thallus white, free, erect or decumbent, very narrow.

15. P. leucomela, Ach. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 288. Thallus spreading,
smooth, white on both surfaces, linear, channelled and powdery beneath ; seg-
ments linear, fringed with long black slender hairs. Apothecia scattered,
blue-black, with white ‘radiating hairs on the border. — Physcia, Nyland.
Synops. Lich. 414. Borrera , Ach.

Northern Island: probably common, Colenso, Sinclair, etc. (Cosmopolite.)

8. Thallus horizontally spreading, white or grey.

16. P. speciosa, Acli.; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 288. Thallus stellate,
imbricate, greenish-white, somewhat cartilaginous, cut into numerous linear
multifid segments, tips obtuse and powdery ; beneath snow-white with grey
fibres. Apothecia brown, with an infiexed lobed or leafy border. — Physcia,
Nyland. Synops. Lich. 416.

On stones, wood, mosses, etc., common in the Northern Island: Raoul Island, Milne.
(Cosmopolite.)

17. P. pulverulenta, Ach. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 287. Thallus or-
bicular, stellate, glaucous-green, hoary, ashy when dry, cut into numerous
oblong multifid flat obtuse wrinkled lobes ; beneath black, downy. Apo-
thecia glaucous, black ; border thick, infiexed, at length leafy. — Physcia,
Nyland. Synops. Lich. 419.

Middle Island : Cook’s Straits, If Urville. — I have seen no New Zealand specimens.
(Europe and N. America.)

18. P. stellar is, Ach. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 288. Thallus orbicular,
stellate, pale grey ; segments linear, rather convex, multifid ; beneath whitish,
with dark fibres. Apothecia grey-black ; margin entire, elevated, infiexed. —
Physcia, Nyland. Synops. Lich. 424.

Northern Island : common on bark of trees, Colenso, etc. (Cosmopolite.)

19. P. caesia, Ach. Thallus as in stellaris, but the segments have grey
powdery warts in the centre. — Physcia, Nyland. Synops. Lich. 426.

Middle Island : trap rocks, Otago, Lindsay. (Europe, N. America.) — I have seen no
specimens from New Zealand.

20. P. obscura, Sclioer. Thallus as in P. stellaris, but livid brown or
ashy-brown. Apothecia brownish-black.— -Physcia, Nyland. Svnops. Lich.
427.

New Zealand. (Ny lander.)

574

VII. LICHENES.

[ Parmelia .

21. P. picta ?, Ach. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 288. Thallus (almost of
Placodium) orbicular, white, appressed ; lacinise flat, imbricate, contiguous,
imbricate or subconfluent, narrow, crenate ; beneath naked, opaque, black, or
white at the margins only. Apothecia black, flat, small ; margin slightly
elevate, crenulate. — Pltyscia, Nyland. Synops. Lich. 430.

Northern Island, Colenso, barren. (Bourbon, Ceylon, Java, Polynesia.) — A doubtful
identification.

Lindsay enumerates amongst his Otago Lichens, P. Mougeotii, Schaerer, and P. (Physcia)
plinthiza, Nyland. n. sp.

20. UMBILICARIA, Hoffmann.

Thallus membranous or coriaceous, of one peltate lobed lamina, upper and
under surfaces opaque. Apothecia without a thalline border, often sinuous
or gyrose ; paraphyses separate. Spermagonia with arthrostigmata ; sper-
matia slender, shortly cylindric, obtuse at both ends.

A considerable arctic and alpine genus, of which some species, under the name of “tripe
de roche,” are used for food by the Canadian hunters when famishing.

1. U. polyphylla, Schrader. Thallus naked and smooth on both sur-
faces, dark olive-brown, shining ; beneath dark black ; margin lobed, simple
or many-leaved. Apothecia convex, rough and plaited.- — Nyland. Lich.
Scand. 119.

Middle Island : gneiss rocks, Ctago, Lindsay. I have seen no specimen. (Europe,
Asia, America.)

21. PSOROMA, Tries.

Thallus scaly, cellular, granules large, distinct, enclosed in a cellular enve-
lope. Apothecia usually scattered ; border crenate ; paraphyses separate ;
spores 8, large, simple. Spermagonia with arthrostigmata.

A considerable temperate genus.

1. P. subpruinosum, Nyland. Thallus broad, leafy, lobed, appressed ;
border free, sinuate, subcrested with granular scales, above reddish-green,
woolly on the margins, subsilky beneath. Apothecia with a chesnut-brown
disk and subfoliaceous crenulate margin, granular and corrugated beneath. —
P. rubiginosa, var. araneosa , Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 289.

Northern and Middle Islands: on mosses, wood, and rocks, Colenso , J. I). H. ;
Otago, Lindsay.

2. P. hypnorum, Fries. Thallus spreading, of small greenish- or
yellow-brown scales, which are rounded, crenulate, and often granular on the
margin. Apothecia red or brown, flat, with a thin inflexed lobed or crenate
border. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 121.

Var. coralloideum, Nyland. Enum. 109.

Northern Island, Colenso. Campbell’s Island, J. D. H., var. corallinum. ( L .
hypnorum is cosmopolite, the var. coralloideum is only known from New Zealand.)

3. P. sphinctrinum, Nyland. — Parmelia rubiginosa, /3, Bab. in FI. N.
Z. ii. 289.' Thallus stellately laciniate, dull red-brown ; laciniae sublinear,

Psoroma. ]

VII. LICHENES.

575

inciso- multifid, flattish, scaly, granular and crenulate at the edges ; beneath
brown, adhering by the whole surface by means of short matted fibrils.
Apothecia crowded ; thalline border crenulately striate. Parmelia sphinc-
trina, Mont. Voy. au Pole Sud, t. 15. f. 3.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, on rocks, wood, and the
ground, and in Lord Auckland’s group. (Chili, Australia.) — I can hardly distinguish
this from Pannaria rubiginosa.

4. P. xanthomelanum, Nyland. in Herb. Hook., and in Hist. Psorom.
and Parmel., without description.

In various parts of New Zealand, Lindsay and Colenso.

P. euphyllum, Nyland. Dist. Psorom. and Parm. I find no published description of this,
which is stated to be remarkable for its laciniate thallus.

22. PANNARIA, Delise.

Thallus laciniate and radiate, or granular and scaly, cellular; granules
without a cellular coat. Apothecia with or without a border ; spores 8, al-
most always simple. Spermagonia with arthrostigmata.

A genus of temperate and cold regions.

1. P. Gayana, Nyland. — Parmelia , Mont. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 288.
Thallus foliaceous, membranous, leaden-ashy, laciniate at the circumference ;
lacunae broad, rounded, subentire, concentrically furrowed ; beneath blueish-
white, tomentose. Apothecia scattered and crowded, reddish, with a single
or double border, one thalline, the other of the substance of the disk. — Par-
melia, Montagne in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3. ii. 58.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Chili.)

2. P. rubiginosa, Delise; — Bab. in PL N. Z. ii. 289. Thallus or-
bicular, livid-red, cut towards the circumference into broad notched imbricate
lobes ; beneath blue-back, spongy with fibres. Apothecia rusty-red, nearly
flat, with a thick inflexed crenated border. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 122.
Parmelia Pemsjonensis, Fries ?; Bab. 1. c. 291.

Var. conopsea. Thallus thinner, with scattered blue gonidia (P. conopsea, Bah. in FI.
N. Z. ii. 290).

Northern Island : probably common, on moss, bark, etc. Lord Auckland’s group :
common. Apothecia blacker. (P. Mariana, Fries ?, Bab.) (Cosmopolite.)

3. P. nigrocincta, Nyland. — Parmelia, Mont.; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii.
290. Thallus of close-set membranous reddish scales radiating from a centre,
rounded, incised ; beneath bluish-black. Apothecia red-brown, flat ; border
pale, entire. — Parmelia, Mont, in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2. iii. 91.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Tropical America, Africa, Java, Juan Fernandez.)

4. P. pholidota, Nyland. — Parmelia, Mont.; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 290.
t. 128 A. Thallus suborbicular, 1-2 in. broad, of a dull leaden or blueish-
green, imbricate, lobulate and crenulate scales, appressed ; beneath dull.
Apothecia orange-red, scattered, with a thick inflexed crenulate border. —
Parmelia, Mont, in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2. iii. 91.

Northern Island : on bark, Colenso. (Juan Fernandez, Chili, tropical S. America.) —
Babiugtou finds this scarcely distinguishable from the P. Saubinelii of France, and the fol-
lowing.

576

VII. L1CHENES.

\_Pannaria.

5. P. microphylla, Massolonghi. Thallus livid, cervine or ashy, rather
crustaceous, of closely imbricated crenate scales ; beneath black. Apothecia
brown or reddish, often convex, pale or whitish -within. — Nyland. Lich.
Scand. 124.

northern Island, Colenso. (Cosmopolite.)

6. P. triptophylla, Nyland. — Parmelia, Pries ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii.
290. Thallus ashy-brown or lead-coloured, forming a thin spreading coral-
loid, scaly crust ; scales dissected ; beneath bluish-black. Apothecia small,
flat, brown or red-brown, with a paler border. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 125.

Common in the Northern Island: on bark, etc., Colenso , etc. (Cosmopolite.)

7. P. muscorum, Nyland. — Parmelia , Ach. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 291.
Thallus of flat pale brown or flesh-coloured imbricating scales, with blueish
dilated mealy lobed and crenated edges ; beneath whitish. Apothecia brown
or orange-brown, flat or concave; border slight. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 127.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, J. B. H. (Cosmopolite.)

Dr. Lindsay enumerates as natives of Otago, P. immirta, Nyland. n. sp. ; P. leucosticta,
Tuck. ; P. gymnocheila, Nyland. n. sp. ; and P. nigra , Huds.

23. COCOCAEPIA, Persoon.

Thallus almost leafy. Apothecia adnate, without a thalline border, red or
brown.

1. C. molybdtsa, Persoon , var. plumhea , Nyland. — Parmelia, Bab. in
FI. N. Z. ii. 289. Thallus orbicular, livid, lead-colour, broadly lobed and
notched, thick ; centre often granulated ; margin imbricate ; beneath with
blue-black spongy fibres. Apothecia central, small, flat, rusty-red; border
very obscure. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 128.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, J. D. II., barren and doubtful. (Europe.)

24. AMPHILOMA, Fries.

Thallus soft, membranous ; surface powdery. Granules without a cellular
coat. Apothecia unknown.

1. A. lanuginosum, Fries.— Parmelia, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 290.
Thallus orbicular, yellow-white, pulverulent ; lobes rounded, plane, imbricate,
slightly crenate ; beneath grey-black, downy. Apothecia reddish ; border
powdery. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 129.

Northern Island, Colenso, barren and doubtful. (Europe.)

25. SQUAMARIA, De Candolle.

Thallus radiating, scaly or cartilaginous. Apothecia with a thalline border
paraphyses slender, separate ; spores simple, ellipsoid. Spermagonia immersed,
orifice of the same colour as the thallus ; spermatia very long, arcuate or
nearly straight, cylindric-acicular.

1. S. gelida, Delise. — Parmelia , Ach.; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 291.

Squumaria .]

VII. LICHENES.

577

Thallus orbicular, dirty white, adnate, radiated, lobed and laciniate, crenulate,
smooth with large brown central radiated fleshy warts. Apothecia concave,
rose-coloured, with, a thick elevated- entire border. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 134.
L. macrophthalma and L. marmorea, Tayl.

Northern and Middle Islands : on rocks, etc., Colenso, etc. ; Otago, Lindsay.
(Europe, America.)

Dr. Lindsay enumerates S. galactina, Ach., var. dispersa amongst his Otago Lichens, also
a Placopsis perrugosa , Nyland. u. sp.

26. PLACODIUM, De Candolle.

Thallus radiating, rarely laciniate. Apothecia with a thalline border, rarely
without one ; paraphyses separate ; spores 8, ellipsoid, 2-locular, rarely
simple. Spermagonia immersed, orifice coloured ; spermatia shortly cylindric,
slender, attached to arthrosterigmas.

A considerable genus in temperate and cold climates. The New Zealand species are all
orange-yellow.

1. P. fulgens, DC. — Parmelia, Ach. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 291.
Thallus orbicular, lemon-coloured, white when dry, adnate, lobed, waved ;
lobes somewhat imbricate, crenate and lobulate. Apothecia deep orange, at
length convex, the border becoming obliterated. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 137.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Europe.)

2. P. elegans, DC. — Parmelia , Ach.; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 291.

Thallus orbicular, hard, deep orange, adnate, plaited or rugged ; lobes linear,
compound, convex, wavy. Apothecia central, concave, same colour as the
crust ; border somewhat indexed, entire. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 136. ? Par-

melia aurea, A. Rich. ; FI. N. Z. 23. t. 8. f. 1.

Northern Island : on pebbles, etc., Colenso. (Temperate arctic and antarctic regions.)
— I fiud no allusion to P. aurea, A. Rich., in Nylander’s works, and do not know the
species ; from the description it chiefly differs from P. elegans in the yellow colour being
broken up into patches.

3. P. murorum, DC. Thallus orbicular, bright yellow, adnate, cracked,
plaited and lobed ; segments linear. Apothecia central, crowded, sessile,
flattish, orange-yellow; border slightly waved. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 136.

Var. miniatum. Thallus a brighter and deeper orange-red.

Middle Island: Otago, Lindsay, ou trap rocks, both states. (Cosmopolitan.)

27. LECANOEA, Nylander.

Thallus crustaceous, granular or smooth or leprous, rarely radiating.
Apothecia with a thalline border ; paraphyses separate ; spores 8 or more,
rarely septate. Spermagonia with arthrosterigmata, or with very long curved
acicular spermatia, or with straight simple sterigmata.

* Apothecia orange or yellow , reddish in L. ferrugiuea.

1. L. cerina, Ach. — Parmelia rupestris, DC. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii.
293. Thallus greyish-white, somewhat granulated, unequal, thin. Apothecia
scattered, elevated, flat, at length convex, yellow, warted ; border indexed,
somewhat pruinose. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 144.

Northern Island, Colenso Bay of Islands, ./. D. H. (Europe, Africa, America.)

578

VII. LICHENES.

[. Lecanora .

2. L. chyrosticta, Tayl. — Parmelia, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 293. Thallus
thin, white, studded with large granular buds, which are sometimes tipped
with orange. Apothecia crowded, concave ; disk yellow, pruinose ; thalline
border crenulate. — Nyland. Enum. Lich. 115.

Northern Island : on bark, Bay of Islands, J. I). H., Colenso.

3. L. aurantiaca, Ach. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 292. Thallus granu-
lated, pale lemon-coloured, often rugose. Apothecia sessile, rather convex,
orange-yellow, with a yellow waved border. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 142.

Var. erythrella. Thallus rugose and rimose. Apothecia without a border.

Va r. erythrella. Northern Island : on stones, Colenso. (Cosmopolite.)

4. L. ferruginea, Nyland. Thallus spreading, thin, rugged, granular,
greyish- white, sometimes evanescent. Apothecia rusty-orange or red-brown,
at length convex, with a waved border of the same colour. — Nyland. Lich.
Scand. 143.

Middle Island : on trap rocks, Otago, Lindsay.

5. L. vitellina, Ack. Thallus leprous, granulated, indeterminate, bright
yellow-green, crenulate. Apothecia clustered, sessile, flat, tawny -yellow,
at length convex and brownish ; border elevated, crenate. — Nyland. Lich.
Scand. 141.

Northern Island : on rails and other wood, Auckland, Knight. (Cosmopolite.)

## Apothecia Hack brown or pale.

6. L. sophod.es, Ach. Thallus orbicular, granulated, dull greenish
ash-coloured; apothecia clustered, black-brown when moist, with an elevated
entire border. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 148.

Var. exigua , Nvl. ; — Bab. in PI. N. Z. ii. 292. Thallus whiter. Apothecia with a
thin, sometimes crenulate border. — L. exigua , Hook.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, on wood, /. I). II. (Cosmopolite.)

7. L. cinerea, Sommer/. Thallus grey or ashy white, areolate, rugged
and cracked, with a broad greenish undulate border. Apothecia immersed,
black, flat, with an entire border. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 153. Urceolaria, Ach.

Middle Island -. trap rocks, Otago, Lindsay.

8. L. parella, Ach. — Parmelia pallescens, Fries ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii.
292. Thallus dirty white, determinate, plaited and warted. Apothecia scat-
tered, thick ; disk concave, of the same colour as the thallus, flat, often an-
gular; border tumid, thick. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 156.

Common throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, on rocks, wood, the ground,
etc., Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. LI. (Cosmopolite.)

9. L. tartarea, Acli. Thallus crustaceous, thick, granular, tartareous,
greyish -white. Apothecia scattered ; disk convex, at length plain or tumid,
yellow-brown or flesh-coloured ; border thick, indexed, at length wavy ;
spores ellipsoid or subgranular. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 157. Porina granu-
lata, Tayl. in FI. Antarct.

Probably common throughout the islands, Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. II. (Cos-
mopolite.) Scarcely to be distinguished from L. parella, but by the thicker thallus and
larger browner apothecia ( Nyl .).

Lecanora.']

VII. L1CUENES.

579

10. L. parellina, Nyland. Undescribed.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Java, Chili.)

11. L. verrucosa, Lam. — Parmelia, Fries; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii.
293. Thallus filmy, elliptical, whitish, surrounded by an obsolete border of
the same colour. Apothecia blackish, naked or pruinose, rather concave, with
a thick entire border. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 156. Urceolaria , Acharius.

Northern Island, Colenso. Specimen imperfect. (Europe, N. America.)

12. L. glaucoma, Acli. Thallus tartareous, uneven, hard, greyish-
white, cracked and areolate. Apothecia crowded, depressed, livid-black or
brown, glaucous, often deformed, flat or convex, with a thin entire border. —
Nyland. Lich. Scand. 159.

Otago, on trap rocks, Lindsay. (Cosmopolite.)

13. L. subfusca, Ach. — Parmelia, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 292. Thallus
continuous, thin, smoothish, brownish-white or ashy. Apothecia pale or dark
brown or black, sessile, slightly convex ; border tumid, entire ; spores ellip-
soid.— Nyland. Lich. Scand. 160.

Northern Island : probably common, on wood, stones, etc., Colenso, Knight. (Cos-
mopolite.)

14. L. varia, Ach. — Parmelia, Fries; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 292.
Thallus scattered, thin, granulate, pale yellow-green. Apothecia crowded,
flattened, buff or brown ; border waved, iuflexed, entire ; spores ellipsoid,
simple. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 163.

Northern Island : on stones, Colenso. Lord Auckland’s group : on bark, /. D. H.
(Europe, Africa, America.)

15. L. argophoiis, Nyland. Thallus pale straw-coloured, yellowish or
white, firfn, warted and granular, granules crenulate. Apothecia black-
brown, with an entire or crenate border.— Nyland. Lich. Scand. 166.

Yar. thiodes. — Parmelia f rust ulosa, Fr., var. thiodes, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 292. Thallus
more yellow, with the granular more crowded.

Northern Island : var. thiodes, on stones, Colenso. (Europe, America.)

16. L. atra, Ach. — Parmelia, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 292. Thallus
rugged, subdeterminate, often cracked here and there, white, granulate.
Apothecia nearly flat, very black ; border white, elevated, at length flexuous
and notched; spores ellipsoid. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 170.

Northern and Middle Islands : probably common on bark and stones, Colenso, Lind-
say, etc. (Cosmopolite.)

17. L. punicea, Ach. — Parmelia, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 292. Thallus
thin, white, rather glaucous, bordered with black, smooth, not shining. Apo-
thecia rounded, oppressed, angular when crowded ; disk flatfish ; margin
thin, white, finally crenulate, bright red, convex when old. — Mont. Crypt.
Cuba, 208 ; Eschweiler in Mont. FI. Bras. i. 191.

Northern and Middle Islands: on wood, Colenso; Otago, Lindsay. (Tropical
America and Africa, Cape of Good Hope, Java.)

Dr. Lindsay enumerates the following as natives of Otago :■ — L. pyracea, Ach. ; L. urn ■

VII. LICHENES.

580

\_Lecanora.

brina, Ehr. ; L. simplex, Dev., and three new species of Nylander’s, viz. L. homologa,
peloleuca, and thiomela.

28. URCEOLaRIA, Acharius.

Thallus crustaceous. Apothecia urceolate; spores 8, brown, septate. Sper-
mogonia with branched sterigmata ; spermatia cylindric.

1. U. scruposa? Ach. — Parmelia, Fries; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 293.
Thallus greyish- white, rugose, granulated, continuous or areolate. Apothecia
black, concave, often glaucous ; border thick, incurved, rugose and crenulate ;
spores 5-septate. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 176.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Cosmopolite.)

Nylander enumerates N. stictica, Krb., as a native of Otago.

29. PERTUSARIA, De Candolle.

Thallus crustaceous, continuous, irregularly warted or nearly smooth.
Apothecia with or without a thalline border, immersed in warts of the
thallus ; spores 1-8, ellipsoid, large, with a thickish margin, simple. Sper-
matia acicular.

A genus of temperate and cold country Lichens, rare in the tropics.

1. P. sub verrucosa, Nyland. — P. communis, DC. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z.
ii. 306. Undescribed.

Northern Island: on bark and stones, Colenso, Raoul.

2. P. subglobulifera, Nyland. Undescribed.

Northern Island, Colenso.

3. P. cucurbitula, Mont. — Porina, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 306. Thallus
radiating, orbicular, cream-coloured, warty, beneath filmy-white, silvery.
Apothecia numerous, small, sessile, prominent, subconfluent, of the same
colour as the thallus, at first closed, then expanding and margining the
apiculate nucleus ; nucleus wavy within, at length falling away ; asci large,
clavate; spores 1-celled. — Mont, in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3. 18, 312.

Northern Island : on bark, Colenso. (Chili.)

Dr. Lindsay adds from Otago, P. velata, Turn. ; perrimosa, Nyland. n. sp., and perfida,
Nyland. n. sp.

30. THELOTREMA, Ach.

Thallus thin, crustaceous, continuous. Apothecia on tubercles or warts,
with a double margin, the external thalline, the internal of the substance of
the apothecium ; spores large, fusiform, multilocular.

A large, chiefly tropical genus.

1. T. lepadinum, Acli. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 294. Crust small,
cream-coloured ; warts of the apothecia smooth, conical, truncate. Apothecia
1-2 in a wart, pale brown, with a thin indexed edge. — Nyland. Lich. Scand.
185.

On bark of trees throughout the islands, and in Lord. Auckland’s group. (Cosmo-
politan.)

Dr. Lindsay enumerates T. monosporum, Nyland., as a native of Otago.

VII. LICHENES.

581

31. CfENOGONIUM, Ehrenb.

Thallus effuse, of subcontinuous, pellucid, obscurely-articulate filaments,
forming a cottony, loosely-interwoven, greenish web. Apothecia orbicular,
substipitate, without a border, or margined in the young state only, the disk
bearing asci.

A small genus common in warm climates, on hark of trees, remarkable for the Conferva-
like structure of the thallus.

1. C. Linkii, Ehrenh. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 310. Thallus suborbi-
cular, glaucous green. Apothecia saffron-yellow; spores elliptic-ovate, in
one series within the filiform subclavate asci. — Fee, Meth. Lich. 63. t. 2.

Northern and Middle Islands: common on trees, etc., Menzies, D’Urville, etc.

(Cosmopolite in tropical and subtropical countries.)

C. inflexion, Nyland., is enumerated amongst Lindsay’s Otago Lichens.

32. BYSSOCAULON, Mont.

Thallus filiform, spreading, formed of excessively-branched fibres, which
are not articulate, and are crisped when dry.

A very anomalous genus, recently regarded by its author, Montagne, as a form of Pan-
naria. (See Mout. Sylloge, Plant. Crypt. 293.)

1. B, filamentosum, Nyland. ;—Farmelia gossypina, var. Jilameulosa,
Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 288. Thallus forming a white cottony stratum.

Northern Island, Colenso, on moss, barren. (Juan Fernandez.) (I find no specimens
in the Herbarium.)

33. LECIDEA, Acharius.

Thallus crustaceous, scaly, granular, powdery or 0. Apothecia with a
margin of their own substance or 0. Spermagonia with straight (rarely
curved) or acicular or shortly cylindric spermatia.

A very large genus, found in all parts of the world,

§ 1. Apothecia concave, bright-coloured (Gyalecta, Ach.).

1. L. cnpularis, Acli. — Gyalecta , Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 294. Thallus
pale, thin, scattered, ashy or whitish. Apothecia subglobose, salmon-coloured,
at length urceolate, with a pale, flesh-coloured, thick, elevated, indexed, often
crenate and pulverulent border; spores ellipsoid, 3-septate. — Nyland. Lich.
Scand. 190.

Northern Island : on stones, probably common, and as far south as Xjord Auckland’s
group. (Europe, America, Tasmania.)

2. L. carneola, Ach. Thallus mealy, thin, white, or obsolete. Apo-
thecia small, dusky or brownish, suburceolate, with a thick elevated even
smooth paler border ; spores acicular, many-septate. — Nyland. Lich. Scand.
191.

Northern Island : on bark, Colenso. (Europe, America.)

582

VII. LICHENES.

[ Lecidea .

§ 2. Apothecia fiat or convex , rarely black (Biatora, Fries).
a. Crust scaly , spores simple.

3. L. parvifolia, Pers. — Biatora , Mont. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 299'.
Tballus glaucous, scaly ; scales lobulate or incised. Apothecia pale red or
testaceous, at length convex ; border indistinct ; spores oblong, simple.—
Nyland. Enum. Lick. 120.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Cosmopolite in the tropics.)

/3. Crust granular , powdery or evanescent. Spores simple , oblong or ellipsoid.

4. L. cinnabarina, Sommerfeldt. — Biatora, Fries ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z.
ii. 300. t. 129 C. Tballus thin, white, effuse, of minute unequal granules.
Apothecia scarlet, with an obtuse margin or 0 ; spores small, simple, fusi-
form.— Nyland. Lick. Scand. 194.

Northern Island: on branches of shrubs, Colenso. (Europe, America, Australia, Tas-
mania.)

5. L. intermixta, Nyland. Tballus thin, white, effuse or evanescent.
Apothecia brownish, flatfish ; border obtuse or 0 ; spores ellipsoid, 1-septate.
— Nyland. Lich. Scand. 194.

Kermadec Island, Milne, on bark. (Cosmopolite.)

6. L. flavo-pallescens, Nyland. Undescribed.

Northern Island, Colenso.

7. L. pyrophthalma, Nyland. — Parmelia, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 293.
t. 129 A. Tballus very thin, membranous, olive-green, effuse. Apothecia
at first globose, yellow, at length plane ; disk bright orange ; border quite
entire, paler; asci filiform; spores cymbiform, 1-septate. — Nyland. Enum.
121. Biatora , Mont. Sylloge, 339.

Northern Island, Colenso, on bark. (Chili.)

8. L. vernalis, Ach. — Biatora, Fries ;— Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 300.
Tballus thin, powdery, ashy or greenish-white or obsolete. Apothecia clus-
tered, rusty flesh-coloured, convex, white internally, at length often globose;
spores oblong. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 200. Biatora anomala, Fries?; Bab.
in FI. N. Z. 1. c.

Northern Island: on moss, etc., Colenso, Sinclair. (Europe, etc.)

9. L. decolorans, Fleer ke. Thallus leprous, grey, with white granula-
tions, effuse, thin. Apothecia pale brown, blackish or brick-red, opaque,
flat, with a pale appressed border, white within ; spores ellipsoid, oblong. —
Nyland. Lich. Scand. 197-

Northern Islaud, Colenso. (Europe, N. America.)

10. L. coarctata, Nyland. — Parmelia, Ach.; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 291.
Thallus spreading, thin, cracked, greyish, unequal. Apothecia with the disk
somewhat immersed, at length elevated, flat, black ; border elevated, inflexed,
coarctate, irregular, pulverulent. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 196.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Cosmopolite.)

decided.} vii. lichenes. 583

13. Tkallus grey or white, granular , powdery or evanescent. Spores acicular or oblong,

1 -many-septate.

11. L. rosella, Ach. — Biatora, Fries; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 300. Thallus
ashy, thin, unequal or granular. Apothecia rose-red or flesh-coloured, rather
powdery ; border obtuse, white within ; spores acicular, many-septate. —
Nyland. Lich. Scand. 209.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Europe.)

12. L. ceroplasta, — Biatora, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 300. Thallus white,
waxy, thickish, granular, subpellucid; granules minute. Apothecia large,
appressed, flattish, at length convex, red, not pruinose, internally flesh-
coloured; border thin, flesh-coloured; spores not found.

Northern Island, Colenso. — Compared with L. rosella by Babington, but of a peculiarly
waxy hue. Omitted in Nylander’s ‘ Enumeratio Lichenum.’

13. L. marginiflexa, Tayl. — Biatora, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 299. t.
129 B. Thallus white, glaucous, thin, minutely cracked, leprous, bordered
with black. Apothecia rather large, crowded, purplish when moist ; disk
pruinose, convex; border thin, flexuous ; spores oblong, 1-septate.

Northern Island : common on mosses, bark, etc. (Australia, India.) — Perhaps not
distinct from L. tuberculosa , Fee, and if so perhaps no Biatora. The apothecia are very
concave and dark, as in Byalecta, and the disk dark, almost black. Nylander places it in
his section Biatora.

14. L. tuberculosa, Fee, Essai sur Cryptolg. des Ecorces Officin. 107. t.
27./. 1. Thallus crustaceous, tuberculate, pale sulphur-coloured, indefinite.
Apothecia scattered, black, flattish ; margin slender, entire, evanescent, horny
internally; spores many-septate. — Nyland. Enum. 123.

Northern Island, Colenso , on bark. Lord Auckland’s group, J. I). H. (Tropical
America, Madagascar, Australia.)

15. L. Domingensis, Ach. ? — Parmelia gyrosa ?, Mont. ; — Bab. in FI.
N. Z. ii. 293. Thallus orbicular, glaucous, imbricate; lacunae flat, pal-
mately multifid at the tips ; margins repand, toothed, powdery, beneath
white, fibrillose. Apothecia scattered, brownish, pruinose ; border inflexed,
at length crenulate; spores many-septate. — Nyland. Enum. 123. Parmelia,
Mont. Crypt. Cuba, 212.

Northern Island: on bark, mosses, etc., Colenso. — Specimens imperfect. (W. Indies.)

§ 3. Apothecia black,
a. Thallus scaly.

16. L. decipiens, Ach. — Biatora, Fries; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 299.
Thallus of roundish subimbricate scales or concave lobes, flesh-coloured or
red, at length brown ; margins white. Apothecia marginal, convex or sub-
globose, brown-black inside; border obsolete; spores ovoid or elliptic. —
Nyland. Lich. Scand. 214.

Northern Island : on rocks, Colenso. (Cosmopolite.)

17. L. mamillaris, Bufour; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 300. Thallus white,
turgidly areolate, somewhat lobed and plaited, cancellated or cracked. Apo-

584 vii. lichenes. [ Lecidea .

thecia on the margins of the areolae ; spores oblong. — Nyland. Prod. Lich.
Gall, and Alg. 120.

Northern Island: on rocks and earth, Colenso. (South Europe.)

18. L. vesicularis, Ach. — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 301. Phallus of ir-
regular imbricated tumid powdery greyish warts or scales. Apothecia ir-
regular, black, flattish, marginal on the scales, at length hemispherical ;
spores narrow, fusiform or subacicular. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 214.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Cosmopolite.)

19. L. Colensoi, Bab. — Bialora, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 298. Phallus
scaly ; scales subimbricated, ascending, lobed, erose, glaucous, ferruginous
below, with a subferruginous medullary stratum. Apothecia ferruginous,
black, with paler margins, at first concave, at length confluent, deformed,
ferruginous internally, glaucous and pruinose.

Northern Islaud : on earth, Colenso.

fi. Thallus granular , 'powdery or evanescent.

20. L. parasema, Ach. — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 301. Phallus crus-
taceous, thin, greyish, uninterrupted, somewhat granulated, edged with black.
Apothecia sessile, flat, opaque, black, at length convex ; border smooth,
black; spores ellipsoid, simple. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 217? L. albido-
plumbea, Payl. FI. N. Z. 1. c. 302. L. geomcca, Tayl. FI. Antarct. (A. papil-
lata , Fries, ibid, in Suppl. p. 547.)

Northern Island: on smooth hark of trees, common, Colenso , Knight , etc. Lord
Auckland’s group : on bark and the ground, J. B. H. (Cosmopolite.)

21. L. atro-alba, Flotow; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 301. Phallus crus-
taceous, grey or white, spreading, cracked and granular, somewhat mealy.
Apothecia sunk to a level wfith the crust, small, crowuled, black, pruinose,
ashy within; spores ellipsoid, 1-septate. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 233.

Northern Island: on stones, etc., common, Colenso , etc. (Cosmopolite.)

22. L. contigua, Fries; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 301. Phallus crus-
taceous, ashy or white, thin or rather thick, continuous, cracked or areolate.
Apothecia sessile, black within and without, often pruinose ; spores ellipsoid,
simple. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 224.

Var. platycarpa. Thallus obsolete. Apothecia larger, pruinose ; disk white within, on a
black substratum. — L. platycarpa , Ach. Bab. 1. c. L. petraa, Tayl.

Northern and Middle Islands: on calcareous and other rocks, Colenso, J. D. H. ;
Otago, Lindsay. (Cosmopolite.)

23. L, lapicida, Fries; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 301. Phallus crusta-
ceous, glaucous white, tessellated and granulated. Apothecia sessile, plane
or convex, angular, black, with a narrow elevated border, black or dark
grey within. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 225.

Northern Island : on rock, Colenso. (Europe.)

24. 1m. abietina, Acli.? — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 302. Phallus crusta-
ceous, spreading, smooth, erose, pale glaucous or leprous, effuse or evanes-
cent. Apothecia sessile, flattish, black, pruinose, wdth a black border; spores
fusiform, 3-septate.- — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 241.

Northern Island: on saudstone rocks, Colenso. (Europe.) — A doubtful identification.

Tecidea.']

VII. L1CHENES.

585

25. Xj. disciformis, Fries. Thallus crustaceous, thin, white, con-
tinuous, determinate, unequal, often evanescent. Apothecia flat or subcon-
vex, black, bordered ; spores brown, ellipsoid or oblong, 1-septate, — Nyland.
Lich. Scand. 236.

Var. albula, Nylander.

Northern Island: on quartz rocks, Colenso.

y. Thallus yellow, crustaceous.

26. L. geographica, Schcerer. Thallus crustaceous, bright yellow,
smooth, cracked, tessellated ; areolae edged with black. Apothecia flat,
black, often confluent; spores brown or black, 3- or more-septate. — Nyland.
Lich. Scand. 248.

middle Island : Otago, on rocks, Lindsay. (Cosmopolite in cold regions.)

27. L. citrinella, Ach. — L. flavo-vire&cens, Fries, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii.
301. Thallus crustaceous, thin, bright yellow, continuous. Apothecia ap-
pressed, black outside and within ; spores acicular. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 248.

Northern Island, Colenso, on rocks. (Europe.)

28. L. pacbycarpa, Bufour. — Biatora, Fries, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 229.
Thallus leprous, mealy, soft, uneven, greyish-green. Apothecia scattered,
sessile, brown, with a pale brown, even, smooth border ; spores many-sep-
tate.— Nyland. Prod. Lich. Gall, and Alger. 118. L. incana, Ach. ; FI. Ant-
arct.

Northern Island: on rocks, trees, and banks, Colenso. Lord Auckland’s group,
on the ground, J. D. H. (Europe.)

29. L. tuberculosa, Fee , Essai sur Cryptol. des Ecorces Officin. 107.
t. 27. /. 1. Thallus crustaceous, tuberculate, pale sulphur- coloured, indefi-
nite. Apothecia scattered, black, flattish ; margin slender, entire, evanescent,
horny internally; spores many-septate. — Nyland. Enum. 123.

Northern Island, Colenso, on hark. Lord Auckland’s group, J. B. H. (Tropical
America, Madagascar, Australia.)

S. Parasitic species, consisting of Apothecia growing on other Lichens.

30. L. oxyspora, Nyland. Apothecia black or brown, minute, flat or
slightly convex, brownish within ; spores fusiform, ellipsoid. — Nyland. Lich.
Scand. 247. Ahrothallus, Tulasne in Mem. Lich. 116. t. 16. f. 27.

middle Island : Otago, parasitic on Parmelia conspersa, Lindsay. (Europe, Asia.)

The following are enumerated in Dr. Lindsay’s Otago catalogue: — L. furfuracea, Pers. ;
subsimilis, Nyl. ; sabuletorum. Elk. ; trachona, Flot. ; allotropa, Nyl., n. sp. ; rnelanotropa,
Nyl., n. sp. ; millegrana, Tayl. ; pulverea, Bow. ; leucothalamia, Otagensis, amphitropa,
and Jlavido-alra, all n. sp. of Nylander ; arceutina, Ach. ; fusco-atra, Ach. ; petraa, Elot. ;
stellulata , Tayl. ; myriocarpa , DC. ; lenticularis, Ach. ; grossa , Pers. ; and Curreyi, Lindsay
(a species of Ahrothallus).

34. GrRAPHIS, Ach.

Thallus very thin, continuous, often scarcely visible above or below the
bark on which the plant grows. Apothecia linear, black, simple or forked,
von. i. 2 q

586

VII. LICHENES.

[Gr aphis.

with a raised tliallodal border ; paraphyses slender, distinct ; spores oblong,
many-celled.

A large tropical and subtropical, rarely temperate genus of Lichens, growing on the bark
of trees, comparatively rare in temperate climates.

1. G. scripta, Ach. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 302. Thallus thin, mem-
branous, smooth, somewhat shining, grey-white, indistinctly bordered with
black. Apothecia partly immersed, black, naked or pruinose, flexuose,
simple or branched ; branches subparallel ; spores oblong, 7-9-celled. — Nyland.
Lich. Scand. 251.

Northern Island : on bark, Colenso, Knight. (Cosmopolite.)

2. G. anguina, Mont. Sylloge, 352 (Ustalia). Thallus between mem-
branous and crustaceous, white, minutely granular. Apothecia immersed,
minute, crowded, linear, flexuose, simple and forked ; border prominent ; disk
brown, concave, convex when moist ; spores oblong-cylindric, multicellular.

Northern Island : Auckland, Knight, on bark. (Cosmopolite.)

3. G. elegans, Ach. Thallus orbicular, granulated, white. Apothecia
immersed, scattered, divaricating, usually simple, with a grooved as well as
tliallodal border; spores cylindric-fusiform, about 10-septate. — Nyland. Prodr.
Lich. Gall, et Alger. 151.

Northern Island : Auckland, Kniglit , on bark. (Almost cosmopolitan.)

4. G. scalpturata, Ach. Thallus yellow, membranous. Apothecia
short or long, simple forked or branched, flexuose ; margined by a thickening
of the thallus ; disk black, deciduous ; spores large, brown, oblong, 10-septate
and usually divided. — Mont, in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2. xviii. 274.

Northern Island : Auckland, Knight, on bark. (Tropical America.)

5. G. confinis, Knight arid Mitten in Linn. Trans, xxiii. 102. 1. 11./. 20.
Thallus cream-coloured or grey. Apothecia immersed, elongate, wavy, some-
time forked or branched, ends acute, closed by the inflexed border ; perithe-
cium entire below or dimidiate ; spores 6-8-septate, interspaces transversely
oval, 0'00034 in. broad, O'OOll in. long.

Northern Island: Auckland, on bark of trees, Knight.- — Near G. scripta, but tballus
paler aud border of perithecium narrower and thicker.

6. G. (Fissurina) insidiosa, Kniglit and Mitten, l.c. t. 12./. 21.
Thallus thick, uneven, warty, dull green, brownish when dry. Apothecia
crowded, deeply immersed in warts of the thallus, simple or branched, closed ;
lips paler; spores in single series, ovoid or obovate, yellow, (LOGOS in.
broad, 0-0007 long.

Northern Island: Auckland, on bark of trees, Knight. — Apothecia invisible to the
naked eye.

7. G. (Fissurina) inquinata, Knight and Mitten, l.c. t. 12. /. 22.
Thallus cartilaginous, polished, ashy-grey or brown, uneven. Apothecia
deeply immersed, narrow, elongate, wandering, variously branched and wavy,
almost covered by the darkened border of the thallus; spores oblong or ob-
ovate, yellow, 3-4-septate, 0 00040 in. broad, 0’00084 long.

Graphis .]

VII. LICHENES.

587

Northern Island: Auckland, on bark, Knight. — Browner than G. insidiosa, thallus
less warty, apothecia faintly visible by a dark line. It may be a form of G. nitida, Mont.

35. OPEGEAPHA, Acli.

Thallus excessively thin or almost evanescent. Apothecia superficial or
with the base innate, black, linear-lanceolate rounded or linear, elongate,
flexuose or branched, with a proper border ; epithecium plane or like a narrow
slit ; spores colourless or brownish, fusiform, few-septate. Spermatia slender,
cylindric straight or curved.

A very large tropical or subtropical genus, rarer in temperate regions.

1. O. varia, Per soon. Thallus thin, powdery, white or brown, dispersed.
Apothecia sessile, prominent, scattered, roundish oval or oblong, wavy ; disk
plane, at length convex, hemispherical, somewhat tuberculose ; border sub-
evanescent; spores fusiform, 3-9-septate. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 252.

Var. Thallus olive-green ; apothecia superficial, slender; spores 5-9-septate, 0 0003 in.
broad, 0'00115 long. — Knight and Mitt, in Trans. Linn. Soc. 23. 101. t. 11. f. 15.

Var. Thallus olive-brown, tending to grey ; apothecia more or less immersed when moist ;
margin separating in the middle ; spores i-5-septate, 0'00024 in. broad, 0 0009 long. —
Knight and Mitt. 1. c. f. 16.

Var. Thallus dusky-grey; apothecia immersed when moist, oblong, open; spores 3-4-
septate, 0'00025 in. broad, 0'0007 broad. — Knight and Mitt. 1. c. f. 17-

Northern Island : Auckland, on bark, Knight. (Cosmopolite.)

2. O. atra, Ac/i. Thallus very thin, membranous, smooth, whitish.
Apothecia sessile, various in shape, the smaller globose or oblong, the larger
long, narrow, terete, subrugulose, coal-black, simple or divided ; spores ob-
long-ovoid, 3-septate.— -Nyland. Lich. Scand. 254.

Northern Island : Auckland, on bark, Knight. Lord Auckland’s group, J. B. H.
(Cosmopolite.)

3. O. herpetica, Acli. Thallus continuous, limited, very thin, reddish
ash-coloured or brownish, slightly rugged. Apothecia immersed, oblong
linear rounded or elliptic, somewhat curved, the disk broader than the
border; spores fusiform, 3-septate. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 255.

Var, rufescens. Apothecia flexuose, sometimes divided.

Northern Island: Auckland, on bark, Knight.

4. O. cinerea, Knight and Mitt, in Linn. Trans, xxii. 101. t. 12./. 18.
Thallus ashy-grey, pulverulent, sometimes obsolete. Apothecia superficial,
simple, oblong, straight or curved, closed ; spores brown, 3-septate or 1-
septate and contracted in the middle, frequently murally divided, Q'00025 in.
broad, 0-00075 long.

Northern Island : Auckland, on hark, Knight.- — The short thick closed apothecia at
once distinguish this from O. varia.

5. O. prominula, Knight and Mitt. l.c. 102. t. 11./. 19. Thallus
white, uneven or minutely warted, moderately thick, containing extensive
patches of green round gonidia. Apothecia superficial, crowded, subparallel
or disposed in all directions, straight or curved, closed ; spores ellipsoid or
oblong, 7-septate, 0-00015 in. broad, 0-0008 in. long.

2 Q 2

5 S3

VII. L1CHENES.

[Opegrapha.

Northern Islaud : Auckland, on bark, Knight.- — Resembles 0. varia, but the thallus is
even and whiter, the apotheeia usually entirely closed by the more prominent border.

Dr. Lindsay, in his ‘ Catalogue of Otago Lichens,’ adds three new species of Nylander, —
0. agelceoides , spodopolia, and subeffigurans.

36. PLAT Y GRAPHIS, Nyland.

Tliallus thin or obsolete. Apotheeia black, flat, simple, no proper border,
but sometimes a thin thallodal border. Spores colourless, fusiform, septate.
Spermatia shortly cylindric, straight or slightly curved.

A considerable tropical and temperate genus of corticolous Lichens.

1. P. microsticta, Kn'ujht and Mitt, in Linn. Trans, xxiii. 103. t. 12.
f. 23. Thallus dusky-grey. Apotheeia round or oblong, flexuose, simple or
branched, broader at one end ; ends rounded. Apotheeia dark brown ; hv-
pothecium black; spores fastigiate, fusiform, 3-septate, 0 00010 in. broad,
0'00140 long.

Northern Island : Auckland, Knight , on bark. — Thallus covered everywhere at equal
distances by the apotheeia, which resemble specks to the naked eye.

2. P. inconspicua, Knight and Mitt. l.c. t. 24. Thallus brown, with
a lilac tinge when dry. Apotheeia immersed, very minute, roundish or ob-
long, one end acuminate, blackish brown; spores fastigiate, ? not septate,
fusiform, 0 00120 broad, 0 00175 in. long.

Northern Island : Auckland, on bark, Knight. Remarkable for its lilac colour. Apo-
thecia invisible till magnified, then like black dots.

3. P. tumidula, Knight and Mitt. l.c. f. 25. Thallus dark yellow-
brown. Apotheeia flat, surrounded by the somewhat swollen thallus, elongate
or short-curved, defined by a narrow dark line ; hypothecium brownish -black ;
spores fastigiate, without septa, fusiform, O'OOOl in. broad. O' 001 4 long.

Northern Island : Auckland, Knight , on bark. — Thallus colour of Lecidia parasema.
Apotheeia conspicuous, variable in form and size.

4. P. occulta, Knight and Mitt. l.c. 104. t. 12./. 26. Thallus reddish-
brown, obscure. Apotheeia irregularly branched, subradiate, angular ; edges
torn ; thallodal border raised, powdery, white ; epithecium blackish-brown,
flat ; hypothecium black; spores fastigiate, fusiform, 4-?-septate, 0'00005 in.
broad, O' 00 160 long.

Northern Island : Auckland, on bark, Knight. — Apotheeia invisible till magnified.

Dr. Lindsay enumerates P. lovgifera, Nyland. n. sp.

37. PL AGIO GRAPHIS, Knight and Mitten.

Thallus very thin, obscure. Apotheeia elongate, like cracks, surrounded by
a perithecium, which is covered by the thallus, connivent above, divaricated
and oblique below ; hypothecium free. Asci pyriform ; spores 2-locular.

A genus only known from New Zealand.

1. P. devia, Knight and Mitt, in Linn. Trans, xxiii. 104. t. 12. /. 27.
Thallus smooth, yellow or grey. Apotheeia blackish-brown, elongate.

Plagiogr aphis. ~\

VII. LICHENES.

589

flexuose or branched, contracted here and there; thallodal margin very thin,
at length erect ; epithecium nearly covered by the perithecial walls, dark-
coloured ; spores contracted in the middle, 1 -septate, upper cell larger,
0 00030 in. broad, 0’00065 long.

Northern Island : Auckland, on smooth hark, Knight. — Apothecia externally like black
pecks. At first sight this resembles an Arthonia.

2. P. rubrica, Knight and Mitt. 1. c.f. 28. Thallus corneous, polished,
red or reddish-brown. Apothecia round oblong or elongate and nerved,
without thallodal border, blackish-brown, slightly prominent, open ; perithe-
cium extending far below the thallus; spores 1-septate, 0'00020 in. broad,
0 00053 long.

Northern Island: Auckland, on smooth bark, Knight. — Similar to P. devia, but diffe-
rently coloured, and with open apothecia.

38. STIGMATIDIUM, Meyer.

Thallus thick, crustaceous or cartilaginous. Warts containing the apothe-
cia crowded, punctiform, solitary or in series, immersed, indehiscent, without
a border.

A small genus of tropical and temperate corticolous Lichens, found in various parts of the
world.

1. S. crassum, Du by. Thallus cartilaginous, undulated, olive-brown,
smooth, black-edged. Warts of the apothecia large, irregular, many-celled,
with numerous, black, slightly depressed, often confluent and then linear
curved points. — Nyland. Prodr. Lich. Gall, and Alger. 163.

Northern Island : on bark, Colenso. (West Europe, N. Africa.)

39. ARTHONIA, Ach.

Thallus thin, superficial or beneath the bark, or evanescent or none. Apo-
thecia flat, without a border, separate paraphyses none ; asci pyriform, easily
separable from the apothecium ; their walls thickened at the tip ; spores 4-8,
ovoid, septate. Spermatia cylindric, straight or curved.

A large genus of Lichens, growing on wood and bark in all latitudes.

1. A. lurida, Ach . — Myriangium inconspicuum, Bab. in PI. N. Z. ii. 310.
t. 128 B. Thallus somewhat tartareous, thin, cracked, uneven, white. Apo-
thecia crowded, immersed, thin, flat, confluent, brownish lead-coloured, prui-
nose, internally of the same colour; spores ovoid, 1-septate. — Nyland. Lich.
Scand. 268.

Northern Island: on dead leaves, Colenso. (Europe.)

2. A. pruimosa, Ach.—Lecanactis impolita. Fries ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii.
303. Thallus white, thin, cracked, somewhat uneven. Apothecia immersed,
flat, confluent, brownish lead-coloured, pruinose, same colour within ; spores
ovoid, 3-septate. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 258.

Northern Island : Auckland, on bark, Knight. (Europe, N. America.)

590

VII. LICHENES.

[ Arthonia .

3. A. astroidea, Ach. Thallus beneath the bark, indicated by a white
patch outside, more or less determinate. Apothecia appressed, lobed, divided,
substellate, ashy-grey within; spores ovoid, 3-septate. — N viand. Lich. Scand.
259.

Northern Island : Auckland, on bark, Knight. (Cosmopolite.)

4. A. minutula, Nyland. Thallus indicated by a white spot on the
back. Apothecia black, slender, flexuose, irregular ; spores ovoid, 1-septate.
— Nyland. Prodr. Lich. Gall, et Alger. 169.

Northern Island : on bark, Colenso. (Europe.)

5. A. lobulata, Kniglit and Mitt, in Linn. Trans, xxiii. 104. t. 12./. 29.
Thallus ochreous or grey. Apothecia angular, lobed or snbradiate, plane ;
margin defined by a narrow line, deep brown, almost black ; spores 1-septate,
oblong, light yellow7, 0‘0002 in. broad, 0 0006 long.

Northern Island: Auckland, on bark, Knight. — Differs from the other New Zealand
species in the clavate asci, with the spores in parallel lines.

6. A. indistincta, Knight and Mitt. l.c. 105. t. 12./. 30. Thallus
grey, thin. Apothecia irregularly elongate-oblong, simple or branched ;
border ragged, obscure, grey black, convex ; spores 3-septate, oblong, con-
stricted in the middle, terminal cells much smallest.

Northern Island : Auckland, Knight , on bark. — Apothecia mere specks, when magni-
fied the borders seem to fade into the thallus.

7. A. albida, Knight and Mitt. 1. c. t. 12./. 31. Thallus white or dull
white ; edges filamentous. Apothecia prominent, smooth, lobed or angular ;
thallodal border thin, erect, lilac-brown, powdery ; hypothecium pale, with a
black spot sometimes at the sides ; spores 3-septate, obovate, yellow ; upper
cell largest.

Northern Island: Auckland, on bark, Knight. — Resembles A. cinnabarina, but apo-
thecia smaller.

8. A. ramulosa, Knight and Mitt. 1. c. t. 12./. 32. Thallus dull white,
thin, brown. Apothecia superficial, black, dark brown at the base and sides,
much branched, bordered by a narrow undulating line ; spores 3-septate, ob-
long or obovate, brown ; upper cell largest, 0 00020 in. broad, 0'00045 in.
long.

Northern Island: Auckland, on bark, Knight. — Apothecia more branched and promi-
nent than in A. astroidea.

9. A. ampliata, Knight and Mitt. 1. c. 106. t. 12./. 33. Thallus grey, 1 in.
and more diameter. Apothecia copious, scattered or parallel, roundish or ob-
long, partly veiled by the ruptured thallus, blackish-brown ; spores brown,
5-6-septate; upper cell largest, others often longitudinally divided, 0’0005
in. long, 0’0013 long.

Northern Island : Auckland, on bark, Knight.

10. A. nigro-cincta, Knight and Mitt. l.c. t. 12./. 34. Thallus mo-
derately thick, whitish-brown, with a lilac tinge, edged with dark. Apothe-
cia thinly scattered, superficial, simple, irregular, roundish, oblong, bent or

Arthonia.~\

VII. LICHENES.

591

curved, one end larger, blackish-brown, internally brown ; spores obovate, 4-
septate, light yellow, (L00030 in. broad, 0'00084 long.

Northern Island: Auckland, on bark, Knight. — The apothecia have no dark marginal
line as in most of its allies.

11. A. polymorpha, Ach. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 302. Thallus sub-
membranous, ashy-white, variegated with olive-green. Apothecia large, sub-
orbicular, pruinose, glaucous-blue, when moist, tumid, tubercular and black ;
spores murally divided. — Eschweiler in Mart. Ic. Sel. Crypt. Eras. 14. t. 9.
f. 3 (not in Nyland. Enum.).

Northern Island : on hark, Colenso. (Brazil.)

The following Arthonioe are enumerated in Dr. Lindsay’s ‘ Catalogue of Otago Lichens
A. excidens, Nyl. ; conspicua, Nyl. ; and platygraphella, Nyl. n. sp.

40. MELASPILEA, Nyland.

Thallus excessively thin or obsolete. Apothecia as in Artlionia, black,
superficial ; paraphyses distinct ; spores 8, usually colourless, 1-septate.
Spermatia straight.

A small cosmopolitan genus.

1. M. deformis, Nyland. Thallus white, very thin or obsolete. Apo-
thecia smallish, rounded or deformed, often confluent into a rugulose mass ;
border obtuse or 0 ; spores ovoid. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 263. Opegrapha,
yreyaria, Ach.

Northern Island : Auckland, on bark, Knight. (Europe.)

41. NORMAUDINA, Del.

Thallus of thin orbicular scales. Apothecia black, closed, with a puncti-
form aperture, immersed.

A genus of 2 species. (European and American.)

1. N. Jungermaimise, Felise.— Coccocarpia ? pulchella, Bab. in El. N.
Z. ii. 273. Thallus glaucous, tips of the scales reflexed. Apothecia in tuber-
cles of the thallus ; perithecium black ; epithecium black, prominent ; spores
oblong-cylindric, usually at most 7-septate. — Nyland. Prodr. Lich. Gall, and
Alg. 174.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, J. I). II. (Europe.)

42. TRYFETHELITJM, Ach.

Thallus imperfectly developed or beneath the bark. Apothecia compound,
many together being immersed in a depressed or elevated imperfect thallus,
black, thin; spores usually 8, rarely 2 or 4 ; paraphyses slender, mostly
branching.

A genus of corticolous, chiefly tropical Lichens.

1. T. madreporiforme, Eschweiler ; — Bab. in FI. N.Z. ii. 305. Thallus

592

VII. LICHENES.

[: Trypethdium .

faintly indicated, yellowish-green, somewhat shining and wavy. Apotliecia
several together, in convex brown tubercles, with a slightly depressed pore ;
spores oblong. — Nylarnl. Exp. Synops. Pyren. 78.

Var. j8. obscurius, Bab. 1. c. Thallus white, subpapillose, evanescent ; thallus brownish
within.

Northern Island: var. /8, on old bark, Colenso. (Var. a, tropical America and Africa.)

43. ENDOCARPON, Hedwig.

Thallus peltate or scaly or areolate. Apothecia pale, rarely brown, closed,
with a punctiform orifice ; paraphyses 0 ; spores 8, simple, colourless, elliptic-
oblong. Spermagonia with arthrosterigmata.

A considerable genus, found on stones and rocks in all latitudes.

1. E. hepaticum, Ach. — E.pusillum, Hedw. ; — Bab. inFl.N.Z. ii. 306.
Thallus of red-brown, subcartilaginous, adnate, simple, grey-brown scales ;
margin blackish, fibrillose. Apothecia with brownish-black protruded tips. —
Nyland. Lich. Scand. 265.

Northern Island : on the ground, Colenso. (Cosmopolite.)

2. E. fluviatile, Be Cand. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 306. Thallus peltate,
lurid-brown, broadly expanded, polyphyllous, blackish below. — Nyland. Lich.
Scand. 265.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Europe.)

44. VERRUCARIA, Persoon.

Thallus scaly, areolate, continuous, powdery, or beneath the bark or obsolete.
Apothecia black or pale, closed, with a punctiform orifice ; spores various.
Spermagonia with simple sterigmata.

A very large, chiefly temperate genus of minute Lichens, found on rocks, stones, earth,
bark, etc.

Series 1. Species found on stone.

1. V. rupestris, Schrad. — V. immersa, Pers., and V. muralis?, Ach. ;
— Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 307. Crust indeterminate, thin or evanescent, whitish,
smooth. Apothecia small, black, globose, sunk in a hollow of the crust and
of the stone; upper part pale, sunken part black; spores ellipsoid. — Nyland.
Lich. Scand. 275.

Northern Island : on calcareous and sandstone rocks. Identification doubtful. (Cos-
mopolite.)

2. V. umbrina, Wahl. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 307. Thallus brown or
blackish, thin, opaque, smooth or unequally granular, cracked or areolate,
often widely extended. Apothecia immersed in mamillary tubercles of the
thallus, pale, of the same colour as the thallus ; spores murally divided. —
Nyland. Lich. Scand. 269.

Northern Island : on pebbles, Colenso ; in a bad state. (Cosmopolite.)

3. V. rnaura, Wald.; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 307. Thallus thin, continu-

Verrucaria .]

VII. LICHENES.

593

ous, imperfectly defined, smooth, coal-black, with innumerable minute cracks.
Apothecia black, immersed in slightly swollen papillae of the thallus, dot-like ;
spores ellipsoid, simple. — Nyland. Lich. Scand. 275.

Northern and Middle Islands: on stones on the beach, Colenso ; Otago, on trap
rock, Lindsay. (Cosmopolite ?)

Series 2. Species growing on bark,
a. Spores usually \-septate.

4. V. gemmata, Acli. — V. alba?, Schrad. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 307.
Thallus almost filmy, whitish, indeterminate, continuous or somewhat cracked,
nearly smooth. Apothecia large, prominent, hemispherical or deformed, naked
or invested with a thin film ; asci cyliudric ; spores ellipsoid. — Nyland. Exp.
Synops. Pyren. 53.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, on bark, J. I). H. (Europe, N. America.)

5. V. epidermidis, Acli. Thallus very thin, spreading, cream-coloured.
Apothecia black, very minute, roundish, convex, circumference depressed, with
a hemispherical central mamilla ; spores oblong or ovoid-oblong. — Nyland.
Exp. Synops. Pyren. 58. V. punctiformis, DC.; FI. Antarct.

Var. gemellipara, Knight in Linn. Trans. 23. 99. t. 11. f. 3. Thallus yellowish, with a
black border. Apothecia crowded, when moist hidden by the epidermis ; spores obovate ;
upper cell largest.

Var. pseudo-punctiformis , Knight, 1. c. t. 11. f. 4. Thallus fulvous. Apothecia crowded,
more or less superficial, but prominent when dry, dimidiate. Spores obovate fusiform, some-
times 5-septate.

Northern and Middle Islands : Auckland, on bark, Kniglit. (Cosmopolite.)

6. V. miiratella, Kniglit , l. c. t. 11./. 1. Thallus thin ashy, smooth,
effuse. Apothecia, when moist immersed, dry, innate, very minute, crowded,
entire, globose ; asci elliptic-oblong ; spores yellow, clavate. O' 000 14 in. broad,
0 0006 in. long.

Northern Island: Auckland, Knight.

7. V. binucleolafa, Knight, l.c. t. 11./. 2. Thallus brown, effuse.
Apothecia small, superficial, dimidiate, spreading at the base ; asci elongate,
cylindric ; spores brown, 2-nucleolate, obovate, 0'00034 in. broad, 0'00065
in. long.

Northern Island : Auckland, on bark, Knight.

8. V. magnospora, Kniglit, l.c. t. 11./. 5. Thallus asliy-black, con-
tiguous, effuse, with a black border. Apothecia naked, large, with a white
border, dimidiate, spreading at the base ; asci clavate ; spores very large, at
length pale brown, constricted in the middle, with a double hyaline border,
0'00086 in. broad, 0'018-0'0224 in. long.

Northern Island : Auckland, on bark, Knight.

jS. Spores usually 3-septate.

9. V. nitida, Schrad. ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 307. Thallus determi-
nate, somewhat tartareous, continuous, smooth, waxy-brown, marked with mi-
nute pale dots and swellings. Apothecia rather large, hemispherical, black,

594 vn. lichenes. [ Verrucaria .

immersed, at length partially exposed ; spores dark brown, fusiform-ellipsoid,
with 4 minute cells. — Nyland. Exp. Syn. Pyren. 45.

Var. pseudo-nitidella, Knight, 1. c. t. 11. f. 6. Thallus ferruginous, effuse. Apothecia
small, naked.

Northern and middle Islands : Bay of Islands, on hark, J. D. H. (Cosmopolite.)

Var. pseudo-nitidella, Auckland, on bark, Knight ; Otago, Lindsay.

10. V. glabrata, Ach. Thallus effuse, white or evanescent. Apothecia
dimidiate, somewhat prominent, in other respects as in V. nitida. — Nyland.
Exp. Syn. Pyren. 47.

Var. a. Knight 1. c. 1. 11. f. 7- Thallus white or waxy, effuse or limited. Apothecia large,
naked or veiled by the epidermis.

Var. f). cinereo-alba, Knight and Mitt. 1. c. Thallus membranous, ashy-white, contigu-
ous. Apothecia small, hemispheric at first, covered by the thallus ; spores 2-seriate.

Var. y. deprimens, Knight, 1. c. t. 11. f. 8. Thallus ashy, effuse. Apothecia entire or
dimidiate ; spores sometimes 1-2-septate ; upper cell much the largest.

Var. S. homulisma, Knight, 1. c. t. 11. f. 9. Thallus yellow-brown, effuse, smooth.
Apothecia very large, quite flat, entire, widely spreadiug.

Northern and middle Islands : probably common, from Auckland, on hark, Knight,
to Otago, Lindsay. (Europe, etc.)

y. Spores many-celled or muricate.

11. V. moniliformis, Knight, l.c. t. 11./. 10. Thallus olive-green,
effuse, unequal. Apothecia entire, sinuate or superficial, spreading at the
base; nucleus subglobose, yellow; asci cylindric; spores 7-septate, brown,
ellipsoid ; nucleoli often moniliform.

Northern Island : Auckland, on bark, Knight.

12. V. deliquescens, Knight , l.c. t. 11./. 11. Thallus effuse, yellow,
glabrous. Apothecia more or less hid by the epidermis, entire, thick, spread-
ing at the base; spores somewhat curved, 1-septate or 10-nucleolate, brown;
nuclei lenticular-elliptic, often deliquescent.

Northern Island : Auckland, on bark, Knight.

13. V. pyrenastroides, Kniglit, l.c. t. 11./. 12. Thallus yellow or
grey, effuse. Apothecia entire, confluent, more or less hidden by the epi-
dermis, at length exposed ; ostioles distinct, surrounded by a pale areola ;
spores elliptic-oblong, large, brown, many celled, 8-10-annulate ; rings
formed of quadrate cells.

Northern Island: Auckland, on hark, Knight.

14. V. cellulosa, Knight, l.c. t. 11./. 13. Thallus effuse, olive-green.
Apothecia excessively minute, entire, cellular, superficial ; nucleus grey-black ;
asci subrotund ; spores large, elliptic-oblong, 2-seriate, brown, muricate.

Northern Island : Auckland, on bark, Knight.

15. V. Haultaini, Knight, l.c. t. 11./. 14. Thallus olive-green or
ocliraceous, unequal, effuse. Apothecia excessively minute, immersed, when
moist dimidiate; nucleus globose; asci clavate; spores large, subclavate,
muricate, 0'00025 in. broad, 0'0009 long.

Northern Island : Auckland, on bark, Knight.

Dr. Lindsay, in his ‘ Catalogue of Otago Lichens,’ enumerates V. pallida, Ach.

B95

Order YIII. FUNGI.

Cellular plants, composed of short or long cells or filaments, variously com-
bined, usually growing on decayed or living substances, or in earth impreg-
nated with organic matter. Fructification of spores, that are either naked or
enclosed in membranous tubes ( asci ), then called sporidia, or terminating
filaments or spicular cells ( sporophores or basidia). Spores germinating by
elongation of the outer covering or protrusion of the lining membrane.
Fungi absorb oxygen and exhale carbonic acid, like animals, and abound
like them also in nitrogen.

A vast, complicated, and varied Order, approaching Lichens through Peziza , Sphesria,
and other Ascomycetes, and differing from Alga chiefly in growing upon land, in deriving
their nourishment through rooting filaments, and in their chemical constituents.

The species hitherto collected in New Zealand give a most imperfect idea of the extent,
variety, and structural characters of this vast Order, which are of themselves the study of a
lifetime. New Zealand no doubt contains several thousand species.

A multitude of terms have been applied to designate the various modifications of the
organs of growth, vegetation, and reproduction of Fungi. I have reduced them to a minimum
here, and doubt not they might be still further reduced with advantage. The most useful
may be thus defined : — Fungi have no root proper, hut usually have a mycelium , which con-
sists of branching or simple white or dark filaments, that ramify through the ground, deriving
nourishment from it (as the spawn of mushrooms), or in dead wood, hastening its decay, or
in living anirtial and vegetable tissues ; these mycelia usually produce chemical change (fer-
mentation, etc.) where they are developed. The “Dry-rot,” the “Vinegar-plant,” the
“Yeast-plant,” “Amadou,” and the white spreading fibrous growths found in cellars and
pits, are all mycelia of various Fungi. When the mycelium casts off fine matted filaments,
it is called “ byssoid.”

The surface on which the mycelium or Fungus grows, is called the matrix.

The unusual terms applied to the forms of Fungi are : — determinate , when the form is de-
fined ; effuse , when spread over the matrix ; emergent or enmpent, when developed below
the cuticle or bark of a plant and bursting through it ; immersed , when sunk in the matrix ;
resupinate, when, as it were, turned upside down, thehymenium being upwards, — a term ap-
plied only to those tribes in which it is normally downwards.

When the substance of the Fungus forms a sort of amorphous mass, in which closed sacs
containing the spores are sunk, it is called a stroma.

In the more perfect determinate-formed Fungi, the fructification is spread over the sur-
face and exposed ; the fructifying surface is then called hymenium , and the layer beneath it
the kymenopkorum ; sometimes this hymenium is spread over both surfaces of thin mem-
branous plates, or the surfaces of pores, as in mushrooms, Polypori, etc., when the inter-
mediate substance of such plates, etc., is called a trama.

The hymenium may consist of spicular cells {basidia or sporophores) tipped by spores ; or
of asci, containing sporidia , exactly as in Lichens ; or of a nucleus or capillitium of mixed
filaments aud spores.

When the hymenium or spores are enclosed in proper membranes, these are called peri-
ihecia or peridia ; the former generally applying to separate sacs imbedded in a common
stroma, the latter to a membrane covering the whole Fungus.

When the fruit-bearing portion of the Fungus takes a definite shape, different from aud
usually larger than the stem, it is called a pileus, as the cap of a mushroom.

For all we know of the fungology of New Zealand, we are indebted to the Rev. AT.
J. Berkeley, the most eminent English author, who worked up this Order for the Floras of the
Antarctic Expedition. From that of New Zealand, the following descriptions are chiefly
compiled, and I am further indebted to that gentleman’s good offices for revising this com-
pilation from his own labours.

The principal books that should be procured to pursue this difficult study, are Berkeley’s

596

VIII. FUNGI.

‘ Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany ’ and ‘ Outlines of British Fungi,’ and Fries’s lEpi-
crisis.’ A good compound microscope is essential, as also some skill as a dissector and
draughtsman, to make any progress.

SYNOPSIS OR KEY TO THE SUBORDERS, TRIBES, AND GENERA.

Suborder I. Hymenomycetes. — Hymenium exposed, consisting of
closely packed cells, of which the fertile (sporophores) bear naked, usually
4-nate spores on distinct spicules.

Tribe 1. Agaricini. Hymenium on the under surface of a pileus, spread over the
surface of radiating flat gills. (. Mushrooms , toadstools, etc.)

The most highly organized Fungi, of very various form and consistence, usually of con-
siderable size and definite shape ; but presenting every variation from the symmetrical mush-
room and woody Polyporus, to the incoherent shapeless gelatinous mass of Tremella.

a. Pileus fleshy ; gills soft, brittle.

1. Agaricus. Gills membranous, persistent.

2. Coprinus. Gills membranous, deliquescent.

/8. Pileus fleshy ; gills coriaceous.

3. Hygrophorus. Hymenium waxy.

4. Marasmius. Hymenium dry, extending over gills and their interstices.

5. Lentinus. Gills toothed or lacerate.

6. Scleroma. Gills entire ; trama indistinct.

7. Panus. Gills unequal, entire ; trama distinct, fibrous.

7. Pileus hard or tough.

8. Schizophyllum. Gills splitting longitudinally.

9. Lenzites. Gills anastomosing behind.

Tribe II. Polyporei. Hymenium on the under surface of a pileus, lining the cavity of
tubes or pores, which are sometimes broken up into teeth or concentric plates.

10. Polyporus. Pores minute at first. Contiguous walls separable.

11. D.®dalea. Pores labyrinthiform.

12. Favolus. Pores large at first. Contiguous walls inseparable.

Tribe III. Hydnei. Hymenium on the under surface of the pileus, spread over the
surface of spines or papillce, not lining pores or tubes.

13. Hydnum. Spines more or less conical, short or elongated.

14. Irpex. Spines flat, more or less divided, connected at the base.

Tribe IV. Auricularini. Hymenium on the under surface of the pileus, which is,
however, often resupinate, at first even or rarely veined and commonly remaining so, or
forming obscure folds or granulations, not prickly or tubular.

15. Thelephora. Pileus coriaceous, of matted fibres, without cuticle.

16. Stereum. Pileus coriaceous, with an adherent cuticle.

17. Corticium. Pileus fleshy, swollen when moist.

18. Cyphella. Pileus submembranous, cup-shaped.

19. Guepinia. Pileus gelatinous, swelling when moist.

Tribe V. Clavariei. Erect Fungi, usually terete or clavate. Hymenium vertical,
scarcely distinct from the hymenophorum, extending over the apex of the plant, even,
or at length wrinkled.

20. Clavaria. Substance fleshy.

21. Pistillaria. Substance waxy, finally hoary ; cellular internally.

VIII. .FUNGI.

597

Tribe VI. Tremellini. Gelatinous Fungi, with sometimes a more solid nucleus, vari-
ously shaped, often lohed, convolute or discoid; sporophores large, simple or divided.
Spicules elongated into threads, which are not compacted into a true hymenium.

22. IIirneola. Substance tough, externally hispid.

Suborder II. Gasteromycetes. — Hymenium concealed witliin the sub-
stance of the plant, exposed only by the rupture or decay of its walls (peri-
dium ), consisting of closely-packed cells, of which the fertile bear naked spores
on distinct spicules.

A large suborder, of high development, remarkable for the drying up of the hymenial
tissues of many, whence their cavities contain a dusty mass of spores. Spiral threads occur,
mixed with the spores, of some.

*

Tribe VII. Fhalloidei. Young pileus enclosed in a gelatinous stratum, and this in a
qlobular vo/va, which bursts irreqularly and exposes it. Hymenium deliquescent.
( Fetid Fungi.)

23. Aseroe. Pileus cylindric, branching at the summit into forked horizontal rays,
sheathed with the volva at its base.

24. Ii.eodictyon. Pileus forming a globular reticulated branched network, the branches
tubular.

Tribe VIII. Tricbogastres. Usually globose dry Fungi. Hymenium enclosed in a
single or double coat (peridium ), at length drying up into a dusty mass of microscopic
threads and spores (capillitium). ( Chiefly terrestrial, puff-balls, etc.)

25. Secotium. Pileus subglobular, stalked ; stalk sheathed with the volva at the base.

26. Paurocotylis. Globose. Peridium of closely interwoven tlocci.

27. Geaster. Peridium splitting into reflexed segments.

28. Trichoscytale. Cylindric. Outer peridium hard, surrounding the base of the
capillitium with a volva.

29. Bovista. Globose. Peridium like parchment, cracking off in large flakes.

30. Lycoperdon. Globose or pyriform. Peridium papery, persistent, warted or tuber-
cled towards the apex.

31. Scleroderma. Subglobose. Peridium corky, bursting by an indefinite aperture.

Tribe IX. Myxogastres. Usually minute Fungi, pulpy when young, of various forms.
Peridium usually globose , single or double , containing a dusty mass of flocci, mixed with
spores.

32. JEthalium. Indeterminate, adnate, globose or oblong, pulpy masses. Outer peri-
dium floccose.

33. Diderma. Minute. Peridium globose, double, outer polished.

34. Didymium. Minute. Peridium subglobose, single, outer furfuraceou3.

35. Stemonitis. Minute. Peridium globose or cylindric, single, evanescent, traversed
by the stipes.

Tribe X. Nidulariacei. Peridium of various forms, bursting at the apex horizontally ,
containing separate sporangia, in which the spores are formed.

36. Cyathus. Peridium of 3 membranes.

37. Crucibulum. Peridium of a uniform spongy consistence.

Suborder III. Coniomycetes. — Very minute Fungi, including rusts,
bunt, smut, various mildews, etc. Hymenium 0. Spores abundant, conspi-
cuous, often large, surrounded by a perithecium or naked, terminating incon-
spicuous threads. Threads often arising from a creeping mycelium. Peri-
dium ( perithecium ) when present very delicate and evanescent.

598

VIII. FUNGI.

This suborder is distinguished by the relative predominance of the reproductive bodies,
which are very fugacious and soil the hand. It contains many obscure and most curious
plauts, whose development and organization have taxed the skill and patience of the most
eminent naturalists. Some species present different forms, arising from different forms of
spore ; some are supposed to originate infectious diseases in the animal kingdom ; others
attack and destroy living plants.

Tribe XI. Sphaeronemei. Perithecium more or less distinct.

38. Leptostroma. Perithecium thin, falling off by a transverse rupture.

39. Phoma. Perithecium puuctiform or pustular, with a minute orifice. Spores minute,
simple.

40. Hendersonia. Perithecium subglobose. Spores 2-multiseptate.

41. Archersonia. Perithecium fleshy, lobed, multicellular. Spores simple or septate.

42. Phlyct.ena. Perithecium spurious ; spores very slender, on short sporophores.

43. Pilidium. Perithecium flat, shield-like, smooth, variously ruptured. Spores linear,
sessile.

44. Asteroma. Perithecia arising from creeping filaments, flat, with no determinate
orifice.

Tribe XII. Torulacei. Perithecium altogether wanting. Spores compound , monili-
form or arising from, repeated division , rarely reduced to a single cell.

45. Gymnosporium. Spores superficial, conglobate.

Tribe XIII. Pucciniaei. Parasitic on living plants. Peridium 0. Spores producing
secondary spores in germination , usually ohlong and septate.

46. Puccinia. Spores naked, 1-septate, on a distinct peduncle.

47- Uredo. Spores sessile, each contained in a cavity of a multicellular stroma.

48. Uromyces. Spores stalked, each contained in a cavity of a multicellular stroma.

49. Ustilago. Spores deep-seated, simple, on delicate threads, or breaking up into a
powdery mass.

Tribe XIV. .fficidiacei. Peridium distinctly cellular. Mycelium traversing the tissues

of living plants.

50. jEcidium. Peridium bursting open. Spores concatenate.

Suborder IV. Hyphomycetes.— Filamentous or floccose Fungi. Fila-
ments naked, simple or branched, free or united below so as to form a distinct
stem with free branches. Spores terminating the filaments.

Most of the species of this vast tribe come under the common term of moulds, whose
ravages no animal or vegetable matter escapes. Coincident with their attack a chemical
change takes place in the substance attacked, known as fermentation. They are developed
with extreme rapidity, and are often poisonous. The various mildews of the Vine, Hop, and
silkworm belong here, as do the potato disease, and o'idium of the grape.

Tribe XV. Stilbacei. Stem or stroma compound. Spores collected into a globose head,
usually terminating a distinct stalk, sub gelatinous, diffluent.

51. Stilbum. Stem firm, long. Head globose, deciduous. Spores small, involved in
gluten.

52. Epicoccum. Head subglobose, studded with large spores.

Tribe XVI. Dematiei. Filaments free, more or less corticated and carbonized. Spores
often compound and cellular.

53. (Edemium. Filaments free, dark, flexuose, with reticulate large spores on their
sides.

54. Macrosforium. Filaments slender, evanescent. Spores erect, stipitate, multi-
septate.

VIII. FUNGI.

599

55. Ceadosforium. Filaments flexible, branched, jointed. Spores short and septate.

Tribe XVII. Mucedines. Filaments not coated with a membrane , distinct , white or
coloured. Spores mostly simple.

The moulds which belong to this tribe have never been collected in New Zealand.

Teibe XVIII. Sepedoniei. Spores collected on a fioccose mycelium , very abundant'
Fertile filaments scarcely distinct from the mycelium.

56. Sepedonium. Spores large, simple, globose or appeudiculate.

Teibe XIX. Trichodermacei. Spores enclosed within or covered by a fioccose myce-
lium, which at length bursts.

57. Pilacre. Stipes solid. Heads of flexuose, branched threads. Spores forming a
dusty mass.

Suborder V. Ascomycetes. — Fruit consisting of asci, containing spori-
dia, and springing from a naked or enclosed nucleus or bymenium, which
is often spread over a receptacle.

Morells and Truffles belong to this tribe, and are doubtless to be found in New Zealand,
as is Cyttaria, a curious genus found on Beech-trees in Tasmania and Fuegia, but not
hitherto in these islands.

Teibe XX. Elvellacei. Substance soft, fleshy or tvaxy. Iiymenium more or less

exposed.

58. Leotia. Receptacle pileate, stipitate, covered everywhere with the smooth rather
viscid hymeuium.

59. Geoglossum. Receptacle clavate. Hymenium surrounding the club.

60. Peziza. Receptacle cup-sbaped, its disk naked. Asci fixed.

61. Patellaria. Receptacle patellseform, margined. Hymenium dusty from the spores
breaking up.

62. Cenangium. Receptacle coriaceous, at first closed, then open and margined, covered
with a thick cuticle.

Teibe XXI. Phacidiacei. Perithecium coriaceous or carbonaceous ; outer coat or pe-
rithecium bursting and exposing the disk, which is surrounded by an obtuse or inflected
margin.

63. Hysterium. Perithecium labiate ; border entire ; orifice narrow. Asci elongate.

64. Ailogeaphium. Perithecium branched ; orifice narrow. Asci subglobose.

65. Asteeina. Perithecium suborbicular, in a byssoid mycelium, splitting irregularly.
Asci short.

66. Excipula. Perithecium carbonaceous, spherical ; mouth orbicular; nucleus gela-
tinous.

Tribe XXII. Sphaeriacei. Perithecium carbonaceous or membranous, pierced at the
apex. Hymenium diffluent. Asci usually springing from the walls.

67- Coediceps. Stroma vertical, erect, coriaceous or fleshy. Receptacle distinct. Spo-
ridia submoniliform.

68. Hypocrea. Stroma horizontal. Perithecia tender, hyaline or coloured.

69. Xylaeia. Stroma vertical, fleshy or corky, with a black or rufous bark. Recep-
tacle stipitate.

70. Hypoxylon. Stroma brittle or corky, flat or convex, at first clothed with a fioccose
veil, then with a black crust. Perithecia vertical or divergent.

71. Diatrype. Stroma confluent with the matrix. Perithecia sunk, elongated into a
distinct neck.

72. Dothidea. Stroma with globose cavities containing nuclei, which have a decided
neck and papillEeform aperture. Perithecium 0.

600

Vin. FUNGI.

[. Agaricus .

73. Nectkta. Stroma 0, or bearing the naked coloured perithecia on its surface.

74. SpHiERiA. Stroma 0. Perithecia black, pierced at the apex, superficial or erum-
pent.

75. Capnodium. Mycelium of black, branched, jointed filaments. Perithecia elongate,
of confluent filaments, with often free tips.

76. Miceopeltis. Perithecium free, carbonaceous, flattened, dimidiate, scutate. Asci
clavate. Sporidia septate.

76. Pkmphidium. Perithecia spurious, convex, black, formed of the epidermis. Nucleus
gelatinous. Asci perfect. Sporidia elongate.

Tribe XXIII. Perisporiacei. Perithecia free, subglobose, always closed , except when

decaying, membranous or carbonaceous. Nucleus never diffluent. Asci springing from

the base.

77. Eeysiphe. Mycelium cobwebby. Perithecia soft; appendages floccose, simple or
branched.

78. Ch/etomium. Perithecium thin, brittle. Asci linear, with dark mostly lemon-shaped
sporidia.

79. Meliola. Perithecia carbonaceous, from a strigose mycelium. Asci broad.

Suborder VI. Physomycetes. — Filaments free or slightly matted, hear-
ing vesicles which contain indefinite sporidia.

To this tribe belong the true moulds ( Mucor , etc.) of which species must occur abundantly
in New Zealand, though they have never been collected. Antennaria is an anomalous
member of it.

Tribe XXIV. Antennariei. Filaments black, matted, often moniliform.

80. Antennaria. Filaments articulated. Walls of sporangia mostly cellular. Spores
chained together, immersed in gelatinous pulp.

1. AGARICUS, L.

Fleshy putrescent Fungi. Hymenium inferior, spread over the surface of
membranous persistent gills, formed of closely-packed cells. Gills radiating
from the centre of a pileus, with shorter ones between, formed of 2 separate
membranes, their edges acute. Substance of the gills internally filamentous,
continuous with that of the pileus.

An immense ubiquitous genus, containing upwards of 1000 species, including the Mush-
room, Toadstool, etc. The species are very variable and difficult to determine from dried
specimens ; they should be drawn, coloured, and described when gathered, dried by slicing,
and the colour of the spores noted.

KEY TO THE SUBGENERA.

Series I. Iieucospori. Spores white.

Subgenus I. Amanita. Pileus centrical. Young plant enclosed in a membranous free
volva, through which the pileus pushes. Fully-formed plant with a veil extending from the
circumference of the pileus to near the top of the stem. Gills not decurrent on the stem.

Subgenus II. Lepiota. Pileus centrical. Veil enclosing the young plant, connate with
the cuticle of the pileus; when burst, leaving a ring on the middle of the stem. Gills not
decurrent on the stem.

Subgenus III. Teicholoma. Pileus centrical. Veil obsolete or floccose, and adherent
to the circumference of the pileus. Stem fleshy. Gills emarginate behind, not decurrent on
the stem.

A(/aricus.\

vm. FUNGI.

601

Subgenus IV. Clitocybe. Pileus centrical. Veil 0. Gills more or less decurrent on
the stem. Stem elastic, with a fibrous outer coat.

Subgenus V. Omphalia. Pileus centrical. Veil 0. Gills adnate and decurrent. Stem
cartilaginous.

Subgenus VI. Pleurotus. Pileus excentric, unequal or lateral. Stem 0 or solid and
firm. Gills acute behind, unequal.

Series II. Dermini. Spores rusty-coloured, tawny or brownish ( not
purple-brown nor pink).

Snbgenus VII Pholtota. Veil dry, forming a ringiround the more or less scaly stem.
Gills unequal, juiceless.

Subgenus VIII. Hebeloha, Veil, when present, floccose, not interwoven. Stem fleshy.
Gills sinuated.

Subgenus IX. Flammula. Veil fugacious. Stem fleshy, firm, fibrillose. Gills adnate
or decurrent.

Subgenus 10. Galera. Veil floccose, fugacious. Stem slender, cartilaginous externally.
Pileus campauulate ; margin straight. Gills adnate.

Series III. Pratella. Spores purple-brown or pink-brown.

Subgenus 11. Psalliota. Stem with a ring formed by the veil.

Subgenus 12. Hypholoma. Veil forming a fugacious web, that adheres to the circum-
ference of the pileus.

1. A. (Amanita) phalloid.es, Fries; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 173.
Pileus at first campanulate, viscid when moist, often green ; margin even, re-
gular. Volva free above, bulbous. Gills rounded, ventricose. — Berk. Out-
lines, 89. t. 3. f. 1.

Northern Island: in woods, Colenso. (Europe.)

2. A. (Lepiota) clypeolarius. Bull.; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 173.

Sweet-scented. Pileus fleshy, umbonate, white pink red brown or yellow ;
surface at first even, then scaly. Stem fistulose, the ring floccose and scaly.
Gills free, approximate. — Berk. Outlines, 94.

Northern Island : on the ground, Colenso. (Europe.)

3. A. (Lepiota) exstructus, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 173. Pileus cam-
panulate, fleshy, 1 in. high and 2 across or more; surface broken up into
warts, each of which is clothed at the top with an angular portion of smooth
cuticle. Stem nearly equal, 3 in. high, not penetrating the substance of the
pileus ; ring superior. Gills narrow, very distant.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, on the ground, J. D. U. — A beautiful species.

4. A. (Trieholoma) brevipes, Bulliard ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii.
173. Pileus fleshy, at first rigid, then soft smooth ; umbo evanescent. Stem
solid, firm, rigid, very short, rather thickened below, brown. Gills crowded,
ventricose, brownish, then dirty white.

Northern Island : on the ground, Colenso. (Europe.)

5. A. (Trieholoma) cartilagineus, Bulliard. Cartilaginous, elastic,
brittle. Pileus fleshy, convex, gibbous, undulated, smooth ; cuticle cracked,
finely dotted with black. Stem stout, equal, stuffed, striate, rather mealy.
Gills adnate, slightly emarginate, crowded, pallid. — Berk. Outlines, 101.

Middle Island : Beech forests, amongst moss, Haast. (Europe.)

VOL. I. 2 R

602

VIII. FUNGI.

\_Agaricus.

6. A. (Tricholoma) carneus, Bulliard. Pileus rufous-pink, fleshy,
obtuse, even, nearly smooth, becoming pale. Stem short, axis stuffed, rigid,
reddish, thickened, upwards, pruinose. Grills very wide behind, rounded,
crowded, white. — Berk. Outlines, 103.

Middle Island, Sinclair and Haast. (Europe.)

7. A. (Clitocybe) infun dibuliformis, Schaeffer; — FI. N. Z. ii.

173. Pileus usually pale reddish, fleshy, convex, then broadly funnel-shaped,
umbonate, clothed with minute down, flaccid. Stem soft, elastic, axis
stuffed. Gills decurrent, white, moderately distant. — Berk. Outlines, 110.

Northern Island : on the ground, Co/enso. (Europe.)

8. A. (Omphalia) pyxidatus, Bulliard. Pileus red-grey, at first
umbilicate, then funnel-shaped, watery when fresh ; margin striate. Stem
even, at length fistulose. Gills decurrent, rather distant, narrow, reddish-
grey. — Berk. Outlines, 131.

/8. Jiepaticus, liver-coloured. — Berk, in FI. Antarct. 169.

Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H. — Specimens very imperfect and identification
doubtful.

9. A. (Omphalia) Colensoi, Berlc. in FI. N. Z. ii. 173. Small.
Pileus in. across, smooth, minutely striate when dry, deeply umbilicate;
margin involute. Stem in. high, slender, narrowed downwards, furfura-
ceous, at length smooth. Gills moderately broad, decurrent.

Northern Island: on sand, logs, etc., Colenso.

10. A. (Omphalia) umbelliferus, Linn.; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii.
173. Pileus variable in colour, membranous, plano-convex, obconic, brittle,
radiato-striate, pale when dry, even, slightly silky; margin first indexed, ere-
nate. Stem equal, downy below. Gills very distant, thick, decurrent, very
broad behind. — Berk. Outlines, 132.

Northern Island: on the ground, /. D. //., Colenso. (Europe and other countries.)

11. A. (Pleurotus) novae-Zelandise, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 174.

Pileus gelatinous and thin, watery when fresh, 2-| in. broad, white, flabellate,
reniform, fixed by the elongated vertex, which forms a little round disk,
smooth in front, minutely scabrous behind. Stem obsolete. Gills broad,
distant, thin, interstices veiny.

Northern Island: on dead wood, Colenso.

12. A. (Pleurotus) cocciformis, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 174. Minute.
Pileus jt in, broad, at first cup-shaped, then reflexed, thickly clothed with
fawn-coloured hairs. Stem 0. Gills narrow, setulose, pale tan-coloured.

Northern Island: on dead wood,/. B. H.

13. A, (Pholiota) erebius. Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 174. Gre-
garious, fragile. Pileus thin and fleshy, rugulose, lurid, striate at the mar-
gin. Stem smooth, hollow, pale ; veil subcampanulate. Gills rather distant,
adnate.

Northern Island: on the ground, Ahuriri, Colenso. (Europe.)

14. A. (Pholiota) adiposus. Fries; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 174.

Agaricus.']

VIII. FUNGI.

603

Gregarious, yellow. Pileus compact, plano-convex, obtuse, glutinous, rough,
with evanescent concentric darker scales, as is the stem, which is somewhat
bulbous below ; axis stuffed. Gills adnate, broad, yellow, then ferruginous.
— Berk. Outlines, 151. t. 8. f. 2.

Northern Island : Cape Turnagain, on trees, Colenso. (Europe.)

15. A. (Hebeloma) strophosus, Fries; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii.

174. Pileus fleshy, convex, rather flattened; disk darker, subumbonate,
silky towards the even margin. Stem hollow, short, equal silky, with a
floccose ring at the apex. Gills adnexed, then free, crowded, ventricose,
pallid, then of a watery cinnamon.

Northern Island: grassy spots, Wairarapa, Colenso. (Europe.)

16. A. (Flamirmla) sapineus, Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 174.
Pileus fleshy, yellowish, plano-convex, even. Stem subsolid, striate, pale.
Gills dirty white or yellowish or tawny-cinnamon.

Northern Island : on dead Conifer®, Colenso. (Europe.)

17. A. (Psalliota) campestris, Linn.; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 174.
Pileus fleshy, plano-convex, dry, floccose or scaly. Stem even, white ; axis
stuffed ; ring about the middle, torn. Gills free, approximate, ventricose,
subdeliquescent, flesh-coloured, then brown. — Berk. Outlines, 165. t. 10.
f. 2.

Northern Island: on the ground, Colenso. (The common “mushroom,” found in all
parts of the world.)

18. A, (Psalliota) arvensis, Schaffer ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 174.
Pileus fleshy, obtusely conico-campanulate, then expanded, at first floccose,
then smooth, even or cracked. Stem hollow, with floccose pith ; ring broad,
pendulous, double, outer split into rays. Gills free, wider in front, dirty
white. Stem brown, tinged with pink. — Berk. Outlines, 166. t. 10. f. 4.

Northern Island : on the ground, Colenso. (Common.) Grows in rings (fairy rings).
Edible.

19. A. (Psalliota) campigenus, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 174. Small.
Pileus 1 in. high, campanulate, obtuse, silky, with a few scattered scales,
rather' fleshy, reddish when dry. Stem 1^ in. high, -- thick, thickened at
the base, slightly furfuraceous ; ring broad, near the top. Gills rather nar-
row, attenuated behind, adnexed or adnate. Spores pale red-brown, ob-
liquely obovate.

Northern Island : on the ground amongst grass, Colenso.

20. A. (Psalliota) semiglobatus, Batsch. Pileus slightly fleshy,
hemispherical, even, glutinous and yellowish. Stem slender, smooth, straight,
fistulose, glutinous, yellowish. Gills broad, adnate, plane, clouded with black,
— Berk. Outlines, 169.

Middle Island : on dung, Sinclair and Haast. (Europe.)

21. A. (Hypholoma) fascicularis, Hudson; Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii.

175. Bitter. Pileus fleshy, yellow within, thin, subumbonate, smooth.
Stem hollow, thin, flexuose, fibrillose, yellow. Gills adnate, very crowded,

2 b 2

VIII. FUNGI.

604

[. Agaricus .

linear, subdeliquescent, sulphur-coloured, then greenish. — Berk. Outlines,
169. t. ii. f. 1.

Northern Island : ou the ground, Co/enso. (Europe, Tasmania.)

22. A. (Hypholoma) stuppeus, Berk, in FI. N.-Z. ii. 175. Pileus
2 in. broad and more, fleshy, convex, expanded, clothed with towy fascicled
fibrous scales especially towards the margin. Stem 1-| in. high, i in. thick,
fibrillose, thickened at the base, and attached to abundant mycelium. Gills
crowded, moderately broad, adnate, umber.

Northern Island: on the ground, Colenso.

23. A. (Hypholoma) appendiculatus, Bulliard ; — Berk, in FI.
N. Z. ii. 175. Pileus between fleshy and membranous, ovate, expanded,
smooth, watery when fresh, wrinkled and sparkling with atoms when dry ;
margin fringed by the remains of the veil. Stem fistulose, equal, smooth,
white, pruinose above. Gills somewhat adnate, crowded, dirty white, then
rosy-brown.- — Berk. Outlines, 170. t. ii. f. 3, 4.

Northern Island: on decayed stumps, Colenso. (Europe.)

2. COPRINUS, Persoon.

Plabits and characters of Agaricus, but the gills deliquesce, and are
membranous. Spores black.

Eugacious toadstools, growing on rotten wood and manured soil, etc.

1. C. Colensoi, Berk. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 175. Small, subfascicled ; stem
slender, in., tomentose. Pileus snow-white, cylindric, obtuse, at length
campanulate, furfuraceous. Gills linear. Spores small, oblong, 35V0- in.
long.

Northern Island, Colenso , on dung, very near the European C. niveus.

2. C. fimetarius. Fries. Stem solid, scaly, thickened at the base.
Pileus submembranous, clavate-couic, soon torn and revolute, at first rough
with floccose scales, then naked, longitudinally cracked, even at the apex.
Gills free, black, lanceolate, linear and flexuose. — Berk. Outlines, 179.

Middle Island : Canterbury province, on dungheaps, Sinclair and Haast. (Europe,
and almost ubiquitous.) Very variable.

3. HYGROPHORTTS, Pries.

Habit, etc., of Agaricus. Pileus fleshy ; hymenopliorum continuous with
the stem, descending without change into the sharp-edged gills ; hymenium
waxy.

A considerable European etc. genus.

1. H. cyaneus, Berk. mss. Azure blue. Stem 4-5 in. high, stout,
nearly \ in. diam., irregularly hollow, thickened at the base. Pileus 1^ in.
high, 2 in. diam., conic acuminate. Gills broad, very obtuse in front, nar-
rowed posteriorly.

Middle Island : beech forests, amongst moss, Nelson Province, Haast (drawing only).
A very fine species.

VIII. FUNGI.

605

4. MARASMIUS, Fries.

Habit, etc., of Agaricus. Pileus fleshy or membranous ; hymenium dry,
extending over both gills and their interstices. Gills thick, tough, coriaceous,
edge acute.

A large European and exotic genus.

1. M. caperatus, Berk, in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. in. 44 ;—Fl. N. Z.
ii. 175. Snow-white, delicate, inodorous. Stem short, furfuraceous. Pileus
1— If- in. broad, membranous, plicate and corrugate, smooth. Gills distant,
broad, adnate.

Northern Island : on dead wood, Wairarapa, Colenso. (Himalaya mountains.)

5. LENTINUS, Fries.

Habit, etc., of Agaricus. Pileus fleshy or leathery, or hard. Gills tough,
with toothed or lacerated acute edges ; hymenium of the same consistence
as the stem.

A large genus, especially in warm countries.

1. L. novse-SSelandise, Berk.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 176. Subimbricated,
small. Stem obsolete. Pileus thin, brown, 1 in. broad and upwards, fla-
belliform suborbicular or reniform, clothed behind with velvety olive down.
Gills narrow, thin, decurrent behind, of the same colour as the pileus; edges
thin, torn.

Northern Island : on dead wood, Colenso. M. Haast sends a sketch, of a very dif-
ferent and much larger species, but indeterminable.

6. SCLEROMA, Fries.

Characters of Lentinus, but the edges of the gills are quite entire. Trama
indistinct.

Tropical and subtropical Fungi, growing on dry soil in patches.

1. S. pygmaeum, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 176. Small, dirty white.
Stem 1-2 in. high, very slender, powdery, rooting, reddish. Pileus 1 in.
diam., umbilicate, thin, glabrous, striate. Gills rather distant, decurrent far
down the stem, interstices smooth.

Northern Island: Tekawera forests, on decayed logs, Colenso. The smallest species of
the genus.

7. P ANUS, Fries.

Pileus tough but fleshy, drying up. Gills tough, unequal, with quite entire
acute edges. Trama distinct, fibrous.

A considerable tropical and temperate genus, distinguished from Scleroma by the fibrous
trama.

1. P. stypticus, Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 176. Stem short,
thick, lateral, dilated upwards. Pileus reniform, coriaceous ; cinnamon-
coloured, vinous when young; surface breaking up into mealy scales. Gills

VIII. FUNGI.

606

\_Panus.

determinate, thin, crowded, connected by veins ; cinnamon-coloured. — Berk.
Outlines, 217.

Northern Island: common on dead wood, Colenso. (Europe, etc.)

2. P. maculatus. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 176. Closely imbricate.
Stems connate, scarcely visible. Pileus broad, reniform, convex, fleshy, at
first tomentose, then breaking up into reflexed scales, at length smooth ;
margin slightly involute. Grills rather distant, broad, decurrent, crisped when
dry ; margin entire ; spores white, oblong, j-qVo' l°ng.

Northern Island: on dead trunks, Colenso.

8. SCHIZOPHYLLUM, Pries.

Pileus hard, drv. Gills coriaceous, branched in a flabellate manner, lon-
gitudinally splitting along the trama, the divisions becoming revolute.

Chiefly a tropical genus, abounding on dead trunks.

1. S. commune. Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 177. Pileus adnate
behind, simple and lobed. Gills grey, then brownish-purple, the divided
surface villous. — Berk. Outlines, 228.

Abundant on dead wood. (Ubiquitous.)

9. LENZITES, Pries.

Pileus corky or coriaceous. Gills firm, often anastomosing, and forming
spurious pores ; edge entire.

A common tropical and temperate genus.

1. Ii. repanda. Fries. Pileus plane, corky, very broad, zoned, smooth,
pallid, whitish ; margin curved. Gills anastomosing, crowded, somewhat
toothed.

Northern Island: on dead wood, J. B. H.

10. POLYPORUS, Pries.

Fleshy, coriaceous, or woody Pungi, often projecting horizontally from the
trunks of decaying trees, consisting of a stalked or sessile pileus, which is
usually marked with concentric rings on the upper surface and studded with
pores on the lower, sometimes the pileus is adnate to the wood by one surface.
Hymenium concrete with the substance of the pileus, consisting of subrotund
pores with thin simple dissepiments. Hymenophorum descending into the
trama of the pores, which are not easily if at all separable, and changed with
them into a distinct substance.

A very large genus found in all parts of the world. The species are extremely variable
in form and size, and are difficult of definition.

KEY TO THE SECTIONS.

A. Favolus. Pores large, 4-6-angled, like honeycomb.

B. Microporus. Pores minute, rounded.

Polypoj'us.}

VIII. FUNGI.

607

1. Mesopus. Stem distinct, simple, lateral or nearly central. Substance corky or

fleshy.

2. Pleuropus. Stem lateral, simple, substance hard.

3. Merisma. Stem etc. more or less divided.

4. Apus. Pileus sessile, lateral.

5. Resupinatus. Pileus resupinate, effuse; pores on various surfaces.

1. P. (Favolus) arcularius, Fries; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 177.
Pileus yellowish, corky; margin deflexed, hispid. Stem central, smooth.
Pores rhomboid, white.

Northern Island: on dead wood, Sinclair, Colenso. (Europe.)

2. P. (Mesopus) oblectans, Berk.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 177. Pileus thin,
coriaceous, depressed, 1^ in. diam., incised, repand, zoned especially towards
the centre, strigose-striated, shining, cinnamon-coloured. Stem central, vel-
vety, red-brown. Pores small, toothed, cinnamon-coloured.

Northern Island: on the ground, Colenso. (Swan River, Tasmania.)

3. P. (Mesopus) lucidus. Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 177. Pileus
corky, flabelliform, grooved and rugose, yellow, then blood-red and chesnut,
varnished. Stem lateral. Pores minute, white, long, determinate. — Berk.
Outlines, 240. t. 16. f. 2.

Northern Island: on dead wood, Colenso. (Ubiquitous.)

4. P. (Pleuropus) phlebophorus, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 177. 1. 105.
f. 3. Small, white. Pileus flabellate, contracted at the top into a short
stem, glabrous, veined, undulate ; cuticle gelatinous. Pores minute, subirre-
gular, with thin toothed dissepiments.

Northern Island : on dead wood, Tehawera, Colenso.

5. P. (Pleuropus) xerophyllus, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 178. t. 105.
f. 2. Pileus flabellate, 1 in. across, suborbicular, brown, with a strong ru-
fous tinge, marked with raised radiating lines and small wrinkles, minutely
scabrous ; margin thin, crenate. Stem j in. long, black, rugose, minutely
velvety. Pores white, just visible ; dissepiments variable in thickness ; edges
rather obtuse.

Northern Island: on dead wood, Colenso.

6. P. (Merisma) Colensoi, Berk, in FI. ’N. Z. ii. 178. Much
branched, 1 foot across. Stem distinct, slender, elongated, repeatedly dicho-
tomous. Pilei very numerous, flabellately expanded, depressed above,
brownish, nearly smooth, with a few raised lines. Pores pale, decurrent,
often much elongated ; dissepiments thin ; edges very acute, often toothed,
sublamellaeform.

Northern Island: forests of Tehawera, Colenso.

7. P. (Apus) adustus, Fries; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 178. Pileus
fleshy, tough, firm, thin, villous, ashy ; margin straight, at length black,
effuso-refle?ced behind. Pores short, minute, round, obtuse, dirty white and
powdery, then cinereous-brown. — Berk. Outlines, 243.

Northern and Middle Islands: on dead wood, Colenso , Lindsay. (Europe, etc.)

608

VIII. FUNGI.

[Polyporus.

8. P. (Apus) dichrous, Fries; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 178. Im-
bricate, white, very effuse. Pileus fleshy, tenacious, soft, reflexed, silky, ob-
soletely zoned. Pores short, equal, rounded, obtuse, cinnamon-brown.

Northern Island : on dead wood, J. D. H., Colenso.

9. P. (Apus) igniarius, Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N, Z ii. 179. Peren-
nial. Mycelium and spores white. Pileus even, often resupiuate, flocculent,
substance hard and thick, opaque, ferruginous, changing to brownish- black ;
margin rounded, surface uneven, flesh zoned. Pores very minute, first whitish,
then cinnamon-coloured, convex. — Berk. Outlines, 246.

Northern Island: trunks of trees, Bay of Islands, J. 1). IT. (Europe, etc.)

10. P. (Apus) salicinus, Fries; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. Large,
perennial, often resupinate, very effuse. Pileus woody, very hard, undulate,
smooth; margin short, obtuse, spreading, cinnamon, then brown; crust
black. Pores very small, round, ferruginous and cinnamon. — Berk. Outlines,
246.

diddle Island : Dusky Bay, Menzies. (Europe and various couutries.)

11. P. (Apus) iridioid.es. Berk.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 179. Large.
Pileus hard, between woody and corky, reniform, convex above, flat be-
low', cinnamon-coloured, obscurely zoned, ferruginous-grey, rhubarb-coloured
within, minutely rugulose ; margin velvety ; behind very scabrous, with elon-
gate bristly nodules. Pores very minute, punctiform.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, on wood, J. D. H. (South Africa, Australia.)

12. P. (Apus) scruposus, Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 178. Pileus
corky, subtriquetrous, rough with little points, zoneless, reddish-grey, at
length sulcate near the margin ; substance rhubarb-coloured. Pores minute
round, equal, ferruginous.

Northern Island: on dead wood, Colenso. (Europe.)

13. P. (Apus) plebeius. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 179. Pale, imbri-
cate. Pileus corky, 2 in. across, dimidiate, pulvinate, zoneless externally and
internally, usually even, minutely pubescent, rigid, under surface concave;
margin obtuse. Pores minute, punctiform ; edges obtuse.

Northern Island: on wood, Colenso. (A var. with acute margins is found in the
Himalayas.)

14. P. (Apus) australis. Fries; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 179. Pileus
very hard, woody, plano-convex, tuberculate and undulate, glabrous, brownish-
black, under surface concave, with a broad poreless band. Pores minute,
rounded, equal, obtuse, whitish.

Northern Island : on dead wood, J. D. H. (Pacific Islands.)

15. P. (Apus) liemitrepliius. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 179. Pileus
firm, corky, zoned, ungulate, with 2 or 3 deep, concentric furrows, minutely
tomentose, within zoned, u'ood-eoloured, tawny beneath the hardened cuticle ;
under surface concave, white. Pores punctiform, substratified.

Northern Islaud : on trunks of trees, Colenso.

Polyporus .]

VIII. FUNGI.

609

16. p. (Apus) borealis, Fries. Imbricate. Fileus white, at length
yellowish, between fibrous and corky, thick, convex above, flat below, velvety.
Pores slender, rounded, white, forming long tubes ; edges lacerate.

Middle Islaud : Otago, Lindsay. (Europe.)

17. P. (Apus) hirsutus, Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 179. White.
Pileus coriaceous, corky, often imbricate, reniform, almost plane on both sur-
faces, strigose, zoned. Pores equal, white internally, obtuse, brown or ashy
externally.

Worth er ii Island : on dead wood, J. D. H., Colenso. (Europe.)

18. P. (Apus) velutinus. Fries ; — Berk, in FI. Ar. Z. ii. 179. White,
at length yellowish. Pileus corky-coriaceous, flat on both surfaces, velvety,
slightly zoned : margin acute, attenuated. Pores minute, round, white, equal.
— Berk. Outlines, 248.

Northern Islaud : on dead wood, Colenso. (Europe, America.)

19. P. (Apus) versicolor. Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. 179. White
yellowish or ashy-blue, tufted, subimbricate. Pileus thin, coriaceous, rigid,
flattened, depressed behind, velvety, shining in parts, variegated with dif-
ferent-coloured zones. Pores minute, round ; dissepiments acute, torn, white,
at length pallid. — Berk. Outlines, 248.

Northern Island : on rotten logs, Colenso. (Ubiquitous.)

20. P. (Apus) tabacinus, Montayne ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 178.
Imbricate, rusty-brown. Pileus thin, coriaceous, rigid, effuse, reflexed, shell-
like, tomentose, zoned ; margin acute, pale. Pores middling-sized ; dissepi-
ments toothed and lacerate.

Northern Island : on dead wood, J. J). II., Colenso. (Chili, Juan Fernaudez.)

21. P. (Apus) cinnabarmus. Fries ; — Berk, in FI N. Z. ii. 179.
Cinnamon- red. Pileus subcoriaceous or corky, thickish, slightly convex, obso-
letely zoned, rugulose, when young pubescent. Pores rounded, conspicuous.

Northern Island : on dead wood, J. I). II., Colenso. (Europe, N. America.)

22. P. (Apus) sanguineus. Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 178.
Shining, vermilion-red. Pileus subrenifonn, coriaceous, thin, obsoletely zoned,
flat, glabrous. Pores very minute, vanishing towards the margin.

Northern and Middle Islands, J. JD. H., Lindsay. (America, Tasmania, S. Africa.)

23. P. (Resupinatus) eatervatus, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 180. t.

105./. 1. Forming dull white patches of small laterally confluent stipitate
pilei, which form together a flat thin stratum. Pileus rather membranous,
silky ; margin often lobed. Pores small, irregular ; dissepiments thin, toothed.

Northern Island : on Fodocarpus spicata, Bay of Islands, Colenso. A very curious
species.

23. P. (Resupinatus) leucoplacus, Berk, in Fl. N. Z. ii. 180.

White, effused. Pileus nearly smooth, thin, rigid; margin free. Pores

VUI. FUNGI.

610

\Polyporus.

small, punctiform ; dissepiments thick, with flattened obtuse pulverulent
edges.

Northern Island : on sticks, Colenso.

24. P. (Resupinatus) diffusus, Berk. in FI. N. Z. ii. 180. Bright
red, effuse, at length tearing away from the matrix, and leaving part of its
substance behind. Pores small ; edges thin, membranous, slightly toothed.

Northern Island : on charred wood, Colenso. Probably an imperfect form.

25. P. (Resupinatus) vaporarius, Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii.

180. Firm, persistent, with difficulty torn away, thin, dry, whitish; myce-
lium creeping in the tissue of the wood. Pores large, angular, white,
crowded into a close firm persistent stratum ; edges torn. — Berk. Outlines,
252.

Northern Island: on dead wood, Colenso. (Europe, Tasmania.)

11. D JED ALE A, Persoon.

Habits of Polyporus. Hymenophorum descending unchanged into the
trama. Pores, when fully formed, torn, toothed or labyrinthiform.

A large genus, both tropical and temperate.

1. D. confragosa, Pers.; — FI. N~. Z. ii. 180. Stem 0. Pileus be-
tween corky and coriaceous, somewhat zoned, scabrous, brownish-red, sub-
ferruginous within. Hymenium porous, at length reddish-brown, labyrinthi-
form and torn. — Berk. Outlines, 254.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, on dead wood, J. D. H. (Europe, etc.)

2. D. pendula. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 181. t. 105./. 4. Stem 0. Pi-
leus imbricate, coriaceous, 1£ in. long, 1 in. broad, pendulous, pocket-shaped,
attached by the back and vertex, pale reddish-grey, sparingly zoned, clothed
with short strigose matted brown hairs ; margin tomentose. Hymenium
tinged with lilac and red-grey. Pores sparing, irregular, with finely setulose
tooth-like septa.

Northern Island: on dead wood, Colenso. Berkeley remarks that the hymenium is
more that of a Radulum.

12. FAVOLUS, Fries.

Plabit of Polyporus. Pileus fleshy, flexible. Hymenium reticulated, cel-
lular, alveolate. Pores radiating, elongated, formed by densely anastomosing
laminae with double walls.

A small tropical genus, allied closely to Polyporus , hut the pores are large from the first,
not minute and afterwards dilating.

1. F. intestinalis, Berk, in Plook. Kew Journ.Bot. iii. 167 ; FI. N. Z.
ii. 181. White, turning olive- or dirty yellow in drying. Pileus thin, soft,
subreniform, lobed, narrowed into an obsolete stem, almost transparent when
dry. Pores hexagonal, £ in. diam. Spores white, broadly elliptic, witli a
small nucleus.

Favolus.]

VIII. FUNGI.

611

Northern Island: on dead wood amongst moss, Colenso. A singular plant, resembling
a piece of tripe when fresh, probably esculent. (Himalaya mountains.)

13. HYDUUM, Linn.

Habit of Polyporus. Pileus fleshy, coriaceous, or hard. Hytnenium of the
same substance as the pileus, spread over the surface of awl-shaped or com-
pressed spines that are free at the base.

A large genus, especially in hot climates. Some species are esculent, and excellent when
cooked.

1. H. clathroides, Pallas; — FI. N. Z. ii. 181. Much branched
from the base, ashy-grey, soft ; branches anastomosing, above muricate and
papillose, beneath covered with long crowded filiform spines.

Northern Island: Manawata (on Knighlia), Colenso. Specimens imperfect, and iden-
tification hence doubtful; nat. name, “ Pekepeke Rioue” {Col.).

2. S. scopinellum, Berk, in PI. N. Z. ii. 181. Widely effuse, white;
spines toinentose at the base, pencilled at the tips.

Northern Island : on dead wood, Colenso.

14. IRPEX, Fries.

Habit of Polyporus , and intermediate in character between it and Hydnum.
Hymenium at first toothed ; teeth firm, subcoriaceous, acute, disposed in
rows, or like network, connected together at the base by porose or plaited
folds.

A small temperate genus.

1. I. brevis, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 181. Loosely distantly imbricate ;
stem 0 ; mycelium forming patches on bark. Pileus dimidiate, pendulous,
^ in. long, 1 in. broad, at first white, then red-brown, somewhat zoned,
slightly rugose, fibrillous ; teeth elongate, compressed, often again toothed.

Northern Island : dead bark, Bay of Islands, J. D. E.

15. THELEPHORA, Fries.

Pileus without a cuticle, consisting of matted fibres. Hymenium tough,
at length rigid, finally collapsing and flocculent, costate, striate, or
papillose.

A very large genus, especially in temperate climates.

1. T. vaga. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 182. Kesupinate; mycelium forming
stringy reticulated patches on wood. Hymenium pale clay-coloured, pulve-
rulent but not setulose.

Northern Island : on dead wood, Sinclair.

2. T. pedicellata, Schwein. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 182. Widely effused, of
a byssoid texture, tawny- cinnamon ; margin waved white, rooting beneath,
blackish from scattered papillae.

Northern Island: Bay of Islands, Colenso , J. D. H. — A curious plant which, as Mr.
Berkeley observes, may easily be taken for a Lichen.

613

VIII. FUNGI.

16. STEREUM, Fries.

Pileus coriaceous, sometimes velvety, with an adherent cuticle. Hymenium
coriaceous, rather thick, concrete with the middle stratum of the pileus, even,
veinless, unchangeable.

A large chiefly tropical genus, of which some species are also found in temperate climates.

1. S. Sowerbei, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 182. Corky, pale, dull, not
shining, gregarious. Stem distinct, rather villous. Pileus funnel-shaped,
lacerate, fimbriate, scaly, ben.eath smooth . — Helvetia pannosa, Sowerby.
Tkelephora , Fries.

Northern Island: on the ground, Colen-so. (Europe, Tasmania.)

2. S. lobatum, Kunze ; — Berk, in FI. N.Z. ii. 183. Pileus coriaceous,
rigid, undulated, villous, light red, marked with red-brown smooth zones.
Hymenium even, smooth, somewhat cinnamon-coloured.

Northern and Middle Islands: on dead wood, J. I). H., etc. (Tasmania.)

3. S. cinereo-badium, Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 183. Pileus-
dimidiate, sessile, robust, coriaceous, tomentose, margined, chesnut-brown ;
zones smooth, black. Hymenium smooth, glaucous, flesh-coloured.

Northern Island: on dead wood, Colenso. (S. America.)

4. S. vellereum. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 183. Adnate to dead twigs,
dirty white, border free, broad, lobed, ochreous, zoned above, clothed with
coarse towy fibres ; edge ciliated. Hymenium ochraceous, smooth.

Northern and Middle Islands: on twigs, Colenso ; Lyall.

5. S. hirsutum. Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 183. Pileus coriaceous,
effused, reflexed, strigose-hirsute, somewhat zoned, turning pallid ; margin
obtuse, yellow. Hymenium even, smooth, naked, juiceless, bright tawny
yellow, unchanged when bruised. — Berk. Outlines, 270. t. 17. f. 7-

Northern and Middle Islands : on dead wood, J. B. If., Lindsay. (Europe.)

6. S. phseum, Berk. in. FI. N. Z. ii. 183. Pileus zoned, 1-3 in. broad,
sessile, dimidiate, rather coriaceous, thin, dark bay, clothed with short matted
hairs. Hymenium zoned, bay, with a ferruginous bloom, setulose.

Northern Island : on dead wood, J. D. R. — A very beautiful species.

7. S. rugosum, Fries; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 183. Pileus corky,
rigid, effuse and shortly reflexed, obtusely margined, velvety, at length
smooth, bright brown. Hymenium dull, pruinose, blood-stained when
wounded. — Berk. Outlines, 271.

Northern Island : on dead wood, Colenso. (Europe.)

8. S. papyrinum, Mont.; — Berk, in FI. N. Z ii. 183. Pileus very
thin, between coriaceous and papery, very broad, effuse, reflexed, strigose-
hirsute, ashy, concentrically furrowed ; margin acute, fulvous. Hymenium
umber-purple, with a velvety pubescence.

Northern Island : on dead wood, Colenso. (Cuba.)

Stereum.']

VIII. FUNGI.

613

9. S. latissimum, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 183. Forming broad very thin
chalk-white patches, minutely subtomentose ; margin abrupt.

Northern Island : on bark of trees, Sinclair.

17. CORTICIUM, Fries.

Coriaceous or fleshy moist Fungi, spreading over dead wood in patches ;
margin free, often fringed with filaments (byssoid). Hymenium soft, swollen,
undulate and papillose when moist, collapsing when dry, then even, often
rimose, never flocculent and deliquescing.

A large genus, chiefly confined to temperate regions of the globe, difficult of determina-
tion because of their texture and often imperfect development.

1. C. laeve, Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 181. Membranous, smooth,
pale, effuse, villous beneath ; circumference byssoid, not radiating. Hy-
menium even, smooth, pinkish and livid. — Berk. Outlines, 273.

Northern Island : on twigs and dead bark, Colenso. (Europe, Tasmania.)

2. C. viride. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 184. Olive-green, crustaceous, effuse,
cracked ; margin very thin, membranous, scarcely byssoid, livid. Hymenium
cracked. Spores large, elliptic or subglobose.

Northern Island : on bark and dead wood, Culenso.

3. C. tenerum. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 184. Effuse, resupinate, at first
even, partly brown with a vinous tint, then cracked into areolae with often
defined borders ; margin very narrow, not distinctly byssoid.

Northern Island: on bark of K nig Mia, Colenso.

4. C. polygonium. Fries; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 184. Patches ad-
nate, determinate, hard, cartilaginous, flesh-coloured or rich red-brown,
covered with large polygonal crowded tubercles ; margin concolorous. Hy-
menium continuous, red, coated with meal. — Berk. Outlines, 276.

Northern Island : on dead wood, Colenso. (Europe, N. America.)

5. C. rhabarbarinum, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 184. Effuse, resupinate,
forming a tawny uniform stratum ; margin paler, delicately and shortly bys-
soid. Hymenium even, not cracked, distinctly setulose.

Northern Island: on bark, Colenso.

6. C. ochroleucam, Fries. Coriaceo-membranaceous, flaccid, effuso-
reflexed or resupinate, silky ; zones and thin margin at length smooth.
Hymenium smooth, yellowish, at length cracked.

Middle Island : Otago, Lindsay. (Europe, Tasmania.)

18. CYPHELLA, Fries.

Pileus submembranous, cup-shaped, elongated at the point of attachment
behind, often pendulous. Hymenium distinctly inferior, completely con-
fluent with the pileus.

A small genus, resembling Peziza, but distinguished by having sporophores and not asci.

614

VIII. FUNGI.

\Cyphella.

1. C. densa. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 184. Patches of numerous fascicled
pendulous elongated fawn-coloured bodies, attached by a narrow apex. Pileus
pruinose, pubescent above, the pubescence consisting of short obtuse flocci.
Hymenium of the same colour, even.

Northern Island : on live bark of Corynocarpus , Cape Kidnapper, Colenso.

19. GUEPINIA, Fries.

Pileus between cartilaginous and gelatinous, folded and twisted, swelling
when moist. Hymenium distinct, inferior or at first superior, unchanged,
persistent.

Handsome tropical and temperate Fungi, intermediate between Tremellini and Auricu-
larini.

1. G. spathularia. Fries ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 185. Very delicate, gela-
tinous, csespitose, suberect. Pileus dimidiate-spatliulate, and stem pubescent
and glaucous. Hymenium orange-yellow, plaited.

Northern Island : on logs of wood, Colenso. (N. America.)

2. G. pezizaeformis, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 185. Minute, bright
orange-red. Stem short. Pileus lateral, externally and stem minutely
velvety. Hymenium obliquely cup- shaped, slightly lobed, sparingly wrinkled
and pitted within. Spores oblong, sometimes curved.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, on dead wood, J. I). IT. — Habit of a Peziza. (Aus-
tralia, Tasmania.)

20. CL AV ARIA, Linn.

Herby, terete or clavate, simple or branched erect Fungi, without a dis-
tinct stem. Hymenium dry.

A vast temperate and tropical genus of Fungi, readily recognized by tbeir forming straight,
fleshy, variously coloured, erect, finger-shaped bodies.

1. C. lutea, Fittadini ; — Berk, in FI. iV. Z. ii. 185. Yellow. Stem
thick, repeatedly divided above dichotomously, ultimate division acute, sub-
fastigiate.

Northern Island?, on the ground, Bidwilt. (Europe.)

2. C. Pusio, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 185. Stem If in. high, slender,
thickened above, divided into a few acute cylindrical ascending branches about
as long as the stem, and making an acute angle with each other ; branches
rarely subdivided (rufous when dry).

Northern Island: on the ground, Colenso.

8. C. flagelliformis, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 186. About 2 in. high,
divided from the base ; branches forming a fastigiate flagelliform mass, elon-
gate, acute, cylindric, forked ; tips undivided.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, on the ground, J. I). H.

4. C. arborescens. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 186. About 2 in. high,
scattered, bright amethyst when fresh. Stem slender, 1 in. high, simple,

Clavaria.']

VIII. FUNGI.

615

slightly thickened upwards, spreading into a few forked brandies that bear
fastigiate branchlets at their tips.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, on the ground, Colenso.

5. C. flaccida, Fries ; — Bab. in FI. N. Z. 186. Slender, flaccid, ochra-
ceous, much branched ; stem smooth ; branches crowded, unequal, con-
verging, acute. — Berk. Outlines, 230.

Northern Island : on dead leaves and twigs, Colenso. (Europe.)

6. C. crispula. Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 186. Much branched,
tan-coloured, then ochraceous ; stem slender, villous, rooting ; branches
flexuous, multifid ; branchlets concolorous, divaricate.— Berk. Outlines, 281.

Northern Island : on rotten wood, Colenso. (Europe.)

7. C. Colensoi, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 186. Small, 1 in. high, attached
by towy fibres ; stem mostly compressed, branched from the base ; branches
repeatedly forked to the apex, very acute, subfastigiate, delicate.

Northern Island : on dead wood, Colenso.

8. C. insequalis, Fries ; — Berlc. in FI. N. Z. ii. 186. Yellow, brittle,
gregarious, sublasciculate ; stem simple, bearing numerous simple or forked
clubs. — Berk. Outlines, 282.

Northern Island : on the ground. Bay of Islands, J. D. H. (Europe, Tasmania.)

21. PISTILLARIA, Fries.

Club-shaped, erect Fungi, pink, waxy, becoming horny ; cellular internally.
Hymenium even.

A considerable genus, in all climates.

1. P. ovata, Fries ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 186. Small, white, obovate, hollow ;
stem very short, pellucid, sometimes lobed.

Northern Island : on dead stems of herbaceous plants, Colenso. (Europe.)

22. HIRNEOLA, Fries.

Gelatinous, cup-shaped or ear-shaped Fungi, horny when dry, velvety ex-
ternally. Hymenium often more or less wrinkled, even, without papillae.

A small genus, found in various climates.

1. H. auricula- Judse, Berk. Thin, concave, flexuous, at length
black, veined and plaited externally and internally, tomentose beneath. —
Berk. Outlines, 289. t. 18. f. 7.

Northern Island : Auckland, Sinclair. (Cosmopolite.)

2. H. polytricha, Mont. Subhemispherical, cup-shaped, expanded,
lobed, densely villous externally with grey hairs, disk purplish-brown. —
Mont. Sylloge, 181.

Northern Island : Waikehi, in damp places, Milne. (East Indies, Java.)

3. H. hispidula, Berk, in Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. 396. — Exidia, FI. N. Z.

VIII. FUNGI.

616

\_Hirneola.

ii. 187. Globose-campanula te, oblique, brown-black, externally fawn-coloured,
clothed with short bristly down.

Northern and Middle Islands : common on trunks of trees, especially overhanging
water. (S. America, Mauritius.)

23. ASEROE, Labill.

Volva globose, gelatinous within. Pileus stalked, divided at the summit
into long radiating simple entire or forked horizontal arms. Hymenium at
the base of the arms.

A cinyous genus, the arms of whose pileus somewhat resemble a star-fish. Found in
New Zealand, Ceylon, and Australia.

1. A. rubra, Labill. FI. N. Holl. ii. ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 187. 2 to
4 in. high ; stein as thick as the thumb, even. Pays of the pileus about 8,
bright red, long, subulate, 1-2 in. long, split to the base, continuous with
the stem, not divided from them by a deep groove. — Berk, in Hook. Loud.
Journ. Bot. iii. 192. t. 5 A.

Northern and Middle Islands : probably common, Auek'and and Nelson, Sinclair,
Ilaast. (Australia.)

2. A. Hookeri, Berk. in FI. F. Z. ii. 187. t. 105. f. 13. Much
smaller than A. rubra , about 1 in. high, dark green or red. Stipes % in.
thick, corrugated, Rays of the pileus about 8, split to beyond the middle,
divisions filiform, subulate, separated from the stipes by a deep groove.—
A. viridis, Berk, in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. 192. t. 5 B.

Northern Island: clay banks, Bay of Islands, J. 1). H., Colenso.

24. ILEODICTYOIY, Tulasne.

Volva globose, gelatinous internally. Pileus forming a globose network of
anastomosing soft corrugated branches, which are hollow internally. Hy-
meuium adhering to the inner walls of the network.

A genus of 2 or 3 species, found in Australia, New Zealand, and Chili. The volva is
esculent, and was much used by the natives.

1. I. cibarium, Tulasne ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 188. Branches of the
network stout, corrugated.

Northern and Middle Islands : on the ground, probably common, Raoul, etc.

2. I. gracile, Berk. Branches of the network slender, smooth and
even.

Middle Island : Otago, Lindsay. (Australia, Tasmania.) — Much smaller than
S. cibarium.

25. SECOTIUM, Kunze.

Volva clothing the whole pileus, at length bursting away from it. Pileus
stipitate, hollow, bearing a subglobular or conical hymenium on its apex,
which is internally full of labyrinthiform cells.

Secotium.']

VIII. FUNGI.

617

A very small genus, found in various countries, one is European. An Australian one is
edible.

1. S. erythrocephalum, Tulasne ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 187. Stem
glabrous, white or reddish. Pileus globose, umbonate, plicate below, scarlet.
— Tulasne in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3. ii. 115, and iv. t. 9. f. 5-17.

Northern and Middle Islands : common in grassy places, Raoul, etc.

2. S. lilacensis, Berk. mss. Azure-blue. Stem short, pale, fibrous,
pruinose. Pileus subglobose, lilac-coloured, spotted, y in. high.

Middle Island : drift-wood, Buller river, Eaast. (Drawing only.)

26. PAUROCOTYLIS, Berk.

Globose. Peridium simple, thin, hard, rigid, consisting of compactly
interwoven flocci ; nucleus formed of a floccose mass of loosely interwoven
membranous bodies, enclosing flexuose sinuses. Spores large, pedicelled,
seated ou the surface of the sinuses.

A very singular monotypic Fungus.

1. P. pila, Berk, in Fl.N. Z. ii. 188. t. 105./. 9. Crimson or globular,
sessile, somewhat sinuated, contracted and waved 'when dry. Spores pale,
tan-colour in mass, y/g-g- in. diam., endochrome with a globose nucleus.

Northern. Island : on the ground, Tehawera, Colenso. (Only one specimen seen.)

27. G-EASTER, Micheli. *

Globose. Peridium double, persistent, the outer splitting from the base
to the apex into longitudinal segments, which are spread out like a star, or
are turned back, supporting the nucleus, which bursts by a terminal pore.

A common genus of Puff-balls.

1. G. fimbriatus, Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 188, Outer peridium
multifid, expanded, flaccid, inner sessile ; mouth of nucleus indeterminate,
fimbriate and pilose. — Berk. Outlines, 300. t. 20. f. 4.

Northern Island : on the ground, Colenso.

28. TRICHOSCYTALE, Corda.

An erect cylindric Pungus. Outer peridium between woody and corky,
rugose, at first globose and enclosing the inner, which is floccose, and bursts
through it ; inner tubular, enveloping a cylindrical mass of vertical floccu-
lent filaments mixed with spores.

A most remarkable monotypic Fungus.

1. T. paradoxa, Corda ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 189. Sulphur-
coloured, gregarious, about 1 in. high. — Tricliocoma paradoxum , Junghuhn
Prsemissa, p. 9.

Northern Island : Bay of Islands, on dead wood, J. D. H. (Himalaya, Java, Carolina.)

VOL. I. 2 s

618

VIII. FUNGI.

29. BOVISTA, Dillenius.

Globose puff-balls, often of great bulk. Peridium double, persistent, like
paper or pasteboard, forming a distinct bark, which shells off from the
nucleus (capillitium). Nucleus composed of a mass of brown filaments
attached to the peridium and pedicelled spores.

Universally distributed ; the young of various species are eatable sliced and cooked.

1. B. brunnea, Barit, in FI. N. Z. ii. 189. Globose, 1 in. diameter,
attached by a central point, opening by a narrow aperture ; outer peridium
papery, subsinuate, evanescent ; inner brownish-umber ; capillitium and spores
olive-brown.

Northern Island : Manawata river, Colenso, amongst moss.

30. LYCOPERDON, Tournefort.

Globose or obovoid or pyriform puff-balls. Peridium membranous, evanes-
cent or flaccid above, forming a persistent bark, which breaks up into scales
or warts. Nucleus (capillitium) soft, dense, compact below, aclnate to the
peridium and base of the Fungus internally.

A very large and widely diffused genus, the young of which are excellent eating when
sliced and cooked.

1. L. giganteum, Batsch. Usually very large. Peridium obtuse and
brittle above, cracking, areolate, evanescent, opening widely ; bark floccose,
rather distinct; nucleus disappearing with the olive spores. — Berk. Outlines,
302.

Middle Island : Otago, Lindsay. (Europe.)

2. L. Fontamesei, Durieu and Leveille ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 189.
Very large, turbinate. Peridium areolate, with depressed stellate warts on
the areolae, rupturing. Nucleus with forked flocci and minute sessile spores.

Northern Island: Waihake, on the ground, Colenso. (Algeria.) — Called by the na-
tives “ Pukuvau.”

3. L. cselatum, Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 190. Large, obovoid.
Peridium flaccid above, collapsing, obtuse, bursting at the apex, at length
open and cup-shaped. Barren stratum cellular; nucleus distinct all round.
Spores dingy yellow. — Berk. Outlines, 302. t. 20. f. 7.

Northern and Middle Islands : on the ground, Colenso , Lindsay. (Europe, etc.)
— Forming fairy rings.

4. L. pusillum. Fries; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 190. Small. Peridium
entirely flaccid, persistent, obtuse, bursting by a narrow aperture ; bark even,
then cracked, with appressed scales ; barren stratum obsolete, continuous with
the nucleus. Spores olive. — Berk. Outlines, 302.

Northern Island: on the ground, Colenso. (Europe, Java, etc.)

5. L. novas-Zelandise, leoeille ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 190. Glo-
bose, sessile, papery, thin, fragile ; bark white, shining, sprinkled with gra-

Lycoperdon .]

VIII. FUNGI.

619

nular warts, plaited and laciniose at tlie base ; mouth wide. Nucleus and
spores violet.

Middle Island : Akaroa, Raoul. — Mr. Berkeley, who has not seen this, observes that,
according to the description, it much resembles Bovista fragilis, Vitt.

6. Xi. reticulatum. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 190. Globose, .1 in. or more
diameter, narrowed below into a short stem. Peridium finely reticulated, at
length smooth and shining ; orifice small, irregular, terminal. Nucleus olive,
at length bleached and french-grey; barren stratum confluent with the
nucleus.

Northern Island : on the ground, Colenso.

7. L. microspermum, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 190. Subglobose, ob-
tuse, ■§— 1 in. diameter, reddish-brown. Peridium all flaccid, persistent, ob-
scurely cracked, rough with minute scales, at length pale, smooth below ;
mouth small, circular. Nucleus uniform, green; barren stratum very small.
Spores globose, minute.

Northern Island: on the ground, Colenso. (Himalaya, Java, etc.)

8. L. gemmatum, Fries; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 190. Subglobose,
sessile or narrowed at the base. Peridium membranous, persistent ; bark
farinaceous, adnate, covered with spinulose warts; mouth umbonate. Nu-
cleus with a sort of central columella. Spores yellow or greenish. — Berk.
Outlines, 302.

Northern Island : on the ground, Tehawera, Colenso. (Europe, Tasmania.)

9. L. pyriforme, Schaffer ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. P90. Pyriform.
Peridium membranous, persistent, umbonate; bark not separable, covered
with minute fugacious scales. Nucleus greenish-yellow, with a conical colu-
mella.-— Berk. Outlines, 303.

Northern Island : on decayed wood, Colenso. (Europe, Java, etc.)

31. SCLERODERMA, Persoon.

More or less globose, sessile or substipitate Fungi. Peridium firm, hard,
with an innate bark, bursting irregularly. Nucleus (capillitium) with flocci
adhering on all sides to the peridium and forming distinct veins in the central
mass of spores. Spores large, granulated.

A widely diffused genus. In a young state some species are subterranean, and mistaken
for Truffles.

1. S. Geaster, Fries ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 190. Subglobose, unequal, as large
as the fist, pale. Peridium bursting at top in a stellate manner. Nucleus
dirty-blue. Sporidia brown.

Noi-them Island : Bay of Islands, J. L. II. (Europe, N. America, Australia.)

2. S. vulgare, Fries; — FI. N. Z. ii. 190. Irregular, nearly sessile. Peri-
dium corky, bursting by an indefinite aperture. Nucleus bluish-black. —
Berk. Outlines, 303. t. 1*5. f. 4.

Northern Island : on the ground, Colenso. (Europe.)

2 s 2

620

VIII. FUNGI.

32. iETHALIUM, Link.

Subglobose or oblong, sessile, amorphous, simple or lobed, pulpy Fungi.
Peridium indeterminate, outer layer forming a floecose, evanescent bark, fra-
gile, internally divided into cells by membranous strata of confluent inter-
woven flocci.

A curious plant ; common on rotten wood, tan, etc., often inside houses, and very destruc-
tive of hothouse timber.

1. septicum. Fries ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 191. Forming simple or lobed
patches, one or more inches long ; colour variable, yellow, violet, etc.

Northern Island: on dead wood, moss, etc., common, Colenso, etc. (Ubiquitous.)

33. DIDERMA, Persoon.

Usually minute, globose, sessile or stalked Fungi, found on bark, wood,
mosses, etc. Peridium double ; outer membranous or crustaceous, glabrous,
polished, fragile, dehiscent; inner membranaceous, evanescent. Nucleus
(capillitium) of flocci, adnate at the base, or fixed to a central columella, tra-
versing the mass of spores in all directions.

A large and common genus, in all parts of the world.

1. D. Hookeri, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 191. t. 105. /. 12. About ~
in. high, white; stem slender, as long as the globose peridium, dilated below,
slightly veinet^ Peridium evanescent above ; outer membranous, subplicate ;
inner colourless. Nucleus adhering to the columella and peridium, branched,
enclosing triangular lacunae. Spores black in mass.

Northern Island : on fronds of Hymenoplujltum, Colenso.

34. DIDYMIUM, Schrader.

Habit and characters of Diderma, but the two peridia are adnate and the
outer furfuraceous or mealy.

A very common genus.

1. D. australe, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 191. Peridium subglobose, on a
short nearly black, even stipes, which rises from a thin pale mycelium. Flocci
crisped. Spores globose, black in mass.

Northern Island: ou naked soil, Colenso.

2. D. cinereum, Fries ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 192. Solitary or confluent, ad-
nate or shortly stipitate. Peridium subglobose, dirty white, scurfy ; flocci re-
ticulated, white, flat, irregularly reticulate. Spores mixed with minute, white,
angular bodies, black.

Northern Island: on the naked soil, Colenso. (Europe, America, etc.)

35. STEMONITIS, Gleditsch.

Characters of Diderma , but peridium globose or cylindric, very delicate,

Stemonitis.']

VIII. FUNGI.

621

simple, evanescent, with the stipes passing through it.. Nucleus (capillitium)
reticulate, springing from the stem.

A considerable tropical and temperate genus.

1. S. ferrugmea, Fhrb. ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 192. Fascicled. Hypo-
thallus persistent. Peridia fugacious ; capillitium cylindric. Sporidia rusty-
purple, large.

Northern Island: on dead wood, Colenso. (Europe.)

2. S. typhoides, DC. ;—Fl. N. Z. ii. 192. Gregarious, minute. Hypo-
tliallus evanescent. Stipes black. Peridium cylindric. Spores brown, small.

Northern Island; Hawke’s Bay, on a decayed Polyporus, Colenso. (Europe, etc.)

36. CYATHUS, Persoon.

Small Fungi, like diminutive birds’-nests. Peridium of three closely con-
nected membranes, at length bursting at the apex, and the orifice closed by
a white membrane. Sporangia plane, umbilicate, attached to the peridium by
elastic cords.

A curious genus, from the resemblance of the species to birds’-nests with eggs ; found in
all parts of the world.

1. C. novaj-SSelandise, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 192. Narrow, elongate,
obconical, about •§- in. high. Peridium tomentose externally, grooved and
striate internally ; margin indistinct, tomentose, not produced into a ; corona.
Sporangia thick, black, glabrous, smooth.

Middle Island : Banks’s Peninsula, on dead wood, Raoul.

2. C. Colensoi, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 192. Densely crowded, cup-
shaped, j in. high, thin, flexible, dirty umber-coloured, pubescent externally,
within even, brownish. Sporangia irregular, brown, thick-walled. Spores
very minute, ovoid.

Northern Island : on the ground, Colenso.

87. CRUCIBULUM, Tulasne.

Habit of Cyathus. Peridium at first globose, at length cupped and ob-
conic, of a uniform, spongy, fibrous, felted consistence. Orifice closed by a
flat furfuraceous cover of the same colour. Sporangia plane, attached by a
long cord to a nipple-like tubercle.

A genus of two species, one widely distributed.

1. C. vulgar e, Tulasne ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 193. Peridium dirty
yellow, finally white. Spores minute, ovate. — Berk. Outlines. 312. t. 2. f. 1.

Northern and Middle Islands: common on twigs, etc. (Universally distributed.)

2. C. emodense, Berk, in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. vi. 204 P — FI. N.
Z. ii. 193 {Crucibulum). White, bell-shaped, narrowed below, subsessile,
broadly open above, not striate, externally fasciculately tomentose ; margin
stellate, ciliate. Sporangia short, umber.

Middle Island : Nelson, on wood, Munro. — A very fine species, doubtfully identified
with the Himalayan one by Mr. Berkeley.

622

VIII. FUNGI.

38. LEPTOSTROMA, Fries.

Minute, obscure Fungi, consisting of depressed, irregular or orbicular
masses, covered with a thin perithecium that falls off by a transverse rupture,
leaving a thin lower half. Spores simple, minute, borne on sporophores.

Little-known Fungi, of which some species are supposed to be forms of other polymor-
phous genera.

1. L. litigiosum, Desmazieres j — FI. N. Z. ii. 193. Perithecia sub-
rotund, very minute, punctiform, scattered or conglomerate, brown-black, at’
length entirely splitting off.

Northern Island : on dead Fern stems. A doubtful identification. Mr. Berkeley adds
that there are two forms, one smooth, the other strongly granulate. (Europe.)

39. PHOMA, Fries.

Minute Fungi, forming pustules on wood, leaves, stems, etc. Perithecium
punctiform or subglobose, often spurious, discharging the minute simple
spores by a small orifice at the apex.

A genus of numerous species.

1. P. fallax. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 193. Perithecia forming scattered or
crowded; minute, discoid spots, when dry black, when moist brown, thin and
transparent above. Spores oblong, subcymbiform ; hyaline xyg-g- in. long.

Northern Island : on berries of Rhipogonum, J. D. II.

2. P. acmella, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 193. t. 106. f. 10. Perithecia
forming brown specks on both sides of the leaf, depressed, brown, darkest in
the centre. Spores about -3 i1L- long, oblong, attenuated, but obtuse at
each end.

Northern Island: on leaves of Corgnocarpus, J. I. H., with Sphceria acetabulum, of
which it is perhaps a form.

40. HENDERSONIA, Berk.

Microscopic Fungi. Perithecia subglobose, with often a terminal pore.
Spores 2-multiseptate.

A considerable British and exotic genus.

1. H. hyalospora, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 194. 1. 106./. 8. Perithecia
forming minute, black, shining dots upon bark, sometimes slightly papillate,
generally without a pore. Spores x /5 0 in. long, hyaline, linear, obtuse at
each end, 3 -septate.

Northern Island : on bark of Olea, Colenso.

2. H. microsticta. Berk, in FI. Antarct. 170. if. 68. /. 1. Perithecia
minute, black, globose, covered with the epidermis. Spores pellucid, irregular,
generally lanceolate, acute at both ends, 3-septate.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : on scapes of Anthericum,
J. D. H.

VIII. FUNGI.

623

41. ASCHERSONIA, Mont.

Small, yellow or pallid, fleshy, superficial Fungi, growing on living vege-
table substances. Cells tubular, interlaced, arranged concentrically. Spores
upon filiform sporophores, simple or septate, escaping by broad open pores.

A small tropical and subtropical genus.

1. A. duplex, Berlc. in FI. N. Z. ii. 194. Minute, tt bi. broad,
yellow, convex, lobed like a raspberry, rarely simple, convex, and containing
only one cell ; cells variable in size, one or more in each lobe. Spores oblong,
hyaline, 3^0 in. long.

Northern Island : on leaves of Astelia, Colenso.

42. PHLYCT2ENA, Desmazieres.

Minute, epiphytic Fungi. Perithecium spurious, formed of the blackened
cuticle of the plant, convex, opening by a pore, containing a gelatinous nucleus.
Spores curved, elongate, spindle-shaped, upon very short sporophores.

A temperate and tropical genus.

1. P. dissepta, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 194. 1. 106./. 14. Spots scattered,
variable in form, in patches -j^-1 in. long, surrounded by a black, flexuous,
irregular line, black or colourless. Spores very slender, elongate, strongly
curved at the apex, g-i-g- in. long, on slender sporophores.

Northern Island : on dead stems of Rhipogonum, Colenso. Possibly a form of Pern-
phidium opacum.

43. PILIDIUM, Kunze.

Minute epiphyllous Fungi. Perithecium flat, shield-like, smooth, shining,
tough, variously ruptured. Spores simple, linear, curved, without sporophores,
that is with the sporophores sunk in the perithecium.

A small temperate and tropical genus.

1. P. coriarise, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 195. Perithecia black, rather
rigid, seldom collapsed, at length perforate in the centre. Spores linear,
slightly curved, obscurely narrowed at either end, x ^00 in. long.

Northern Island : on dead leaves of Coriaria sarmentosa, Colenso.

44. ASTEROMA, DC.

Minute epiphyllous Fungi. Perithecia attached to crisped branching
threads, flat, with no determinate orifice. Spores simple or 1-septate.

A considerable genus of temperate Fungi.

1. A. dilatatum, Berk, in FI. Antarct. 173. t. 68. /. 7. Forming super-
ficial, suborbicular, olive-black patches, £ in. broad, with lobed edges ; lobes
dilated, consisting of serpentine filaments, so crowded together as to form a
membrane. Spores unknown.

624

VIII. FUNGI.

[Jsteroma.

Northern Island, Colenso, and Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H., in both places
on leaves of Panax simplex. This is perhaps only a rudimentary state of a Collema.

45. GYMNOSPORIUM, Corda.

Pulverulent Fungi, forming strata or vegetable substances. Spores super-
ficial, conglobate, simple, arising directly from the matrix, smooth.

Usually found on grass- stems.

1. G. culmigenum, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 197. Spots in. and up-
wards long, half as broad, deep black. Spores elliptic or subglobose, with a
thin epispore.

Northern Island : on dead grass, Colenso.

46. PUCCINIA, Persoon.

Minute mildews. Spores crowded in patches, breaking through the epider-
mis of the plant they infest, and growing from a mycelium, 1-septate.

The mildews are the most common and destructive of Fungi, and are found in all parts of
the world.

1. P. comp acta, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 195. Patches orbicular, pale, of
various sizes. Sori solitary and crowded, depressed ; mass of spores compact,
spongy. Spores elongate, subapiculate, g/o~2lro long, often oblique ;
nucleus distinct.

Southern Islaud : on leaves of Myosotis capitata, Lyall.

2. P. graminis, Persoon ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 195. Spots pale, dif-
fuse ; sori linear, confluent. Sporidia at length black.

Probably abundant on corn and all grasses : on Triticum , Colenso.

47. UREDO, Leveille.

Minute epiphyllous Fungi. Receptacle formed of several superpose
irregular cells, each containing a single simple sessile or very shortly stalked
spore.

A large genus of Fungi, inhabiting all parts of the world, and very destructive of vege-
table tissues.

1. U. antarctica, BerTc. in FI. Antarct. 170. t. 68./. 2. Spots small,
opposite on both sides the leaf, rounded, purplish, pale beneath. Sori bul-
late. Spores large, smooth, broadly obovate, brown, with a central oily
globule, very shortly stalked.

Campbell’s Island : on leaves of Luzvla crinita, J. D. PI.

48. UROMYCES, Leveille.

Habit and characters of Uredo, but receptacle formed of a single layer of
cells ; spores stalked.

1. U. scariosa. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 195. Spots scattered, distinct.

Uromyces .]

VIII. FUNGI.

625

on the under surface of the leaf ; stroma prominent. Sori surrounded with
the persistent cuticle. Spores obovate, echinulate.

Northern Island: on Geranium leaves, Colenso.

2. U. citriformis, Bab. in FI. N. Z. ii. 195. Spots obliterated. Sori
scattered, surrounded with the persistent cuticle. Spores large, linear-shaped,
brown, shortly stalked.

Northern Island: on Microtis? or Thehjmitra ? leaves, Colenso.

49. USTILAGO, Link.

Very minute Fungi, deep-seated in the tissues of the plants they infest,
and occupying the whole of the part. Spores simple, arising from delicate
threads or produced in the form of closely-packed cells that break up into a
powdery mass.

This genus forms dusty masses on the seed, stems, and other parts of plants, and is found
in all parts of the world. The U. segetum is the smut of wheat, oats, and barley.

1. U. Candollei, var. a. Tulasne ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 196. Form-
ing elongated masses on Polygonum peduncles. Spores elliptic-ovate, smooth,
violet-coloured.

Northern Island: on the inflorescence of Polygonum prostratum, Colenso.

2. U. endotricha, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 196. t. 106. /. 4. Forming
oblong black bodies on Gahnia peduncles. Spores subglobose, mixed with
crisp fibres, minutely granulate.

Northern Island : on the inflorescence of Gahnia , Sinclair.

3. U. bullata, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 197. t. 106./. 12. Forming bul-
late black long spots on the inflorescence of grasses. Spores irregularly sub-
globose, mixed with threads, obscurely rough, nucleus pale.

Northern and Middle Islands : on Triticum scahrum, Raoul, Colenso.

50. 2ECIDIUM, Persoon.

Forming dark spots or pustules on leaves and other parts of living plants.
Peridium membranous, with a lacerated or toothed reflected orifice. Spores
concatenate, collected into sori.

A vast genus, found in all parts of the globe, often very destructive to vegetable tissues.

1 . JE. Ranunculacearum, DC. ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 196. Spots
obliterated. Peridia densely crowded into irregular heaps, orange-yellow.

Northern Island: on leaves of Ranunculus rivularis, Colenso. (Europe, Tasmania,
etc.)

2. JE. monocystis, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 196. t. 105. f. 15. Peridia
large, solitary, persistent on the upper surface of the leaves towards their
tips, surrounded with a tough border. Spores pale orange-yellow.

Northern Island : on the tips of the leaves of Helophyllum Colensoi, Colenso.

626

VIII. FUNGI.

51. STILBUM, Tode.

Minute Fungi, consisting of a globose deciduous head on an erect stalk.
Stalk solid. Heads deciduous, gelatinous. Spores minute.

Chiefly a temperate genus, with a few tropical species.

1. S. lateritium, Berk.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 197. Gregarious, erumpent,
pale brick-red. Stems /g- in- high, thickest at the base, often confluent and
flattened, pruinose from the presence of curved obtuse flocci. Capitula
ovate or hemispherical, minutely setulose. Sporidia oblong.

Middle Island : on bark, Lyall, Bidwill. (S. America.)

52. EPICOCCTTM, Link.

Minute Fungi, forming raised specks on leaves, etc. Spores large, sub-
globose, simple or compound, springing from the surface of a cushion-like
receptacle.

All the known species are natives of temperate climates.

1. E. pallescens. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 198. t. 105./. 14. Specks
fawn-coloured, at first covered by epidermis. Receptacula of several layers,
the lowest with fimbriated edges. Spores shortly stalked, cellular, enclosing-
many sporidia.

Northern Island : on dead leaves of Earina, Colenso.

53. CEDEMIUM, Link.

Small Fungi, forming black felted masses of floccose filaments. Filaments
rigid, opaque, protruding large globose usually reticulated spores at their
sides.

A small genus of temperate climates, probably allied to Antennaria.

1. CE. robustum, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 198. Forming a stratum of
rigid erect bristly filaments, -g-g-g- in. long, jointed below, above bearing a few
divided curved branches.

Northern Island: on bark, Colenso.

54. MACROSPORIUM, Fries.

Plants forming a thin floccose stratum, covered with erect, clavate, multi-
septate spores.

A little-studied genus of microscopic Fungi, often parasitic on other Fungi.

1. M. obtusum, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 198. Forming an olivaceous
coat on the mouths of a Hypoxylon. Filaments obsolete. Spores in.
long, clavate, obtuse, 4-5-partite, each division with a globose nucleus.

Northern Island: bn the mouths of a Eijpoxylon, Colenso.

55. CLADOSPORIUM,

Fungi consisting of a minute filamentous mycelium, the filaments divided
into short branches, which bear short 1-septate deciduous spores.

Ciadosporium.']

VIII. FUNGI.

627

The only well-known species of this genus is the commonest of parasitic Fungi, infesting
all sorts of decaying substances, and sometimes smothering living trees.

1. C. herbarium. Link ; — FI. Antarct. 170. Mycelium dense, soft,
green, then olive-black ; filaments pellucid, collapsing. Spores olive.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : on Car ex leaves, J. I). A. (Ubi-
quitous.)

56. SEPEDOKTUM, Link. •

Minute Fungi, consisting of a copious filamentous mycelium, bearing at
the tips of its divisions myriads of large globose spores.

Abundant Fungi, preying on the large fleshy species, through whose soft tissues their my-
celium spreads. Some species certainly rudimentary parasitic Spkceria.

1. S. chrysospermum. Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 199. Fila-
ments white. Spores golden -yellow, globose, echinulate when dry.

Northern Island : on Boleti, Bay of Islands, J. D. H. (Probably ubiquitous.)

57. PILACRE, Fries.

Very minute Fungi, consisting of globose stipitate heads. Stem solid,
cylindric, simple or branched. Head globose, of branched radiating flexuous
threads. Spores at the tips of the branches, forming a dusty mass.

A small genus of temperate Fungi.

1. P. divisa^ Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 197. Stems in. high, brown,
subfascicled, compressed below, forked above, when young pale and tomentose
below. Heads globose, clay-coloured. Spores subglobose or elliptic, SgQ0
in. long, nucleus distinct.

Northern Island: on bark, Colenso.

58. LEOTIA, Hill.

Stalked fleshy pileate Fungi. Receptacle capitate, covered everywhere
with the asci ; margin revolute.

Natives of temperate regions, growing on moss and on the ground amongst grass, etc.

1. L. lubrica, Persoon. Subgelatinous, 1-2 in. high. Pileus tumid,
repand, olive-green. Stem at length hollow.

Var. £, Berk. Stipes green, thickened downwards.

Var. 0. Middle Island : Canterbury, Haast, on the ground. Identified by Mr. Berke-
ley from a drawing. (The original plant is European.)

59. GEOGLOSSUM, Persoon.

Fleshy erect Fungi. Receptacle stalked, clavate, covered with the hyme-
nium. Asci elongate.

A large genus in temperate climates, growing in shade, on the ground, moss, etc.

1. G. hirsutum, Persoon; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 199. Erect, hairy,
black, 1-2 in. high.

Northern Island, Colenso. (Europe.)

628

VIII. FUNGI.

60. PEZIZA, Dillenius.

Cup-shaped Fungi. Receptacle fleshy or subfleshy, at first closed, then
open. Hymenium persistent. Asci distinct, fixed, mixed with paraphyses,
ejecting the spores elastically.

A vast genus, found in all parts of the world, on the ground, rotten wood, etc. etc.
Many species resemble tlje apothecia of Lichens.

§ 1. Aeeuria. — Fleshy, or between fleshy and membranous, externally pruinose or furfa-

raceous and floccose.

1. P. miltina, Berlc. in FI. N. Z. ii. 199. Cup ^ in. across, depressed,
expanded, crimson, irregular, fixed to the soil by its whole surface ; margin
free, paler beneath. Asci linear. Sporidia globose, nucleus single.

Northern Island: Hawke’s Bay, amongst moss, Colenso.

2. P. endocarpoides. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 199. t. 105./. 8. Cup
i in. diameter, fixed by a floccose mass ; margin free, concave, at length ex-
panded and convex, obscurely floccose externally. Asci cylindrical. Spo-
ridia 8, globose, each with a large nucleus.

Northern Island : on the ground, Colenso.

3. P. rhytidia, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 200. t. 105. /. 6. Cup 1 in.
and more diameter, fuliginous, hemispherical, nearly sessile, deeply incised ;
margin narrow, inflected ; outer coat wrinkled, of netted fibres, inner more
compact, giving rise to the long asci and slender paraphyses. Sporidia el-
liptic-oblong, subcymbiform.

Northern Island: on the ground, J. I). H., Colenso.

4. P. campylospora. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 200. Cup 1 in. dia-
meter, oblique, lobed, wrinkled externally, clothed with myceloid filaments ;
stem short, wrinkled. Hymenium fuliginous, vinous-red, white internally and
composed of intricate threads. Asci linear. Sporidia strongly curved.

Northern Island : on dead wood, Colenso.

§ Lachnea. — Waxy, externally pilose or villous.

5. P. stercorea. Fries; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 200. Gregarious.
Cup sessile, concave, 14 in. diameter, yellow ; margin ciliated with straight
bristles. — FI. Antarct. 451. t. 163. f. 4.

Northern Island: on horsedung, Colenso. (Europe, America, Tasmania, etc.)

6. P. Kerguelensis, Berk.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 201. Cup |-f in.
broad, scarlet, flat, adnate ; margin free, ciliated with spreading bristles.
Asci linear, obtuse. Sporidia broadly elliptic ; nucleus solitary, globose. —
FI. Antarct. 451. t. 164. f. 3.

Northern Island: on the ground, J. L>. H. (Kerguelen’s Land.)

7. P. calycina, Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 200. Cups TV-j- in.
diameter, stipitate, gregarious, erumpent, funnel-shaped, externally white and
villous ; disk flat, pale orange-colour.

Northern Islaud : on dead twigs, Sinclair. (Europe.)

Peziza ."]

VIII. FUNGI.

629

8. P, Colensoi, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 200. t. 105./. 5. Cup | in.
diameter, pale tan-colour, funnel-shaped, with a short thick stipes, fixed by
an orbicular disk, base plicate, minutely downy above and on the margin,
not ciliate. Hymenium even. Asci nearly equal. Sporidia oblong, elliptic,
or subfusiform ; nucleus contracted into 2-4 masses, but not septate.

Northern Island : on dead sticks, Colenso.

9. P. chrysotricha, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 201. t. 105. /. 7. Cups

in. diameter, golden-yellow, sessile, at first globose then subhemispherical,

edge sometimes membranous, clothed with short matted hairs, somewhat
pulverulent. Hymenium closed when dry, seated on a stratum of large un-
equal cells. Asci cylindric, rather large. Sporidia cymbiform, narrowed at
either end.

Northern Island : on dead twigs, Colenso.

§ 3. Phialea. — Waxy or membranous, guile glabrous. Cup at first closed.

10. P. montisecola, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 201. Cups minute, black,
soon expanding; margin narrow, sometimes flexuous. Asci large, clavate,
shorter than the long paraphyses. Sporidia subcymbiform ; nucleus 2-partite.

Northern Island: on decaying Montia, Colenso.

61. PATELLABJA, Fries.

Flat, discoid, small, tough Fungi. Eeceptacle saucer- dr cup-shaped,
open, never closed. Hymenium rather powdery. Asci connate, without
paraphyses.

A small genus, closely allied to Peziza. The species are chiefly temperate.

1. P. nigro-cinnabarina, Schweinitz ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 201.
Hymenium vermilion-coloured.

Northern Island: on dead branches, Colenso. (N. America.)

2. P. atrata. Fries; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 201. Cups flattened,
black.

Northern Island : on dead bark, Colenso. (Europe.)

62. CENANGIUM, Fries.

Form of Peziza , but firm, tough and coriaceous. Eeceptacle or cup closed,
opening late. Hymenium smooth, persistent.

A small European genus.

1. C. Colensoi, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 201. Scattered, oblong, at first
covered with the cuticle, then expanding, and orbicular, brown. Hymenium
pale, pinkish. Asci oblong. Sporidia elliptic, hyaline, in. long.

Northern Island : on dead leaves, Colenso.

63. HYSTERIUM, Tode.

Minute, tumid, elliptic or elongate Fungi. Perithecia bursting by a simple
longitudinal fissure, hence 2-lipped ; borders entire. Asci elongate.

630

VIII. FUNGI.

[Hyslerium.

A large genus in temperate regions, growing on leaves, bark, etc.

1. H. breve. Berk, in FI. Antarct. i. 174. t. 68./. 8. Perithecia short,
black, elliptic, prominent, orifice very narrow. Asci linear, mixed with para-
physes. Sporidia filiform.

Campbell’s Island : on dead leaves of TJncinia, J. B. IT.

64. AILOGRAPHUM, Libert.

Habit of Hysterium , but perithecia often branched and asci subglobose.

A small temperate genus, usually epipkyllous.

1. A. Bromi, Berk, in FI. Antarct. i. 174. t. 68. /. 9. Perithecia
simple, black, shining, mixed with filaments. Asci very short, obovate.
Sporidia 8, elliptic-oblong, constricted in the middle, 1-septate.

Lord Auckland’s group : on leaves of Banthonia, J. B. A.

65. ASTERINA, LeveiM

Minute, flattened, epiphyllous Fungi. Perithecia fragile, formed of a fim-
briated mycelium. Asci perfect. Sporidia 4-8.

A small tropical, N. America, and N. Zealand genus ; only one species is known in
Europe.

1. A. torulosa. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 208. Mycelium very sparse.
Perithecia in scattered groups. Asci elongate. Sporidia filiform, 3-5 -sep-
tate, contracted at the septa, greenish.

Northern Island : on leaves of Piper, Colenso.

2. A. sublibera, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 208. t. 106./. 1. Mycelium
sparse, in little patches. Asci elongate. Sporidia 4, oblong, 1-septate,
hyaline.

Northern Island: on leaves of Metrosideros diffusa , Colenso.

3. A. fragilissima, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 208. Mycelium forming
spots scarcely in. broad, sparse. Perithecia crowded, very brittle. Asci
globose. Sporidia obovate-oblong, 1-septate.

Northern Island: on Veronica leaves, Colenso.

66. EXCIPULA, Fries.

Minute epiphyllous Fungi, forming spots or patches. Perithecium carbo-
naceous, spherical, free, at first closed, then opening; mouth orbicular, en-
tire; nucleus naked, gelatinous, turgid. Asci perfect.

Mr. Berkeley limits this genus as defined by Fries, in the ‘ Summa Vegelabilium Scandi-
navia.’ The species are natives of temperate regions.

1. E. nigro-rufa, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 202. t. 106./. 11. Sub-
globose, black without, red within ; mouth indexed. Asci broad, clavate.

Excipula.]

VIII. FUNGI.

631

obtuse. Sporidia hyaline, obovate, oblong, obtuse, with about 4 transverse
septa.

northern Island : on the under surface of the leaves of Pittosporum crassi/olium,
Colenso.

2. E. gregaria, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 202. Minute, crowded on a
brownish spot. Cups black without, pale within. Asci broad, clavate.
Sporidia obovate-oblong, obscurely 2-partite internally.

Northern Island : upper surface of Gnaphalium leaves, Colenso.

67. CORDICEPS, Fries.

Erect, columnar, rather rigid, fleshy or corky Fungi, growing often on
animal matter, as dead caterpillars. Perithecia crowded round the axis or its
branches, which form the fruit-bearing head or heads, hyaline or coloured.
Sporidia submoniliform, repeatedly divided.

A very curious genus, found in both tropical and temperate climates. The ergots of Rye
and other grasses are an imperfect state of species of Cordiceps.

1. C. Robertsii, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 202. Slender, 2-6 in. high.
Stem rigid, cylindric. Eeceptacle very little broader than the stipes, 1-2
in. long, cylindric, often flexuous. — Sphceria B.obertsii, Hook. Ic. PL t. 11.
S. Hugelii, Corda.

Northern and Middle Islands : on the caterpillar of Hepialus virescens, Roberts, etc.
Caterpillar Fungus.)

2. C. Sinclairii, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 338. Yellowish, f-1 in. high.
Stem cylindric, simple or forked, divided into many simple or lobed heads,
clothed with oblong conidia.

Northern Island : on the larva of an orthopterous insect, Archdeacon Williams. — The
perithecia are absent, and hence the species is not well established. Mr. Travers sends a
similar plant growing from a coleopterous larva, likewise destitute of perithecia.

68. HYPOCEEA, Fries.

Fleshy or gelatinous horizontal Fungi, growing on wood, etc. Perithecia
tender, hyaline or coloured. Sporidia indefinite.

A tropical and temperate genus.

1. H. gelatinosa, Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 202. Convex, equal,
opaque, variable in colour without, dirty white within. Perithecia promi-
nent, darker than the stroma.

Northern Island : on wood, Colenso. (Europe.)

69. XYLARIA, Fries.

Club-shaped, somewhat corky, often friable Fungi, usually distinctly stipi-
tate, covered with a rufous or black bark. Perithecia crowded on the surface
of the receptacle. Sporidia 8.

A very large, especially tropical genus, growing on vegetable substances, or dung.

632

VIII. FUNGI.

[ Xylaria .

1. X. Hypoxylon, Fries; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 203. Corky, 2-4
in. high, simple or branched, compressed, at first pulverulent with white
meal, then naked. Stem villous.

Northern Island : on dead wood, Colenso. (Europe, Tasmania.)

2. X. multiples, Kunze ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 203. Corky, tufted,
brown-black, divided above into even somewhat cylindrical compressed
branches ; stem elongate, rough with leprous down.

Northern Island : on dead wood, Colenso. (Juan Fernandez.)

3. X. anisopleuron, Mont.; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 205. Solitary,
woody. Receptacle oblique, obconic, leprous, opaque, pale within. Perithecia
in the upper subhemispheric part, globose, papillate in the centre.

Northern Island: on dead wood, Colenso , specimen young. (Guyana.)

4. X. castorea, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 204. t. 105./. 10. Stem in.
high, longitudinally wrinkled, downy, then glabrous. Receptacle ovate,
compressed, obtuse, 1 in. long, broad, dotted with the mouths of the
perithecia., Asci slender. Sporidia subelliptic.

Northern Island: on dead wood, Colenso.

5. X. tuberiformis, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 204. t. 105./. 11. Sub-
globose, sessile or shortly stipitate. Receptacle j— | in. diameter, minutely
cracked, white and corky within. Perithecia elliptic ; mouth large. Sporidia
large, eymbiform.

Northern Island : on dead wood, Colenso.

70. HYPOXYLON, Bulliard.

Characters of Xylaria, but horizontal. Stroma not confluent with the
substance of the plant on which it grows.

A tropical and temperate genus.

1. H. concentricum, Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 204. Large,
brownish subglobose, at length black, concentrically zoned within.

Northern and Middle Islands: common on dead wood, from the Bay of Islands,
J. I). H., to Otago, Lindsay. (Cosmopolite.)

2. H. annulatum, Montague ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 204. Mycelium
thick, abundant, of branched threads, the ultimate branchlets zigzag, with
often 2-fid tips. Stroma convex or effuse and confluent, blackish outside
and in. Perithecia globose with a depressed ring round the mouth, at last
nearly free.

Northern Island: on dead bark, Colenso. (N. and S. America.)

71. DIATRYPE, Pries.

Characters of Hypoxylon, but the stroma is confluent with the wood of the*
plant on which the Pungus grows. Perithecia with a more or less obvious
neck.

Diatrype. ]

VIII. FUNGI.

633

Both tropical and temperate Fungi.

1. D. glomeraria, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 205. t. 106./. 13. Pustules
thickly scattered, small, breaking through the cuticle, black, opaque, in.
long. Perithecia crowded, subglobose ; neck short ; mouth obscure. Asci
with 8 linear curved sporidia.

Northern Island : on branches of Rhipogonnm, Colenso.

2. D. lata, Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 205. Effuse, unequal. Stroma
thin, black. Perithecia sunk in the wood ; mouth conical.

Northern Island : on slicks, Co/enso. (Europe, Tasmania.)

72. DOTHIBEA, Pries.

Characters of Sphceria, but perithecium 0. Stroma with numerous cells,
opening by a simple pore.

A very large tropical and temperate genus of small Fungi, found on leaves, twigs, etc.

1. D. Ribesia, Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 207. Subelliptic, break-
ing- through the cuticle, depressed, black inside and out ; cells small, white,
almost superficial.

Northern Island : on gooseberry twigs, Colenso. (Europe.)

2. D. filicina, Mont. ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 207. Hypophvllous ;
stroma thin, areolate, black; cells shallow; ostiola minute. Sporidia
uniseptate.

Northern Island : on under surface of fern fronds. (Otaheite.)

3. D. Colensoi, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 207. Orbicular, ^ in. broad,
black, granulate, fertile on either side ; cells minute, white within.

Northern Island : on dead leaves, Colenso.

4. D. hemisphaerica, Berk, in FI. Antarct. 172. t. 67./. 2. Solitary,
black, carbonaceous, breaking through the under surface of the leaf ; floccose
at the base; cells elliptic, obtuse. Asci short. Sporidia 8, oblong, 1-sep-
tate, contracted in the middle.

Lord Auckland’s group : on leaves of Veronica odora, J. I). H.

5. D. spilomea, Berk, in FI. Antarct. 173. t. 67./. 2. Gregarious on
the under surface of the leaf, thin, depressed, orbicular, often confluent, mi-
nutely granular, shining ; cells globose, orifice punctiform. Asci clavate.
Sporidia oblong, 1-septate, constricted in the middle.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : on leaves of Veronica elliptica,
J. B.H. ■

73. NECTRIA, Pries.

Small Fungi, growing on wood, bark, etc. Perithecia free or seated on a
mycelium, thin, rarely thick, vertical, brightly coloured. Sporidia 8, trans-
lucent.

A large temperate genus with few tropical species, often brightly coloured.

VOL. I. 2 T

634

VIII. FUNGI.

[ Nectria .

1. jVo polythalama. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii.* 203. t. 106./. 15. Tufted,
bright scarlet. Perithecia ovate, umbilicate at the apex or depressed. Spo-
ridia inany-septate, oblong.

Northern Island : on dead bark, J. I). II.

2. N. illudens, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 203. Scattered or crowded, but
not tufted, globose, bright ochreous or cinnabar-red, dimpled at the apex,
warted, the warts answering to large cells. Sporidia broad, elliptic, 1-sep-
tate, as broad as long.

Northern Island: on dead bark, J. D. II.

74. SPH2ERIA, Haller.

Stroma 0, or spurious and formed of mycelium. Perithecia vaiious,
vertical, firm, black or dark, often with a bark. Asci perfect. Sporidia 8.

An immense genus, found in all parts of the world and on various substances, some even
under salt-water.

§ 1. Cs.S'exTOSiE..— Perithecia crrspitose, superficial, free, seated on a mycelioid stroma
that bursts through the cuticle.

1. S. fragilis, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 205. t. 106./. 7. Forming scattered
clusters of minute, brownish, opaque, obtuse, brittle perithecia, breaking
away when still full of spores ; mouth obsolete. Sporidia shortly fusiform,
hyaline, often broader at one end, 1-septate.

Northern Island : on the under surface of leaves of Eurybia furfur acea, Colenso.

2. S. pullularis, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 205. t. 106./. 6. Forming
specks of a few crowded subglobose opaque dark brown perithecia ; mouth 0,
or a papilliform prominence. Asci subcyliudric. Sporidia of 2 opposed
cones.

Northern Island : on leaves of Leucopogon Fraseri, Colenso.

3. S. rasa. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 205. Forming neat round clusters.
Perithecia oblong, crowded below, above free, convex, not collapsing, opaque
as if minutely downy, but rough from the prominence of the septa of the
cells ; orifice minute. Asci cylindric, slightly attenuate downwards. Spo-
ridia very numerous, curved.

Northern Island : on Weinmannia leaves, Colenso.

4. S. Saubinetii, Mont, and Burieu ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 206.
Erumpent. Perithecia solitary or slightly aggregate, brown, globose, at length
collapsed and umbilicate. Asci diffluent. Sporidia fusiform, lunulate, 3-5-
septate. — Gibbera Saubinetii , Mont. Syllog. 252.

Northern Island : on Monocotyledonous leaves, Colenso. (Algeria.)

5. S. pulicaris, Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 206. Minute, tufted,
forming a blackish stroma with the bark. Perithecia stipitate, superficial,
crowded, opaque, flat, finally sub-cupshaped.

Northern Island : on dead sticks, Colenso. (Europe.)

SjjJupria.]

VIII. FUNGI.

635

§ 2. Seriat.-e. — Perithecia disposed in parallel lines.

6. S. nebulosa ?, Pers. ; — Berk, in FI. Antarct. 171. Forming grey
spots on a subcuticular black crust. Perithecia gregarious, very minute, free,
disposed in irregular series ; mouth rather prominent, subacute.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island: on Anthericum, J. D. H. Spe-
cimen imperfect and identification doubtful.

§ 3. Obtectje. — Perithecia immersed , often erumpent : mouth dilated, produced into a
neck , which is immersed in the matrix.

7. S. livida, Fries ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 206. Forming elongated
subdeterminate white or grey spots on wood. Perithecia scattered, subglo-
bose, thin, black, sunk in a prominent elliptic grey elevation of the wood ;
mouth short, imbedded.

Northern Island : on dead bleached twigs, Colenso. (Europe.)

§ 4. Caulicol.-e. — Perithecia at first covered with the epidermis , through which they

break.

8. S. herbarum, Persoon ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 206. Subgregarious,
minute, black. Perithecia partially covered, depressed, globose, smooth ;
mouth rather prominent, punctiform. — FI. Antarct. 170. t. 68. f. 3.

Throughout the Northern and Middle Islands, and in Lord Auckland’s group
and Campbell's Island: on stems of herbaceous plants, abundant. (Ubiquitous.)

9. S. eoffeata, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 206. t. 106./. 3. Perithecia
scattered, subglobose, indicated by black specks on the cuticle. Asci cylindric.
Sporidia filiform.

Northern Island : on sheaths of grasses, Colenso.

10. S. Lindsayi, Cnrrey. Perithecia very small, round, rupturing the
epidermis by a circular rimose or radiate fissure. Spoiidia 8, 2-seriate,
colourless, irregularly cymbiform, (P0014 to (P002 in. long.

Middle Island : dead leaves of Phormium , Otago, Lindsay. — Plant when dry somewhat
resembling S. nebulosa , Fries.

11. S. nigrella?) Fries; — Berk, in FI. Antarct. 171. Perithecia sub-
globose, smooth, black, superficially innate, on an elongate determinate spot,
white within.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island: on stems of Anthericum ,
J. I). H. — Very imperfect, and doubtfully referred to the European plant.

§ 5. FomcoLyE. — Perithecia concrete with the matrix, covered, without any surrounding

discoloured spot.

12. S. pbaeosticta, Berk, in Ft. Antarct. 171. t. 68./ 4. Gregarious,
appearing in punctiform brown spots, under which is a perithecium. Peri-
thecia globose, black, with a punctiform mouth. Asci at first short, then
linear. Sporidia at first in two series, elliptic, afterwards brown, cymbiform,
and in one series ; nucleus large, globose.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : on leaves of Eierochloe Bruncnis,
J. D. H.

13. S. depressa, Berk, in FI. Antarct. 172. t. 68./. 5. Gregarious,

2 T 2

636

VIII. FUNGI.

[Sphceria.

minute, black, appearing as black specks on the cuticle. Perithecia covered
by the cuticle, subglobose, smooth, not produced into a neck, depressed when
dry. Asci linear, mixed with slender paraphyses. Sporidia 2-seriate, lanceo-
late ; nucleus 2-partite but not septate.

Campbell’s Island : on leaves of Luzula crinita, J. D. H.

14. S. Acetabulum, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 206. t. 106./. 2. Minute,
black, covered by the cuticle. Perithecia slightly irregular, depressed, con-
vex below, concave above, adnate with the cuticle in the centre, without a
trace of orifice. Asci oblong, narrowed and truncate above. Sporidia ob-
long, immature.

Northern Island : on Corynocarpus, Colenso.

15. S. cryptospila, Berk. mss. Microscopic, punctiform, black, shining.
Asci short. Sporidia elongate, linear, curved, 3-4-septate.

Northern Island : on leaves of Hypericum, Sinclair.

75. CAPNODIUM, Montague.

Mycelium of black jointed mouiliform filaments, mixed with other simple
ones, enclosing elongate sometimes branched perithecia. Perithecia con-
taining sometimes asci with sporidia, at others only spores.

A remarkable genus, perhaps a more perfect form of Antennaria.

1. C. fibrosum. Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 209. Forming a rigid bristly
stratum, 1 in. thick. Perithecia elongate, crowded, fasciculately branched.

Northern Island : on bark, Colenso.

76. PEMPHIDIUM, Montagne.

Perithecium spurious, convex, shield-like, black, formed of the diseased
epidermis, closed or terminating in a papilla or 2-lipped pore ; nucleus gela-
tinous. Asci perfect. Sporidia elongate.

A peculiar genus, of one species, the following, and a native of Guyana.

1. P. opacum, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 207. t. 106./. 9. Patches
in. broad, round, black, opaque, beneath which is an ovate transparent mass
of asci. Asci cylindric or swollen in the middle. Spores fusiform, narrowed
to a thread at either end, not septate, but the endochrome is divided irregu-
larly into 2 or 3 masses.

Northern Island : on stems of Rhipogonum, Colenso.

77. ERYSIPHE, Hedwig.

Perithecia free, globose, without an opening, giving off at the base flexuous,
equal, simple or sparingly branched filaments. Asci saccate.

An immense genus of minute Fungi, natives of temperate regions, where they are the pest
of agriculturists, etc.

Brysiplie .]

VIII. FUNGI.

637

1. E. densa, BerJc. in FI. N. Z. ii. 208. t. 106. f. 16. Mycelium
dense, cobwebby, persistent. Perithecia scattered, with flexuose somewhat
forked filamentose appendages.

Northern Island : on leaves of Aristotelia, Colenso.

78. CH-ZETOMIUM, Kunze.

Perithecium brittle, membranous, without an opening, clothed with opaque
hairs. Asci gelatinous, evanescent. Sporidia brown.

Minute parasitic Fungi.

1. C. amphitriclmm. Cor da ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 209. Perithecia
half-immersed; threads smooth, slightly branched ; apices curved. Sporidia
subglobose.

Northern Islaud : on damp paper, Colenso. (Europe.)

2. C. elatum, Kunze ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 209. Perithecia free;
threads branched, minutely scabrous. Sporidia lemon-shaped.

Northern Island : on damp straw, Colenso. (Ubiquitous.)

79. MELIOLA, Pries.

Perithecia carbonaceous, fragile, without a pore, developed from a strigose
mycelium. Asci broad. Sporidia few, large.

Minute parasitic Fungi, natives of warm climates.

1. M. amphitricha, Fries ; — Berk, in FI. JV. Z. ii. 209. Superficially
innate, black, forming spots in. diameter. Perithecia crowded, sur-
rounded with erect simple bristles.

Northern Island : ou living leaves, Colenso. (Subtropics of Old and New World.)

80. AHTEENARIA, Link.

Black Pungi, consisting of black jointed moniliform filaments, bearing here
and there spore-cases full of granules.

Found in all climates, infesting living plants, often smothering them in a black mass of
filaments.

1. A. Robinsoniij Mont. ; — Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 209. Forming a
dense black coat on leaves, consisting of a close gelatinous web, traversed by
moniliform threads, from which arise branched filaments, bearing lateral or
subterminal spore-cases. — FI. Antarct. 175. t. 67.

Northern and Middle Islands : on leaves and twigs, Colenso, Lyall , etc. Xiord
Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Islaud, J. D. H.

The genus Sclerotium, which consists of imperfect states of various Fungi, is now sup-
pressed. A Lord Auckland’s group species was published in FI. Antarct. i. 175, as S.
durum , Pers. It was found on the capsules of Gentiana, but of what Fungus it is a state
is unknown.

638

IX. ALGAJ.

Order IX. ALGriE.

Plants consisting either of simple cells or of threads of cells, or of cellular
fronds, almost invariably aquatic and chiefly marine ; usually fixed by a
root (which does not nourish the plant) ; imbibing nutriment through their
whole surface ; supposed to be always 2-sexual, though this is not yet demon-
strated in many genera ; very many are propagated also by division of the
plant, or by buds from it, or by the division of individual cells. Keproduc-
tive organs of various kinds, on one or on different plants, naked on the
surface of the frond, or buried in its substance, or contained in proper cavi-
ties or sacs (conceptacles), which again may either be superficial or immersed,
or contained in special branches of the frond. Female fructification, consist-
ing of simple or compound spores, which originate as cells that are fertilized
by antherozoids, or by the contact of other cells that transmit the fertilizing
matter; these spores may be naked or clothed in a gelatinous envelope, or
contained in tubes ( asci ). Male fructification essentially and usually of
microscopic antherozoids, contained in sacs or cells, and consisting of a
nucleus with vibrating threads of infinite delicacy. In the unicelhdar species
and those formed of threads of cells, the sexes may be represented by a single
cell that divides in the middle, or by 2 cells, from the union of which the
spore is developed.

The vast Order of Algae is now often, regarded as consisting of several Orders, which I
have here distinguished as Suborders, there being so many genera whose position is doubt-
ful amongst these Suborders, and all being so obviously modifications of one common plan,
that I think Atgce may still be regarded with propriety as a Natural Order, equivalent to
such others as Graminece , Lichens , Fungi, Composites, etc. Though so different in habit,
locality, aud general appearance from Lichens, the absolute difference between these Orders
is reduced to a very little in Lichina and others. With Fungi, also, their affinity is very
close ; and, finally, some of the unicellular’ and filamentous genera present appearances at
certain stages of their development that render it impossible to say whether they should be
referred to the animal or vegetable kingdom.

Marine Algae occur at all depths in the ocean between high tide or its spray, and upwards
of 100 fathoms, but they abound most between tidal limits or just beyond them. As a
rule, the bright green kinds occur nearest to high-water mark aud extend to fresh water ;
the dark olive-green abound between tidal marks; and the bright red affect deeper water;
but to this there are many exceptions. The great seaweed that forms olive-green floating
patches girdling the New Zealand harbours \Macrocystis pyrifera) I have seen off the Crozet
Island, where the soundings gave 40 fathoms, and which there is reason to suppose may
hence have been 700 feet long (FI. Antarct. 4(i4).

Iodine, kelp, aud soda are the products of this Order, which also contains several plants
that are eatable in a raw or cooked state, as Luver and Dulse, and a copious jelly in the case
of the “Carrageen moss” of Ireland, the produce of species of Chondrus, Gracilaria, and
Gigartina. Others are used as manure and as fodder for cattle ; a valuable cement is made
by the Chinese from Gracilaria tenax ; aud knife-handles of the stems of various Larninariece
by whalers and others.

New Zealand is very rich in Algae ; its deep waters aud quiet sounds especially abound in
species of this interesting and beautiful Order, which have been most admirably collected by
my old friend Dr. Lyall. Amongst the microscopic unicellular and filamentous tribes, there
must still be many hundreds, perhaps thousands, of species to be discovered in the sea and in
freshwater ponds, rivers, and the islands. These are subjects of special research, far beyond
the scope of a student of general botany, or of a handbook like the present. To study them
advantageously would require a powerful microscope and a very good library, infinite
patience, and considerable manual skill. To those who would undertake these branches I

IX. AEGyE.

639

would recommend Hassall’s ‘ British. Freshwater Algae,’ Ralfs’s ‘ British Desmidieae,’ and
Kiitzing’s ‘ Tabulae Phycologicse.’

Of more general works 011 Algos there are Harvey’s ‘ Manual of British Algae ’ and ‘ Phy-
cologia Britanniea,’ but especially his ‘ Nereis Australis ’ and ‘ Phycologia Australis,’ both
admirable works full of beautiful plates of southern Alga. Iu my Antarctic, New Zealand,
and Tasmanian Floras also, rnaDy New Zealand species are figured. The best general work,
though still incomplete, is J. Agardh’s ‘ Systema Algarum,’ an excellent book in all respects.

To my late friend Dr. Harvey I am indebted for the determination and description of the
New Zealand Alga in my Flora of these islands. His widely and deeply deplored death
during the present year has deprived me and this work of the benefits of his revisal of the
following compilation.

KEY TO THE SUBORDERS, TRIBES, AND GENERA.

Suborder I. Melanospermer4 or Fucoide.®.

( Olive-green or brown Algae.)

Olive-brown, more rarely olive-green or black, marine Alr/ce, usually large,
coarse, much-branched or horizontally expanded. Frond continuous or
articulate, simple lobed or branched, often bearing distinct leaves, branches,
bladders, and receptacles of fructification. Fructification on the surface of
the frond, or in cavities in its substance; 1, obovoid or ellipsoid, simple or
4-parted spores, enclosed in a hyaline membrane, naked, or surrounded by
jointed filaments (peranemata) ; 2, oblong antheridia, terminating jointed
filaments, and containing moving spores ( antlierozoids ) ; 3, buds or leaflets
( propagula ), developed on the surface or edges of the frond, capable of be-
coming new plants.

Series A. Frond thick, not articulate, its outer stratum formed of minute
densely-packed cells.

Tribe I. Fuceae. Spores and antheridia in spherical cavities (conceptacles) , either sunk
promiscuously in the surface of the frond, or confined to proper receptacles.

§ 1. Conceptacl es in distinct receptacles, not promiscuously sunk in the frond or in its joints.

* Frond with distinct stem, branches, leaves , and bladders ( except Turbinaria).
a. Receptacles very different from the leaves.
f Frond branching from both sides of the stem.

Receptacles axillary. Bladders distinct from the leaves .... 1 . Sargassum.

Bladders un distinguishable from the leaves, which are turbinate

and peltate 2. Turbinaria.

Receptacles marginal, racemose, cyliudric, warted 3. Carpophyllum.

ft Branches from one edge only of a flattened frond.

Receptacles marginal 4. Marginaria.

j8- Receptacles obviously formed of leaves.

Leaves distinct from the branches, marginal, distichous .... 5. Phyllospora.

Leaves distinct from the branches, spirally disposed round the stem 6. Scaberia.

Leaves passing into branches 7. Cystophora.

** Frond with distinct stem and leaves, but no bladders ... 8. Landsburgia.

*** Frond flabellately dicliotomously branched, without leaves or

bladders 9. Fucodium.

640

IX. ALGA1.

§ 2. Conceptacles scattered over the frond , or sunk in its joints,
a. Frond with distinct stem and branches.

Frond moniliform, interuodes inflated 10. Hormosira.

Frond cylindric, proliferously branched 11. Splachnidium.

Frond filiform, irregularly branched 12. Notheia.

(8. Frond without stem and branches , flabellately expanded and

palmately lobed 13. D’Urvill.ea.

Tribe II. Sporochnoidese. Spores superficial, collected on proper branches of the
frond (receptacles).

Frond filiform, cylindric. Receptacles terminated by a pencil of

filaments 14. Sporochnus.

Frond filiform, compressed or flat. Receptacles conical or mitri-

form 15. Carpomitra.

Frond compressed or flat, linear ; branches pinnate, opposite . . 16. Desmakestia.

Tribe HI. Laminariese. Spores superficial , forming cloudy sori of indefinite forms on

the frond.

Frond terete, slender, undivided, of immense length, bearing at the
upper part a series of lanceolate leaves with a bladder at their

base 17. Macrocystis.

Frond with an erect, solid, dichotomous trunk, bearing branches

and lanceolate leaves without bladders 18. Lessonia.

Frond broad, pinnatifid, its stipes solid or hollow 19. Ec&lonia.

•

Tribe IV. Dictyotese. Spores superficial, forming dot-like or small sori of definite
forms on the frond.

Frond flat, dichotomous, flabellate, concentrically striated . . .20. Zonaria.

Frond flat, dichotomous, linear 21. Dictyota.

Frond cylindric, membranous, branched 22. Dictyosiphon.

Frond saccate, membranous, unbrauched 23. Asperococcus.

Series B. Frond not articulate, its outer stratum formed of radiating
articulated filaments.

Tribe V. Chordarieae.

* Frond tubular or saccate, unbranched, filled with fluid.

Frond cylindric, septate internally 24. Chorda.

Frond saccate 25. Adenocystis.

** Frond solid, cylindric, branched; axis of interlaced filaments ; periphery of
radiating filaments immersed in gelatine.

Axis of longitudinal filaments, radiating outwards to form the

periphery 26. Scytothamnus.

Axis cartilaginous, dense ; filaments of periphery unbranched . . 27. Chordaria.

Axis gelatinous, loose ; filaments of periphery branched .... 28. Mesogeoia.

*## F'rond solid, hemispherical or tuberous 29. Leathesia.

Series C. Frond filiform, branched, of superimposed single cells, or of
longitudinal series of cells of equal length, hence articulate.

Tribe VI. Ectocarpese.

Articulations of 3 or more parallel cells 30. Sphacelaria.

Articulations of solitary cells - 31. Ectocarpus.

IX. ALGAE.

641

Suborder II. Rhodosperme^e or Elorideal

{Red or purple Algse.)

Tribe I. Rhodomeleae.

Rosy-red or purple, rarely brown-red or greenish-red marine Algce, flat or
filiform. Fructification dioecious, organs of three kinds:— -1. Spores, con-
tained in external or immersed conceptacles, or densely crowded and dis-
persed in masses ( nuclei ) through the frond. 2. Tetraspores, red or purple,
external or immersed in the frond, rarely contained in proper receptacles, each
enveloped in a pellucid covering, and at maturity separating into 4 sporules,
which are arranged crosswise or transversely. 3. Antheridia, filled with
hyaline or yellow corpuscles {anther ozoids).

Series A. Spores arranged on tufts of threads (articulated filaments),
which spring together from a basal parietal or central receptacle (placenta)
within the conceptacle. Single spores formed in all the cells of the thread,
or in the terminal cell only.

I. Tufts of spore-threads contained in an external ovate or spherical conceptacle.

a. Placenta on the base of a hollow conceptacle. Spores pyriform or obconic, formed in the
terminal cell of the spore-thread.

Tribe I. Rhodomelese. Frond articulate or furnished with an articulated axis of
many tubes ■ surface areolated. Spore-threads simple. Tetraspores in series in the
branchlets, or in pod-lilce bodies (Stichidia).

* Frond flat, proliferous {see Amansia in **).

Frond membranous, costate, obliquely striate 32. Lenormandia.

** Frond flat, lobed or pinnatifid.

Frond costate, transversely striate. Stichidia on the costa . . . 33. Epineuron.

Frond costa, transversely zoned. Stichidia marginal 34. Amansia.

'*** Frond and branches filiform or somewhat compressed.
t Frond inarticulate externally ; axis articulate.

Frond laxly reticulate, closely transversely striate above ; cortical

cells polygonal 35. Alsidium.

Frond opaque, often compressed ; branchlets filiform, transversely

striate; cortical cells minute, polygonal 36. Rytiphlcea.

Frond opaque, not transversely striate. Stichidia formed of

swollen branchlets 37- Rhodomela.

ft Frond articulate {inarticulate in some Dasyee).

a. frond an articulate tube, surrounded by tessellated cells.

Tetraspores 2-seriate in terminal stichidia 38. Bostrychia.

Frond opaque or reticulate ; joints longitudinally striate, internodes

hyaline. Tetraspores 1 -seriate 39. Polysiphonia.

j8. Frond with articulate unicellular branches. Tetraspore 2-oo-

seriate in stichidia 40. Dasya.

Ft Frond minute, filiform, articulate , bearing uniform angular

toothed leaflets . 41. Polyzonia.

642

IX. ALGiE.

Tribe II. Laurenciese. Frond inarticulate , solid, tubular or septate ; surface-cells
minute. Spore-threads simple or branched. Tetraspores irregularly scattered through
the branchlets.

* Frond hollow, full of fluid ; tube septate : septa close together 42. Champia.

** Frond solid, cellular, flat or compressed ; branchlets obtuse or constricted at the base.

Frond terete or compressed 43. Laurencia.

Frond filiform, articulate 44. Chondria.

Frond fiat, membranous 45. Cladhyjienia.

*** Frond solid, cellular, cylindric or compressed ; branchlets distichous, subulate or
setaceous or serrate.

Frond decompound ; branches setaceous, subarticulate. Conceptacles

scattered, on long stalks 46. Asparagopsis.

Frond decompound ; branches subulate. Conceptacles sessile on

the tips of the branches 47. Delisea.

Frond decompound, serrate. Conceptacles terminal on the tips of

branches 48. Ptilonia.

b. Placenta on the base of a hollow conceptacle. Spores roundish or elliptic, in moniliform
threads, all the cells of the spore-thread being changed into spores.

Tribe III. Corallinese. Frond calcareous, its cells secreting carbonate of lime.
Spore-threads separating into 4 spores.

* Corallines. Frond branched, filiform, articulate.

Conceptacles conical, on the disk of the articulations 49. Amphiroa.

Conceptacles urceolate, terminal, smooth 50. Corallina.

Conceptacles turbinate or urceolate, 2-4-horned 51. .Tania.

** Nullipores. Frond crustaceous or foliaceous, inarticulate.
Frond rigid, crust-like, or branching with the brauches stony . . 52. Melobesia.

Tribe IV. Sphaerococcoidese. Frond cartilaginous or membranous. Spore-threads
separating into many spores.

* Delesseriese. Tetraspores divided into threes , disposed in definite sori.
t Frond foliaceous, symmetrical , costate.

Costa running through the frond 53. Delesseria.

Costa slender, vanishing below and above 54. IIemineura.

ft Frond foliaceous ; costa 0 or faint.

55. Nitophyllum.

** Spbasroeocceee. Tetraspores immersed in the cortical cells, divided cruciately or

transversely .

t Tetraspores transversely divided.

§ Frond with a central articulate tube 56. Phacelocarpus.

§§ Frond without a central tube.

Frond of 2 strata of cellular tissue 57. Cali.iblf.pharis.

Frond of 3 strata of cellular tissue 58. Sarcodia.

ft Tetraspores cruciately divided ( unknown in Melanthalia).

Frond ecostate, of two strata of tissue 59. Gracilaria.

Frond dichotomously flabellate, of three strata of tissue .... 60. Melanthalia.

IX. ALGjE.

643

c. Placenta axial or parietal, or suspended by filaments in the cavity of the external or
half-immersed conceptacles.

Tribe V. Gelidiese. Frond inarticulate, cartilaginous or horny, opaque, the axis ( at
least ) formed of elongate confervoid filaments (axis articulate in Caulacanthus when
young).

* Conceptacles 'Z-cetled 61. Gelidium.

** Conceptacles \-celled, traversed by filaments, hemispherical, or, if immersed, in
swollen branchlets ( unknown in Caulacanthus).

Frond subtubular ; axis articulate when young 62. Caulacanthus.

Frond cellular, solid. Spore-mass suspended ' 63. Hypnea.

Frond cellular, solid. Spore-mass lateral 64. Pterocladia.

*** Conceptacles immersed, scattered over the frond. Spore-mass

parietal 65. Apophlcea.

II. Tufts of spore-threads not lodged in a hollow conceptacle.

* Tufts of spore-threads in wart-like excrescences or tubercles.

Tribe VI. Sqnamarieas. Frond cartilaginous or membranous, horizontally expanded
and rooting from the under surface. Spores in moniliform strings within the wart.

Frond red-brown, flat, fan-shaped 66. Peyssonnelia.

** Tufts of spore-threads immersed in the frond.

Tribe VII. Sielmmthocladiese. Frond cylindric, gelatinous or submembranons ,
almost wholly composed of filaments set in loose gelatine. Tufts of spores spherical, of
branching moniliform spore-threads springing from a central point.

Outer stratum of moniliform filaments lying in gelatine .... 67- Nemalion.
Outer stratum membranous, thin, of angular cells 63. Scinaia.

*** Tufts of spore-threads naked, surrounded with an involucre of branchlets of the frond.

Tribe VIII, Wrangell ese. Frond filiform, of one articulate tube, which is naked or
coated with small cells. Spores pyriform, in the terminal cells of branching spore-threads.

Frond filiform, clothed at the nodes with flaccid capillary filaments 69. Wrangelia.

Series B. Spores iti simple or compound globose masses, enclosed in a
hyaline mucous or membranous coat. Spore-masses naked or immersed in
the frond, or contained in conceptacles.

I. Frond inarticulate, flat or cylindric.

Tribe IX. Hhodymemese. Spore-masses in globose conceptacles ( sunk in the frond
in Dasyphloea). Spores first developed in the cells of m.onilform branching filaments
issuing (from a centre, at length aggregated without order.

* Frond broad, leafy, dichotomous.

Conceptacles hemispheric, scattered. Tetraspores crucially divided 70. Rhodymenia.
Conceptacles spherical, submargiual. Tetraspores transversely

divided 71- Rhodophyllis.

Conceptacles sunk in the frond 72. Dasyphlcea.

** Frond slender, pectinate-pinnaiifid . 73. Plocamium.

Tribe X. Cryptonemieae. Spore-masses in conceptacles or sunk in the frond. Spores
developed within solitary or clustered detached cells, at length aggregated, without
order.

644

IX. ALGjE.

Subtribe Gigartinea. Spore-masses compound.

§ 1. Tylocarpese. Frond rigid, compact ; inner stratum of roundish polygonal cells
outer of densely packed vertical filaments.

Frond flat, leaf-like. Conceptacles linear, rib-like 74. Stenogramma.

Frond linear, subterete, subcartilaginous 75. Gyhnogongrus.

§ 2. Kallymenieee. Frond membranous or coriaceous ; inner stratum of longitudinal
filaments or of polygonal cells surrounded by these ; outer of roundish or polygonal
cells, smaller outwards ; the cortical of minute vertical filaments.

Frond flat, dichotomous ; inner stratum of large roundish cells in a

network of filaments 76. Callophyllis.

Frond flat, subsessile, expanded ; inner stratum of longitudinal inter-
laced fibres 77- Kallymenia.

§ 3. Eugigartinese. Frond cartilaginous , wholly composed of slender anastomosing
longitudinal filaments set in firm gelatine. Tetraspores in sori.

* Spore-mass surrounded by a coat of densely interwoven filaments.

Frond terete or flat. Spore-mass in an external conceptacle . . 78- Gigartina.

Frond flat, simple or vaguely cleft. Spore-mass imbedded in the

frond 79. Irida:a.

** Spore-mass immersed in the frond, with no definite coat.

Frond flabelliform, dichotomous 80. Chondrus.

Subtribe Cryptonemea:. Spore-masses, simple, rounded.

§ 4. Gastrocarpese. Inner stratum of anastomosing filaments or polygonal cells ; outer
of rows of smaller cells, the outermost smallest and coalescing .

a. Conceptacles external, with a defined pericarp.

Frond flat, forked, ribbed below ; inner stratum cellular. Concep-
tacles on proper leaflets, springing from the lamina .... 81. Epymenia.

Frond linear, tubular, constricted at intervals, thus divided into

water-sacs, traversed by longitudinal filaments 82. Chylocladia.

Frond compressed, tubular, not constricted, full of water and tra-
versed by longitudinal filaments 83. Chrysimenia.

/8. Spore-mass immersed in the frond.

Frond flat or compressed, dichotomous, pinuatifid 84. Halymenia.

§ 5. Eemastomese. Frond composed of two strata of filaments (with rarely an interme-
diate cellular one); inner stratum longitudinal, interlaced; outer vertical, dichoto-
mously fastigiate. Spore-masses in the N. Z. genera dispersed through the frond
(not in separate branches).

a. Frond compact, solid, compressed or flat ( tubular and soft in some Nemastomse).

F'rond with a stratum of ronudish cells between the inner and outer

filamentous ones 85. Prionitis.

Frond of two filamentous strata.

Frond flat, pinnated. Favellidia with a pore 86. Gratkloupia.

Frond compressed, dichotomous or pinnate. Favellidia im-
mersed 87. Nemastoma.

0. Frond cylindric, tubular, continuous or constricted at intervals.

Spore-masses in ovoid or subglobose branchlets 88. Cateneli.a.

Spore-masses scattered, in the inner surface of the frond .... 89. Dumontia.

IX. ALGyE.

645

II. Frond filiform, articulate, of one tube. Articulations naked or coated with small cells.

Tbibe XI. Spyridieae. Spore-masses in an external , closed, cellular conceptacle, con-
sisting of many lesser masses, each formed by the evolution of paniculately branched
spore-threads. Spores at length aggregated without order.

Frond filiform, pinnately decompound 90. Spyridia.

Teibf. XII. Ceramieae. Spore-masses single , naked or involucrate (by small branch-
lets). Spores aggregated without order within a hyaline membranous cell , developed
externally.

§ 2. Tetraspores formed of the cortical cells, more or less sunk in the frond.

Frond coated with roundish, irregularly placed cells 91. Ceramium.

Frond coated with rectangular cells, in longitudinal series . . . 92. Centroceras.

§ 2. Tetraspores formed of whole branchlets, or external cells of these, hence external.

stalked or sessile.

* Spore-masses involucrate.

Frond linear, compressed, opaque, pellucid and articulate at the

tips, pinnate and pectinate 93. Ptilota.

Frond filiform, pellucid, trichotomous 94. Griffithsia.

Frond filiform, rigid, pellucid, pinnately decompound and plumose 95. Ballia.

** Spore-masses' not involucrate.

Frond articulate, pellucid, or main stems etc. coated with cells . . 96. Callithamnion.

Suborder III. Chlorospermeas.

(Green Algae.)

Plants almost always grass-green, rarely olive-green or purple, still more
rarely red. Propagation by division of the cells, or by the transformation of
the cell-contents into spores (called zoospores ), or more rarely by spores de-
veloped in proper spore-cases. Antheridia containing antherozoids have been
found in some. — Marine or freshwater plants, or inhabiting damp places.

Tribe I. Siphoniese. Frond green, rooting or fixed by its base , simple or compound, of
a single filiform branching cell, or of many such uniting to form a spongy frond. —
Marine or freshwater.

Rhizome prostrate, rooting; branches erect, membranous, uni-
cellular ; cells filled with a network of branching fibrils . . . 97. Caulerpa.

Frond a matted mass of tubules, full of granular green matter, with-
out fibrils 98. Codium.

Frond of tufted filaments, matted below, irregularly branched above 99. Vaucheria.

Frond of free, tufted or solitary filaments, which are pinnately

branched 100. Bbyopsis.

Tribe II. Dasycladese. Frond green, rooting, of simple or branched, inarticulate,
axial threads, with whorled articulate branchlets. Spores spherical, in proper fruit-
cells. — Marine, sometimes crusted with lime. — No species has hitherto been sent from
New Zealand.

Tribe III. Valoniese. Frond green, rooting , of large bladdery cells, full of coloured
fluid, often united into filaments or a network. — Marine. — Not yet sent from New
Zealand.

Tribe IV. Ulvece. Frond green or purple, fixed by its base, membranous , flat or
tubular, formed of minute quadrate cells. Fructification, zoospores formed in the cells.
Frond leaf-like, purple, membranous 101. Porphyra.

646

IX. ALGiE.

Frond leaf-like, green, membranous 102. Ulva.

Frond tubular, membranous, green 103. Enteromorpha.

Frond filiform or expanded, purplish 104. Bangia.

Tkibe V. Batrachospermeae. Frond blackish or olive-green or purple, filiform, inar-
ticulate, branching, composed of small cells ; branchlets 0 or monilform. and whorled.
Fructification moniliform strings of naked spores, forming external tufts or concealed
in a tubular frond. — Freshwater.

Frond nodose, with whorled moniliform branchlets .... 105. Batrachospeeaium.

Tkibe VI. Conferveae. Frond green , of articulated filaments , consisting of cylindric
cells, that are usually longer than broad, and are full of coloured mailer. Anthero-
zoids minute, swarming in the cells. — Marine and freshviater. — There must be an im-
mense number of New Zealand species to be discovered.

Filaments tufted, branched 106. Cladophora.

Filaments unbranched 107. Conferva.

Filaments joined by transverse tubes 108. Tyndaridea.

Tribe VII. Zygnemacese. Frond green, of simple articulated floating threads of ex-
cessive tenuity, composed of cylindric cells ; cell contents of definite form. Spores large,
green orange or vermilion-coloured, solitary, formed of the union of the contents of two
cells, or the division of the contents of one. — Marine and freshwater Algce. — Very nu-
merous, not hitherto collected, in New Zealand.

Tribe VIII. Hydrodictyeae. Frond green, of cylindrical cells, uniting and forming a
saccate network, with polygonal meshes ; each side of the mesh formed of a single cell.
Cell contents resolving into antherozoids, which arrange themselves and form a new net-
work within the parent cell. Network hence viviparous. — This beautiful freshwater
group has hitherto not been detected in New Zealand.

Tribe IX. Oscillatorieae. Fronds green, attached or floating, rarely olive-brown blue
or purple, forming a stratum composed of simple or sparingly branched very minute
threads ; each thread consists of a membranous pellucid sheath, enclosing an annulate
axis of short cells. — Marine or freshwater minute Algae. — Very numerous in species, but
hitherto hardly at all collected in New Zealand.

Filaments attached, short, tufted, erect, branched 109. Calotiirix.

Filaments rigid, usually floating, lying in a mucous matrix ... 1 10. Oscillatoria.

Filaments free, branched 111. Toiapothrix.

Tribe X. Nostochineae. Fronds olive or bright green, forming gelatinous masses,
traversed by moniliform filaments of globose or oval cells, with here and there a larger cell
than lice others, of whose function nothing is known. — Freshwater pools and on damp
ground, often appearing suddenly after rain. — The species are very numerous, and have
never been collected or studied in New Zealand.

Filaments unbranched 112. Nostoc.

Tribe XI. Qesmidieae. Microscopic unicellular green Algce. Cell-wall membranous.
Propagation by the cell contents becoming divided in the middle, and a new half-cell
being formed at the medial line. — Very minute marine or freshwater Algce, either para-
sitic or forming floating masses, usually occurring amongst other Conferva. — The tribe
is a vast one.

Tribe XII. Diatomese. Microscopic unicellular, yellow-brown Algce ; cell orbicular
triangular or of very various symynetric forms ; cell-wall siliceous. Propagation as in
Desmidiese. — Microscopic Alga, marine or freshwater ; the siliceous coat of the cell is
often exquisitely sculptured, and is a beautiful microscopic object. — The genera and
species are extremely numerous , and subject of special study . Dr. Lauder Lindsay has
published a catalogue of New Zealand species ( see Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 129).

IX. ALG M.

647

Frustules few, convex, connate into a stalked flag-shaped frond . 113. Achptanthes.

Frustules in longitudinal series 114. Schizonema.

Teibe XIII. Palmellese. Frond green red yellow or orange, composed of separate
globose or ellipsoid cells, free or in a gelatinous matrix. Propagation by division of
the cell contents. — Some of the most simple forms of vegetables belong to this tribe , in-
cluding the Red Snow of the Arctic regions, which has not hitherto been found in the
southern hemisphere. The species have never been collected in New Zealand.

SUBORDER I. MELANOSPERMEiE.

1. SARGASSUM, Agardh.

Hoots scutate. Frond olive-brown, pinnately decompound, with distinct
stem, midribbed branches, leaves, bladders, and receptacles. Bladders
stalked, supra-axillary, simple, usually pointed or terminated by a leaf.
Receptacles pod-like, axillary, solitary or fascicled, tubercled or moniliform;
tubercles porose, answering to the immersed conceptacles, which contain
tetraspores and tufted untheridia.

A large tropical genus, rarer in temperate and colder seas. The Gulf-weed (S. bacciferum)
belongs to it.

§ 1. Pteeophycus, J. Ag. — Stems flattened, ribbed. Leaves parallel to the stem.

1. S. longifolium, Agardh; — FI. N. Z. ii. 212. Frond 4 feet and up-
wards long. Stem flat, spirally twisted at the base. Leaves marginal, 5-6
in. long, linear-lanceolate, serrate, costate, lower dichotomously pinnatifid.
Bladders spherical or ellipsoid, terminated by a leaf. Receptacles panicled,
ovoid, unarmed. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 283. Anthophycus, Kuetzing. Fucus,
Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 104. ’

Shores of New Zealand, Panics and Solander, D’Urville. (South Africa, Indian Ocean.)

§ II. Arthbophycus, J. Ag. — Stems flattened, angular or 2-%-edged, branches bent
down at their insertion. Leaves horizontal, owing to a twist at their base.

2. S. plumosum, A. Rich. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 212. Frond 1-2 feet long.
Stem flat, distichously pinnate, hardly costate. Leaves marginal, of two
forms (on the same or different plants) ; the broader falcate pinnatifid ; seg-
ments costate, linear-falcate, in. broad; narrower leaves dichotomously
decompound; segments capillary incurved. Bladders size of a pea, stalked,
younger mucronate. Receptacles panicled, cylindric, torulose, Tg—i bi. long.
— J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 286. S. pmnigerum and S. capilli folium, A. Rich. 1. c.
t. 5 and 6. S.flexuosum, Kuetzing?

Common on all the coasts. — Kuetzing has published a S.flexuosum, Hook, f., of which
I know nothing. Harvey suspects it to be a state of this.

3. S. Raoulii, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. AT. Z. ii. 212. Stem 2-4 ft.
long, slender, smooth, compressed, zigzag, excessively branched. Leaves
filiform, flat, dichotomously mnltifid, ribless. Bladder spherical or ellipsoid,
obtuse, broad, solitary at the base of the leaves. Receptacles racemose,
smooth, cylindric. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 288 ; Harv. Phyc. Austr. t. 110.

Banks’s Peninsula, Raoul. (Tasmania.)

648

IX. ALGiE.

[Sargassum.

4. S. adenophyllum, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 212. Frond 1-2 feet long.
Stem 1-2 in., dividing into many slender very long compressed smooth
flexuous branches, ^ in. diameter. Leaves alternate, distichous, long-
petioled, dichotomously multifid, lower broader membranous ribbed, upper
filiform, with several large prominent glands. Bladders on slender stalks,
spherical, shortly mucronate. Receptacles unknown.

Shores of New Zealand, Lyall. (Australia.)

5. S. scabri&um. Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 211. Stems
angled, muricate. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, toothed, upper very
narrow. Bladders scattered, stalked, globose, smooth, not mucronate. Re-
ceptacles racemed, stalked, lanceolate, smooth ; racemes axillary, shorter than
the leaves. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 347.

Bay of Islands, J. D. H. ; Houraki Gulf, Lyall. — Specimens imperfect.

6. S. Sinclairii, Hook.f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 211. Stems semi-
terete, angled below, compressed and filiform above. Leaves lanceolate,
narrowed at the base, rib vanishing; lower larger, 3-4 in. long, incised and
toothed ; upper toothed or subentire. Bladders few, shortly stalked, bearing
a leaf. Receptacles very short, axillary, sparingly divided, subtended by a
minute leaf; lobes smooth, turbinate, abruptly 3-4-horned. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg.
i. 300.

Common along the shores from the Bay of Islands to Port Cooper, Sinclair , etc.

§ III. Eusargassum, J. Ag. — Stem flat or terete. Branches ascending (not lent
down at their insertion). Leaves horizontal.

7. S. bacciferum, Agardh ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 211. Stem much branched,
filiform, smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acutely often doubly-serrate,
costate, slightly glandular or eglandular. Bladders spherical on a stalk of
their own diameter, mucronate. Receptacles £ in- long, axillary, in forked
racemes, cylindric, warted, unarmed. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 344. Fucus natans,
Linn. ; Turn. Hist. t. 47.

Shores of New Zealand, D’Urville , Lesson, Sinclair (all tropical and subtropical seas).
—This is the Sargasso-weed (or Gulf-weed) of the Atlantic, which forms free floating
patches in the ocean, and increases by accidental division of the frond.

Various other species of Sargassum are enumerated as natives of New Zealand, hut none
with any probability of being really so ; such are S. vulgare, Ag., a plant confined to the
Atlantic; S. granuliferum, Ag., a native of the Indian Ocean; S. droserifotium, Bory, an
imperfectly-described New Ireland species; S. crassifolium, J. Ag.. found in the ocean be-
tween New Zealand and New Ireland ; and S. duplicatum, a most imperfectly-described
plant found in the ocean between New Zealand and Tahiti. On the other hand, no doubt
many Australian species are washed on the New Zealand coasts, and that the number of in-
digenous and transported species tp be found will prove to be large.

2. TURBXHARIA, Lamouroux.

Root branching. Frond olive-brown, alternately decompound, with dis-
tinct stem, leaves or bladders, and receptacles. Leaves confluent with the
bladders, which are stalked, turbinate, crowned with a peltate lamina. Re-

Turbinaria.']

IS. ALG M.

649

ceptacles axillary, pod-like, dichotomously branched, tubercled, the tubercles
answering to conceptacles containing obovoid spores.

A genus of one or two species, natives of the Southern Ocean.

1. T. ornata, J. Agardh ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 212. Frond 6-8 in. long,
between fleshy and coriaceous. Stem simple. Leaves on bladders, peltate
on a triquetrous stalk, rather concave, \ in. long, crowned with a double
series of stout teeth, one series marginal, the other within it. — J. Ag. Sp.
Alg. i. 266. Fucus turbinatus var. ornatus, Turner, Hist. Fuc. t. 24. f.
e-k.

New Holland, D’Urville. (Australia, Chili, Pacific Islands.)

3. CARPOPHYLLUM, Greville.

Frond olive-brown, alternately pinnately decompound, with an obscure
midrib, with distinct marginal stem, leaves, bladder, and receptacles.
Leaves undivided, vertical. Bladder apiculate. Receptacles in alternate
fascicles, simple or forked, cylindric, warted, the warts answering to spherical
conceptacles containing obovoid spores.

A small genus, natives of the south temperate ocean.

1. C. Phyllanthus, HooJc.f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 212. Stem flat,
many feet long, £ in. broad, uniformly distichously pinnate. Leaves mem-
branous, lower 3 in. long, linear, entire or sinuate-serrate, upper 1-1J in.
long, serrate. Bladders solitary, ovoid, mucronate, as large as a hazel-nut.
Receptacles on the marginal teeth, in. long. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 263.
C.Jlexuosum, Grev. Fucus, Turn. Hist. t. 206.

Common on all the shores, Banks and Solander, etc.

2. C. Maschalocarpus, Hook.f. and Harv. FI. FT. Z. ii. 212. More
robust and coriaceous than C. Fhyllantlius. Leaves ecostate, acuminate,
quite entire. Bladders pyriform, mucronate. Receptacles very minute.
— J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 264. Phycobotrys, Kuetz. Sargassum Phyllanthum,
A. Rich. FI. Nov. Zel. t. 7 et 7 bis. Fucus, Turn. Hist. f. 205.

Common on all the shores, Banks and Solander , etc.

3. C. macrophyllum, Montague in Foy. au Pole Sud, 76. Stem
14 in. long, flat, thin, winged. Frond broadly lanceolate from a very narrow
base, serrate and pinnately laciniate. Bladders spherical, very large, leaf-
bearing and axillary, as are the minute dichotomously paniculate receptacles.

Shores of Lord Auckland’s Island, D'Urville. — I have seen no specimens.

4. MARGINARIA, A. Richard.

Frond olive-green, unilaterally flabellately pinnate. Leaves, bladders, and
receptacles distinct. Leaves subconfluent with the stem, dichotomously
semi-flabellate, vertical. Bladders in series on the inner upper margins of
the leaves. Receptacles in series with the bladders, unilateral, subsimple,
terete or compressed, containing spherical conceptacles with obovoid spores.

VOL. i. 2 u

650

IX. ALGA5.

[ Margiuaria .

A small genus, confined to New Zealand and its islands.

1. M. Boryana, A. Rich. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 213. Frond many feet long,
naked below ; pinnae linear, very long, in. broad, ribless, with hooked
serratures. Bladders elliptic-obovoid, as large as a hazel-nut, subapiculate.
Receptacles cylindric, 1 in. long, acuminate, simple or sparingly spinous. —
Mont, in Yoy. au Pole Sud, t. 2 and 3. f. 2 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 250.

Common on the shores, D' Urville, etc.

2. M. Urvilleana, A. Rich. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 213. A smaller plant
than M. Boryana , but hardly distinct specifically, the pinnae are 1 foot long,
gradually dilated, simple or flabellately branched on one side. Bladders
smaller, subspherical, not apiculate.— Mont, in Yoy. au Pole Sud, t. 3. f. 1.
M. Urvilliana et Giyas, A. Rich. FI. N. Z. t. 3 and 4. Sargassum Lessoni-
anum and Urvilleanum, A. Rich., Sert. Astrolab. 138.

Shores of New Zealand, Lesson, etc. Lord Auckland’s group, D’Urville.

5. PHYLLOSPORA, Agardh.

Root fibrous. Frond olive-brown, pinnately decompound, with flat ribless
stem, branches, leaves, bladders, and receptacles which are formed of leaves.
Bladders marginal, stalked, simple, terminated bv a leaf. Fruit dioecious.
Conceptacles immersed in small marginal leaves, containing obovoid spores,
or antheridia.

A gigantic weed of the Southern Ocean.

1. P. comosa, Agardh ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 214. Frond solitary, 10-30 ft.
long. Stem and branches f in. broad, compressed or flat, 2-edged.
Leaves variable, 4-8 in. long, lanceolate or linear, remotely serrate, inter-
mixed with spinous processes. — Harvey, Phyc. Austr. iii. t. 153. Macrocystis,
Agardh, Sp. Alg. i. 253. Fucus, Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. t. 258; Turn. Hist,
t. 142.

Common on the shores, Banks and Solander, etc. (Australia.)

6. SCABERIA, Greville.

Root discoid. Frond olive-brown, dendroid, irregularly branched, having-
distinct stem, leaves, bladders, and receptacles which are often undistinguish-
able from the leaves. Leaves spirally disposed, peltate, warted, fleshy.
Bladders formed of an inflated leaf. Conceptacles immersed in the trans-
formed leaves, containing obovoid spores and tufted antheridia.

The following is the only species.

1. S. Agardhii, Grev. Frond several feet long, irregularly or alter-
nately branched. Stem below filiform, flexuous, above covered with crowded
leaves and bladders. Leaves | in. diameter, fleshy, with short excentric
petioles, vertically compressed, warted above, smooth below. Bladders large,
globose, warted. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 352 ; Harv. Phyc. Austr. iii. t. 164.
Castraltia Salicornioides, A. Rich. FI. N. Zeal. ii. 143.

Below low-water mark, common, Lesson, etc. Omitted in the ‘ Flora Novre-Zelandise.’
(Australia, Tasmania.)

JX. ALG.33.

651

7. CYSTOPHORA, J. Agardh.

Root scutate. Frond olive-brown or -green, dendroid, with a distinct
stem, branches, and branchlets, the latter more or less leaf-like, or passing
into leaves. Bladders (if present) simple. Receptacles pod-like, moniliform
or torulose, forming part of the branchlets. Conceptacles containing pyri-
form spores, and branched filaments bearing antheridia.

A large tropical and southern genus.

§ 1. Branches from the margin of the stem, lent suddenly down at their insertion.

1. C. monilifera, J. Agardh. Stem flat, several feet long, decom-
pound, pinnate, j in. broad ; pinnae inserted on the flat side of the stem, bent
down at their insertion with very short truncate alternate branches at the base ;
pinnules dichotomously pinnate, the ultimate transformed into moniliform
filiform apiculate receptacles, |-1 in. long. Bladders stalked, globose, size of
a pea, placed towards the bases of the primary pinnae. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i.
241; Harv. Phyc. Austr. v. 245. Blossevillea, Decaisne. Cgstoseira retro-
flexa, A. Richard. Fucus, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 155, not of Labillard.

Shores of New Zealand, D’Urville. (Australia, Tasmania.)

2. C. retroflexa, J. Agardh, Sp. Alg. i. 242 ; — FI. AT. Z. ii. 214.
Very similar to the preceding, but more robust. Bladders obovoid. Recep-
tacles ensiform, subtorulose — Fucus, Labill. FI. Nov. Holl. t. 260. Blosse-
villea caudata, nob. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. t. 414. B. retroflexa, Kuetzing.

Abundant on the shores as far south as Lord Auckland’s group. (Australia,
Tasmania.)

3. C. retorta, Agardh ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 214. Lower part of frond as
in C. retroflexa, upper pinnae with a nearly terete rachis, subdichotomously
branched ; axils rounded. Receptacles 2-3 in. long, terete, usually incurved,
obscurely torulose. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 243. Blossevillea, Mont.

Shores of New Zealand, Raoul. Lord Auckland’s group, Eombron. (Australia, Ag.)

4. C. torulosa, Agardh ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 214. Stem compressed, 1 foot
long, nearly simple, alternately pinnate ; pinnae bent down, pinnules subfas-
cicled, passing into clavate torulose obtuse receptacles. Bladders elliptic-
spherical. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 243 ; Harv. Phyc. Austr. t. 123. Blossevillea,
Decaisne. Fucus, Turn. Plist. t. 157.

Shores of New Zealand, D’ Urville. Banks’s Peninsula, Lyall. (Australia, Tasmania.)

§ 2. Branches distich ously pinnate, not bent down.

5. C. Platylobium, •/. Agardh, Sp. Alg. i. 245. — C. Lyallii, Harv. in
FI. N. Z. ii. 214. t. 108. Stem 2-3 feet long, very stout, compressed,
grooved, flexuous, 2-3-pinnate; pinnae from the margins of the frond, naked
below, with alternate tubercles ; pinnules flat, 2-3 in. long, alternately
toothed, barren with obtuse simple teeth, fertile with the teeth prolonged
into stalked receptacles which are 1 in. long, ensiform, compressed, elliptic-
lanceolate, long acuminate, torulose, with 2 rows of submarginal cavities.
Bladders nearly globose, stalked, as large as hazel-nuts.

Poveaux Straits, Lyall. Otago, Lindsay. (Tasmania.)

2 u 2

652

ix. alga;.

8. LANDSBURGIA, Harvey.

Root scutate. Frond olive-brown, with a distinct stem and leaves, but no
bladders; stem filiform, alternately branched. Leaves linear, flat, with a
stout midrib, pinnatifid to the middle. Receptacles formed of small oblong
toothed leaves near the tips of the branches, containing densely crowded
conceptacles on their thickened surfaces ; conceptacles with stalked spores
and antheridia, mixed with simple filaments.

The following is the only species.

1. L. quercifolia, FI. N. Z. ii. 213. t. 107. Root solid, 1-2 in.
diameter. Stem 3-4 ft. long, £ in. diameter at the base ; branches filiform,
naked and tubercled below. Leaves distichous, alternate, 2-4 in. long, pe-
tioled, in. broad, pinnatifid to the middle ; lobes sometimes toothed,
between membranous and coriaceous, midrib produced beyond the middle.
Fruiting leaves f in. long, serrate. — Phyllospora quercifolia, nob. in Lond.
Journ. Bot. 4. 525 ( not Fticus quercifolius. Turner.)

Bay of Islands and probably elsewhere, abundant, If TJrville, etc.

9. FUCODIUM, J. Agardh.

Frond olive-brown or green, often black when dry, dichotomously or sub-
pinnately branched, cylindric compressed or flat, ribless, leafless, with distinct
receptacles. Bladders 0 in the N. Z. species (in the middle of the frond in
others). Receptacles terminal or lateral. Conceptacles containing ellipsoid
spores surrounded by simple-jointed filaments or fascicled or racemose an-
theridia, or both.

A small genus, native of both temperate zones. The N. Z. species belong to a peculiar
southern section without bladders.

1. F. gladiatus, J. Agardli , Sp. Alg. i. 202. Frond 3-4 in. long, as
thick as a swan’s quill, terete below, compressed above, dichotomously de-
compound ; segments spreading, truncate or 2-lobed. Receptacles 6 in. long
and more, in. broad, dichotomously branched ; ultimate segments 4 in.
long, ensiform. — Fueus, Labill. FI. N. Holl. t. 256; Turn. Hist. t. 240.
Hermanthalia, Kuetzing. Xxphopliora Billardieri, Mont, in Voy. au Pole
Sud, t. 7. f. 1 ; FI. N. Z. ii. 215 ; FI. Antarct. t. 69. f. 3.

Abundant on rocky shores as far south as Xiord Auckland’s group. (Tasmania, Aus-
tralia.)

2. F. chondrophyllus, J. Agardh, Sp. Alg. i. 203. — Xiphopjhora,
Mont.; FI. N. Z. ii. 215. Frond 12 in. long; segments linear, erecto-
patent, lower % in. broad, upper in. Receptacles terminal, their ulti-
mate segments very short, in. long. — Fucus, Brown in Turn. Hist. t. 222.

New Zealand, I)' TJrville ; Bauks’s Peninsula, Lyall ; Otago, Lindsay. (Australia, Tas-
mania.)

10. HORMOSIRA, Endlicher.

Root discoid. Frond olive-brown, without distinct organs, dichotomously

Hormosira .]

IX. ALGJE.

653

branched, moniliform ; internodes inflated, fertile. Fruit dioecious. Con-
ceptacles sunk in the periphery of the internodes, containing subsessile nar-
row-pyriform spores and unbranched peranemata.

A small genus, confined to Australia and New Zealand.

1. H. Billardieri, Mont.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 215. Frond 6-18 in. long,
very variable in size and robustness ; internodes obconical, wingless. — J. Ag.
Sp. Alg. i. 199. Moniliformia, Bory. Manilla, A. Rich.

Var. a. Banlcsii ; Harv. Ner. Aust. iii. 135. f. 2. Frond divaricate, with spreading
branches and wide angles ; internodes cuneate, depressed at the summit, the terminal ovoid.

Var. p. Labillardieri, Harv. 1. c. p. 3. Frond elongate, 2-3-chotomous, with narrow
angles ; internodes ovoid, rounded at both ends, terminal, sometimes cylindric. — Hormosira
Billardieri , Mont.; FI. N. Z. ii. 215.

Var. y. Sieberi, Harvey, 1. c. p. 4. Frond short, fastigiate, dichotomous ; internodes
obconic, truncate at the top, base truncate or tapering, terminal ovoid. — Hormosira Sieberi,
Decaisne ; — FI. N. Z. 1. c. II. obconica, Kuetzing.

Common aloug all the coasts on tidal rocks, between half and high-water marks, Banks
and Solander, etc. (Australia, Tasmania.)

11. SPLACHNIDIUM, Greville.

Root a disk. Frond olive-green, cylindric, proliferously branched ; branches
saccate, full of mucilage and branched filaments ; walls thin, membranous.
Fruit dioecious. Conceptacles scattered over the whole frond, attached to
the inner surface of its walls ; spores linear- oblong, subsessile ; peranemata
simple.

The following is the only species.

1. S. rugosum, Grev. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 215. Fronds 4-8 in. high;
main axis stout, cylindric or clubshaped, | in. diameter ; branches sac-like,
truncate, 1-2 in. long, surface covered with mamillse, each furnished with a
pore that opens into the spore-cavity beneath. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 186;
Harv. Ner. Austr. i. t. 14.

Common on rocks near low-water mark from Auckland to Banks’s Peninsula, Lesson, etc.
(Australia, S. Africa.)

12. NOTHEIA, Bailly and Harvey.

Frond olive-green, parasitic, filiform, irregularly branched, proliferous,
solid, with distinct stem and branches, but no bladders or leaves. Concep-
tacles scattered over the whole frond under the surface, containing linear-
obovate spores and simple peranemata.

A most curious plant, abounding on the Hormosira, and to all outward appearances a
part of that plant.

1. 1NT, anomala, Bailly and Harvey ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 216. t. 109 A.
Fronds solitary, 3-8 in. long, growing from the conceptacles of Hormosira
Banlcsii, excessively branched, bushy, cylindric ; branchiets narrow, spindle-

654 IX. algaj. [Notkeia.

shaped, axis of solid interwoven filaments; periphery of radiating coloured
filaments.

Probably common, first found by Wilkes’s Expedition ; Parimabu, Colenso ; Bank’s Pen-
insula, Lyall. (Tasmania, Australia.)

13. D’TJRVILLiEA, Bory.

Root scutate. Frond stalked, dark olive-brown or black, flat, expanded,
very thick and coriaceous or honeycombed transversely internally, palmate
or pinnate, without distinct organs. Fruit dioecious. Conceptacles scattered
over the whole frond in the cortical stratum, containing either obovoid sub-
sessile spores or branched filaments bearing obovoid antheridia.

A genus of a few southern huge black Alga, one often forming a load for a man, which
are thrown up after every storm on the rocky coasts of the Southern Ocean.

1. D. utilis, Bory in Voy. Coquil. t. i. and ii. /. 1 ; — FI. JV. Z. ii. 216.
Frond dark brown or black, often 30 ft. long, forming an immense flabel-
late palmately lobed laciniated lamina, contracted at the cuneiform base
into a short stipes as thick as the wrist; segments or thongs often 1 in.
thick, honeycombed internally. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 188. Fucus Antarcticus,
Chainisso.

Common on the coasts, especially southwards as far as Campbell’s Island, and floating
in the ocean as far as lat. 62° S. (Chili, Puegia, Falkland’s Islands, Kerguelen’s Land.)

14. SPOROCHNUS, Agardh.

Frond dull olive-brown or yellow-green, filiform, pinnately decompound,
solid, cellular; axis more dense. Receptacles on long slender stalks, narrow
cviindric, crowned with a soft long pencil of filaments, surface covered with
branching sporiferous filaments ; spores obovoid, attached to the sides of the
filaments.

A genus found in both temperate zones.

1. S. stylosus, Han. in FI. N. Z. ii. 216. t. 109 B. Frond pale
olive-green. 6-8 in. long. Stem filiform, laterally branched; branches scat-
tered or fascicled, simple, elongate. Receptacles subsessile, cylindric or ellip-
tic-oblong, crowned by a long style-like process | to ■§. its own length.

Foveaux Straits and Otago Harbour, Lyall.

15. CARPOMITRA, Kuetzing.

Frond pale olive-green, linear, filiform, compressed or flat and midribbed,
irregularly branched, cellular; axis dense. Receptacles ovoid conical or mi-
triform, terminating the branches, composed of branching filaments whorled
round a vertical axis and developing elliptic-oblong spores.

A European as well as southern genus.

1. c. Cabrerae, Kuetz.; — Fl. N. Z. ii. 217. Root of matted fibres.
Frond 6-8 in. long, much branched from the very base; branches 2-edged,

Carjoomitra.']

XX. ALGJE.

655

terete below, compressed or fiat above, much pinnately divided. Receptacles
short, conic, sessile on truncate branchlets. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 177 ; Harv.
Phvc. Brit. t. 14. Fuchs, Turner, Hist. t. 140.

Probably common, Cook’s Straits, Lyall ; Hawke’s Bay, Colenso. (Tasmania, Europe.)

2. C. HalyseriSj Hook.f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 216. t. 110 A.
Frond much broader than in 0. Cabrerae, in. broad, linear, flat, with a
distinct midrib. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 179.

Bay of Islands, Cunningham, etc. Probably only a broad form of H. Cabreras.

16. DESMARESTIA, Lamouroux.

Root a disk. Frond dull olive-green, linear or filiform, flat or com-
pressed, distichously branched ; structure cellular, surrounding in one species
a single slender-jointed tube, which traverses the axis; branches when
young producing marginal tufts of very slender flaccid branching filaments.
Fructification unknown.

A genus of several species, inhabiting both temperate zones.

1. D. ligulata, Lamouroux ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 217. Frond very variable,
a foot or more long, flat, membranous, costate, pinnate, with a central ar-
ticulate tube ; pinnae oblong or linear-lanceolate, decompound, ultimate ser-
rate or ciliate. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 169; Harv. Phvc. Brit. t. 115. Fucus,
Turn. Hist. t. 98.

East coast, Colenso ; Akaroa, Lyall. (Australia, Chili, Euegia, S. Africa, N. Atlantic.)

2. D. viridis, Lamouroux ; — FI. Antarct. i. 178. Frond a foot long
and upwards, slightly compressed, pinnately decompound, solid, without a
central articulate tube, ecostate, ultimate branches capillary, passing into
pencils of jointed filaments. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. ; Harv. Phyc. Brit. Fucus,
Turn. Hist. t. 97. Dichloria, Greville.

Lord Auckland’s group, J. I). II. (Kerguelen’s Land, N. and S. Pacific, N. At-
lantic.)

17. MACRQCYSTIS, Agardh.

Root branching, giving off immensely long slender simple stems, which
bear leaves at the surface of the water. Leaves formed by the continued
splitting of a primary terminal leaf, developed in second order along the
lengthening floating stem, each lanceolate, serrate, ribless, undulate, with a
pyriform oblong or subcylindric bladder at its base. Spores superficial on
submerged radical leaves, forming clouded sori, ellipsoid, with a hyaline coat,
surrounded by densely packed inarticulate clavate peranemata.

A most wonderful well-known southern Alga, forming a breakwater of matted fronds in
deep water. Only one species is known, the following, which includes all the species of J.
Agardh, Sp. Alg. i. 155-158, except M. obtusa (which is Phyl/ospora Menziesii) .

1. M. pyrifera, Anardli ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 217. Stems 50 to perhaps 700
ft. long or upwards. Fronds extremely variable in length and breadth, 2-4
ft. long, 2-6 in. broad, ciliate-serrate. — Fucus, Turn. Hist. t. 110.

656 jx. algal [ Macrocystis .

Var. Dubenii, Harv. Phyc. Austr. iv. t. 202. Bladders subcylindric, 6-8 in. long. — M.
Dubenii , Areschoug.

Abundant on all the rocky coasts. (Throughout the Southern Ocean and along the west
coasts of N. and S. America, also found in floating masses to lat. 65° S.)

18. LESSONIA, Bory.

Boot scutate or branched. Brand with a more or less distinct stem, or
sometimes a tree-like trunk, dichotomously branched and bearing leaves, but no
bladders. Leaves geminate, formed from the fission of one, between coriaceous
and membranous, ovate ensiform or lanceolate, ribless, entire or somewhat
toothed. Sori superficial in the middle of the leaf, of narrow ellipsoid spores
mixed with clavate inarticulate filaments.

A genus of often huge erect subdendroid Alga, abounding in the Southern Ocean.

1. L. fuscescens, Bory in Voy. Coquil. t. 2./. 2. et t. 3 ; — FI. N. Z.
ii. 217. Gregarious, forming submarine miniature forests; trunks some-
times 10 ft. long, cylindric, as thick as the thigh, bearing towards the top
short branches with pendulous foliage. Leaves 2-8 ft. long, 1-2 in. broad,
linear-lanceolate, toothed, older sinuate. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 151 ; El. Antarct.
t. 167-8 A and 171 D.

East coast, Colenso ; Cook’s Straits, Lyall. — Probably common in all rocky bays. (Chili,
Fuegia, Falkland Islands, Kerguelen’s Land.)

19. ECKLONTA, Hornemann.

Boot scutate or dividing into short fibres. Brand olive-green, pinnatifid,
ecostate ; segments produced from the magnified teeth of a simple lamina,
which is contracted to a solid or inflated stem at the base. Sori superficial
on the lower part of the pinnae, of narrow ellipsoid spores, mixed with cla-
vate inarticulate filaments.

Often gigantic weeds, natives of the Southern Ocean, of which one species inhabits also
the Canary Islands, and the other, with a long trumpet-like stem, inhabits the Cape of Good
Hope.

1. E. radiata, J. Agardh ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 217. Brand 1-2 ft. long;
stem solid or sparingly inflated.

Var. a. Frond palmately pinnatilobate, smooth ; lobes subcuneate, spinulose, toothed. —
J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 146. Fucus, Turn. Hist. t. 134. Capea radiata, Endl.

Var. 0. exasperata. E. exasperata, J. Ag. ]. c. 146 ; FI. N. Z. — Surface of the frond
spinulose. — Capea biruncinata, Montague in Phytogr. Canariens. Crypt, t. 7 ; FI. Antarct.
160 ; Laminaria, Bory in Voy. Coquil. t. 10.

Var. y. Richardiana. E. Richardiana, J. Agardh, 1. c. 147; FI. N. Z. 1. c. — Frond
elongate, pinnately decompound, smooth ; lobes miuutely toothed. — Capea , Kuetzing.

Var. 5. flabelliformis. E. flabellformis, J. Ag. 1. c. 147 ; FI. N. Z. 1. c. — Stem some-
what inflated, 2 feet long; frond pinnately decompound, surface rugose, plaited. — Capea,
nob. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 4, 528 ; Laminaria, A. Richard, FI. Nov. Zel. t. 1, 2.

Common along the shores of the Northern and Middle Islands, Banks and Solander,
etc. (Australia, Tasmania, Chili, Canary Islands.)

Ecklonia. ]

IX. ALG.E.

657

20. ZONABIA, Agardli.

Root woolly. Frond dull yellow or olive-green, flat, ribless, coriaceo-
membranous, flabelliform, entire or vertically multifid, concentrically striate,
surface cells in radiating lines. Spores pyriform, superficial, scattered or
collected into sori, mixed with simple-jointed filaments.

A genus of both tropical and temperate zones.

1. Z. Sinclairii, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 218. Fronds
tufted, erect, 2-4 in. high, much branched; stem and branches filiform,
clothed with rusty tomentum, ending in flat cuneate laminae 1-1|- in. long,
with pale edges, obsolete zones, and fine radiating lines ; sides of the laminae
entire or cut. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. Ill ; Harv. Phyc. Austr. i. t. 49. Stypo-
podium, Kuetzing.

New Zealand, Sinclair. (N. S. Wales.)

2. Z. interrupta, Agardli ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 218. Frond tufted, erect,
4-6 in. high, fastigiately branched, flabellate; stem terete or winged, woolly;
segments long, narrow, obtuse, irregularly toothed or pinnatifid ; tips cu-
neate, radiatingly striate. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. Ill ; Harv. Phyc. Austr. iv.
190. Z. Jlava, nob. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 4. 529 (excl. syn.). Fucus, Turn.
Hist. t. 245. Phycopteris, Kuetzing.

Common on the shores of the Northern and Middle Islands, Colenso, etc. (Austra-
lia, Tasmania, S. Africa, Madagascar.)

3. Z. velutina, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 218. Fronds densely tufted,
1-2 in. high, sparingly branched ; stem densely woolly, widening into a
broad flabellate entire or divided lamina, upper surface quite smooth, under
covered except round the margin by a dense velvety black-brown mat of
fibres. Fructification unknown.

East coast, Colenso ; Milford Haven and Port Cooper, Lyall.

21. DICTYOTA, Lamouroux.

Boot covered with woolly fibres. Frond linear, pale olive-green or brown,
flat, ribless, membranous, cellular, dichotomous or pinnatifid, surface cells
parallel. Spores superficial, collected in minute sori, or scattered singly over
both surfaces of the frond.

Natives of both temperate zones.

1. D. Kunthii, Agardli; — FI. N. Z. ii. 219. Frond 1 foot high, dis-
tantly dichotomously decompound, narrowed at the nearly glabrous base,
sinus acute; segments linear-elongate, quite entire, 3— j in. broad, rounded at
the apex. Spores scattered in small superficial spathulate leaflets. — J. Ag.
Sp. Alg. i. 94. Zonaria, Agardh, Icon. Ined. t. 15.

Abundant on the coasts, J. D. H., etc. (Chili.)

2. D. dichotoma, Lam.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 219. Frond 6-10 in. long,

658

IX. ALGAL

\Dictyota.

membranous, dichotomously decompound, narrowed at the somewhat woolly
base; segments linear, quite entire, sinus rather acute, segments quite entire;
apex obtuse or 2-lid. Sori or spores scattered over the whole surface of the
frond except the margin. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 92. Zonaria, Harv. Phvc.
Brit. t. 103. Dichophyllum, Kuetzing.

Hawke’s Bay, Colenso ; Queen Charlotte’s Sound, Lyall. (Australia, Tasmania, S.
Africa, Red Sea, Gulf of Mexico, North Atlantic.)

22. DICTYOSIPHON, Greville.

Frond olive-green or brown, tubular, branched, of 2-3 series of cells ;
inner cells elongate, cylindric; superficial minute, coloured. Spores scattered
over the whole surface of the frond.

A genus of only two species, the following and a European one.

1. D. ? fasciculatus, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. Antarct. i. 178. t. 69.
y. 1. Frond 4-8 in. long, hardly coriaceous, lanceolate in outline; stem fili-
form, clothed with numerous short quadrifarious cylindric divided fascicled
attenuate or secund branches, 1-2 in. long; branchlets setaceous, erect, all
acute, narrowed at both ends. Spores scattered over the whole frond, seini-
immersed. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i.

Lord Auckland's group, J. D. H. (Kerguelen’s Laud, Falkland Island.)

23. ASPEROCOCCUS, Lamouroux.

Root scutate. Frond pale olive-green, tubular, cylindric or saccate, rarely
compressed, continuous, membranous, its walls thin. Spores scattered over
the whole frond, in minute sori, roundish, mixed with clavate filaments.

A northern as well as southern temperate genus. — Encoslium, Agardh.

1. A. sinuosus, Bory ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 219. Frond forming hemi-
spherical lobed expanded sinuous masses, from the size of a hazel-nut to that
of the human head, finally cavernous and often laciniose. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg.
i. 75.

East coast, Capes Kidnapper and Turnagain, Colenso ; Otago, Lyall. (Australia, Tas-
mania, Falkland Islands, N. and S. Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea.)

2. A. echinatus, Greville; — FI. Antarct. i. 180. Fronds tufted, 2 in.
and upwards long, very variable in diameter, cylindric, clavate, much atte-
nuated downwards. Sori oblong. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 76.

Lord Auckland's group, J. D. 3. (Australia, Europe.)

24. CHORDA, Stackhouse.

Root scutate. Frond olive or yellow-brown or greenish, very long,
simple, cylindric, tubular, its walls rather thick and fleshy, divided internally
transversely by membranous septa. Sori covering the whole surface, con-
sisting of stalked obconic spores and ellipsoid antheridia.

Chorda .]

IX. ALGA’.

659

A northern genus, rare in the Southern Ocean.

1. C. lomentaria, Lyngbye ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 218. Frond 1 foot and
more long, membranous, almost cylindric, often as thick as the little finger,
constricted here and there. — Scytosiphon, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 126.

East coast, Colenso ; Waitemata harbour, Lyall ; Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H.
(Tasmania, Falkland Islands, N. Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.)

25. ADENOCASTIS, Hook. f. and Harv.

Root a small disk or shield. Frond a dull green or olive-brown, mem-
branous pyriform sac, on a slender short stalk, hollow or full of water, coated
with a thin layer of vertical clavate articulate filaments. Spores pedicelled,
pyriform, attached to the base of the filaments and scattered over the whole
frond.

The following is the only species.

1. A. Lessonii, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 218. Frond 1-3
in. high, coriaceous or of a firm membranous texture ; colour dark brown when
dry and not adhering to paper. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 124 ; FI. Antarct. t. 69.
f. 2 ; Harv. Ner. Austr. i. t. 48. Asperococcus, Bory in Voy. Coquil. t. 11.
f. 2.

Common ou tidal rocks from the Bay of Islands to Lord Auckland’s group and
Campbell’s Island, J. D. R. (Fuegia, Kerguelen’s Land, Tasmania.)

26. SCYTOTHAMNUS, Hook. f. and Harv.

Frond blackish-olive, cylindric, branched, fibrous, nearly solid ; axis of
densely interwoven filaments, which radiate outwards and form a dense cor-
tical substance of minute coloured cells immersed in gelatine. Spores ob-
long, immersed amongst the cortical cells.

The only species is the following.

1. S. australis. Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 219. Frond 2-12
in. long, very variable, simple or excessively branched. Stem simple, at the
base as thick as a crow quill, terete ; branches more slender, acute, firm, rather
rigid, ultimate acuminate. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 64.

Common on tidal rocks, J. I). H., etc.

27. CHORD ARIA, Agardh.

Root discoid. Frond olive-green, filiform, much branched, cartilaginous ;
axis of densely-packed longitudinal interlaced cylindrical filaments ; periphery
of simple clavate horizontal whorled filaments, and long byssoid gelatinous
fibres. Spores obovoid, scattered amongst the filaments of the periphery.

Medium-sized Alga, natives of both temperate zones.

1. C. sordida, Bory ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 219. Frond 1-2 ft. long, flaccid j
stem short, soon divided, or long and laterally branched ; branches long,
simple or with horizontal branchlets ; young frond densely clothed with

6fi0

IX. ALGJE.

\Chordaria.

slender articulate filaments, which are thrown off as the peripheric cells are
developed. Spores small, ellipsoid. — Myriocladia Capensis, J. Ag. Sp. Alg.
i. 54.

On rocks, probably common. Cook’s Straits, Lya.ll; East coast, Colenso ; Otago, Lind-
say. (E. and W., tropical, and S. Africa, S. America.)

2. C. flagelliformis, Agardh ; — FI. Antarct. i. 180. Frond 1-2 ft.
long, as thick as a crowquill, filiform, equal throughout, excessively branched;
branches dense, elongate, simple or forked, scarcely attenuate, often a foot
long ; filaments of the periphery clavate. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 66 ; Harv. Phyc.
Brit. t. iii. ; Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 85.

Campbell’s Island, J. D. H. (Chili, S. Africa, N. Atlantic and N. Pacific Oceans.)

28. MESOGIiOIA, Agardh.

Frond olive-green or brown, filiform, much branched, gelatinous ; axis of
longitudinal subsimple interlaced fibres, immersed in gelatine ; periphery of
radiating dichotomous coloured filaments. Spores ovate or elliptic, olivaceous,
attached to the branches of the peripheric filaments.

Medium-sized flaccid Alga, natives of both temperate zones.

1. M. intestinalis, Harvey in FI. H. Z. ii. 220. Frond 1-2 ft. long,
or more, soft, clothed with villous filaments, simple or sparingly divided, T\-
in. at the base, gradually widening to % in., then elongate and cylindric ;
branches few, irregularly inserted, obtuse; axial filaments loose, branched,
peripheric fascicled, cylindric, not moniliform, -widening upwards, outer
joints as long as broad. Spores oblong, 2 or more in each fascicle.

Cook’s Straits, Auckland, and Otago, Lyall, Lindsay.

29. LEATHESIA, Gray.

Frond olive-green, solid, forming globose or lobed masses, between fleshy
and cartilaginous in texture, formed of jointed colourless dichotomous fila-
ments radiating from the points of attachment, the tips closely packed and
coloured forming the surface. Spores pyriform or ovoid, attached to the
coloured tips of the filaments.

A small genus of annual Alga, natives of both temperate zones. — Corynophloea, Kuetzing.

1. L. Berkeley!, Harvey, Phyc. Brit. t. 176; — FI. N. Z. ii. 220.
Frond dark brown, gregarious, convex, depressed, solid, 1-2 in. diameter,
soft and fleshy ; filaments very densely packed. Spores pyriform. — J. Ag.
Sp. Alg. i. 51.

Cape Kidnapper, Colenso. (Europe.)

30. SPHACELARIA, Lyngbye.

Frond olive-green, rigid, filiform, excessively and often fastigiately branched,
jointed throughout ; branches distichous, pinnate, rarely dichotomous ; joints
of numerous longitudinal cells ; tips of the branches distended, membranous,

Sphacelaria .]

IX. ALG.H.

661

containing a dark granular mass. Spores ovoid or globose, borne on the
branchlets.

Small perennial Alga, natives of all seas. — Stgpocaulon and Halopteris, Kuetzing.

§ 1. Frond pinnate, woolly at the base.

1. S. paniculata, Suhr ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 221. Frond variable in size,
aspect, and ramification, 3-6 in. long, pinnately-decompound, woolly, cau-
lescent, pinnae fascicled ; fascicles more or less corymbose. Spores in
terminal spikelets, or clustered ; dense tufts of grumous cells sometimes occur
in the axils of the uppermost branchlets. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 46. S. hordeacea ,
Harv. in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 614. S. virgata, nob. in Lond. Journ. Bot. iv. 530.

Abundant on all tbe coasts. (Australia, Tasmania, S. Africa.)

2. S. funicularis, Mont, in Voy. au Pole Sud, t. 14./. 1 ; — FI. N. Z.
ii. 221. Shorter and stouter than S. paniculata. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 38 ; FI.
Antarct. i. 180.

Akaroa, Hombron, Lyall ; East coast, Colenso. Lord. Auckland’s group, J. D. H.

§ 2. Frond dichotomous, not woolly.

3. S. botryoclada. Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 221. t. 110 B.
Frond slender, several inches long, filiform, sparingly branched, inarticulate,
bearing dense spherical tufts of fertile filaments or branchlets throughout its
whole length and on all sides ; branchlets of the tufts incurved, dichotomous,
bearing lateral sessile spores.

East coast and Cook’s Straits, Lyall. — Harvey suspects that this curious plant, of which
we have imperfect specimens only, may prove a state of S. paniculata.

§ 3. Frond parasitic, very minute.

4. S. pulvinata, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. JZ. ii. 221. t. 110 C.
Fronds forming dense hemispherical or globular brown or olive-green patches
■Jj- -i in. diameter ; filaments rigid, arcuate, simple or sparingly branched,
brown at the tips; branchlets erect, often secund; articulations of about 3
cells. Spores secund, rarely opposite, pedicelled, ellipsoid-oblong.

Parasitic on Carpophyllum Maschalocarpus, Colenso.

31. ECTOCARPUS, Lyngbye.

Frond flaccid, olive or brown, capillary, jointed ; joints of a single cell, not
striated. Spores spherical or elliptic, external or imbedded. Lanceolate
linear or conical bodies (silicules) also occur, and granular masses formed in
connective cells of the branches.

A very large genus in the northern hemisphere, of small annual Algce.

1. E. granulosus, Agardh ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 222. Fronds olive-green
or yellowish, 2-8 in. high, rigid, decompound; branches and branchlets
opposite, ultimate usually secund pectinate ; articulations 1^ as long as broad.
Spores obovoid, secund on the upper branches. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 21 ;
Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 200. F. ochraceus , Kuetzing.

East coast, Colenso, parasitic. {N. and S. Atlantic Oceans.)

662

IX. ALGA!.

[ Ectocarpua .

2. E. siliculosus, Lyngbye ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 222. Fronds ^ in- long,
olive-yellow, soft, decompound ; branches and branchlets alternate, ultimate
elongate, distant, often secund. Silicules stalked, subulate, or conical and
very acute, subsecund. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. i. 22 ; Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 162.

Common on all the coasts, J. D. H., etc. (Tasmania, N. and S. Atlantic Oceans.)

3. E. confervoid.es, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 222. Fronds tufted, 2-4
in. high, rather coarse, dense, not adhering to paper ; stems rigid, distantly
branched ; branchlets few, simple, scattered, erect or patent, axils all acute.
Silicules elongate, terminal, or imbedded in the branches.

Cook’s Straits and Otago, Lyall.

4. E. ? pusillus, Griffiths; — FI. N. Z. ii. 222. Fronds parasitic,
tufted, pale brown, capillary, matted ; stems slender, long, simple or slightly
branched ; branches distant, naked, horizontal ; articulations twice as long as
broad in European specimens, much shorter in N. Z. ones. Spores (not seen
in N. Z. plants) abundant, sessile, oblong. — Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 153.

Parasitic on Corallines. Hawke’s Bay, Colenso. — Doubtful, no fruit having been found.
(Britain.)

SUBORDER H. RHODOSPERMEA.

32. LEN ORMANDIA, Sonder.

Frond dull red, leaf-like, proliferous. Leaf-like branches flat, membranous,
simple ; midrib evident, surface striated obliquely ; substance honeycombed
with rhomboidal cavities ; surface-cells minute. Conceptacles scattered,
stalked, enclosing pyriform spores. Stichidia lanceolate, containing 3-partite
tetraspores.

A small Australian and New Zealand genus.

1. L. Chauvinii, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 222. Leaves 1|— 3 in. long;
-p-g — §■ in. wide, dark purple when fresh, thickish, rigid, and semi-opaque
when dry, shortly stalked, broad, linear-oblong, obtuse, quite entire; nerve
slender, evanescent, proliferous. Stichidia thickly fringing the margin or on
the nerve, lanceolate, simple or multifid.

East coast, Colenso ; Otago, Lyall. — Harvey says of this, that he first received it from
New Holland, but I do not find it in his enumeration appended to the ‘ Phycologia
Australis.’

33. EPINEURON, Harvey.

Frond dark red, flat, linear, toothed or ciliated, membranous or horny ;
midrib evidently distichously branched, transversely striate ; interior of large
angular colourless cells ; cortical of many series of minute coloured cells.
Stichidia lanceolate, incurved or circinate, placed on the costa, containing 2
rows of tetraspores.

A small genus, of medium-sized southern Alga.

1. E. Colensoi, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 223. Frond red-
brown, very narrow, ^ bi. broad, rigid, alternately branched above ; branches

Fpineuron.]

IX. ALGA5.

663

3-4 in. long, simple or 1-2-pinnate, linear, deeply toothed, transversely
striate; tips involute when dry. — Harv. Ner. Austr. xxvi. t. 10. Vidalia,
J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 1127.

East coast, Colenso ; Bay of Islands, Lyall.

2. E. ? lineatum, Hook.f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 223. Frond pink,
membranous, forked, 4 in. and upwards long ; stem cylindric at the base,
winged above and passing into the flat frond ; branches 1 in. long, linear,
ultimate fringed with spreading teeth. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 27. Fucus, Turn.
Hist. Fuc. t. 201. ? Amansia multifida, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 1112.

New Zealand, Banlcs and Solander. — Described by Harvey from the figure in
Turner’s work ; the plant has been found by no recent collector. J. Agardh refers it doubt-
fully to a tropical Atlantic plant.

34. AMANSIA, Lamouroux.

Frond dull red, flat, membranous, pinnatifid, transversely zoned and
striate ; midrib evident ; structure of a single layer of oblong hexagonal cells
of equal length, giving the striated appearance. Conceptacles ovate or glo-
bose, enclosing a tuft of pyriform spores. Stichidia simple or branched,
marginal or superficial, containing a double row of tetraspores.

A small tropical and southern genus.

1. A. ? marchantioid.es, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 223. Frond in flat
flabellate patches, 1 in. and upwards across, rooting from the under- surface,
lobed or pinnatifid; lobes overlapping, ascending, crenate and toothed,
variable in size, membranous, nerveless, transversely zoned, and with radiating
striae ; areolate with oblong cells.

Hawke’s Bay and Cape Kidnapper, on tidal rocks, Colenso. — An immature plant of very
doubtful genus.

35. ALSIDIUM, Agardh.

Frond red, filiform or compressed, cartilaginous, opaque, pinnately or
irregularly decompound ; axis articulated, of numerous tubular cells, coated
with cortical layers of uumerous small coloured irregular cells ; branches
alternate, subulate, acute, transversely striate. Conceptacles containing a tuft
of pyriform spores, enclosed in a membrane. Stichidia axillary or terminal,
containing 1 or 2 rows of 3-parted tetraspores.

1. A. triangulare, J. Ag. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 223. A native of the West
Indies ; has, probably erroneously, been said to have been brought from New
Zealand by Banks.

36. RYTIPHLCEA, Agardh.

Frond dull red, usually wrinkled when dry, filiform or compressed, pin-
nate, reticulate ; axis articulate, of a circle of large oblong cells surrounding
a central cell ; walls of several series of minute angular cells, the outer
coloured. Fructification dioecious. Conceptacles ovate, containing a tuft of
pyriform spores. Stichidia lanceolate, containing 3-partite tetraspores (tetra-
spores sometimes scattered in the ultimate branchlets).

664

IX. ALGiE.

[ Rytiphlcea .

A genus of both temperate zones. — Scarcely different from Rhodomela, or from the
opaque series of Polysiphonia, Harv. Ner. Austr. 31.

1. R. delicatula, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 224. t. 112 D.
Frond tufted, setaceous, 2 in. high, distichously pinnate above, pellucidly
striate ■> branches corymbose and fastigiate, again pinnate or 2-pinnate,
margined with subulate spreading branchlets, which are crowded towards the
tips ; axis of 4 large tubes surrounding a central one, all coated with smaller
cells. Conceptacles ovoid, sessile on the larger pinnae.

Cook’s Straits and Akaroa, Lyall.

R. pinastroid.es, J. Ag. — A European plant, has been erroneously stated to be a native of
New Zealand. See FI. N. Z. ii. 222.

37. RHODOMELA, Agardh.

Frond dull red, terete, dendroid, inarticulate, solid, coated with minute
polygonal coloured cells ; axis articulate, of many large colourless tubular
cells. Conceptacles enclosing a tuft of pyriform spores. Stichidia formed
of swollen branchlets, and enclosing one or several rows of tetraspores.

Natives of both temperate zones.

1. R. Gaimardi, Ag. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 225. Frond cylindric, setaceous,
dark coloured, 4-6 in. high, simple below, above divided into 3-4 principal
branches, which are subdichotomous or irregular, repeatedly 2-fariously
branched ; secondary and tertiary long, subsimple, loosely set with short
branchlets, which are in. long, slender, and often secund. — FI. Antarct.
481. t. 184 ; Harv. Ner. Austr. 35. F. Hookeriana, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 880.

Hawke’s Bay, Colenso, to Akaroa, Lyall, probably common. (Fuegia and the Falkland
Islands.)

2. R. caespitosa, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 225. Frond 2 in. high and
upwards, densely tufted ; stem naked below, setaceous, very slender, forked ;
branches alternately decompound above, subfastigiate, arcuate ; branchlets
scattered, secund, or alternate ; ultimate linear, subulate, arcuate, acute,
coated with small cells, opaque under the microscope. Axial tubes 4, their
joints visible externally. Stichidia densely crowded on the sides of the
upper branches, linear-subulate, simple or branched, with one series of tetra-
spores.

Rocks near low-water mark, Parimahu,etc., Colenso. — “ Colour bright emerald-green,” Col.

3. R. concinna. Hook./, and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 225. t. 111. Root a
woolly disk. Frond 8-12 in. high, opaque, as thick as a sparrow’s quill,
ovate in outline, repeatedly distichously pinnate ; main lower branches sub-
horizontal, upper spreading, pinnately decompound ; penultimate pinnae |-1|-
in. long, close-set with uniform alternate dichotomously multifid pinnules,
jJj— \ in. long, which are inserted distichously, but themselves branch in all
directions, the branchlets spinous. Stichidia sessile, oblong, acute. Tetra-
spores in several series.

Foveaux Straits and Chalky Bay, Lyall.

R/todomela.']

IX. ALGAL

665

4. R. glomerulata, Mont, in Voy. au Foie Sud, 141. Frond red,
cartilaginous, rigid, 2 ft. long, terete, filiform, inarticulate, flexuose, exces-
sively branched from the base, longitudinally striate when dry, dark brown ;
branches corymbose, lateral branchlets simple or forked, bearing tufts of
sessile oblong or ovate-lanceolate stichidia in the fork; tubes about 7. Con-
ceptacles minute, ovoid. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 36 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 889. R. ?
Gaimardi, Mont, in Voy. au Pole Sud, 140, not of Agardh. R. ? botryo-
carpa, J. Ag. 1. c. 882. Polysiphonia botryocarpa, FI. Antarct. t. 70 ; Harv.
Ner. Austr. 57; FI. N. Z. ii. 230.

Lord Auckland’s group, LUrvi/le, J. L. II. ; Akaroa, Raoul ; Otago and Foveaux
Straits, Lyall, Lindsay.

38. BOSTRYCHIA, Montagne.

Frond dull red-purple, filiform, inarticulate or obscurely articulate with
short joints, irregularly pinnately branched; axis an articulate tube, sur-
rounded by one or more series of large coloured surface cells ; branchlets
hooked. Conceptacles terminal, ovoid, enclosing a tuft of pyriform spores.
Stichidia terminal, spindle-shaped, containing a double row of tetraspores.

A beautiful genus of many small tropical and temperate Algos.

1. B. mixta, Hoolc.f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 225. Frond \ in. long,
dull dark purple, rather rigid, pinnate ; pinnae patent, simple or forked, with
alternate subulate divaricate pinnules; tips straight, of the younger in-
curved ; surface-cells hexagonal ; axile in one row. Stichidia curved,-—-Harv.
Phyc. Austr. iii. 176 A; Ner. Austr. 70.

On rocks near high-water mark. Bay of Islands, J. A. H. Otago, Lyall. (Tasmania,
S. Africa.)

2. B. Harveyi, Montague; — FI. N. Z. ii. 225. Fronds 1-3 in. long,
deep purple, cartilaginous, capillary, 2-3-pinnate, angularly flexuous ; pinnae
distichous, alternate, patent ; pinnules 2-3-fid or multifid, terminal involute ;
surface-cells minute, quadrate ; axile in several rows.

On rocks near high-water mark. Paterson’s Harbour, Lyall. (Australia, Chili.)

3. B. distans, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 226. Very near B. Harveyi, but
laxer and more straggling; branchlets simple or nearly so, more distant;
tips less incurved. Perhaps only a variety.

Freshwater streams, Kowhaia, Colenso. 'Wellington and Banks’s Peninsula, Lyall.
(Tasmania.)

4. B. Arbuscula, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 226. Frond 1 in. high,
robust, much thicker than a hog’s bristle, erect, densely tufted, compressed.
Stem naked below or with broken branchlets only, above densely clothed with
short, erect, closely 2-pinnate branches ; pinnae erect, subulate, acute or mu-
cronate ; tips strict ; axils acute. Structure solid, of 8 primary tubes sur-
rounded with densely-packed minute cells in several series. Fructification
unknown.

Otago, Lyall , Lindsay.

2 x

VOL. I.

666

IX. ALGiE.

[. Polysiplionia .

39. POLYSXPHONIA, Greville.

Proud, rose-red or purplish, filiform or capillary, articulate ; joints striate,
of few or many long tubular cells surrounding one or a few smaller central
ones, the whole sometimes coated with a series of minute cortical cells.
Conceptacles ovate or urceolate, enclosing a tuft of pyriform spores. Tetra-
spores sunk in swollen branchlets.

An immense genus, found in all oceans, but chiefly the temperate ; the species are most dif-
ficult of discrimination and of definition : very many more are to be found in New Zealand than
arc here recorded. The most important characters for sectional purposes, are whether the
primary stem creeps or is erect ; whether the articulations are naked or coated with cortical
cells ; and the number of parallel tubes in each joint surrounding the central one. Secon-
dary characters, all very variable, are afforded by size of frond, habit, ramification, colour,
and comparative rigidity or flaccidity of stem and branches. The fructification is very
uniform. Some species are with difficulty distinguished from Dasya and Rkodometa. I
have adopted Agardh’s classification as far as I cau. Harvey divides the genus as follows : —

harvey’s classification.

Subgenus I. Oligosiphonia. Trimary tubes 4, rarely 5.

§ 1. Elongate. Stem opaque, inarticulate. Branches articulate. — 10, dumosa ,- 19,
Lyallii.

§ 2. Diciiotomea:. Frond all pellucid, articulate, subdichotomous, decompound. —
11 , stnetissima ; 13 , abscissa; 9, rudis ; 7, imp! ex a ; 8, macra ; 17 , brachygona ; 14, va-
riabilis ; 15, nana ; 16, rhododactyla ; 12, amphibia ; 1, Colensoi.

Subgenus II. Polysiplionia. Primary tubes numerous.

§ 5. Bvssoidea;. Frond alternately branched, with 1-tubed branchlets. — 23, australis.

§ 6. Puniceas. Frond purplish, vaguely branched ; lateral branchlets dichotomous,
many-tubed. Tubes 6-8. — 18, P. Brodiai? ; 6, P. neglecta; (P. punicea see Dasya
Berkeleyi).

§ 7. Pennata:. Frond rose-colour or purple, often distichonsly pinnate ; branchlets
simple, subulate, alternate or 4-farious. Tubes 12-16.- — 2, dendritica ; 3, ceratoclada ,-
4, Su/ivanee ; 5, pennata.

§ 8. Cancellated. Frond brown, black when dry, shrubby, furrowed, vaguely branched ;
branches decompound. Tubes 7, rarely 8 or 9.-25, cancellata ; 24, decipiens ,- 26, ater-
rima ; 27, ramulosa.

§ 9. Atrorubescentes. Fronds red-brown or blackish, darker when dry, cylindric,
vaguely or pinnately branched ; branchlets decompound. Tubes 10-16 or more. — 20, corym-
bifera ; 21, comoides ; 22, isogona ; 28, nigrescens.

§ 11. Botryocarpa;. Frond more or less inarticulate, tall, red, brown when dry, cells
anastomosing. (P. botryocarpa, see Bhodomela glomerulata.)

j. agardh’s classification.

§ I. Ptilosiphonia. — Primary stem erect or creeping, distichously or 2-fariously
pinnate. Articulations naked or coated with small cells. Tubes 4-16.

a. Dendritica:. Small, parasitic ; primary stem creeping; pinna; appressed or ascend-
ing ; articulations naked. Tubes 4-8 or more.

1. P. Colensoi ; 2, dendritica.

Polysiphonia .]

IX. ALGJE.

667

0. Pectinate. Small, parasitic; primary stem creeping; pinna; vertical, 2-farious;
articulations naked. Tubes 8-16.

3. P. ceratoclada ; 4. P. Sulivance.

y. PennaTjB. Stem erect or creeping, growing on rocks, distiehously or pinuately de-
compound ; articulations naked (or coated with small cells). Tubes 5-16.

5. P. pennata.

§ II. Herposiphoma. — Usually small. Primary stem creeping, secondary erect,
branched all round. Articulations naked. Tubes usually many.

a. Obscure. Fronds small, forming spreading tufts. Primary stem creeping, branches
erect.

6. P. neglecia.

13. Intricate. Fronds less tufted, creeping amongst other Alga or floating, intricate ;
threads often rooting.

7. P. implexa ; 8, macra ; 8, rudis ; 10, dumosa.

§ III. Oligosiphonia. — Fronds large, branched on all sides ; articulations naked or
coated with small cells. Tubes 4.

a. UrceolatjE. Tufts stemless, erect ; branches and branchlets soft, flaccid, twiggy
above; articulations naked (or the lower only coated with cells).

11. P. strictissima ; 12, amphibia; 13, abscissa; 14, variabilis ; 15, nana ; 16,
rhododactyla.

13. Violacea:. Caulescent. Stem firmer, clothed with flaccid fascicled or penicillate
branches ; lower or all the articulations coated with small cells.

17. P- brachygona ; 18, Brodiai ?

y. Hi’strices. Fronds subpinnately decompound; branches rather rigid, ultimate
subulate or spinescent ; articulations coated with small cells.

19. P. Lyallii.

§ IV. Polysiphonia. — Fronds erect, branching all round ; articulations with 5 or more
tubes, rarely coated with small cells (never in the N. Z. species).

a. Atro-rubescentes. Fronds red-brown or purplish ; branches dichotomous, attenu-
ated upwards. Tubes 9-14.

20. P. corymb f era ; 21, comoides ; 22, isogona.

/3. Bvssoidea:. Fronds pinnately decompound ; branches various, branchlets soft, of a
single tube ; articulations. Tubes 7-

23. P. australis.

y. Cancellata;. Frond pinnately decompound ; branches all similar, or the shorter
soft or spinescent ; articulations very soft. Tubes 7-10.

24. P. decipiens ; 25, cancellata ; 26, aterrima ; 27, ramulosa.

5. Nigrescentes. Frond subpinnately compound ; branches all similar, soft, twiggy.
Tubes 12-20.

28. P. nigrescens.

1. P. Colemsoi, Eook.f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 229. t. cxii. C. (Frond
erect, dark coloured when dry. Stem 1-2 in. long, stout; articulations
everywhere pellucid, 4-angled, branched from every side ; branches alternately
decompound, giving off simple and pinnate branchlets from each node ;
articulations of 4 tubes, which are square in outline, their walls thick. Con-
ceptacles on the larger branches, ovate-globose, pedicelled. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg.
915.

2x2

668

IX. ALGjE.

[ Polysiphonia .

Parasitical on Fucoidece, Colenso. — Habit and ramification of F. ceratoclada.

2. P. dendritica, Hook.f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 232. Frond 1J-2 in.
]ong, ovate. Stem prostrate, attached by its whole length, compressed, un-
divided, 3-pinnately branched ; branches alternately simple and 2-pinnate,
long, spreading; pinnules likewise alternately simple and 2-pinnate; articu-
lations very short, of many tubes, hence striated. Conceptacles terminal,
globose-urceolate, oblique, with a prominent mouth. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 916 ;
Harv. Ner. Austr. 47. Hutchinsia, Ag.

Parasitic on various Fuel, abundant. (Australia, S. America.)

3. P. ceratoclada, Mont.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 232. Frond 1-4 in. high,
rigid, red-brown, erect from creeping filaments, compressed, undivided below,
then giving off alternate lateral branches. Stem and branches furnished
throughout with frequent subulate patent or recurved acute branchlets ; arti-
culations with 12-16 tubes. Conceptacles solitary, large, sessile or shortly
stalked. — Mont. Voy. auPole Sud, i. 130. t. 5. f. 2 ; FI. Antarct. t. 76. f. 2 ;
Harv. Ner. Austr. 48 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 923.

Parasitical on other Alga , from the east coast, Colenso , to Lord Auckland’s group,
IS Urville, etc.

4. P. Sulivanse, HooJc.f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 232. Frond slender,
1-2 in. high, red-brown, much flabellately branched, flaccid. Stem a creep-
ing thread ; branches fastigiate, alternately decompound, with 3 subulate
simple branchlets from as many successive nodes, and then a pinnated
branchlet from the following node and so on ; branchlets patent, curved,
alternate or secund, terminal almost circinate; articulations with 12 tubes, of
the branches twice as long as broad, of the branchlets shorter. — FI. Antarct.
ii. t. 182. f. 4; Harv. Ner. Austr. 48; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 923.

Stewart’s Island, Lijall. (Falkland Islands.)

5. P. pennata, Ayardli ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 231. Frond 1-2 in. high,
dark red, blackish when dry. Stem branched above the middle, setaceous,
compressed ; branches erecto-patent, simple or alternately decompound, all
pinnated with distichous subulate erecto-patent branchlets ; articulations as
broad as long, with 8-10 tubes. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 928.

Auckland, Lgall ; Cape Kidnapper, Colenso. (Australia, Atlantic and Mediterranean
Seas.)

6. P. neglecta, Harv. in Trans. Irish Academy, xxii. 541. Fronds
forming dense tufts 1 in. diameter. Stems decumbent, rooting below ; tips
ascending, sparingly branched ; branches ascending, then erect, sparingly di-
vided, attenuated at the apex ; articulations twice as long as broad, upper as
long as broad. Tubes about 8-9. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 942.

New Zealand, Sinclair. (Australia.)

7. P. implexa, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 229. Frond small,
tufted, 1 in. high, purple. Stems creeping, intricate; branches alternate,
spreading, divided at the apex ; branchlets subulate, spreading, subsimple ;
lower articulations once and a half as long as broad, upper as long as broad.
Tubes 4. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 946.

IX. ALG-rE.

669

Polysiphonia.]

Akaroa, Raoul ; Cape Kidnapper and Parimahu, Colenso.

8. P. macra, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 229. A small and imperfectly-
known plant, forming matted patches on rocks, similar in many respects to
P. implexa, but the branches are more simple ; the articulations are similar
and shorter.

Akaroa, Raoul ; Hawke’s Bay, on tidal rocks, Colenso.

9. P. rudis, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 229. Fronds small,
1-li in. long, densely tufted, dark-brown, rigid, obovate in outline. Stems
erect from matted creeping filaments, slender, irregularly branched ; branches
erect, subfastigiate, alternate ; lower long, simple ; upper pinnated above ;
pinnules erect, subulate, elongate; articulations pellucid at the nodes, of the
branches 2-3 times longer than brofkl, of the branchlets 1^ times. Tubes
3-4. Tetraspores in one row in the swollen tips of the branches. — Harv.
Ner. Austr. 44; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 946.

Cook’s Straits, Lyall ; Akaroa, Raoul; Lord Auckland’s group, J.D.H.

10. P. dumosa, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. Antarct. 182. t. 75./. 1.
Fronds tufted, dark red-brown. Stems erect, rigid, 1-3 in. long, flabellately-
branched ; branches fastigiate, simple or forked, clothed with very spreading
squarrose multifid branchlets /a-! in. long ; pinnules divaricate, subulate ;
articulations about as long as broad ; cells about 5, lower coated with a band
of smaller cells. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 42 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 950.

Parasitic on larger Alga , Campbell’s Island, J. I). H. — J. Agardh suspects that this,
which Harvey places near P. Lyallii, is better placed here.

11. P. strictissima, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 227. Fronds
densely tufted, dark red, flaccid. Stems 4-6 in. long, setaceous and rigid
below, capillary and excessively branched above ; branches fastigiate, lower
spreading with obtuse axils, upper erect or appressed, with very acute axils ;
lower articulations about as long as broad, upper 5 times as long. Tubes 4.
- — Harv. Ner. Austr. 42 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 962.

New Zealand, Raoul ; Port Underwood, Lyall.

12. P. amphibia, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 229. Fronds in dense in-
tricate red-brown tufts, 2-3 in. high. Stems capillary, rigid, much-branched,
attenuated upwards, decompoundly-branched ; branches and branchlets irre-
gularly alternate ; axils spreading ; branchlets often multifid at the tips ;
articulation about twice as long as broad, upper much longer. Tubes 4.
Tetraspores small.

Massacre Bay, in brackish water when covered at high tide by the sea, Lyall. — Allied to
the European P. urceolata} which also inhabits brackish water.

13. P. abscissa. Hook. f. and Ilarv. FI. N. Z. ii. 227. Fronds
densely tufted, 3-6 in. high, bright-red. Stems capillary, flaccid, alternately
decompound ; smaller branches naked below, fastigiately-branched and trun-
cate at the top ; tips naked or fibrilliferous ; articulations of the branches
much longer than broad, of the branchlets twice as long as broad. Tubes 4.
Conceptacles ovoid-globose, stalked, often secund ; tetraspores small. — P.

IX. ALGjE.

670

\_Polysiphonia.

abscissa and microcarpa, FI. Antarct. 479, 480. 1. 182. f. 3 ; Harv. Ner. Austr.
42, 43; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 974.

Cook’s Straits to Stewart’s Island, Lyall ; Akaroa, Raoul. (Tasmania, Fuegia.)

14. P. variabilis, Harv. inFl.N.Z. ii. 228. Fronds red-brown or purple,
loosely tufted, flaccid, 2-4 in. high, setaceous, irregularly dichotomous below,
variously branched above ; branches naked or with multifid branchlets, or ex-
cessively divided ; branchlets erect ; articulations very variable in length, all
short, the lower shorter than broad, and middle about twice as long, or all
very much longer than broad ; tubes 4, broad, spirally twisted. Conceptacles
broadly ovoid, subsessile. — J. Ag. Sp.Alg. 975.

Common on the coasts, especially of the Middle Island, on shells, other seaweeds, etc ,
Lyall, etc.

*

15. P. mana, Haro, in FI. N. Z. ii. 228. Very similar to the preceding,
but much smaller, not 1 in. high, covered with ovoid conceptacles.

Auckland, on Corallines, Lyall.

16. P. rbododactyla, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 228. Fronds tall, stout,
8 in. long ; articulate throughout, setaceous below, flaccid above, dielioto-
mously branched ; branches bright rose-red, forked, with spreading axils ;
branchlets dichotomously multifid, acute or acuminate, ultimate subsecuud or
fascicled, with narrow axils ; lower articulations very short, coated with small
cells ; middle ones as long as broad ; upper of the larger branchlets shorter
than broad, of the upper extremely short ; tubes 4, broad.

D’Urville Island, in five fathoms water, Lyall.

17. P. braebygona, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 228. Fronds tufted, rigid,
purple, 3-4 in. high, setaceous, divided from the base into alternate de-
compound branches, which are again divided and taper to slender points,
secondary and ultimate branches capillary, irregular, alternate, secund or sub-
dichotomous; axils patent; lower articulations very short, coated with cells;
middle ones 1^-3 times as long as broad; upper very short ; tubes 4.

Stewart’s Island, Lyall. — Allied to the P. Griffithsiana of Europe.

18. P. Brodiaei ?, Greville ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 230. Fronds tall, tufted,
10-18 in. high, lanceolate. Stem often as thick as a sparrow-quill below,
simple, forked or alternately branched, or clothed with branchlets, 2 in. long,
which are fascicled, multifid, pellucid ; articulations 1^ times as long as broad,
all coated with small cells ; tubes 6-8 ; conceptacles urceolate- ovoid, sessile
on the branches. — Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 195 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 993.

Apparently common from the East coast to Stewart’s Island, Lyall. (N. Atlantic
Ocean.)

19. P. Lyalin, Ilook.f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 230. Frond erect, 4-5
in. long, brownish-red, darker when dry, elongate, cartilaginous, setaceous,
inarticulate, simple or divided below, branched throughout its length ;
branches simple, 4-farious, densely clothed with multifid, short, imbricate,
dichotomous spreading branchlets — jf in. long, ultimate subulate ; articula-
tions about as long as broad, visible on the branchlets only, coated with

Polysiphonia.\

IX. ALG.E.

671

small cells ; tubes 4. — FI. Antarct. t. 74. f. 1 ; Harv. Ner. Austr. 42. P. M al-
tar dice., Harvey iu part (N. Z. specimens only).

Hawke’s Bay and elsewhere, on the East coast, Colenso; Otago and Stewart’s Island,
Lyall, Lindsay. Lord Auckland’s group, J. B. II.

20. P. corymbifera^ Agardh ; — FI. N.Z. ii. 231. Fronds loosely or
densely tufted, red-brown, 6-8 in. long, setaceous, attenuated, manv-times
dichotomous, striate ; upper brandies alternately divided, bearing at intervals
short lateral alternate branchlets, | in. long, which are obovate or corym-
bose in outline ; branchlets dichotomous ; articulations hyaline, of the main
stem 2-3 times as long as broad, of the branches shorter, of the ultimate
shorter than broad; tubes 10-14. Tetraspores iu distorted branchlets. —
Harv. Ner. Austr. 54 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 1039.

Maketu, Chapman. (South Africa.)

21. P. comoides, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 231. Fronds densely tufted,
red-brown, capillary, decompoundly branched from the very base ; branches
many-times alternately and dichotomously divided, the smaller naked at the
base, alternately compound at the apex ; middle articulations 4-5 times as
long as broad ; upper 2-3 times ; uppermost 1^ times ; nodes pellucid ; tubes
9 or 10.

Banks’s Peninsula, Lyall.

22. P. isogcraa, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 231. Very similar to P. co-
moides, and perhaps only a variety of it, but the filaments are more slender ;
articulations much shorter (1-| times longer than broad).

Cape Kidnapper and Hawke’s Bay, Colenso ; Blind Bay, Lyall.

23. P. australis, J. Agardh. — P. cladostephus, Mont. — -FI. N. Z. ii.
232. Frond 6-18 in. long, brown-purple, setaceous, articulate throughout,
alternately excessively branched from the base ; larger branches decompound;
Smaller erect, elongate, simple, all clothed with whorled, imbricate, dichoto-
mous, rose-red, 1-tubed branchlets, springing from every node ; tips swollen ;
articulations of the branches 2-3 times as long as broad, with 7 tubes ; upper
shorter. Conceptacles ovate, sessile on branches at the base of the branchlets.
Tetraspores on smaller branchlets.— J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 1044. P. cladostephus ,
Mont, in Voy. au Pole Sud, t. 13. f. 4 a; FI. Antarct. 184; Harv. Ner.
Aust. 45 ; Phyc. Austr. t. 154. P. byssoclados, Harv. in Hook. Lond. Journ.
Bot. iii. 436. Biudera cladostephus, llecaisne. Griffitksia australis, Agardh.

Probably common, parasitical ou Fuel, though found hitherto only south of Canterbury ;
Banks’s Peninsula, Lyall, liaoul. Lord Auckland’s group, ILombron, etc. (Australia,
Tasmania.)

24. P. decipiens, Mont. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 230. Frond stout, shrubby,
twiggy, coarse, bark brown, eventually black, bushy, grooved, pellucidly arti-
culate, branched from the very base ; branches erect, decompound ; lateral
branches 4-farious, erecto-patent, attenuated upwards ; ultimate spinescent,
scattered ; articulations so short that the branches appear transversely striated ;
tubes 7. — Mont, in Yoy. au Pole Sud, 131; FI. Antarct. 181; Harv. Ner.

672 IX. ALGiE. \_Polysiphonia.

Austr. 51 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 1046. R. rytiphlceoides, Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot.
iv. 537.

Banks’s Peninsula and Otago, Raoul , Li /all. Lord Auckland’s group, Hombron,
J. D.H.

25. P. cancellata, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 230. Frond 4-5 in. high,
robust, shrubby, brownish-black, globose in outline. Stem as thick as pack-
thread, terete, furrowed, excessively branched from the base ; branches much
divided alternately, spreading all round ; branclilets tapering, much more
slender, pinnate or 2-pinnate ; ultimate spinescent ; lower articulations 3
times, upper twice as broad as long ; tubes 7-8. Conceptacles small, ovate,
sessile. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 51. t. 15.

Banks’s Peninsula, Lyall. (Tasmania, Australia.)

26. P. aterrima, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 230. Frond 4-5 in.
high, black when dry, rather rigid. Stem setaceous, furrowed, articulate,
naked below, decompoundly branched above, scarcely dichotomous, narrowed
to the apex ; branches attenuate or secund, obovate in outline ; branchlets
distant, erect, subulate ; axils acute ; articulations all very short; tubes 9-10,
oblong, hexagonal. Conceptacles sessile, scattered, ovoid-globose, obtuse. —
Harv. Ner. Austr. 52 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 1050.

Parasitical on Fuci, abundant, Colenso, etc.

27. P. ramulosa, Harv. in Fl.N. Z.ii. 230. Frond 1 in. high, black-
ish, flabel lately branched. Stem as thick as horsehair, divided from above
the base into numerous alternate branches, which are erect, close-set ; branch-
lets numerous, spreading, subulate, simple or again branched, 1d5— in. long ;
tips all acute; articulations all about half as long as broad; tubes 7.

Parasitic on Sargassa; Parimahu, Colenso.

28. P. nigrescens, Grev.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 231. Frond robust, bushy,
6 in. high, dark brown, rigid below. Stem setaceous, rough below with
broken off branches, excessively branched above ; branches flaccid, somewhat
distichous, repeatedly pinnate, obovate in outline ; pinnules elongate, distant,
alternate, subulate, the upper again pinnate at their tips ; lower articulations
short; upper longer; tubes 16. Conceptacles ovoid, sessile. — Harv. Ner.
Austr. 44; Phyc. Britt. 277 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 1057.

New Zealand, Raoul. (Atlantic and Baltic Oceans.)

40. DASYA, Agardh.

Frond red, filiform or compressed, dendroid ; axis articulate, of many ra-
diating cells surrounding a central cavity, the whole coated with still smaller
cells ; branchlets articulate, 1-tubed. Conceptacles ovate or urceolate, with
pyriform spores. Stichidia lanceolate, on the branchlets, containing transverse
rows of tetraspores.

Very beautiful bright red seaweeds, natives chiefly of the temperate zones.

1. D. collabens. Hook. /. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 222. Frond 1-12

Dasya.~\

IX. ALGjE.

673

in. high, soft and flaccid, terete, inarticulate, glabrous, decompoundly pinnate ;
pinnae ovate-lanceolate, 2-3-pinnate ; pinnules distichous, subdivided, clothed
with articulate 1-tubed dichotomous branchlets, which are spreading, subu-
late, forked, contracted at the joints ; articulations 2-3 times longer than
broad. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 61. t. 21, young state only.

From Akaroa, Raoul, southwards.

2. D. squarrosa, Han. in Fl.N. Z. ii. 232. Fronds crimson, grega-
rious, 1-2 in. high, distichous, pinnate. Stems articulate, with 7-8 tubes,
pellucid, except at the base, rough below with horizontal hair-like branchlets,
smooth above, 1-3-pinnate ; branches alternate, on second or third node ;
branchlets 3-tubed below, 1-tubed above, short, divaricating, cylindric, ob-
tuse, simple or forked; articulations of the branches as long as broad, of the
ultimate longer.

Stewart’s Island, Port William, Lyall.

3. D. tessellata, Han. in HI. N. Z. ii. 233. Frond densely tufted,
crimson-lake. Stems 1-2 in. high, setaceous, pellucid, of about 12 cells
around the central tube, tessellated with large, transverse, square or oblong
cells, pinnate or 2-pinnate; branches spreading, penultimate pinnated, with
alternate, distichous, very spreading, short, dichotomous or pectinate, secund
branchlets, below 3-tubed ; ultimate 1-tubed, subulate, acute or obtuse, diva-
ricating, often changed into sessile stichidia.

Cook’s Straits, Blind and Massacre Bays, Lyall.

4. D. Berkeleyi, J. Agardh, Sp. Alg. 1179. — Polysiphonia punicea,
Mont. FI. Antarct. i. 182. Frond red-purple, 4-8 in. long, setaceous, very ir-
regularly branched, dichotomous or with a percurrent stem and pinnated
branches, which are usually flexuose and zigzag, all furnished with short alter-
nate or spirally disposed branchlets TV— g- in. long ; articulations of the
branches 3 times longer than broad, of the branchlets as long as broad ; tubes 8.
Conceptacles ovoid, sessile ; stichidia lanceolate. — Polysiphonia punicea and
Heterosiphonia JBerlceleyi, Mont, in Voy. au Pole Sud, 137 and 128 t. 5. f. 1.
and 3. P. Berkeleyi, Harv. Ner. Austr. 46.

Lord Auckland’s group, Ilomhron, J. D. H. (Fuegia, Falkland Islands, Kerguelen’s
Land.)

41. POLYZONIA, Suhr.

Frond parasitic, minute, rose-red, filiform, articulate, much distichously
branched ; branchlets leaf-like, alternate, flattened, angular, toothed or pecti-
nate and secund. Stem of many parallel tubular cells. Conceptacles ovoid,
enclosing pyriform spores. Stichidia lanceolate, pedicelled, supra-axillary,
often crested, containing one row of large tetraspores.

Most lovely little Alga, always parasitic on the stems of larger ones, growing in deep
water, fouud only in the S. temperate and Antarctic zones.

1, P. cuneifolia, Monlagne ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 226. Fronds creeping by
a filiform rhizome, articulate. Stems erect, 4-5 in. long, undivided, furnished

674

IX. ALG.E.

\Folyzonia.

with long, simple (rarely branched), alternate branches, everywhere covered
with distichous, alternate leaflets (branchlets) ; leaflets vertical, trapezoid,
truncate, irregularly cut and toothed, sometimes 2-fid ; lower margin entire.
Conceptaele sessile on the basal lobe of a deeply cut leaflet- Stichidia supra-
axillary, crested with processes, at first simple, then pinnately branched.—
Harv. Ner. Austr. 70.

Roots and fronds of large Alga, Otago, Stewart’s Island, and Port Preservation, Lyall.
Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : abundant, •/. D. H.

2. P. adiantiformis, Decaisne ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 226. Minute, vaguely
branched ; branches spreading ; leaflets as in F. cuneifolia , but smaller and
with much smaller cells.

Parasitic on Marginalia. Described by Dr. Harvey from very immature scraps.

3. P. ovalifolia, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. 226. t. 112 B. Habit
of P. cuneifolia ; leaflets horizontal, sessile, obliquely oblong, very obtuse,
quite entire or toothed.

Parasitic on Amphiroa corymbosa, Colenso. Specimens immature.

4. P. bipartita, Hook.f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 227. 1. 112 A. Minute ;
leaflets distichous, alternate, 2-partite; segments flattened, linear, mucronate
or obtuse ; upper erect, of 3 rows of rectangular cells ; lower shorter, hori-
zontal. Stichidia large, axillary, linear-oblong, apiculate, with one row of
few large tetraspores.

On Carpophyllum maschalocarpus, Colenso. — Very similar in general appearance to
Folysiphonia ceratoclada.

5. P. Harveyana, Decaisne ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 227. Stems in. high,
slender or robust, compressed, closely set with alternate distichous, pectinate,
horizontal and recurved leaflets. Stichidia supra-axillary, simple or 2-3-lobed ;
lobes crested. — F. Colensoi and F.Harveyi, Harv. Ner. Austr. 71 and 72.

Common, parasitical on various Algos , J. D. H., etc.

42. CHAMPIA, Hesvaux.

Frond dull reddish, terete or compressed, branched, tubular, constricted
at intervals, internally septate at the constrictions, the septa connected by
longitudinal jointed filaments ; walls of one or many rows of minute coloured
polygonal cells. Conceptacles ovate-ovoid, with a terminal pore, containing
a tuft of branched filaments ; the branches terminated by ovoid or obconic
spores. Tetraspores 3-partite, scattered in the walls of the stem and branches.

1. G. novas-Saelandise, Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 235. Frond 3 in. long,
stipitate. Stem T\- in. broad, compressed, subattenuate at the apex ; branches
opposite or whorled, simple or divided ; branchlets often opposite ; articula-
tions twice as broad as long, obtuse. Conceptacles conical, ovoid, sessile.
Tetraspores scattered through the branches. — Chylocladia, Harv. Ner. Aust.
SO. Lomentaria , J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 739.

Common along the whole coast, Lyall, etc.

Champia .]

IX. ALGA5.

675

2. C. affinis, Ran. in FI. N. Z. ii. 237. Frond 12 in. and upwards.
Stem undivided, obscurely constricted at intervals, clothed throughout with
opposite alternate and whorled spreading branches ; branches elongate, shorter
upwards, tapering at both ends, constricted at regular intervals ; branchlets
disposed like the branches, sometimes again branching ; articulations of the
branchlets moniliform, shorter than broad. Conceptacles large, conical. — Oliy-
locladia, Harv. Ner. Austr. 79. t. 29. C. Kaliformis, Harv. in Hook. Lond.
Journ. Eot. iii. 444, excl. synonyms. Lomentaria, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 730.

Stewart’s Island, Lyall. (Australia, Tasmania.)

3. C. parvula, Ran. in FI. N.Z. ii. 236. Fronds densely tufted, 2-4
in. high, bushy, irregularly branched, stemless, flexuous, irregularly branched ;
branches and branchlets scattered, spreading ; articulations of the branches as
long or twice as long as broad, sometimes moniliform. Conceptacles large,
ovoid. — Chylocladia, Grev. ; Harv. Ner. Austr. 80 ; Fhyc. Brit. t. 210. La-
ment aria, Gaill. ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 729.

Akaroa, D’Urville, Raoul. (Atlantic and Mediterranean seas.)

C. obsolela is mentioned in Harvey’s ‘ Phycologia Australis,’ synops. p. 5, as a native of
New Zealand, but I do not know on wliat authority.

43. LAUREN CIA, Lamouroux.

Frond red or purple, often fading to green, cartilaginous, cylindric or com-
pressed, linear, pinnate ; tips obtuse ; structure cellular, solid ; cells in 2 series ;
inner oblong, angular ; outer smaller. Conceptacles enclosing tufted spores.
Tetraspores 3-parted, imbedded in the branchletfe.

A widely diffused genus, especially in the temperate zones.

* Frond compressed.

1. la. elata, Ran. ; — -FI. AT. Z. ii. 233. Frond 12-18 in. high, blood-
red, compressed or flat, repeatedly pinnate ; branches in. diameter, com-
pressed, erecto-pateut ; lower pinnae longest, all alternate ; ultimate linear-
elongate. Conceptacles terminal. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 81. t. 33 ; J. Ag. Sp.
Alg. ii. 766.

East coast, Colenso. (Australia, Tasmania.) — Very nearly allied to the common L. pinna-
tifida.

2. I*, piimatifida, Lamour. FI. Antarct. 1 84. — Yery similar to L. elata,
but frond broader, more purple, less branched, and the conceptacles are lateral.
— Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 55; FI. Antarct.

Xiord Auckland's group, J. _D. II. (South Africa, Euegia, abundant in the north tem-
perate ocean.)

3. 3L. botrycMoides, Ran. in FI. N. Z. ii. 234. Frond tufted, small,
purplish-brown, erect, 1-3 in. high, rising from creeping matted surculi;
rhachis or stem closely pinnatifid, dilated upwards, compressed ; branches
tV~tV in- broad, 3-4-pinnate ; pinnae distichous, usually opposite ; lower

676

IX. ALGJ5.

[. Laurencia .

larger ; pinnules very short, cuneate or clavate, crenate, or multifid with the
lobes turbinate. Tetraspores in the club-shaped tips of the pinnules. —
L. botryioides , Harv. Ner. Austr. 82, in part.

Bay of Islands, J. I). H. ; Parimaliu, Colenso.

4. L. distichophylla ?, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 762 FI. N. Z. ii. 234.
Frond 2-3 in. high, crimson rose-red or purple, densely tufted, compressed,
distichously decompound, rarely more simple, ovate in outline ; rachis straight,
dilated upwards ; pinnae usually opposite, spreading, flat ; pinnules cylindric,
obtuse, simple or again divided. Conceptacles sessile on the branches of the
pinnules, ovoid-urceolate, acuminate. Tetraspores fasciate below the tips of
ultimate pinnules.

Bay of Islands,/.!). U. ; East coast, Colenso ; Watemata, By all. — Apparently the same
as J. Agardh’s plant, of which the locality is unknown.

** Frond terete ; branchlets cylindric , narrowed at the base.

5. L. csespitosa, lamour. ; — FI. Antarct. i. 184. Very similar to
L. pinnatifida, and usually regarded as a variety of that plant, but darker-
coloured and more terete. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 82.

Lord Auckland’s group, J. B. II. (Chili, Falkland, Atlantic.)

6. L. gracilis, Hook.f. and Harv. Fl.N.Z. ii. 234. Frond tall, very

slender, filiform, setaceous, flexuous, excessively and pinnately branched ;
branches elongate, alternate, simple or again branched ; branchlets alternate,
horizontal and secund, short or long, cylindric, capitate, in. long. —

Harv. Ner. Austr. 84 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 746.

Hawke’s Bay, Colenso.

7. L. papillosa, Grev.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 234. Frond dark purple, fading
to green, densely tufted, 4-6 in. high, 2-pinnate, terete; pinnae close-set,
elongate, simple, opposite and alternate, studded with spreading, simple or
cleft, obtuse, warted pinnules, which are 1 in. long and depressed or
perforated at the apex. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 84; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 756.
Fuchs thyrsoides, Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 19.

New Zealand, Banks and Solander. (Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.)

8. L. Forsteri, Grev.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 234. Frond pink, fading to
orange, terete, filiform, nearly equal throughout, much dichotomously and
pinnately branched ; branches somewhat fastigiate, the smaller spreading and
subdicliotomous ; branchlets spreading, cylindric, dichotomous, alternate or
secund.— Harv. Ner. Austr. 85; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 744. Fucus, Turn. Hist,
Fuc. t. 77.

New Zealand, Forster. (Australia and Tasmania.)

9. Xj. virgata, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 752 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 234. Frond 6-12
in. high, red-purple, about as stout as a pigeon’s quill, pyramidal in outline,
terete, pinnately branched in all directions; lower branches 4-5 in. long,
elongate, racemose, and branchlets more or less regularly opposite and whorled.
Conceptacles crowded, spherico-ovoid.

Laurencia. ]

IX. ALGjE.

677

East coast, Colenso ; Houraki Gulf, Banks’s Peninsula, and Otago, Lyall. (S. Africa,
California.)

44. CHONDBIA, Agardh.

Frond dull red or purplish, filiform, cartilaginous, dichotomously or verti-
cillately branched, opaque ; axis articulated, of many parallel tubes, coated
with small polygonal irregularly placed cells ; branchlets clavate, constricted
at the insertions. Conceptacles ovoid, containing pyriform stalked spores.
Tetraspores 3-parted, scattered on the ramuli.

A genus of several species, scattered through the temperate and tropical oceans.

1. C. macrocarpa, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 223. Frond 4-6 in. long,
as thick as a sparrow’s quill, cvlindric, alternately or pinnately decompound ;
branches distichous, close or distant, alternate or secund, closely set with
alternate pinnae or curved and distantly compound ; branchlets elongate,
^-1 in. long, very obtuse, slightly constricted at the base. Conceptacles large,
ovoid at the ends or sessile on the sides of the branchlets.

Foveanx Straits, Lyall ; Otago, Lindsay.

2. C. flagellaris, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 224. Fronds dull purple,
cartilaginous, setaceous, densely tufted, branched vaguely from the base or
alternately decompound ; branches elongate, simple, with few lateral, rather
spreading branches ; branchlets scattered, unequal, filiform, acute, not con-
stricted at the base. Conceptacles large, ovoid, sessile, with a prominent
orifice.

Port Nicholson and Paterson’s Harbour, Lyall.

45. CLADHYMENIA, Harvey.

Frond rose-pink, membranous, flat, thin, with or without a midrib, dis-
tichouslv pinnatifid ; structure of 2 strata, internal cells large, polygonal, full
of granules, outer minute, coloured. Conceptacles ovoid, enclosing a tuft
of pyriform spores. Tetraspores 3-partite, in definite marginal sori.

Genus confined to New Zealand and Australia.

1. C. Lyallii, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 235. Frond rose-red,
4-5 in. high, broadly deltoid in outline, filiform at the base, soon dilating to
-Jg— i in., then flattened, traversed by an obscure nerve, attenuated to the
apex, between gelatinous and membranous, 2-3- pinnatifid ; branches spread-
ing, linear-lanceolate ; lowest 2-pinnatifid ; middle pinnatifid ; upper entire
or toothed ; branchlets linear, filiform, obtuse. Conceptacles stalked, elliptic-
oblong. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 87. t. 33.

Bay of Islands, Lyall.

2. C. oblongifolia, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 235. t. 113. Frond red,
brown when dry, 1 foot long and more, nearly 1 in. broad, flat, gelatinously
membranous, pinnate or 2-pinnate ; pinnae 6-8 in. long, tapering downwards,
obtuse, simple or bearing similar pinnules ; margins more or less fringed with
filiform or compressed, simple or branched processes. Conceptacles sessile

IX. ALGjE.

678

[ Cladliymenia .

on the terete processes, ovoid. Tetraspores sunk in flattened processes. —
Harv. Ner. Austr. 87 j J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 771.

East coast, Colenso ; Paroah Bay and Port Cooper, Lyall. — Very similar to, and easily
mistaken for Callophyllis Hombroniana.

46. ASPABAGQPSIS, Montagne.

Frond filiform, red, inarticulate, panicled ; branches thyrsoid, penicillate,
pinnately decompound ; branchlets setaceous, cellular. Conceptacles ovoid,
enclosing a dense tuft of pyriform spores covered with a membrane. Tetra-
spores unknown.

Natives of the Mediterranean and warmer seas.

1. A. armata, Harv. — A. Delilei, FI. N. Z. ii. 233. Rhizome branched,
setaceous. Fronds pale or bright rose-red, tufted, 6-12 in. long, much
branched ; branches linear-lanceolate in outline, virgate, clothed to the base
with short setaceous branchlets, and having also at the base a few long, naked,
retrorselv spinous, stiff, spreading branches. Conceptacles globose, on cylin-
dric stalks. — Harv. Phyc. Austr. iv. t. 122. A. Delilei, Harv. Ner. Austr.
t. 35, not of Montagne.

In deep water, Cook’s Straits, Lyall. (Australia and Tasmania.)

47. DELISEA, Lamouroux.

Frond bright red, cartilaginous, narrow, compressed, 2-edged, much
branched alternately; branches distichous, pectinate or coarsely serrate;
midrib evident, immersed ; structure an axis of roundish-angular, colourless,
close-packed cells, surrounded by several series of coloured, minute, cortical
cells. Conceptacles ovoid, sessile on the midrib towards the tips of the
branchlets, and enclosing a tuft of pyriform spores. Tetraspores immersed
in wart-like swellings, spread over the tips of the branches.

A southern genus, found hitherto only in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Ker-
guelen’s Land.

1. D. elegans, Lamour. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 233. Frond bright red, 6-12
in. long, excessively and finely branched, compressed, membranous, narrow,
pinnately decompound, all the branches and their divisions bordered with
distichous, subulate, acute, alternate branchlets. Conceptacles solitary or 2
together, sessile in the axils of the subulate branchlets, opening by a pore. —
Harv. Ner. Austr. 89. t. 34 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 781.

Preservation Harbour and Akaroa, Lyall. (Australia and Tasmania.)

48. PTILQNXA, J. Agardh.

Frond bright rose-purple, linear, membranous above, flattened and 2-edged,
decompound-pinnate, toothed, with a sunk midrib of 3 series of cells ; axis
of branched, jointed, longitudinal threads, running laterally into an interne-

Pliloma.]

IX. ALGjE.

679

diate tissue of rounded-angular cells ; cortical cells rounded, minute. Con-
ceptacles subterminal on the pinnules.

A genus of a single most beautiful species.

1. P. magellanica, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 774 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 235. Foot
scutate. Frond 2-10 in. long, in. broad, membranous above, cartilagi-
nous below ; pinnae alternate or subopposite in pairs, terminal flattened,
toothed ; teeth growing out into linear pinnae ; axils rounded. — Plocantium,
Hook. f. and Harv. El. Antarct. ; Harv. Ner. Austr. 124. Thamnophora ,
Mont, in Yoy. au Pole Sud,'t. 8. f. 2.

East coast, Lyall. (Abundant in Fuegia and Kerguelen’s Land.)

49. AMPHXROA, Lamouroux.

Frond pale-red, flat, compressed or terete, articulate, dichotomously branched
or pinnate or whorled ; articulations cartilaginous, coated with calcareous
matter. Coneeptacles conical, wart-like, opening by a pore, enclosing a tuft
of erect pyriform, at length 4-parted spore-threads.

Handsome Corallines, usually found in tide-pools in both temperate, but chiefly tropical
seas.

1. A. corymbosa, Decaisne ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 237. Frond 4-5 in. high,
densely tufted, 2-pinnate at the top ; pinnae and pinnules close-set ; lower
articulations cylindric, very short ; intermediate and upper deltoid or ob-
cordate, compressed ; lateral angles acute or produced, of the branches sub-
sagittate ; terminal lanceolate. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 99. t. 38; J. Ag. Sp.
Alg. ii. 550.

East coast, Colenso • Bay of Islands, Lyall, etc. (S. Africa.)

2. A. elegans, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 237. Frond 2-3 in.
long, slender, irregularly dichotomous ; forks distant ; lower articulations
terete, three times as long as broad ; middle and upper sagittate, with acute,
subulate, erecto-patent, obtuse lobes. Coneeptacles sunk in the lobes of the
articulations. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 101. t. 38 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 546.

Cape Kidnapper, Colenso. (Tasmania.)

50. CORALLINA, Linnaeus.

Frond pale pink, filiform, jointed, usually pinnately branched ; articula-
tions coated with a calcareous deposit. Coneeptacles ovoid-turbinate or ob-
ovate, opening by a pore, containing a tuft of erect pyriform or clavate
transversely-parted tetraspores.

Small tufted perennial calcareous Alga, known as Corallines, and growing in all seas.

1. C. armata, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 237. Frond dull
purple, short, stout, 1-2 in. high, simple below, flabellately branched at the
summit ; branches 2-pinnate, fastigiate ; articulations of the stem short,
crowned with spines, middle broadly obcuneate, compressed, short, with 2-6-

680 ix. algje. [ Corallina .

whorled species ; upper cuneate, uppermost terete, slender, obtuse, often ca-
pitate.— Harv. Ner. Austr. 100. t. 40 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 566.

East coast, Colenso.

2. C. officinalis, Linn. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 237. Frond pink, pinnate or
2-pinnate ; lower articulations cylindric, twice as long as broad, upper ob-
conic, compressed. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 104; Pliyc. Brit. t. 222 ; J. Ag. Sp.
Alg. ii. 562.

Auckland, Lyall ; East coast, Colenso. (Common in all seas.)

51. JANIA, Lamouroux.

Frond pale pink, subterete, filiform, articulated, dichotomously and flabel-
lately branched; articulations coated with calcareous matter, cylindric or
compressed. Conceptacles urn-shaped, in the forks of the upper branches,
2-4-horned, with a terminal pore, containing a tuft of at length transversely
4-parted spore-threads.

A common genus in both the temperate and tropical zones.

§ 1. Frond pinn at ely compound.

1. J. Cuvieri, Becaisne ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 237. Prond 2-4 in. long, plu-
mose, pinnately compound ; pinnae and pinnules slender, close-set pinnules
simple or forked ; articulations of the branches 1^-2 times as long as broad,
broadly obcuneate with prominent angles of the branchlets linear, 2-3 times
as long as broad. Conceptacles terminal, urceolate, with slender processes.
— Harv. Ner. Austr. 105. Corallina, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 572.

Common on the coasts, Colenso , etc. (Australia, Tasmania, S. Africa.)

2. J. Hombronii, Mont. ; — FI. Antarct. 184. Prond excessively 3-
pinnately branched ; pinnae crowded, flabellate ; lower articulations terete,
upper obcuneate, truncate, as broad as long, compressed, of the branches terete,
filiform, 2-3 times as long as broad, or ovate-globose, and bearing concep-
tacles.— Mont, in Voy. au Pole Sud, 146; Harv. Ner. Austr. 105. Coral-
lina, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 574.

Lord Auckland’s group, Hombron, J. J). IT.

3. J. pistillaris, Mont. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 237. Prond tufted, laxly 2-
pinnate ; pinnae and pinnules remote, erecto-patent ; lower articulations
compressed, oblong-quadrate, dilated above, twice as long as broad, of the
pinnules terete, discoid, or thickened at the tip and bearing tetraspores. —
Mont, in Yoy. au Pole Sud, 147 ; Harv. Ner. Austr. 105. Corallina, J. Ag.
Sp. Alg. ii. 5 74.

Bay of Islands, in holes of rocks, Hombron. — Description from Montagne.

§ 2. Frond dichotomous, often fasiigiate.

4. J. micrarthrodia, Lamour.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 237. Frond 1|— 2 in.
high, tufted, slender, laxly dichotomously branched ; axils patent ; branches
subarcuate ; articulations all about the same proportionate length to breadth,
as long or twice as long as broad, those of the stems cylindric, of the branches

Jania.]

IX. ALG«.

681

subcylindric. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 107 ; J. A g. Sp. Alg. ii, 555. J. tenuissima ,
Sond. ; Harv. 1. c. 106. t. 40.

Probably common, East coast, Colenso ; Port Cooper, Lyall. (Australia.)

5. J. no vse- Z elan dise , Harv. in HI. N. Z. ii. 237. Frond 1-2 in.
long, setaceous, dichotomously branched ; axils acute ; articulations cylindric,
6-12 times longer than broad. Conceptacles urceolate, axillary, crowned with
geminate 2-3-articulate filaments.

East coast, Colenso ; Banks’s Peninsula, Lyall.

J. gracilis, Lamour., a little-known plant, referred by J. Agardh to J. Cuvieri, is stated
by Montague to have been found by Hombron at Akaroa.

52. MELOBESIA, Lamour.

Frond crustaceous, red pink or whitish, free or attached by its surface,
never jointed, coated with a calcareous deposit, flattened, orbicular and lobed,
or cylindric and branched. Conceptacles scattered, conical, sessile, containing
a tuft of transversely-parted oblong tetraspores.

Perennial coral-like Alga, found in all seas, sometimes forming calcareous incrustations
on other Alga, shells, and pebbles, etc., at others erect or foliated.

1. M. calcarea, Harv. HI. N. Z. ii. 238. Frond shrubby, 2-3 in.
high, white, subdichotomous ; branches as broad as long, in- broad, dis-
tant, lower coalescing, upper free and narrow at the bases. — Harv. Phyc.
Brit. t. 291 ; Ner. Austr. 110. Lithobia, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 523.

Bay of Islands, J. JD. H. (N. Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Galapagos Islands.)

2. M. Patena, Hook.f. and Harv. HI. N. Z. ii. 238. Frond horizontal,
fixed to the stems of Alga, and by a groove at the base, white red or purplish,

in. diameter, thick, flat, concave or undulate, obovate or suborbicular, quite
entire, imbricate, concentrically striate, shining. Conceptacles numerous,
scattered, depressed. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 111. t. 40.

Parasitic on Ballia, Colenso. (Tasmania, S. Africa.)

3. M. antarctica, Hook.f. and Harv. in Harv. Ner. Austr. 111. Frond
flat, suborbicular, attached by the lower surface ; margins free, quite entire,
forming a thin expanded irregularly-lobed crust, pale, surface concentrically
undulate. Conceptacles minute, depressed, hemispherical. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg.
ii. 514. M. verrucata, var. antarctica, FI. Antarct. 482.

Iiord Auckland's group, J. D. H. (Tasmania, Puegia, Kerguelen’s Land.)

53. DELESSERIA, Agardh.

Frond bright rose-red, leaf-like, simple, dichotomously pinnately or pro-
liferously branched, very membranous, flaccid ; midrib evident, substance of
one layer of angular cells. Conceptacles hemispherical, on the ribs or nerves,
enclosing a tuft of branched filaments bearing spores, which are seated on an
elevated tubercle on the floor of the cavity. Tetraspores clustered in sori in
the substance of the frond.

A most beautiful genus, common in both temperate -zones. »

2 X

632

IX. ALGA5.

[Delesseria.

§ 1 . Frond dichotomously branched.

1. D. Hookeri, Lyall in FI. N. Z. ii. 238. t. 114, 115. Proud 2 ft.
and more long, stipitate, 4-5 in. broad, linear or ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-
obovate, lacerate, acute or subacute, crimson-purple, sometimes palm atiiid ;
substance thick, surface-cells small ; costa stout, pinnated at distances of ^ in. ;
nerves thick, erecto-patent, dichotomous ; margin erose-toothed. Concep-
tacles on obovate processes, 112— in. long on the veins ; walls thick ; orifice
prominent. Tetraspores in oblong minute sori near the base of the lamina.

Lyall’s Bay or Cook’s Straits, Foveaux Straits and Otago, Lyall. — The finest species of
the genus.

2. D. dichotoma, Hook.f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 239. Prond mem-
branous, rose-purple or blood-red, 4-8 in. high, stipitate ; stipes 2-3 in. long,
oblong-cuneate or elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or emarginate, at length 2-fid or
laciniate ; costa stout, dichotomous, vanishing below the apex. Sori rounded.
— PI. Antarct. 185. t. 71. f. 2 ; Harv. Ner. Austr. 115 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii.
682.

Ruapuke and Chalky Bay, Lyall. Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island,
J.D.E.

3. D. pleurospora, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 239. Prond 6-8 in. high,
stipitate, flabellate, laciniate ; segments dichotomous, cuneate, alternate, acute
or subobtuse, spreading ; margin quite entire ; costa dichotomous, vanishing
below the tips of the segments. Sori linear, arranged in confluent lines on
each side of the costa.

Preservation Harbour, Lyall. — Possibly a form of D. dichotoma, hut the sori appear very
different.

4. D. Leprieurii, Mont. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 240. Fronds rising from a
creeping rhizome, dichotomous or subfastigiate, dull violet-purple, 1-3 in.
long, costate, constricted at the axils as if articulate ; segments linear-lanceo-
late, acute at both ends. Tetraspores in lines radiating from the costa to the
margin, on the terminal segments and on axillary leaflets. — Montagne in Ann.
Sc. Nat. ser. 3. xiii. 196. t. 5. f. 1 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 682.

Bay of Islands, J. I). H. (Guiana, U. States.) — A very curious plant, doubtfully referred
to Delesseria by Harvey, more coufidently by J. Agardh.

§ 2. Frond pinnately decompound ; segments of the primary first pinnatifid and then

pinnate.

5. D. quercifolia, Bory ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 239. Prond pale red-purple,
3-6 in. long, broadly ovate, pinnatifid and 2-pinnatifid, irregularly lobed,
sinuate and toothed ; costa stout, giving off opposite nerves to the tips of the
lobes. Sori minute, punctiform, Very numerous between the nerves on the
lobes. — Borv in Duperr. Voy. Bot. 186. t. 18. f. 1; Harv. Ner. Austr. 114. t. 46;
J. Alg. Sp. Alg. ii. 692.

East coast, lat. 42°, Lyall. (Fuegia, Falkland Islands.)

6. D. Davisii, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. JV. Z. ii. 239. Prond with a
winged cartilaginous stipes, 5-7 in. long, rose-red, membranous, pinnate or
pinnatifid; segments obliquely lanceolate, costate, feather-nerved, nerves

Delesseria .]

IX. alg^e.

683

alternate, at length lacerate between the nerves, the ultimate segments erecto-
patent, costate. — FI. Antarct. 470. t. 175 ; Harv. Ner. Austr. 115; J. Ag.
Sp. Alg. ii. 689.

Ruapuke, Preservation Harbour, and Chalky Bay, Lyall. (Fuegia.)

§ 3. Frond proliferous, the branches rising from the midrib.

7. D. nereifolia, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 238. Frond red-purple, stiff
and elastic when fresh, when old with a stout stipes, 6-8 in. long, 1 in.
broad, linear-oblong, obtuse, costate, pinnately veined ; branches or leaflets
springing from the often denuded stout costa, oblong, quite entire, flat, ob-
tuse, with broad prominent midribs, and feathered with opposite close-set
nerves, between which the membrane is reticulated with articulate lines of
cells. Fruit unknown.

Preservation Harbour and Stewart’s Island, Lyall.

8. D. oppositifolia, Harv. in FI. JV. Z. ii. 239. Frond lake-red,
1-2 in. high, linear-lanceolate, costate, at length 2-3-pinnately compound,
with opposite leaflets springing from the costa ; larger leaflets with a cylindric
costa coated with small cells ; smaller leaflets with an articulate costa.

Stewart’s Island, rare, Lyall.

9. D. crassinervia, Mont. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 239. Frond bright red,
linear, 1-2 ft. long, more or less closely pinnated throughout with branches
6-8 in. long ; branches emitting leaflets from the midrib, which again are
proliferously divided ; costa very thick ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate
at both ends. Sori elongate, solitary on each side of the midrib. — Mont, in
Yoy. au Pole Sud, 164. t. 8. f. 1 (small state) ; FI. Antarct. 184 ; Harv. Ner.
Austr. 115 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 694.

Ruapuke Harbour and Stewart’s Island, Lyall. Lord Auckland’s group and
Campbell’s Island, J. 1). H. (Fuegia, Kerguelen’s Land.) — Perhaps only a large
southern state of the European D. Hypoglossum.

10. D. ruscifolia, Lamour. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 239. Frond crimson, 1-3
in. high, with a branched winged stem, linear-oblong, branched throughout
proliferously from the costa ; leaflets stipitate, young obovate, old linear, ob-
tuse ; costa pinnately veined ; nerves pellucid when dry. Sori linear, 2 pairs
on each side of the costa. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 115 ; Phyc. Brit. t. 26 ; J. Ag.
Sp. Alg. ii. 695.

Cook’s Straits, Lyall. (Australia, Fuegia, S. Africa, N. Atlantic.)

54. HEMINEURA, Harv.

Frond rose-red, leaf-like, delicately membranous, flaccid, 1-3-pinnatifid,
entire or serrulate; midrib very slender. Conceptacles horned, pierced by a
pore on the costa. Tetraspores intramarginal.

Genus of two species, one Tasmanian and the following.

1. H. cruenta, Harv. in FI. JH. Z. ii. 240. Fronds 4-5 in. long, J- 1
in. broad ; segments narrow, ultimate y1^ in. broad, acute, quite entire, but

2 y 2

684

IX. ALGA!.

\JIeinineara .

crisped and waved ; costa running through the principal part of the frond,
not branching to the lobes, which have isolated costae of their own ; principal
costa emitting numerous minute lanceolate leaflets.

Massacre Bay, Lyall.

55. NITOPHALLUM, Greville.

Characters of Delesseria, but no midrib, or an obscure one confined to the
base of the frond.

A genus of most beautiful Alga, which are abundant in the colder zones, and arrive at
their greatest stature and beauty in the deep southern bays.

§ 1. Sori subsolitary below the apices of the segments.

1. N. minus, Sond. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 119. Frond small, tufted, sessile,
excessively delicate, 1-2 in. long, bright rose-red, linear, dichotomously pin-
nate from the base, quite entire, traversed by a few very slender longitudi-
nal veins ; branches divaricate, short, obtuse, upper dichotomous, multifid,
ultimate obtuse. Sori towards the tips of the segments. — Harv. Ner. Austr.
119. Cryptopleura, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 655.

Parasitic, East coast, Colenso ; Tauranga, Davies. (Australia.)

2. N. uncinatum, J. Ag. ? ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 241. Fronds small, tufted,
on a creeping rhizome, delicately membranous, sessile, 1-2 in. long, subpin-
nately dichotomous from the base, wholly veinless ; segments linear, ^ in.
broad, upper acuminate, often secund ; fruiting ones shorter, often 3-folio-
late. Sori solitary towards the tips of the segments. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii.
654.

Blind Bay, Cook’s Straits, Lyall. (Europe.) — Not found in fruit, and hence doubtful.

§ 2. Sori more or less intramarginal.

3. N. palmatum, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 240. Frond red-brown,
thickish, 6-8 in. long and more, broadly cuneate at the base, and then nar-
rowed into a thickened but not costate stipes 1-2 in. long, above palmately
divided into many cuneate erect segments with narrow axils ; costa 0, but
whole frond traversed with microscopic veinlets ; larger segments cuneate,
dichotomously palmate, smaller oblong, obtuse, quite entire. Sori oblong,
often elongate, usually in interrupted lines towards the apex, but continued
downwards within the margin, often irregularly scattered.

Eastern coasts, Colenso and Lyall, apparently common. — The ordinary form strongly re-
sembles Rhodymenia palmata, but Harvey enumerates many varieties, some crisped, some
rose-red, some with pinnatifid lobes, aud some with proliferous margins.

§ 3. Sori scattered over the whole surface of the frond or its segments.
f Frond nerveless.

4. N. punctatum ?, Grev. ; — FI. Antarct. 185. Frond subsessile,
delicately membranous, rose-red, nerveless, very variable in size and shape,
dichotomously fastigiate or dilated and pinnate or palmate '; axils rounded.

Nitophallum.~\

IX. ALGiE.

685

Sori large, oblong, scattered over the whole frond. — Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 202,
203 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 659.

Campbell’s Island, J. D. H. (Tasmania, N. Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans.) — Specimens
imperfect.

5. N. denticulatum, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 241. Prond subsessile or
narrowed below into a cuneate stipes, above flabelliform, dichotomously
branched, or undivided or deeply divided ; margin erose and crisped ; tips
obtuse ; stipes sometimes produced upwards and branched. Sori ovate or
oblong, excessively numerous, scattered over the whole frond.

Maketu, Chapman ; Blind Bay, Davies ; Cook’s Straits and East coast, Lyall.

6. 3ST. variolosum, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 241. Prond rose-red, 2-3
in. long, shortly stipitate, below nan-owed into a thickened cuneate stipes,
above dichotomously palmate-partite ; segments decompoundly multifid, ob-
tuse, upper narrower, covered with scattered cilia or processes ; axils patent.
Sori scattered, thickened into convex tubercles, containing few tetraspores.

East coast, Colenso ; Banks’s Peninsula, Lyall.

7. N. ? suborbiculare, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 242. Prond rose-red,
delicately membranous, subsessile or with a setaceous stipes, suddenly ex-
panding into an entire suborbicular lamina 1 in. broad, entire crenate or
lobed ; substance of one layer of angular cells. Sori and conceptacles scat-
tered over the whole frond.

Parasitic, Hawke’s Bay, Colenso ; Cook’s Straits, Lyall. — A curious plant, of doubtful
affinity, perhaps to be referred to Rhodymenia ; if a new genus, Harvey proposes that it
should be called Ahroteia.

ft Frond with evident nerves.

8. N. multinerve, Hook. f. and Harv. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 241. Frond
rose-red, shortly stipitate, 2-4 in. long, rounded or cuneate at the base,
simple or cut into numerous ribbon-like segments, which are traversed by
numerous parallel distinct nerves. — PL Antarct. 473 ; Harv. Ner. Austr. 119;
J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 666.

Massacre and Chalky bays and Stewart’s Island, Lyall. (Tasmania, Fuegia.)

9. N. crispatum, Hook. f. and Harv. in FI. Antarct. 185. t. 71. f. 1.
Prond rose-red, 3-4 in. long, stipitate, oblong or broadly expanded from a
cuneate decompound dichotomous and subpinnately laciniate base, with
branched basal nerves ; segments cuneate, tips and axils obtuse ; margins
crenulate and crisped. Sori minute, dot-like, scattered over the whole frond.
— Harv. Ner. Austr. 120 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 664.

C ampb ell’s Island, J. D. H.

- 10. N. D,TJrvillaei, J. Agardh; — FI. Ff. Z. ii. 240. Prond 6-10 in.
long, narrowed into a stout cylindric dichotomous stipes, 1-3 in. long, pal-
mately dichotomous, the stipes branching into the segments, which are linear
subcuneate, the lower crisped, the upper slightly undulate ; terminal lobes
linear-oblong, very obtuse ; divisions of the costa produced nearly to the
tops of the latinise. Sori dot-like, thickly scattered over the upper lobes. —

686 ix. ALGiE. [Nitophallum.

J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 667- Dawsonia, Bory, Yoy. Coquil. t. T9, f. i. Aglaopliyl-
lum, Mont, in Yoy. Bonite, 111.

Ruapuke Island in Foveaux Straits, Lyall. (Chili.)

56. PHACELOCARPUS, Endlicher.

Frond red, slender ; midrib strong, compressed, distichously pectinate or
subterete, 4-fariously aculeate ; structure of three strata, surrounding an ar-
ticulate tube ; medullary of longitudinal densely interlaced filaments ; inter-
mediate of larger roundish cells ; cortical of minute coloured cells in vertical
lines. Conceptacles external, pedicelled or sessile, imperfectly known. Re-
ceptacles ovoid or globose, containing numerous cavities in which are zoned
tetraspores mixed with unicellular peranemata.

A genus of one species of uncertain affinity.

1. P. Labillardieri, J. Agardh, Sp. Alg.ii. 648; — FI. N. Z. ii. 242.
Root a broad disk. Frond dark-red, 1-3 ft. high, i11- diameter, ex-

cessively branched ; branches irregular, the smaller closely pinnate or 2-pin-
nate, all of them pectinate with subulate branchlets. Receptacles ovoid,
axillary, pedicelled, ovoid. — Harv. Phyc. Austr. iii. t. 163. Euctenodus and
Ctenodus , Kuetzing. Sphcerococcus, Agardh.

Laminarian zone and deeper water, abundant along all the shores, Sinclair, Colenso, etc.
(Australia, Tasmania.)

57. CALLIBLEPHARIS, Kuetzing.

Frond dull-red, flat, between cartilaginous and membranous, dichotomously
pinnate and fimbriate ; structure of two strata; medullary of several series of
large roundish angular cells ; cortical of minute coloured cellules. Coucep-
tacles sessile, thick-walled, enclosing a tuft of moniliform spore- threads.
Tetraspores zoned, scattered amongst the cortical cells.

A fine genus, native of both temperate zones.

1. C. ? tenuifolia, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 243. Frond 6-8 in. long,
1 in. broad, bright rose-red, delicately membranous, dichotomously pinnate ;
margins proliferous ; segments much attenuated at the base, often subciliate
and toothed. Tetraspores scattered, transversely divided.

Chalky Bay, Lyall. — Dr. Harvey remarks that in the absence of conceptacles the genus of
this plant is doubtful ; it may be a Rhodopkyllis.

58. SARCODIA, J. Agardh.

■ Frond rose-red, fleshy, cartilaginous when dry, flat, repeatedly dichoto-
mously-branched and bearing marginal segments; structure of 3 strata;
medullary of loosely interlaced filiform cells ; intermediate of rounded angular
cells, gradually passing into the other stratum of minute vertical rounded
cells. Conceptacles hemispheric, thick-walled, on the disk and margins of
the frond, opening by a pore, enclosing obovate spores arranged on dicho-

Sarcodia.]

ix. alga:.

687

tomous filaments which radiate from a central receptacle. Tetraspores
scattered, transversely divided,

A genus of a single species.

1. S. Montagneana, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 623; — FI. JV. Z. ii. 242.
Frond 4-8 in. long, cuneate at the base, then expanding into dichotomous
lobes 1£ in. broad, tips often truncate and proliferous ; axils obtuse. — Rho-
dymenia Montagneana, Hook. f. and Harv. ; Harv. Ner. Austr. t. 48. Rhodo-
'phyllis Montagneana , Kuetzing.

Bay of Islands, J. J). H., Lyall.

59. GEACILARIA, Greville.

Frond dull red, cartilaginous, cylindric, compressed or rarely flat, irregu-
larly branched ; structure of two strata ; medullary of large angular colour-
less cells, surrounded by smaller coloured ones ; cortical of minute coloured
cells in vertical lines. Conceptacles conical or hemispherical, sessile, thick-
walled, at length opening by a pore, enclosing obovate spores arranged on a
tuft of filaments. Tetraspores cruciate or 3-parted, scattered beneath the
cortical cells.

A large genus, found in both temperate zones.

1. G. confervoid.es, Grev. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 243. Fronds tufted, pur-
ple, subcartilaginous, 2 in. to 2 ft. long, as thick as a sparrow- or crow-quill,
very variable in branching, etc. ; branches long, undivided ; branchlets subse-
cund, filiform close-set, filiform attenuate at both ends. Conceptacles hemi-
spherical, extremely numerous. Tetraspores also abundant, on thickened fili-
form branchlets. — Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 65; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 587.

Probably common, from Hawke’s Bay, Colenso, to Buapuke, Lyall. (Native of both tem-
perate oceans.)

2. G. multipartita, Harv., var. polycarpa, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 601.
Frond between cartilaginous and membranous, 4-12 in. high, dull purple,
flattened, cleft to the base palmately or dichotomously ; segments linear-
cuneate, acute, entire, jagged or multifid. Conceptacles scattered over the
whole surface of the frond. — Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 15 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii.
601.

Blind Bay, Cook’s Straits, Lyall. (Native of both temperate and tropical oceans.)

3. G. coriacea, Harv.;- — FI. N. Z. ii. 243. Closely resembling G.
multipartita, but much thicker, more coriaceous, minutely wrinkled when dry,
and the tips of the segments obtuse. Conceptacles deeply sunk in the frond,
depressed at the apex with a large pore. — Rhodymenia ? coriacea , Hook. f. and
Harv. in Lond. Journ. Bot. iv. 545.

Bay of Islands, Cook’s Straits, Lyall ; Otago, Lindsay.

60. MELANTHALIA, J. Agardh.

Frond deep purple, linear, flat, dichotomously flabellately branched, coria-
ceous, solid, densely cellular ; inner substance of colourless elongate angular

.688

IX. ALGA!.

\_Melanthalia.

cells, outer of many series of most minute coloured cells. Conceptacles
marginal, thick-walled, hemispherical ; spores on moniliform filaments, cover-
ing a prominence on the floor of the conceptacle. Tetraspores unknown.

An Australian and New Zealand genus.

1. M. abscissa, Hook. f. and Haro. Ft. N. Z. ii. 242. Fronds tufted,
blackish when dry, 2-3 in. long, fastigiately dichotomously decompound ;
segments 2-edged ; margins obtuse, unequally thickened here and there, lower
~ in. long, upper narrower, subcuneate below the forkings. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg.
ii. 613. Fucus, Turn. Hist. t. 137. Chondrococcus, Kuetzing.

New Zealand, Banks.

2. M. Jaubertiana, Mont.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 242. Frond similar to M.
abscissa, but larger, 4-6 in. long ; segments quite equal throughout. — J. Ag.
Sp. Alg. ii. 613.

Common along all the coasts. (Tasmania.)

61. GELIDITJM, Lamouroux.

Frond dull red or purplish, linear, compressed, pinnate, horny, solid ; axis
of densely interlaced tenacious fibres ; walls of small polygonal cells, the
outermost minute in horizontal series. Conceptacles 2-celled, formed of two
opposite confluent conceptacles, immersed in swollen branchlets, containing
oblong spores which are attached to the walls of the septum. Tetraspores
forming sori on dilated branchlets.

Native of both temperate zones.

1. G. comeum, Lamour.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 243. Frond 2-6 in. high,
between cartilaginous and horny, nearly flat, distichously branched, setaceous
or more or less stout; branches 1-2-pinnate, linear, attenuated at each end,
pinnules mostly opposite, spreading, obtuse, bearing elliptic conceptacles
within their apices. — Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 53 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 469.

. Probably abundant, Hawke’s Bay, Colenso ; Banks’s Peninsula, Lyall. (All seas.)

2. G. asperunij Grev. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 243. Frond very variable in
size, two-edged, decompoundly pinnate; pinnae linear, narrowed at both ends,
rather regularly again pinnate, serrulate. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 475.

New Zealand, Banme (J. Agardh, 1. c.) (Australia.)

62. CATJLACANTHUS, Kuetzing.

Frond purplish-brown, black when dry, terete, excessively branched;
branchlets aculeate, cartilaginous ; axis of young parts tubular, of a single
flexuous articulate tube, giving off alternate branches which divide excessively,
their divisions becoming packed and forming the surface ; adult part alto-
gether cellular. Conceptacles unknown. Tetraspores in slightly swollen
branchlets, sunk in the cortical threads, transversely divided.

A curious genus, of a N. Atlantic species and the following.

1. C. spinellus, Kuetz. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 244. Fronds lf-1 in. long.

Caulacanthus.~\

IX. ALGjE.

689

setaceous, forming broad tufts, rigid, irregularly excessively branched;
branches very spreading, simple or forked, set with horizontal, often secund
spinous branchlets. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 434. Rhodomela 1 spinella, Hook. f.
and Harv. in Lond. Journ. Bot. iv. 534.

Common on all the shores, on Corallines, shells, etc., Colenso.

63. HYPNEA, Lamouroux.

Frond pink or dull purplish, filiform, much branched ; branchlets subu-
late, cartilaginous ; axis fibrous or cellular, dense, surrounded by several series
of colourless polygonal cells, which decrease externally, outer series minute,
coloured. Conceptacles sessile or immersed, thick-walled, containing stalked
spores attached to filaments. Tetraspores zoned, sunk in the surface of
swollen branchlets.

Natives of both temperate zone9.

1. H. musciformis, Lamour.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 244. Frond tufted,
dark green and purple, excessively branched, 4-6 in. high ; branches filiform,
incurved, thickened at the tips ; branchlets spreading, sporiferous, pod-like,
lanceolate, beaked ; those bearing the conceptacles with divaricating spinescent
divisions. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 442.

New Zealand, Banks and Solander. (N. S. and tropical Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Pacific,
Australia.) — I have seen no N. Z. specimens.

2. H. ? multicorius, Mont. Voy. au F6le Sud, 152. t. 9. /. 1; — FI.
Antarct. 187. Frond 2-3 in. long, compressed, excessively corymbosely
branched, ultimate branchlets subdistichous, alternate or subsecund, forked ;
branchlets spreading, recurved, hooked. Fruits in the thickened tips of the
hooked branchlets.— Rhodomela, Mont.

Lord Auckland’s group, D’Urville.

64. PTEROCLADIA, J. Agardh.

Frond red, linear, flat, 2-edged ; midrib strong or indistinct, pinnate ;
structure of 3 strata ; medullary of densely packed longitudinal fibres ; inter-
mediate of larger roundish cells ; cortical of moniliform rows of coloured
minute cells vertically placed. Conceptacles tliick-walled, hemispherical, 1-
locular, on one surface. of the frond, containing obovate stalked spores;
spores inserted on a parietal receptacle which is united to the pericarp by
delicate filaments. Tetraspores cruciate, forming sori on dilated branchlets.

Differs from Gelidium in the 1 -celled conceptacle.

1. P. lucida, J. Agardh FI. N . Z. ii. 244. Root branching. Frond
extremely variable, 6-18 in. long, red-purple, in. broad, pinnately de-

compound, variable in breadth and branching ; often proliferous ; pinnules
thin, flat, long or short and crisped ; midrib strong or faint. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg.
ii. 483. Gelidium, Sond. ; Fucus, Br. in Turn. Hist. t. 238.

Common throughout the islands. (W. aud S.W. Australia.)

690

IX. ALGA5.

65. APOPHLCEA, Harvey.

Frond red-purple, black when dry, spongy, cylindric, densely dichoto-
mously fastigiate, of 2 strata of cells ; axis of dense, slender, anastomosing
threads ; cortical of vertical, elongate, dichotomous, articulate threads, im-
mersed in a soft gelatine. Conceptacles scattered, immersed in the cortical
threads, enclosing parietal fascicled threads. Tetraspores transversely di-
vided.

A curious genus, confined to New Zealaud.

1. A. Sinclairii, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 244. t. 116 B, Boot a broad
leathery disk. Fronds 1 in. high, very stout, densely fastigiate; branches
short, thick, obtuse. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 458.

Common on rocks, Colenso, etc.

2. A. Lyallii, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 244. t. 166 A. Frond
5-6 in. high, with a slender stipes thickening upwards, in. diameter, then
forking repeatedly; branches flexuous, patent, stout; axils rounded; tips
obtuse.

Preservation Harbour and Otago, Lyall.

66. PEYSSOimELLIA, Decaisne.

Frond dull red or brownish, flat, broad, fan-shaped, rooting by fibrils from
the lower surface, zoned ; structure of 2 strata, that of the lower surface of
horizontal cylindric cells, cohering in longitudinal filaments, that of the
upper surface of similar cells in lines at right angles to the others. Con-
ceptacles superficial, containing either globular spores in moniliform filaments
or cruciate tetraspores.

A scarce genus in the northern seas, where one species exists on the Mediterranean and
Atlantic coasts ; more common in the south temperate zone.

1. P. rugosa, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 245. Frond 1-2 in. broad, dark,
red-brown, attached by the whole lower surface, between membranous and
coriaceous, orbicular, wrinkled over the whole surface. Fructification un-
known.

Cape Kidnapper, on the surface of rocks covered with sand, Colenso.

67. NEMALION, Duby.

Frond red or purple, cylindric, gelatinous, elastic, dichotomous ; structure
of 3 strata ; medullary of long, subsimple, interlaced filaments, which radiate
outwards, forming the second stratum ; this consists of a layer of anasto-
mosing, horizontal, fastigiate, dichotomous, moniliform threads, invested in
gelatine, the tips of which constitute the outermost stratum or periphery.
Spore-mass spherical, of many clavate radiating spore-threads, immersed in
the peripheric threads. Tetraspores triangularly divided, in the terminal cells
of the peripheric filaments.

Natives of northern and southern temperate zones.

Nemalion. ]

IX. ALGjE.

691

1. N. ramulosum, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 245. Frond 6 in. long,
in. broad, compressed, once or twice forked, irregularly densely set with
spreading branches and branchlets ; branches unequal, 1-2 in. long, hori-
zontal, obtuse, simple, or again set with lateral often forked branchlets.
Fructification unknown.

Otea, Lyall.

68. SCINAIA, Bivona.

Frond red, terete or compressed, dichotomous, between gelatinous and
membranous, filled with fluid gelatine, traversed by a fibrous axis, from which
slender branched filaments radiate to the periphery, which is formed of a thin
stratum of small angular cells. Spore-masses globular, of jointed spore-
threads, enclosed in a membrane, suspended on the inner wall of the frond,
bearing pyriform spores.

A genus of only one known species.

1. S. furcellata, Bivona; — FI. N. Z. ii. 245. Frond tender, rose or
lake-red, 2-4 in. long, cylindric, diameter from a sparrow’s to a swan’s quill,
branched, with a semicircular outline ; tips and axils obtuse. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg.
ii. 422. Ginnania, Mont. ; Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 69. Myclomium, Kuetzing.

East coast, Cunningham ? (Europe, N. America, Chili, Pacific, Tasmania, S. Africa.)

69. WRANGELIA, Agardh.

Frond rose-red or purplish, filiform, articulate, branched, of a single tube,
sometimes coated with minute cells ; branchlets minute, opposite or whorled
round the nodes. Spore-masses usually involucrate, containing several clusters
of spores in the uppermost whorls of the branchlets. Tetraspores 3-parted,
scattered on the branchlets.

A beautiful small genus, native of both temperate zones.

1. W. Lyalin, Haro, in FI. N. Z. ii. 236. Frond flaccid, carmine-red,
setaceous, 4-5 in. long, pinnate or 2-pinnate, pellucid above, veined near the
base ; branchlets elongate, articulate, simple, with whorled or opposite branch-
lets at the nodes ; branchlets pinnate ; articulations not coaled writh cells ;
walls thick, of the branches many times longer than broad. Tetraspores
sessile on the inner faces of the branchlets, 1-2 at each node. Spore-masses
minute, terminal, hardly involucrate.

Ruapuke and Preservation Harbours, Lyall.

2. W. (?) squarrulosa, Harv. in Fl. N. Z. ii. 236. Frond rigid, seta-
ceous, articulate throughout, distichouslv branched ; branches opposite and
alternate, very compound, loosely divided or closely pinnate or 2-pinnate ;
pinnse usually opposite ; branchlets minute, squarrose, whorled, clothing the
nodes, dichotomously multifid, spinescent ; articulations 2-3 times longer
than broad, not coated with cells. Tetraspores sessile on lateral branchlets.

Preservation Harbour, Lyall. — Dr. Harvey describes two varieties, both gaihered on the
same spot, one pinnate with the pinnae opposite aud very close ; the other vaguely branched,
scarcely pinnate. The genus is doubtful, the spore-masses being unknown.

692

IX. A LG.®.

70. RHODYMENIA, Greville.

Frond flat, dull or rose-red or purplish, ribless, membranous, dichotomous,
palmate or flabellate ; structure of 2 strata of cells ; medullary large, oblong,
polygonal ; cortical minute, in vertical lines, coloured. Conceptacles scattered
over the frond or in sori near the tips of the segments, sessile, hemispherical,
thick walled, opening by a pore, enclosing a dense tuft of sporiferous fila-
ments in gelatine. Tetraspores cruciate or 3-partite, scattered or in sori.

A large genus in both temperate zones.

§ 1. Tetraspores scattered over the surface of the frond.

1. R. sanguinea, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 248. Frond 12-14 in. long,
purplish blood-red, firmly membranous, with a cylindric stipes and cuneate
base, deeply laciniate ; segments broad or narrow, cuneate, attenuated ; margins
simple or foliiferous ; leaflets cuneate ; axils rounded. Conceptacles very
numerous, scattered densely over the whole frond. Tetraspores abundant on
the smaller segments.

Foveaux Straits, Lyall.

2. R. lanceolata, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 248. Segments of the frond
6-8 in. long, quite simple, narrow, i in. broad, tapering to the base and
acute apex, purple red ; fruit as in It. sanguinea.

Port Cooper, Lyall ; Otago, Lindsay. — Perhaps only a variety of R. sanguinea , with
simple longer segments, but the substance is softer, and the cortical layer more developed.

3. R. prolifera, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 249. Frond dull red-brown,
4-8 in. long, cuneate at the base, with a short stipes ; axils rounded ; seg-
ments spreading, |-1 in. wide, linear or subcuneate, sparingly divided, pro-
liferous at the apex ; leaflets often stipitate, linear, acute or attenuate at the
base, simple or forked. Sori indefinite, remote from the attenuated tips of
the segments.

Hawke’s Bay, Colenso. — Similar to It. linearis , but larger, thicker, generally proliferous,
and with differently placed tetraspores.

4. R. ornata, Mont.; — FI. Antarct. 186. Frond bright purple, sub-
carnose, oblong lanceolate, very broad, proliferous on the margins ; segments
or leaflets obovate, substipitate, very large, palmately lobed. Conceptacles
scattered over the whole frond. — Mont. Voy. au Pole Sud, 149. t. 11.

Lord Auckland’s group, D' Urville. — Unknown to us ? Consistence of Iridcea edulis
(Mont.)

§ 2. Tetraspores collected in sori towards the tips of the segments.

5. R. linearis, J. Ag. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 248. Frond elongate, 4 in. long,

decompound ; segments narrow, flabellate, altogether linear, 'n- broad,

terminal obtuse or emarginate ; axils subacute. Conceptacles apiculate,
never marginal, scattered over the disk of the frond. Tetraspores below the
tips of the segments. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 379. R. Palmetta, Hook. f. and
Harv. in Loud. Journ. Bot. vii. 444, not of Greville.

Rhodymenia.~\

IX. ALGvE.

693

East coast, Colenso ; Otago, Lyall. Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s
Island, Turnbull, J. D. E.

6. R. corallina, Grev. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 248. Frond bright red or purplish,
a foot long, broader than long, flabellately decompound, with a terete stipes,
cuneate at the base; segments linear, in. broad, linear or subcuneate;
axils rounded. Conceptacles crowded on the disk of the penultimate seg-
ments. Tetraspores in sori towards the tips of the fronds.-~-J. Ag. Sp. Alg.
ii. 379. Spluerococcus, Bory, Voy. Coquille, t. 16.

East coast and Cook’s Straits, Lyall. Lord Auckland’s group, Eornbron. (Tasma-
nia, Kerguelen’s Land, Chili.)

7. R. dichotoma, Hook.f. and Harv. FI. Antarct. i. 186. t. 72. /. 1 ;
FI. N. Z. ii. 248. Frond rose-red, membranous, very broad from a cuneate
base ; axils rounded ; segments spreading, linear or cuneate, obtuse, at length
emarginate or 2-fid. — Callophyllis, Kuetzing.

Queen Charlotte’s Sound, Lyall ; Campbell’s Island, J. I). H.

Section dotibtful.

8. R. epimenioides, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 248. Frond rose-red, de-
licately membranous, many times dichotomous, flabellifonn, narrowed at the
base into a short cartilaginous stipes, which is produced into the frond as a
short costa ; segments linear or cuneate, very obtuse, \ in. wide ; axils
rounded or subacute. Fructification unknown.

Otago Harbour, Lyall, Lindsay. — Very similar to R. dicliotoma , hut the cells of the me-
dullary stratum are larger, thin-walled, and rapidly expand when moistened ; it also resembles
Epymenia obtusa, but has a totally different structure.

71. RHODOPHYLLIS, Kuetzing.

Frond rose-red, flat, membranous, dichotomously or pinnately decompound,
usually margined by slender leafy processes ; structure of 2 strata ; medullary
of large, colourless, roundish angular cells ; cortical of one or few series of
coloured minute cells. Conceptacles marginal, external, containing a com-
pound nucleus of radiating bundles of spore-threads, enclosed in a membrane.
Tetraspores zoned, immersed in the cortical cells of the frond on its marginal
processes.

A small genus, native of both temperate zones.

1. R. bifida, Kuetzing. Frond bright red or purplish, delicately mem-
branous, decompound, subflabellate, 1-2 in. long ; segments fastigiate, linear
or cuneate, A- \ in. broad, terminal, obtuse ; margins entire, often set with
crowded confluent leafy cilia. Conceptacles marginal or scattered over the
terminal lobes. Tetraspores in clouded sori. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 888.

Lord Auckland’s group, E Urville. (Atlantic, Mediterranean and Pacific Oceans.)
— I have seen no southern specimens.

2. R. Gunnii, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 247. Frond decompoundly pinna-
tifid, rose-red, delicately membranous, 8-12 in. long; segments alternate or
subopposite, sub-2-pinnatifid, close set ; ultimate toothed ; tips obtuse ; axils

694

IX. ALGA!.

[ Rhodophyllis .

rounded. Conceptacles marginal. Tetraspores scattered towards the tips of
the segments. — Cladhymenia, Harv. in Lond. Journ. Bot. iv. 540 ; Ner.
Austr. t. 32 (tetrasp. incorrect) ; J. Ag. Syst. Alg. ii. 386. Callophyllis,
Kuetzing.

Chalky Bay and Preservation Harbour, Lyall. (Tasmania.)

3. R. membranacea, Hook. f. and Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 247. t. 117.
Frond similar to that of R. Gunnii, dotted over with red specks, often pro-
liferously fimbriate ; segments alternate ; primary broad ; secondary narrow ;
ultimate linear-oblong, subacute, narrowed at the bases ; axils rounded.
Conceptacles marginal. Tetraspores confined to the ultimate segments. —
Rliodymenia and Halymenia, Harv. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. 405 and 448.
Stictophyllum, Kuetzing. Euthoria, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 385.

East coast, Colenso ; Cook’s Straits, Lyall. (Tasmania.)

4. R. (?) angustifrons, Harv. in El. N. Z. ii. 247. Fronds densely
tufted, 2-3 in. high, membranous, deep red, excessively dichotomously or
irregularly branched from a narrow base ; segments divaricate, dichotomous,
3-multifid, linear, in- broad ; terminal often secund, obtuse or acute ; axils
rounded. Fructification unknown.

Port Nicholson and Bluff Harbour, Lyall. — Genus doubtful.

5. R. (?) lacerata, Harv. in El. N. Z. ii. 247. Frond rose-red, deli-
cately membranous, subdichotomous, narrowed into a cartilaginous filiform
stipes; primary segments broad; secondary narrower, dichotomously multi-
fid ; ultimate elongate, attenuate, almost subulate, here and there sparingly
toothed. Fructification unknown.

Port William, on rocks, Lyall. — Genus doubtful.

72. DASYPHLCEA, Montagne.

Frond rose-red or purple, cylindric, dendroid, between gelatinous or carti-
laginous and membranous, coated with microscopic hyaline hairs ; structure
complex ; central axis an articulate filament ; intermediate of branching radia-
ting moniliform filaments ; cortical membranous, of several series of minute
coloured cells. Conceptacles immersed in the branchlets, containing tufts of
moniliform spore-threads, radiating from a central axis. Tetraspores zoned,
in wart-like thick-walled conceptacles.

A genus of N. Australian and New Zealand species.

1. D. insignis, Mont, in Voy. au Pole Sud, 102. t. 8./. 3 ; — FI. N. Z. ii.
254. Frond rose-purple, 6-8 in. long, very delicate, subtubular, as slender
as a crowquill, broadly ovate in outline, vaguely decompoundly branched;
branches spreading, attenuate at both ends. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 215.

Akaroa, 2)’ Urville.

73. PLOCAMIUM, Lyngbye.

Frond br glit pink, between membranous and cartilaginous, flat or com-

Plocamium.]

IX. ALGiE.

695

pressed, linear, pinnately decompound ; pinnules short, acute, alternately
secund in pairs or threes or fours, of 2 strata of cells ; inner cells oblong,
longitudinal ; outer small, polygonal coloured. Conceptacles sessile or stalked,
hemispherical, opening by a pore, containing a mass of angular spores, on
filaments which radiate from the base. Stichidia containing oblong trans-
versely-parted tetraspores.

A genus of most beautiful Algce, found in both temperate zones.

§ 1. Thamnophora, —Frond usually membranous , flat, ecostate or with a slender costa ;
branchlets alternately in pairs ; conceptacles and stichidia axillary.

1. P. procerum, J. Agardh ; — M. N. Z. ii. 246. Root branching.
Frond 1-2 ft. long, linear, almost ribless, pectinate- pinnate, y-g—i in. diameter,
bright pink; pinnae alternately geminate, lower one and divisions of the
upper from a broad base, acuminate, subulate, entire or externally serrulate.
Conceptacles axillary, stalked, 1-4 together. Stichidia axillary, tufted, simple,
falcate, acute. — Harv. Phyc. Austr. iv. t. 223 ; Ner. Austr. 122.

New Zealand, Lyall. (Australia, Tasmania.)

2. P. Corallorhiza, Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 245. Root branching.
Frond 12-18 in. long, clear red, stipitate, membranous, broadly linear, in.
broad, subcostate at the base, pinnate or 2-pinnate ; segments alternately
geminate, lower shortly subulate, upper incised or pinnatifid ; outer margin
of each segment serrate. Conceptacles pedicelled, and stichidia axillary,
crowded. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 121 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 402.

Dusky Bay, Forster. — Perhaps the habitat is erroneous. (South Africa.)

3. P. costatum, Hook.f. and Harv. FL N. Z. ii. 246. Frond .narrow,
membranous, fiat, a foot long, -A in. wide, decompoundly-pinnate, with a
stout percurrent costa ; pinnae lanceolate, alternately geminate, lower subu-
late, upper elongate, laciniate, falcate or straight ; outer margin of the seg-
ments serrate. Stichidia axillary, crowded, many times forked. — Harv. Ner.
Austr. 122 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 403. Thamnophora Gunninghamii, Grev.

Common in the Bay of Islands, etc., Cunningham. (Australia, Tasmania.)

4. P. angustnm, Hook.f. and Harv. FL N, Z. ii. 246. Frond rather
cartilaginous, 6 in. long, in. broad, with a stout decurrent costa, decom-
poundly pectinately pinnate ; pinnae alternately geminate, lower subulate,
upper elongate, laciniate ; outer margin of the segments quite entire. Con-
ceptacles solitary. Stichidia crowded, axillary. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 122 ; J.
Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 402.

Common from the Bay of Islands to Otago. (Australia, Tasmania.)

5. P. cruciferum, Harv. in FL N. Z. ii. 246. Scarcely to be dis-
tinguished by habit or other characters from P. angustum, except in the sti-
chidia, which are cruciform or palmately lobed, or even multi-radiate, with
lobes short, the whole crowded with tetraspores.

East coast, Colenso.

6. P. abnorme, Hook.f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 246. Frond 1-2 in.
high, narrow, slender, with an obsolete costa, pinnately decompound ; pinnae

696

IX. ALGiE.

[Plocamium.

and pinnules alternately geminate, ultimate very narrow ; brandies subulate,
quite entire, acute. Stichidia axillary, subsolitary, lanceolate, simple or forked,
sometimes formed of the ultimate pinnules. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 123. t. 42 ;
J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 401.

Bay of Islands, Cunningham , etc. ; Maketa, Chapman.

7. P. dispermum, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 246. Frond 6-12 in. high,
in. broad, stipitate, costate, decompoundly pectinate-pinnate, subflabellate ;

pinnae alternately geminate, lower and laciniae of the upper narrow, subulate,
acute, quite entire. Conceptacles supra-axillary, sessile, scattered. Stichidia
extremely minute, axillary, decompoundly branched or lobed ; lobes ovoid or
oblong, stalked, each with about 2 large tetraspores filling the lobe.

East coast, Colenso ; Foveaux and Cook’s Straits, hya.ll.

§ 2. Euplocamiuh. — Frond cartilaginous , piano-compressed ; branches alternately in
threes or fours ; conceptacles and stichidia scattered, lateral on the branches.

8. P. coccineum, Lyngbye ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 246. Fronds tufted, 2-12
in. long, compressed, 2-edged, in. diameter, excessively divided, divisions
set throughout with patent alternate branches, and these again with distichous
subulate branchlets, pectinate on the inner margin. Conceptacles solitary,
sessile on the margins of the upper branches. Stichidia solitary, sessile,
branched. — Harv. Ner. Austr. 123 ; Phyc. Brit. t. 44 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii.
395.

Abundant and very variable from the Bay of Islands to Lord Auckland’s group and
Campbell’s Island. (Atlantic, Pacific, and Antarctic Oceans.)

74. STENO GRAMME, Harvey.

Frond rose-red, membranous, flat, nerveless, dichotomously laciniate ; struc-
ture of two strata ; medullary of several rows of roundish angular cells ; cor-
tical of minute coloured cells. Conceptacles confluent into linear rib-like
masses, containing minute spores within a thick integument. Tetraspores in
superficial convex masses, formed in strings, cuneate.

A beautiful Alga, most abundant in New Zealand.

1. S. interrupta, Montague ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 249. Root a small disk.
Frond 6-12 in. long and broad, flabellate ; stem short, at once dilating into
the frond; laciniae i— | in. broad, with obtuse tips and axils. — Harv. Ner.
Bor. Am. t. 19 C ; Phyc. Brit. t. 157 ; Phyc. Austr. iv. t. 220 ; J. Ag. Sp.
Alg. ii. 391.

Common along all the coasts, Colenso, etc. (Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.)

75. GYMNOGONSRUS, Martius.

Frond dull red-brown or purplish, horny, coriaceous or rather fleshy, flat
or filiform, dichotomously branched ; structure of two strata ; medullary of
lai’ge colourless angular cells ; cortical of moniliform minute coloured cells
vertically disposed and set in gelatine. Conceptacles more or less prominent.

Gymnogongrus.']

IX. ALGA?.

697

containing aggregate clusters of spores. Tetraspores developed from cells
contained in tliick-walled warts. ,

Natives of both temperate zones.

1. G. furcellatus, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 313 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 250. Frond
tufted, 2-6 in. high, very variable, piano-compressed, dichotomously fastigiate,
often secundly proliferous ; segments narrow-linear, very variable. Concep-
tacles often in opposite pairs. — Sphcerococcus, Agardh. Gracilaria furcata
and torulosa, Hook. f. and Harv. in Lond. Journ. Bot. iv. 545, and vii. 444.

Common on the coasts, as far south as Otago. (Chili, Peru.)

2. G. vermicularis, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 323 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 250.
Frond 2-4 in. long, tufted, purplish, subcompressed, almost terete, -^-“To in-
broad, dichotomously fastigiate, often secundly or fasciculately proliferous ;
terminal segments obtuse. Conceptacles crowded, rarely solitary, giving the
frond a nodose appearance. — Chondrus, Grev. ; Fucus, Turn. Hist. t. 221.

Milford Haven, Lyall. (S. Africa, Chili.) '

76. CALLOPHYLLIS, Kuetzing*

Frond red, flat, rather broad, between membranous and fleshy, dicho-
tomously and flabellately branched ; structure of 2 strata of cells ; medullary
of large rounded cavities separated by a network of minute cells ; cortical of
vertical series of minute coloured cells. Conceptacles superficial or im-
mersed, often marginal, thick walled, containing masses of spores. Tetra-
spores cruciate, dispersed through the cortical layer.

A handsome southern genus of numerous species.

1. C. variegata, Kuetzing ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 250. Frond purple-red,
membranous, 6 in. long, decompoundly pinnate ; pinnae close-set, lower
simple, linear, upper decompound, dilated, terminal obtuse, doubly-crenate.
Conceptacles marginal, immersed. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 302. Rhodyvtenia,
Mont. ; FI. Antarct. 475. Sphcerococcus, Bory, Yoy. Coquil. t. 14.

Tauranga, Davies. JUord Auckland's group, D’ Urville. (Chili, Fuegia.)

2. C. Hombroniana, Kuetzing ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 251. Frond 1-2 ft.
long, bright red-purple, decompoundly pinnate, and subflabellately dichoto-
mous from a flattened stipes ; pinnae erecto-patent, lower simple, linear, upper
decompoundly dilated with the margins fimbriate, terminal obtuse, toothed.
Conceptacles immersed in the fimbriae. — J. Agardh, Sp. Alg. ii. 303. Rhody-
menia, Mont, in Voy. au Pole Sud, 156. t. 1. f. 2 ; FI. Antarct. i. 188. t.
72. f. 2.

East coast, Colenso ; Akaroa, Raoul; Foveaux Straits, Lyall; Otago, Lindsay. Iiord
Auckland’s group, Hombron.

3. C. acanthocarpa, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 251. Very similar to
C. Hombroniana, but the conceptacles are aculeate.

East coast and Port Cooper, Colenso , Lyall.

4. C. coccinea, Harv. ; — FI. N. Z ii. 250. Frond membranous, deli-

VOL. I. 2 z

f>9S

IX. ALGA?.

[ Callophyllis .

cate, 4-6 in. long, bright red, 2-3-chotomous or multifid ; segments narrow,
linear, in. broad, pinnate on the margins ; pinnae like the segments,
outer entire on the inner side above the sinus. Conceptacles immersed in the
disk of the frond. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 301. Sphcerococcus, Harv. Chondro-
coccus, Kuetzing.

Tauranga, Davies. (Tasmania.)

5. C. erosa, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 250. t. 118. Frond
crimson-purple, 6-12 in. long, sublinear, pinnately dichotomously decom-
pound, densely or laxly branched ; principal laciniae in. wide, erect or
erecto-patent, elongate, more or less compound ; margins with toothed or
laciniate lobules or proliferous ; axils all rounded. Conceptacles sessile, mar-
ginal, spherical.

Port Cooper and Poveaux Straits, Lyall ; Otago, Lindsay.

6. C, asperata, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 250. Frond rosy-crimson, 4-5
in. long, delicately membranous, sessile, flabelliform, dichotomously palmate
or decompound ; segments |-1 in. broad, broader upwards, crenate and
multifid at the fastigiate tip ; margin flat or curved, fimbriate or often bear-
ing cilia ; surface generally rough, with minute subulate processes. Concep-
tacles immersed, scattered over the surface, convex.

Port Nicholson, Lyall.

77- KALLYMENIA, J. Agardh.

Frond bright rose-red, broad, flat, ribless, between membranous and
fleshy ; structure of 3 strata of cells, innermost of matted anastomosing fila-
ments ; intermediate of large globular colourless cells ; cortical of minute
vertically-placed coloured cells. Conceptacles immersed often prominent, en-
closing compound masses of spores. Tetraspores eruciately parted, scattered
amongst the cortical cells.

Beautiful Algal, natives of both cold zones.

1. K. Harveyana, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 288 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 251. Frond
membranous, 6 in. long, bright red, with a very short stipes, broadly obovate
or orbicular-cordate ; margin entire, undulate. Conceptacles scattered over
the whole frond, immersed, not prominent. — Euhymenia , Kuetzing.

Blind Bay, Cook’s Straits, Lyall. (Cape of Good Hope.)

78. GIGARTINA, Lamouroux.

Frond dull purple or red, between cartilaginous and fleshy, flat or cylin-
dric, simple or branched ; structure of 2 series of cells ; central, a lax net-
work of cylindrical articulate filaments ; cortical of moniliform vertical dicho-
tomous filaments imbedded in firm gelatine. Conceptacles globose, opening
by a pore, enclosing several dense clusters of spores held together by a net-
work of filaments. Tetraspores cruciatelv-partite, collected in sori amongst
the filaments of the surface.

A large genus, found abundantly in both cold, temperate, and tropical zones.

699

Gigartina. ] ix. ALGA5.

§ 1. Frond terete or compressed ; concept act es submarginal on the more or less acuminate

pinnules.

1. G. pistillata, Gmelin ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 252. Fronds several together,
3-6 in. long, dull purple, horny when dry, compressed, stipitate, flabellately
branched, J in. diameter; branches forked, naked or pinnate with short
horizontal subulate ramuli, which bear the conceptacles at or near their tips.
— Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 232; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 264. G. divaricata, FI.
Antarct. 187 ; J. Ag. 1. c. 280.

Apparently common on the coast, Colenso, etc. Campbell’s Island, J. D. H. (N.
Atlantic Ocean.) — A very variable plant in New Zealand.

2. G. Chapmani, Hoo7c. f. and Haro. FI. N. Z. ii. 251. t. 119 B.
Frond 2 in. high, dull red, filiform, alternately decompoundly branched, com-
pressed and channelled when dry ; branches flexuous, variously divided ;
branchlets scattered, subulate, divaricate. Fructification unknown.

Maketa, Chapman. — Apparently allied to the British G. acicularis, but much more
slender.

3. G. Chauvinii, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 268 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 252. Frond
1 ft. and more long, flat, linear, regularly pinnate, between membranous and
cartilaginous, dark red or violet, decompoundly pinnate and proliferous from
the disk ; pinnae distichous, patent, tips elongate, 3-4 in. long, mixed with
shorter, sterile, ovate-lanceolate ones, fertile with numerous marginal concep-
tacles. Tetraspores forming a submarginal line. — Spheerococcus , Bory in Voy.
Coquille, t. 20. CJiondroclonium, Kuetzing.

Slew Zealand, D’Urville. (Peru, Chili, Puegia.)

§ 2. Frond thick, flat, subchannelled, pinnately decompound ; conceptacles subsolitary
on the disks of the pinnae.

4. G. livida, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 270; — FI. N. Z. ii. 252. Frond
purple or livid, a span high, | in. broad, narrowed to a terete stipes below,
3-pinnate or more ; pinnae and pinnules distichous, linear or oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse, fertile ones more obovate. — Fucus, Turn. Hist. t. 254.

New Zealand, Banks and Solander ; Paroa, Otago, and Jackson’s bays, In/ all,
Lindsay. (Tasmania.)

§ 3. Frond, channelled, dichotomous or subpinnate ; conceptacles umbilicate, numerous,
submarginal on the convex surface of the frond.

5. G. alveata, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 271 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 252. Frond 2-4
in. long, gregarious, linear, above fastigiately dichotomous, ^ in. broad ;
segments close-set, uppermost revolute ; axils spreading, subacute. — C/ton-
drus, Grev. Fucus, Turn. Hist. t. 239. Mastocarpus, Kuetzing.

Probably common, Banks and Solander, etc.

6. G. ancistroclada, Montague in Voy. au Foie S/td, 121. t. 7./. 4.
Root discoid. Frond 2-3 in. high, linear, in. broad, shortly stalked, dark
red-purple, rigid, channelled on one side, convex on the other, irregularly 2-3-
pinnate ; pinnse alternate or subopposite, often secund ; tips strongly incurved
or hooked. — Harv. Phyc. Austr. iv. 197 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 272.

Akaroa, D’Urville ; Otago, Lyall. (Tasmania.)

2 z 2

700

IX. ALGJE.

\_Gigartina.

§ 4. Frond thick , channelled-, dichoiomously or pinnately divided into cuneate or oblong
segments ; conceptacles on tubercles on both surfaces of the fronds.

7. G. decipiens, Hook. f. and Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 252. Frond
small, cartilaginous, stipitate, flabelliform, flat, dichotomous ; segments
cuneate, repeatedly forked, ultimate narrow-linear, acute ; axils rounded ;
margins simple or emitting short, stout, simple or pinnate linear branchlets.
Fructification sessile, forming scattered oblong spots over the whole frond, or
sessile warts immersed in the tips of the branchlets. — Iri-dcea, Loud. Journ.
Bot. 1845, 547 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 257.

New Zealand, Raoul.

8. G. stiriata, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 277 ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 252. Frond
3-6 in. long, violet-purple, thick, fleshy, below cvlindric, stout, above com-
pressed, slightly channelled, branched below ; branches dilating into dicho-
tomous or subpalmate leaflets, everywhere covered with simple or branched
papilla?, which are obovate and often foliaceous. Conceptacles wart-like,
solitary, or crowded on the papilla?. — Mastocarpus, Kuetzing. Iridcea , Borv.
I. volans, Mont.? Fucus, Turn. Hist. t. 16.

Paroa Bay, Lyall. (Cape of Good Hope.)

9. G. Radula, J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 278 ; — FI. _ZV. Z. ii. 252. Frond
fleshy, flat, somewhat channelled below, 6 in. to 2 ft. long, simple or divided
from the base into many large stipitate, obovate-oblong fronds or leaflets, of
a fine red or amethyst-purple colour ; margins and surfaces naked or papil-
lose, or covered with small thick leaflets. Conceptacles subsolitary in the
papillae.— Iridcea, Bory. Mastocarpus , Kuetzing. Fucus bracteatus, Turn.
Hist. Fuc. t. 25.

Abundant throughout the islands, and in Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s
Island. (Throughout the Antarctic and N. and S. Pacific' Oceans.) — A most abundant and
variable plant, assuming various shapes as it is split by the waves, etc., often perforated.

79. IRIDJEA, Bory.

Frond dull red, broad, flat, nerveless, between cartilaginous and fleshy ;
central substance of densely interlaced longitudinal filaments ; cortical of
closely packed, vertical, coloured, moniliform filaments. Spore-masses im-
mersed in the frond. Tetraspores forming a layer at the base of the filaments
of the periphery.

Perennial Algce, often very large, with rough surfaces ; when cast up on the beach look-
ing like great red-purple pieces of cloth ; found in both temperate regions. The species are
excessively variable and difficult to discriminate.

1. I. micans, Bory ; — Fl.N.Z. ii. 252. Frond 1-2 ft. long, ovate-
cordate or orbicular-ovate, obtuse, shortly stipitate, dark red-purple, iridescent ;
surface smooth ; margins and fractures ciliated, with short, simple or divided
spines.— Bory in Voy. Coquille, 110. t. 13 and 13 bis ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii.
254.

Akaroa and Lord Auckland’s Island, D’Urville. (Australia and all Antarctic
shores.)

Iridcea .]

IX. ALGzE.

701

2. I. lanceolata, IT art. in FI. N. Z. ii. 252. Fronds numerous from
the same base ; stipes 1-2 in. long, cuneate at the base, then linear, gradually
dilated upwards, pinnated below with spreading linear or lanceolate leaflets ;
above expanding into the lamina, which is 1-2 ft. long, red-purple, crisped
aud waved, 1-3 in. broad, lanceolate, tapering at both ends, between horny
and membranous, rigid when dry.

Otago, Lyall.

3. I. lusoria, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 252. Frond stipitate, cartilagi-
nous, simple, most frequently split ; segments dilated or contracted, very pro-
liferous, vaguely and inordinately produced. — Rhodymenia, Grew in Hook.
Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 329.

East coast, Cunningham; Otago, Lindsay. (Specimens very imperfect.) — A very doubt-
ful plant.

4. I. laminarioid.es, Rory in Voy. Coquille, 105. t. 11./. 1. Fronds
gregarious, linear-obovate, violet-purple or livid-purple, obovate, narrowed to
a channelled stipes 1-2 in. long, usually split into erect or spreading linear-
lanceolate segments, which are produced to a point. — Mont, in Yoy. au Pole
Sud, 105 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 253.

Lord Auckland’s group, D’Urville. (N. andS. Pacific Oceans.)

5. I. volans, Grev.? “Frond simple, flat, obovate-lanceolate, dirty
violet ; disk and margins covered with short, flattish, linear branchlets, those
of the margin longer.” — Mont, in Voy. au Pole Sud, 10-1.

Lord Auckland’s group, D’Urville. — A solitary imperfect specimen is all that
Montague describes from ; it is perhaps Gigarlina stiriata.

80. CHONDEFS, Linnmus.

Frond dull red, cartilaginous, flat or compressed, ribless, flabellately dicho-
tomously cleft ; structure of three strata, innermost of dense, interlaced, lon-
gitudinal filaments, next of small roundish cells ; cortical of vertical, coloured,
moniliform filaments. Conceptacles containing radiating filaments, whose
lower joints develope into spores, at length opening by a pore. Telraspores
in sori, immersed in the frond ; there are also cavities in the substance of
the frond containing minute spores.

Usually perennial Alga , common in the north temperate zone.

1. C. tuberculosus, Rook. f. and Harv.; — FI. Antarct. i. 188. Frond
2 in. long, cartilaginous, thick, livid, simple and broadly cuneate below, then
linear and forked ; margins simple or proliferous ; segments spreading or
divaricate, flat or channelled, broader upwards, obtuse ; axils rounded. Con-
ceptacles very numerous on the concave surface of the frond, globose, de-
pressed at the tip, at length opening by a pore ; spores minute. — J. Ag. Sp.
Alg. ii. 248. Notkoyenia, Kuetzing.

Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H.

2. C. variolosus, Montague. — Nothogenia , FI. Antarct. i. 188. Frond
cartilaginous, compressed, 6-8 in. long, linear, red-purple, at length brown.

702

IX. ALG/K.

[ Chondrus .

repeatedly dichotomous, subchannelled; segments \ in. wide, ascending,
fiabellately fastigiate, obtuse ; axils rounded. Conceptacles crowded, hemi-
spheric on both surfaces of the frond. — Nothoqenia , Mont, in Yoy. au Pole Sud,
109. t. 10. f. 8.

Lord Auckland's group, D’Urville, Hombron, etc.

81. EPYMENIA, Kuetzing.

Frond dull red-purple, caulescent below, expanding into flat forked lamina,
which is ribbed at the base. Structure of 2 strata; medullary of oblong colour-
less cells ; cortical of vertical, minute, coloured cells. Conceptacles on proper
leaflets, seated on the lamina, of thick-wmlled hemispherical tubercles, con-
taining a mass of spores. Tetraspores cruciate, dispersed amongst the cortical
cells.

A southern genus, found in S. Africa and Australia.

1. E. obtusa, Kuetzing ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 249. Frond 1 foot long, stipi-
tate, flabellately expanded, repeatedly dichotomous ; principal segments
cuneate below, costate halfway up ; upper lineai'-cuneate ; uppermost sub-
palmate, very obtuse ; disk or costa proliferous, with small leaflets | in.
long. Conceptacles numerous. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 220. Phyllophora, Grev. ;
— FI. Antarct. 187 and 486.

East coast, Colenso, Lyall. Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H. (S. Africa, Fuegia.)

2. E. acuta, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 249. Frond 5-6 in. high, flabelliform,
cuneate at the base, many-times dichotomous, with a stout costa running up
every segment to the middle ; segments spreading, broadly linear, subacute.

Akaroa, Lyall.

82. CHYLOCLADIA, Greville.

Frond rose-red, terete or subcompressed, tubular, decompound, nodose-
articulate or constricted at regular intervals, thus divided into sacs, which are
full of water, with a few filaments ; walls of angular cells. Conceptacles
conical, opening by a pore, enclosing cuneate spores, surrounded by a web of
filaments. Tetraspores 3-partite, immersed in the walls of the frond.

A northern and southern temperate genus.

1. C. umbellata, Hook.f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 253. t. 119 C. Fronds
dull purple, 1-2 in. long, terete, Jg- in. diameter, trichotomous ; primary
branches curved and hooked at the summit, emitting on the convex side below
the apex, 3 or 4 erect, linear-clavate. slightly curved, lesser branches, which
again throw out still smaller from their tips or are crowned with 3-4 clavate
or fusiform bodies.

Port Underwood, Cook’s Straits, Lyall.

2. C. secun&a, Hook. f. and Harv. Fl.N. Z. ii. 253. Frond rose-red,
small, 2 in. high, densely tufted, membranous, flaccid ; branches setaceous,
intricate, generally secund and arched, linear, obtuse, equal ; branchlets few,

Chylocladia.\

IX. ALG/E.

703

distant. — Chrysimenia , Harv. Ner. Austr. 77. Dumontia pusilla, Mont, in
Voy. au Pole Sud, 105. t. 13. f. 3.

Akaroa, Raoul ; Port Cooper, Lyall. (Australia.)

3. C. ? csespitosa5 Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 253. Fronds small, tufted ;
stipes arcuate, rooting, giving off erect, oppositely pinnate or whorled, divided
branches ; branchlets spindle-shaped, opposite or 4-nate, a little constricted
at the base, attenuated at the apex, acute, the larger curved.

Port Nicholson, Lyall. — Perhaps an immature state of the Australian C. clavellosa.

83. CHEYSYMENIA, J. Agardh.

Frond more or less compressed, tubular, not articulate, full of fluid and
traversed by a few filaments ; walls of several series of cells ; innermost long
and distended ; outer smaller ; outermost minute. Conceptacles enclosing a
dense tuft of spores. Tetraspores 3-parted, immersed in the branchlets.

A small genus, common to both temperate zones.

1. C. ? polydactyla. Hook./, and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 253. t. 119 A.
Frond filiform, solid, firmly membranous, 3-4 in. long, twice as thick as a
hog’s bristle, excessively subdichotomously branched, dark red-purple ; larger
branches flexuous; smaller straight, twiggy, alternate or secund, all densely
clothed with alternate, secund or fascicled, fusiform, hollow branchlets, which
are attenuate at both ends. Fructification unknown.

Stewart’s Islands, Lyall. — A curious and pretty little plane of doubtful affinity.

84. HALYMENIA, J. Agardh.

Frond bright or dark red, terete, compressed or flat, between membranous
and gelatinous, dichotomous or pinnatifid; structure of 2 strata; medullary
of few, lax, branched filaments in gelatine ; cortical membranous, of minute
coloured cellules. Spore-masses immersed in the medullary stratum. Tetra-
spores cruciate, scattered amongst the cortical cells.

Beautiful seeweeds, natives of both temperate zones.

1. E£. iatissima, HooJc.f. and Harv. FI. Antarct. t. 73. f. 1. Frond
bright red, tender, between gelatinous and membranous, 2-14 in. long, 4-6
broad, cuneate at the base, broadly oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, simple or 2-
fid, or margin laciniate-pinnatifid ; segments ovate-lanceolate. Spore-masses
extremely numerous, scattered over the whole frond, very slightly prominent.
— J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 204.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island : on rocks, J. I). H.

2. H. novse-Zelandise, Mont, in Voy. au Foie Sud, 107. t. 12./. 2;
- — FI. N. Z. ii. 253. Frond rose-purple, flat, between fleshy and membra-
nous, rigid when dry, spirally convolute, dichotomously pinnate; pinnae nar-
rowed at the base, spreading, subterete, lanceolate, acute, quite entire, again
pinnulate. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 207. H. Urvilleana, Mont. 1. c. t. 12, et
Phyc. Antarct. 8.

704 ix. algas. [. Halymenia .

Akaroa, D’Urville. — Harvey thinks that this, which is unknown to us, may possibly be
his Nemastorna Daviesii.

85. PRIOiNTTIS, J. Agardh.

Frond dark red, coarse, rigid, dense, compressed or flat, linear, without a
rib, dichotomous or pinnate, .proliferous on the disk or margin ; structure of
3 strata; medullary broad, of densely interlaced filaments; intermediate of
roundish cells ; cortical of minute, coloured, vertically disposed cells. Spore-
masses simple, imbedded in the substance or marginal processes of the frond,
opening by a pore, enclosing roundish spores in a gelatinous pellicle. Tetra-
spores oblong, cruciate, scattered in the cortical layer.

A small genus, natives of the North and South Pacific.

1. P. Colensoi, Hoo/c.f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 254. t. 120 A. Frond
rigid, dark brown, 6-8 in. long when dry, \ in. broad, irregularly pinnate from
the base ; branches 3-4 in. long, subopposite, spreading, narrow below, dilated
beyond the middle, then linear-oblong, obtuse or attenuate ; margins below
simple, above fimbriate or lacerate, with minute lobes, which are toothed at
their dilated tips.

Cape Turnagain, on rocks, Colenso.

86. GRATELOUPIA, J. Agardh.

Frond dull purple or greenish, membranous, flexible, solid, pinnate; struc-
ture of densely woven, anastomosing, branching filaments ; those of the peri-
phery moniliform, short, densely compacted. Spore-masses globular, im-
mersed in the periphery, opening by a pore. Tetraspores cruciate, in sub-
defined sori, vertically placed amongst the peripheric filaments.

A small northern and southern temperate genus.

1. G. ? Aucklandica, Mont, in Voy. au Foie Sud, 115. t. 10./. 1;
FI. Antarct. 187. Frond 4-5 in. long, cartilaginous, filiform, terete, as thick
as a sparrow-quill, vaguely excessively branched ; branches and branchlets
crowded and fascicled, subcompressed, narrowed at the base, obtuse, mem-
branous, sometimes tubular, solitary or several together, springing from a
curious tubercle on the frond. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 185.

Lord Auckland’s group, D’Urville.

87. NEMASTOMA, J. Agardh.

Frond dull red-purple, compressed or flattened, between fleshy and gelati-
nous, dichotomous or subpinna te ; structure of two strata ; medullary of longi-
tudinal interwoven filaments ; cortical of radiating, fastigiate, dichotomous,
moniliform filaments, imbedded in gelatine. Spore-masses immersed in the
cortical filaments, enclosing roundish spores, imbedded in gelatine. Tetra-
spores cruciate, scattered amongst the cortical filaments.

A northern and southern temperate genus.

IX. ALGA5.

705

Nemasloma .]

1. RT. intestinalis, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 255. Frond, delicate, red-
purple, 6-8 in. long, j-i broad, cylindric or compressed, tubular, linear,
vaguely branched or irregularly divided into simple or forked branches, which
are constricted at the base and attenuated, or 2-horned at the tip ; medullary
stratum very fluid. Spore-masses scattered over the whole frond, suspended
below the periphery, enclosed in a dense plexus of filaments.

Preservation Harbour, on rocks, Lyall.

2. RT. ? attenuata, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 255. Nearly related to N. in-
testhialis, but the only fragment known is larger, 15 in. long, -§- in. wide below,
tapering upwards, compressed; medullary stratum lax.

Jackson’s Bay, Lyall.

3. RT. pinnata, Hook.f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 255. t. 120 B. Frond
soft, pale red, 4-5 in. long, and as broad in outliue, undivided or forked,

in. broad, closely regularly set, with long, distichous, horizontal, oppo-
site or alternate pinnae, which are ■$— } in. broad, attenuated to both ends ;
pinnae again pinnate, with similar but much smaller ciliiform pinnules ; me-
dullary stratum compact.

Akaroa, Lyall. (A single specimen.)

4. RF. Daviesii, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 255. Frond purple-red, between
gelatinous and membranous, 6-8 in. long, stipitate, foliaceous, ovate-lanceo-
late, — in. broad, pinnate, with ovate-lanceolate lobes, 2-4 in. long and
^—1 in. wide ; pinnae tapering to both ends, crisped and curled, spreading,
toothed and ciliate. Spore-masses abundant, scattered over the whole frond.

Tawanga, Davies ; Otago, Lindsay.

5. KT. endiviaefolia, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 255. Frond cuneate at the
base, excessively variable, vaguely dichotomously palmate or lacini ate, narrow-
linear and multifid, with acute forked tips, or broad and subpinnately
branched, with dichotomous, acute or truncate, entire or toothed segments ;
axils rounded.

Port Nicholson and Blind Bay, Lyall. — Harvey thinks this so variable that it may be a
form of Daviesii.

6. RT. prolifera, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 255. Upper half of a frond,
8 in. long, cuneate, 1 in. broad, widening upwards to 2 in. then forking, ge-
latinous, everywhere beset on the surface and margins with filiform or cuneate-
multifid leaflets, less than 1 in. long.

Akaroa, on stones, Lyall.

88. CATERELLA, Greville.

Frond dull purple, cylindric, constricted at intervals, subtubular, branched ;
structure of 2 strata, medullary of interlacing anastomosing filaments, pass-
ing into a cortical of vertically-placed moniliform minute filaments cohering
at the periphery. Conceptacles formed in minute ovoid or subglobose
branchlets. Tetraspores transversely divided, scattered through the periphery.

706

IX. ALGA3.

[Catenellcr.

A genus of a single species.

C. Opuntia, Grev. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 254. Roots tufted, matted,
creeping. Frond |-1 in. high, sparingly branched, forming strings of ob-
long internodes, varying in length and breadth, terete or compressed a little.
— Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 88 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 352.

Bay of Islands, J. I). H. (Europe, Australia.)

89. DUMOI7TIA, Lamouroux.

Frond dull red-brown, cylindric, tubular, full of watery fluid, with a central
stem and alternate simple or forked branches ; walls membranous ; inner
surface of longitudinal filaments formed of elongated cells, outer of minute
closely-packed roundish cells. Spores obovate, in minute clusters on the
inner wall of the frond or in conceptacles. Tetraspores roundish, amongst
the cortical cells.

A small genus of annual, often tall Alga, found in both temperate zones.

1. D. filiformis, Grev.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 254. Frond tender, mem-
branous, 2-18 in. long, usually undivided, but sometimes divided from the
base, narrowed at both ends, pinnated with numerous alternate long, simple,
or forked branches, each like the main stem, yellow-greenish or purplish, 1
line to ^ in. diameter. Conceptacles scattered over the whole frond. — FI.
Antarct. i. 189 ; Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 95, et Suppl. t. 357 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg.
ii. 349.

Tidal rocks, Cape Turnagain, Colenso. Campbell’s Island, J. D. IT. (Europe, Aus-
tralia.)— A very variable plant ; in Europe the fronds are sometimes compressed, curved,
and twisted.

2. D. cornuta, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. Antarct. i. 189. Frond tufted,
2-3 in. long, irregularly constricted here and there, £ in. broad, brownish-
red, naked below, above with crowded fascicled or 4-farious branches ;
branches spreading, forked, flexuous ; branchlets recurved, ultimate attenuated
at both ends with acute apices. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 350.

Campbell’s Island, Lyall.

3. D. pusilla, Montagne in Voy. au Pole Sud , 105. t. 13./. 2. Frond
1-2 in. long, cylindric, loosely branched ; branches forked at the apex, clothed
with short 2-nate branchlets. Tetraspores globose, scattered or arranged in
lines.

On Gigartina Ancistroclada , Akaroa, D’Urville.

90. SPYRIDIA, Harvey.

Frond rose-red, filiform, pinnately decompound, articulated, formed of a
wide tube, coated below and at the nodes, or all over, with a layer of minute
coloured cells; branches and branchlets covered with minute articulated setae.
Conceptacles naked or involucrate, terminating short branches, containing

SpyridiaJ]

IX. ALGA!.

707

masses of spores, each mass enclosed in a distinct membrane. Tetraspores
sessile, naked on the articulated setae.

A small genus, found in Loth temperate, but chiefly in tropical seas.

1. S. epposita, Harv. in FI. N. Z.u. 256. Root a small disk. Frond
dark red, rather rigid; stem 4-6 in. long, not evidently articulate, forked at
the base, compressed, 4-angled ; angles prominent ; branches spreading, dis-
tichously pinnate ; pinnae unequal, transparently articulate ; joints short,’ as
long as broad ; pinnules few, short, pectinate, with capillary distichous or
decussating ultimate branchlets. Conceptaeles imperfectly 3-lobed, not in-
volucrate. — Harv. Phyc. Austr. iii. t. 158.

Chalky Bay, Lyall. (Australia, Tasmania.)

91. CERAMIUM, Roth.

Frond red, filiform, dichotomously branched, jointed; joints opaque, of a
single cell, the nodes coated with a stratum of minute coloured cells, which
sometimes extend over the whole internode. Spore-masses globular, sessile,
with a pellucid limb containing angular spores, subtended by shortened
(involucral) branchlets. Tetraspores external or immersed.

Annual small Algce, beautiful when laid out on paper, abundant in all oceans.

§ 1. Frond unarmed , coated at the articulations only with a zone of minute cells.

1. O. diapfoamim, Roth; — FI. N. Z. ii. 256. Frond 2-4 in. long,
subsetaceous, dichotomously and sublaterally branched ; branches erecto-
patent, terminal erect with converging tips ; lower articulations 3-4 times
longer than broad, interstices pellucid. Spore-masses lateral on the branches,
with few short involucral branchlets. Tetraspores whorled round the nodes
in a single series.— Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 193 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 125.

Probably abundant. Port Cooper, Akaroa and Otago, Lyall. Lord Auckland's group,
J. L. H. (Atlantic and Southern Oceans.)

2. G. virgatnim, TIooic. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 256. Frond erect,
straight, sparingly branched ; branches strict, virgate, simple or again
branched ; branches dichotomously multifid, appressed ; tips incurved ; axils
very narrow ; articulations of the branches as long as broad, of the branch-
lets very short. Spore-masses subterminal; involucre of many branchlets. —
J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 137.

East coast, parasitical on Carpophyllum, Colenso.

§ 2. Frond unarmed ; internodes more or less completely coated with small cells.

3. G. rubrum, ArjardU ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 256. Frond 2-12 in. long, ro-
bust, very variable in form and ramification, irregularly dichotomous ; branch-
lets hooked inwards ; lower articulations twice as long as broad, upper
shorter than broad. Spore-masses globose, with 3-4 involucral branchlets 'or
lateral branchlets. Tetraspores whorled in the articulations. — J. Ag. Sp.
Alg. ii. 127 ; Harv. Phyc. Brit. i. 181.

Abuudant throughout the islands, and in Lord Auckland's group and Campbell’s
Island. (Common in all temperate seas.)

708

IX. ALGIE.

[ Ceramimn .

4. C. vestitum, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 256. Very similar to C. rubrum,
but articulations so coated with cells that they are scarcely visible, and the
tips of the branchlets are straighter.

Stewart’s Island, Ltjall. — Probably a state of C. rubrum.

5. C. cancellation, Jgardli ; — -FI. N. Z. ii. 226. Frond 8-6 in. high,
compressed, distichously pinnate ; pinnae subcorymbose, dichotomously pin-
nulate ; terminal segments obtuse, spreading ; articulations completely coated
with cells, lower as long as broad. Spore-masses subterminal ; involucral
branchlets elongate, divided. Tetraspores in irregular lines along the mar-
gins of the segments. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 186. Fteroceras, Kuetzing.

Abundant on the coasts, Colenso , etc. Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. II.

§ 3. Frond with spinules, especially on the outer sides of the terminal branchlets.

6. C. uncinatnm, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 257. Frond capillary, regu-
larly dichotomously fastigiate ; axils patent ; tips incurved ; articulations not
coated with cells, lower 8-4 times longer than broad ; nodes swollen, armed
with a long and a short uncinate spinule.

Cape Turnagain, Colenso ; Cook’s Straits, Lyall.

92. CETfTROCERAS, Kuetzing.

Frond red, filiform, branched, jointed ; joints of a single cell, coated with
oblong longitudinal cellules, placed in longitudinal series. Fructification of
Ceramium..

A genus of oue variable species, abounding in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, differing
from Ceramium in tbe longitudinal cortical cells.

1. C. clavulatum, Mont.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 257. Frond densely tufted,
dark red, very variable, 2-4 in. long, rather rigid, capillary, dichotomously
branched ; nodes swollen, their bases sunk in the top of that below them,
when young crowned by minute spinous processes ; young plants covered
with deciduous hairs. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 148 ; Harv. Ner. Bor. Am. 211.
t. 83 C.

Common on all tbe coasts, Colenso, etc. (Tasmania, and common in tropical and sub-
tropical seas.)

93. FTILOTA, Agardh.

Frond bright or dull red, linear, slender, compressed, 2-edged, distichously
branched, pectinate-pinnate ; pinnules sometimes articulate ; axis of one long
articulate tube, more or less coated with many series of small cells. Spore-
masses involucrate, full of angular spores, the involucre of many incurved
branchlets. Tetraspores sessile or stalked, 3-partite, solitary or crowded on
the pinnules.

A heautiful genus, common in both temperate zones, but more abundant and larger in the
southern.

1. P. formosissima, Mont, in Voy. an Foie Sud, 97. t. 9./. 3 ; — FI.
N. Z. ii. 257. Frond bright red, cartilaginous, 6-16 in. long, and as broad

Ptilota .]

IX. ALO.E.

709

in outline, flabellate, 2-edged, in. broad, decompoundly pinnate ; pinnae
alternate ; pinnules pinnatifid, ultimate serrate or pectinate. Spore-masses
sessile, with 4 pectinate involucral branchlets. Tetraspores marginal, pedi-
celled, globose. — ¥1. Autarct .190. t. 77 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 102. Euptilota,
Kuetzing.

Throughout the islands, and in Iiord Auckland’s group, abundant.

2. P. pellucida, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 257. Frond bright rosy-red,
2-3 in. long, ovate in outline, filiform, distichously decompound, primary
branches 2-3-pinnate, not coated with cells above ; pinnae articulate, opposite,
unequal, one undivided, the other pinnate or pectinate on one side ; ultimate
branchlets filiform, constricted at the base, subacute ; articulations 1|— 2
times as long as broad.

Otago and Stewart’s Island, Lyall. — Harvey suggests the possibility of this being the
same as the Callothamnion Ptilota, 3)1. Antarct. t. 189, found off the Crozet Islands.

94. GRIFFITHSIA, Agardh.

Frond rose-red, filiform, dichotomously branched, articulate, of one tube ;
branchlets often whorled; nodes transparent. Spore-masses involucrate, en-
closing numerous angular spores. Tetraspores globose, 3-parted, involucrate.

A considerable genus, found in both temperate zones.

1. G. setacea, Agardh; — FI. N. Z. ii. 258. Frond 3-6 in. long, se-
taceous, rather rigid, straight, irregularly dichotomous, crimson ; axils acute ;
branchlets sometimes opposite ; articulations cylindric, 5-6 times longer than
broad; involucres lateral, pedicelled. — Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 184 ; J. Ag. Sp.
Alg. ii. 84.

East coast, Colenso ; Foveaux Straits, Lyall. — A state with more slender branches and
longer articulations has been found at Bluff Harbour and Port Cooper, Lyall. (N. and S.
temperate oceans.) — A beautiful plant, stains paper crimson; when put in fresh water the
articulations burst with a crackling noise, and discharge the red colour.

2. G. antarctica, UooJc. f. and Harv. FI. Antarct. ii. 488 ; — FI. A.
Z. ii. 258. Frond tufted, flaccid, stout, dichotomous; branches elongate,
erect, and branchlets often secund, naked, constricted at the nodes ; articula-
tions of the branches 4-6 times, of the branchlets about 3 times longer than
broad ; fruiting branchlets lateral, short, crowned with an umbellate invo-
lucre.— J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 87.

East coast, Colenso ; Foveaux Straits and Stewart’s Island, Lyall. (Tasmania.)

95. BALLIA, Harvey.

Frond bright or rose-red, fading to green or dirty brown, filiform, rigid,
dendroid ; stem and branches covered with short capillary fibres ; branchlets
pellucid, pinnately decompound, or pectinately pinnate. Spore-masses en-
closed in an involucre of many incurved filiform branchlets, containing nume-
rous angular spores. Tetraspores on the short capillary fibres of the branches.

A small genus of beautiful plants.

710

IX. ALGtE.

\_Ballia.

1. B. callitrichaj Mont.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 257. Root a spongy disk.
Fronds densely tufted, 2-10 in. long, with a stout rigid woolly stipes, se-
taceous above, rose-purple, 3-4-pinnate ; pinnae and pinnules capillary ;
brandies opposite, very close-set, plumosely decompound, lanceolate in out-
line, ultimate undivided, subulate, very acute ; articulations ovoid or cyliudric,
about twice as long as broad. — J. Ag. ; FI. Sp. Alg. ii. 75. B. Brunonis,
Harv. FI. Antarct. 182. B. Hombroniana , Mont, in Yoy. au Pole Sud, t.
12. f. 1. Sphacelaria callitricha, Agardh.

Abundant throughout the islands, and in Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s
Island. (All the southern temperate oceans.)

2. B. scoparia, Han. Bhyc. Austr. iii. 168. — Callithamnion , FI. N. Z.
ii. 259. Habit and woolly root and stipes of B. callitricha, but dull in
colour, most densely fastigiately branched, the branches springing from all
sides ; branches pinnately branched. — Callithamnion, FI. Antarct. 1. 189. f. 3 ;
J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 35. Bhlebothamnion, Kuetzing.

East coast, Colenso ; Preservation Harbour and Foveaux Straits, Lyall. (Fuegia, Falk-
land Islands, Australia.)

96. CALLITHAMNION, Lyngbye.

Frond rose-red or purplish, filiform or capillary, branched, articulate, of
one series of long tubular cells, those of the stem sometimes coated by de-
current cells, the branches always of single articulate tubes, pellucid at the
nodes. Spore-masses solitary or geminate, axillary or lateral, containing
numerous angular spores. Tetraspores sessile or stalked on the branchlets.

A large genus, found in all seas.

§ 1. Frond short, densely tufted, excessively branched from the base, with no distinct
stem ; articulations without cortical cells.

1. C„ Rothii, Lxjngb.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 260. Frond deep red or purple,

1 in. high, densely tufted ; filaments excessively slender, short, erect, dicho-
tomous ; branches few, long, straight, equal, alternate or dichotomous ;
articulations twice as long as broad. Tetraspores clustered on short terminal
snbcorymbose branchlets. — Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 120 B; J. Ag. Sp. Alg.
ii. 17.

Tidal rocks, caverns, etc., probably common, Hawke’s Bay and Cape Kidnapper, Colenso.
(N. Atlantic Ocean.)

§ 2. Frond pinnate ; pinnules ( upper or all) opposite.

2. C. flaccidum, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 258. Fronds
flaccid, membranous, rosy, 2-4 in. long, loosely branched, excessively slender ;
branches densely crowded, opposite and alternate, pinnate ; pinnules all oppo-
site or alternate, short, simple, sometimes second, incurved ; primary articula-
tions many times, secondary 6-10 times longer than broad. Tetraspores
numerous, secund on the pinnules. —FI. Antarct. 490. t. 188. f. 1 ; J. Ag.
Sp. Alg. ii. 31.

Otago Harbour, Lyall. (Fuegia, Tasmania.)

CallUhamnion.]

IX. ALGjE.

711

3. C. Plumula, Lyngb. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 258. Frond flaccid, rose-red,
2-5 in. long, distichously branched ; branches alternate or irregular, slender,
each node with a pair of opposite horizontal or recurved pectinate brancldets,
the segments of which in luxuriant specimens are sometimes again pectinate ;
articulations 3-4 times as long as broad. Tetraspores on the pectinate
brancldets.

D’Urville’s Island, Lyall. (Atlantic Ocean, Tasmania, Fuegia.)

•

4. C. applicitum, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 258. Frond minute, in.
long, rose-red, capillary, prostrate, attached by its whole length, distichously
pinnately branched ; branches pinnate or 2-pinnate ; pinnae all opposite,
close-set, ; articulations of branches cylindric, 3-4 times as long as broad, of
the pinnae hexagonal, of the pinnules square.

Creeping on Amphiroa , Colenso.

5. C. pectin atum, Mont, in Voy.au Pole Sud, 90 ; — FI. Antarct. 191.
Habit and size of C. applicitum, or even smaller ; pinnae horizontal ; pinnules
few, 5-6, very short, simple or nearly so ; articulations terete, primary twice
as long as broad. Tetraspores axillary or at the base of the pinnules.

Lord Auckland’s group, on Algol, D’Urville.

§ 3. Frond pinnate throughout or above ; pinnules alternate.

* Internodes without a coating of small cells {or lowest coated at the base only in
C. puniceum, brachygonum, and byssoideum).

6. C. hirtum, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. Antarct. 192. t. 78. /. 2 ; — FI.
N. Z. ii. 258. Fronds tufted, blackish or dark bro.wn, stout, intricate, 2-3
in. long, 4-fariously branched, densely clothed throughout with 4-farious
brancldets ; primary branches robust, veined below, jointed above ; secon-
dary elongate ; pinnules simple, incurved, obtuse; articulations 1| as long
as broad. — J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 53.

Various places, in the Middle Island, probably common, Lyall. Lord Auckland’s
group, J. I). 11.

7. C. gracile, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. Antarct. 191. t. 18. f. 1. Frond
excessively slender, rose-red, erect from a branched creeping rhizome, laxly
2-3 -pinnate ; pinnae opposite and alternate, elongate, branched ; pinnules
short, erecto-patent, alternate, simple or branched at the tip ; primary articu-
lations pellucid, 4-5 times as long as broad. Tetraspores minute, spherical.
— J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 48.

Campbell’s Island, J. D. H.

8. C. cryptopterum, Kuetzing, Sp. Alg. 646. — C. micropterum, Hook,
f. and Harv. FI. Antarct. 192 (not of Montague). Frond small, rose-red,
from a scutate root, erect, i-h in. long, sparingly distichously and alternately
divided, obovate in outline, 2-3-pinnate ; pinnae flexuous, alternately mul-
tifid ; pinnules erecto-patent, obtuse ; internodes pellucid, 2-3 times longer
than broad. Tetraspores minute, scattered, elliptic, appressed. — J. Ag. Sp.
Alg. ii. 55.

Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H.

9. C. puniceum, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 259. Frond fine lake-purple,

712

IX. ALG/E.

[ Callithammon .

2-3 in. long, tender, excessively branched, inextricable; stem and branches
decompoundly pinnate ; upper divisions pinnate ; pinnules subulate, acute ;
primary articulations pellucid, veined, 8— LO times, of the branchlets 3-4
times longer than broad ; lower only coated with small cells. Tetraspores
solitary, lateral.

Tauranga, Davies.

10. C. brachygonum, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 259. Frond flaccid, capil-
lary, carmine-red, densely tufted, 1-2 in high. Stem subsimple, set on all
sides with virgate branches, which again branch and bear distichous, dense,
plumose pinnae ; plumules narrow, erecto-patent ; lower pinnate ; upper longer
and more compound ; middle one long and 2-pinnate ; articulations short,
thick-walled ; lowest sparingly coated with cells. Tetraspores globose, in
series on the inner faces of the branchlets.

Blind Bay, Lyall ; Tauranga, Davies.

11. C. byssoideum, Arnott ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 260. Frond flaccid, gelati-
nous, capillary, much divided into inextricable branched filaments, or with
a few stems thicker than the rest ; branches linear-lanceolate, set with long,
slender, fiexuous, pinnate plumules ; articulations pellucid, of the stouter
stems veined, 8 times as long as broad, of the branchlets 4 times. Tetra-
spores elliptic, subsolitary near the bases of the branchlets. — Harv. Phyc.
Brit. t. 262 ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. ii. 40. Fklebothammia, Kuetzing.

Foveaux Straits and Otago Harbour, Lyall ; Maketu, Chapman. (N. Australia.)

Internodes coated, with small cells.

12. C. Colensoi, Hai-v. in FI. N. Z. ii. 259. Frond dark purple, robust,
dendroid, 2-3 in. high ; main stem as thick as a sparrow’s quill below, late-
rally branched ; branches densely clothed all round with minute, compound,
squarrose, imbricate branchlets ; ultimate divaricate, subulate, acute, alter-
nate; articulations coated with small cells, 1£ times longer than broad ; ulti-
mate pellucid.

East coast and Hawke’s Bay, Colenso.

13. C. consanguineum, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 259. Frond densely
tufted, flaccid, rose-purple, 2-3 in. high, capillary, excessively branched ;
branches spreading, the smaller distichous upwards, alternately decompoundly
pinnate and alternately plumulate ; plumules short, flabellate, naked below,
pinnate above, terminal ; pinnae close-set ; articulations opaque, with cortical
cells, 2-3 times as long as broad; upper pellucid. Tetraspores lateral, sub-
solitary, triangularly divided.

Port Njcholson, Lyall.

SUBORDER III. CHLOROSPERMEiE.

97. CAULERPA, Lamouroux.

Rhizome prostrate, creeping, throwing up erect green branches (fronds) of
horny-membranous texture. Structure continuously tubular, filled with, a

Callithamnion.]

IX. ALG.E.

713

spongy network of anastomosing fibres and grumous fluid. Fructification
unknown.

A fine genus, most abundant in tropical seas ; the species are often much branched, like
Pine-branches, or pinnate, like Mosses.

1. C. sedoides, Agardh ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 261. Ehizome slender, gla-
brous, matted, glossy, several in. long, in. diameter. Fronds crowded,

2-6 in. high, linear, clothed throughout their length with short, pyriform,
loosely imbricate, more or less distichous, opposite sacs, ^—5- in. long. —
Harv. Ner. Austr. ii. t. 72. Cliauvinia, Kuetzing. Ahnfeldtia, Trev.

Rocks near low- water mark, Colenso ; Cook’s Straits, Lyall. (Australia, Mauritius, In-
dian Ocean.)

2. C. hypnoides, Agardh; — FI. N. Z. ii. 260. Ehizome robust, ■b~i
in. diameter, covered with cylindric, dichotomous scales. Frond bright green,
erect, stalked, lanceolate, 8-12 in. high, pinnace; stipes, rachis, and pinna
densely clothed with very short, forked, subulate branchlets ; pinnae disti-
chous, simple or forked, 1-2 in. long, close-set, patent. — Harv. Ner. Austr.
ii. t. 84. Cliauvinia, Kuetzing.

Deep tide-pools, East coast, Colenso. (Australia, Tasmania.)

3. C. Brownii, Fndlicher ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 260. t. 121 A. Ehizome
stout, clothed with cylindric scales. Frond green, erect, 10-12 in. high,
slender, branched, clothed throughout with erecto-patent, 4-fariously, loosely
imbricate, curved, cylindrical, slender, simple, acute, mucronulate or obtuse
processes A- in. long.

East coast, Colenso ; Chalky and Lyall’s Bay, Lyall. (Tasmauia and Australia.)

4. C. furcifolia. Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 260. t. 121 B. Ehi-
zome as in C. Brownii. Frond slender, 4-6 in. high, clothed throughout
with suberect, 4-fariously imbricate, curved, forked (rarely simple), cylindrical,
slender, acute processes. — C. Selago, Hook. f. and Harv. in Lond. Joum. Bot.
iv. 550, not of Agardh.

East coast, Colenso. (Tasmania.)

5. C. articulata, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 261. Ehizome unknown.
Branches slender, filiform, 4-5 in. long, bright green, simple or forked, con-
stricted at intervals of A-L— in., clothed throughout with distichous branch-
lets, which are opposite, attached to the middle of each internode, \ in. long,
cylindric, obtuse, constricted at the base.

East coast, rare, Colenso.

98. CODIUM, Stackhouse.

Frond dark green, sponge-like, consisting of a matted mass of 1-celled
branching tubuli, filled with semifluid endoohrome. Fructification of lateral
vesicles on the branchlets at the circumference, containing myriads of anthe-
rozoids.

vol. 1. 3 a

714

IX. ALGiE.

[Codium.

Natives of both temperate and tropical zones.

1. C. tomentosum, Agardh ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 261. Frond from a spongy
base, cylindric, 6-12 in. long, f in. diameter, cylindric, dichotomous or
palmatipartite. — Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 93.

Probably abundant, East coast, Colenso ; Tauranga, Davies; Port Nicholson, Lyall •
Lord Auckland’s group, J. D. H. (Abundant in all seas.)

2. C. adhserens, Agardh ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 261. Frond forming green
velvety patches, 1 in. to 1 ft. broad, on rocks ; substance gelatinous, dense.
— Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 35 A.

Banks’ Peninsula, Lyall; Cape Kidnapper, Colenso. (Generally diffused in warmer seas,
but not hitherto found in Australia.)

99. VATTCHEBIA, De Candolle.

Frond bright green, tufted, capillary, cylindric, tubular, full of a green
granular mass. Fructification globose or oblong stalked bodies (spores),
full of green matter, attached to the surface of the frond.

Usually annual freshwater Alga, always small.

1. V. Dilwynii, Agardh ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 195. Frond decumbent, irre-
gularly branched, farinose when highly magnified, minutely tubercled. Spores
globose, sessile, solitary. — Grev. Alg. Brit. t. 19.

Damp ground, Colenso. (Europe, Kerguelen’s Land, etc.)

Colenso and Lyall send fragments of other species of this genus, but these cannot be de-
termined except in a fresh state.

100. BBYOPSIS, Lamouroux.

Frond bright or yellow-green, filiform, tubular, membranous, cylindric,
glistening, branched ; branches imbricate or distichously pinnate, full of green
granuliferous fluid.

Small annual Algce, found in all seas.

1. B. plumosa, Agardh ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 195. Frond glossy green,
feathery, lubricous, 1-4 in. high, more or less branched or simple ; branches
naked below, above pinnate, with subopposite, slender, distichous branchlets.
— Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 111.

Tidal pools, probably common, Cook’s Straits, Akaroa, and Otago Harbour, Lyall.
(N. Atlantic, Australia.)

101. POBPHYBA, J. Agardh.

Frond pink or green-purple, flat, membranous, leaf-like, without midrib.
Fructification red or purple. Spores arranged in fours, dispersed over the
whole frond.

A considerable genus, found in all seas.

Porphyra

ix. alga?.

715

1. P. laciniata, Agardh; — FI. N. Z. ii. 264. Fronds clustered, 4-18
in. long, fixed by the base or centre, glossy, fine purple, deeply and irregu-
larly cleft ; margin cut and lobed. — Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 92.

Common on rocks and stones in the sea (all latitudes).— This is much used as “ Laver,”
in England, in scrophulous cases.

2. P. vulgaris, Agardh ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 264. Frond 1-2 ft. long,
simple, lanceolate, often much waved, undivided. — Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 211.

With the last and probably not different from it.

3. P. capensis, Kuetzing ; — FI. Antarct. 193. Frond tufted, small,
violet-purple, orbicular, crisped and undulate, 1-2 in. broad. — P. Columhina ,
Mont, in Yoy. au Pole Sud, 33.

Lord Auckland’s group and Campbell’s Island, If Urville, J. D. H. (S. Africa, etc.)

102. ULVA, Linn.

Frond bright green, flat, membranous, leaf-like, without midrib, sometimes
inflated or saccate when young. Fructification of green spores, arranged in
fours, dispersed over the whole frond.

Perhaps the commonest marine plants in the world, annual ; the species are probably all
forms of one.

1. U. latissima, Linn.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 265. Frond tufted, 6-18 in.
long, delicately membranous, pale green, broadly obovate or oblong, flat, or
variously lobed or waved. — Harv. Phyc. Brit. 171.

Abundant on the shore everywhere, as far south as Campbell’s Island. (All seas.)

2. U. rigida, Agardli ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 265. Frond subcartilaginous,
contracted to a flat thickish stipes, deeply lobed ; lobes curved, undulate ; cells
subquadrate, orbicular. — Phycoseris rigida and lobata , Kuetzing.

East coast, Colenso. (Atlantic, Chili, etc.)

3. U. crispa. Light/.; — FI. N. Z. ii. 265. Fronds forming an irre-
gular stratum, short, crisped and plaited. — FI. Antarct. 498. Prasiola crispa
and antarctica, Kuetzing.

Probably common on damp ground near the sea. (Europe, etc.)

4. U. bullosa ?, Roth; — FI. _ZY. Z. ii. 265. Fronds forming green
strata, small, obovate and saccate when young, at length breaking up into
ragged bullate laminae. — -Kuetzing, Tab. Phyc. t. 28. f. 1.

On stones, under water, Colenso. — Specimens young, and perhaps not referable to this
species. (Europe, etc.)

TJ. reticulata , Eorst., a tropical species, found in the Red Sea, Sumatra, etc., is men-
tioned by Montague (Voy. au P61e Sud; Bot. Crypt. 33) as a native of Lord Auckland’s
group, but I suspect some mistake ; it may be recognized by its flat perforated frond divided
into linear-reticulated lobes.

3 a 2

716

J\. ALGjE.

103. ENTEROMOEPHA, Link.

Frond green, tubular, hollow, cylindric or compressed, usually branched ;
. structure reticulated. Fructification of roundish spores in threes or fours,
clustered in the reticulations.

An excessively common genus of annual Alga, found in all seas, and in brackish water
also. The two first species appear to pass into one another, and often to he difficult to dis-
tinguish from TJlva.

1. E. compressa, Grev. FI. N. Z. ii. 264. Frond very variable,
6-12 in. long, elongate ; branches cylindrical or compressed, firm, capillary
2-j in. diameter ; branches simple or nearly so, attenuated at the base, ob-
tuse.—Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 335.

Abundant on the seashores. (Common in all seas.)

2. E. intestinalis, Grev. ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 264. Frond 2 feet and more
long, T\-3 in. diameter, simple, tapering downwards, inflated, often floating,
often waved and curled, full of green-coloured fluid, fading to yellow and
white. — Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 154.

Abnndant on seashores, with E. compressa. (Common to all seas.)

3. E. clathrata, Grev. — Var. ramulosa, FI. N. Z. ii. 265. Frond 5 in.
to 2 feet long, very slender, much branched, highly reticulated, curled and
twisted, forming a dense interwoven mat, beset on all sides with short spine-
like branchlets, hence harsh to the touch. — E. ramulosa. Smith ; Harv. Phyc.
Brit. t. 245.

Var. erecta. Branches all attenuated to a fine point. — E. erecta, Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 43.
Zignoa, Trevis ; Mont, in Voy. au Pole Slid, t. 30.

Var. ramulosa, Otago Harbour, Lyall. Var. erecta, Lord Auckland's group, D'Urville.
(Europe, etc.)

104. BANGIA, Lyngbye.

Frond generally pink or purple, capillary, tubular, simple or branched, of
numerous radiating cells in transverse rows, enclosed in a hyaline sheath.
Fructification of purple or green spores, one in each cell of the frond.

A considerable genus of very small fresh- and salt-water Alga, often forming a scum or
stratum on rocks, walls, etc.

1. B. ciliaris, Carmichael ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 264. Filaments minute,
simple, straight, J in. long, variable in breadth, compressed, purple, some-
times expanding and leafy in the middle ; cells in 2 rows except where ex-
panded, globular.— Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 322.

Parasitic on leaves of Zostera, Cook’s Straits, Lyall. (Europe, also on Zostera.)

2. B. lanuginosa, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 264. Filaments curved,
cylindric, bright purple, soft, gelatinous, of one series of lenticular cells,
which are shorter than broad.

Parasitic ou Chordaria, Colenso.

IX. ALG.t:.

717

105. BATRACHOSPERMUM, Roth.

Frond immersed in gelatine, filiform, branched, usually moniliform and
nodose, longitudinally striate, composed of colourless jointed filaments agglu-
tinated together, beset with distant whorls of moniliform branchlets. Spores
in globular masses seated on the whorls.

Delicate filamentous freshwater Algae, growing in subalpine lakes and running streams.

1. B. moniliforme, Roth; — FI. _ZV. Z. ii. 261. Vaguely branched,
variously coloured (green purple violet brown or blackish) ; nodes monili-
form, distinct, globose, those of the branches confluent. — Kuetz. Sp. Alg.
535. — Conferva gelatinosa, Linn.; Dillwyn, Conferv. t. 32.

Freshwater streams, probably common, Colenso ; Canterbury, Lyall. (Europe, Africa,
America.)

106. CLADOPHORA, Kuetzing.

Frond green, filiform, dichotomously branched, articulate, uniform through-
out ; articulations of single long or short tubes, filled with granular endo-
chrome, that at maturity developes antherozoids.

A large and widely-diffused genus.

§ 1. Filaments forming dense intricately-matted masses.

1. C. herpestica, Kuetzing ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 262. Filaments tufted,
creeping, ultra-setaceous, bladder-like, rigid, irregularly branched ; upper-
most branches fascicled ; articulations about 15 times longer than broad. —
Conferva, Mont, in Voy. au Pole Sud, 6.

Sandy soil, Bay of Islands, Hombron, J. D. II. ; Cape Kidnapper, Colenso.

2. C. Lyallii, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 262. t. 121 G. Filaments pale
yellow-green, forming dense wide-spreading matted tufts, stout, rigid, de-
cumbent below, then erect, f— | in. long, very irregularly branched ; branches
spreading, secund or opposite or alternate ; branchlets few, 3-4 articulations,
which are constricted at the nodes, and If times as long as broad.

Stewart’s Island, Lyall.

3. C. pacifica, Kuetzing. — Conferva, Mont, in Voy. au Pole Sud, 7. t.
14. f. 2 ; FI. Antarct. 192. Filaments 1-2 in. high, dull green, olive-green
below, forming an intricate spongy compact mass, capillary, rigid, excessively
branched ; branches erect, lower simple, upper dichotomous ; branchlets sub-
secund, acute, spiniform, straight or hooked ; articulations as long or twice
as long as broad.

Lord Auckland's group, D'Urville, Hombron. Unknown to us.

§ 2. Filaments tufted, but not forming spreading matted masses, more or less regularly

branched.

4. C. pellucida, Kuetzing; — FI. JY. Z. ii. 262. Filaments bright
green, a span long and under, firm, subcartilaginous, long, simple and naked
below, above branched ; branches opposite alternate or whorled, uppermost

718

IX. ALG.ZE.

[i Cladophora .

fascicled; primary articulations 8-16 times, of the branches 8-10 times, of
the branchlets 4-8 times longer than broad. — Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 174. — C.
catenifera, Kuetz. 1. c.

Waitemata Harbour, Lyall. (Europe, Australia, S. Africa.)

5. C. vertieillata, Hook.f. and Harv. FI. Antarct. i. 193. Filaments
3-8 in. long, tufted, rigid, setaceous, very slender, straight, sparingly divided ;
lateral branches elongate, simple, naked, erect, fastigiate, opposite or 3-4-
nate, slightly dilated at the tips ; primary articulations 6-8 times longer than
broad, upper as long or twice as long as broad. — Kuetz. Sp. Alg. 388.

Port William, in a cave, Lyall. Lord Auckland’s group, J. L>. H.

6. C. Colensoi, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 262. Filaments not densely
tufted, dark green, slender, flexuous, sparingly decompound from the base;
branches slender, carved, flexuous, naked below, above with short secund
very erect appressed branchlets ; articulations 3-4 times longer than broad,
full of green matter, cylindric, not contracted at the nodes, uniform throughout.

Hawke’s Bay, Colenso , rare.

7. C. Daviesii, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 263. Filaments 4-5 in. long,
bright green, densely tufted, rigid, stout, much branched ; branches alter-
nate, usually naked below ; axils very broad and rounded, above with short
crowded subcorymbose generally secund branchlets of 2 or 3 articulations,
the latter seldom twice as long as broad, uniform throughout the frond.

Tauranga, Colenso.

8. C. gracilis, Griffiths; — FI. N. Z. ii. 263. Filaments 10-15 in.
long, pale green, very slender, much branched ; branches erecto-patent, stout,
flexuous ; branchlets secund, pectinate, elongate, slender, of many articula-
tions, subtomentose ; articulations 2-4 times as long as broad, contracted at
the nodes. — Kuetzing, Sp. Alg. 403 ; Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 18.

Port "William, Lyall. (Europe, Tasmania.)

9. C. crinalis, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 263. Filaments densely tufted
below, deep green, 1-2 in. high, slender, rigid, shining when dry, decom-
pound, but not much branched ; branches and branchlets few, scattered,
short or long, very straight and erect, obtuse ; articulations 4-8 times longer
than broad, upper shorter, constricted at the nodes.

New Zealand, Colenso.

10. C. virgata, Kuetzing. — Conferva , Agardh; — FI. Antarct. 192. Fila-
ments excessively branched below ; branches elongate, fastigiate, ultra-se-
taceous, distinctly dilated at the tips ; lower articulations 2-4 times longer
'Ban broad, upper about equal, collapsed when dry.

Lord Auckland’s group, L’Crville. (S. Africa.)

107. CONFERVA, Linn.

Frond of green, slender, jointed filaments ; joints of a single cell, floating
or attached. Fructification of clusters of antherozoids contained in the joints.

Conferva.]

IX. ALG.®. .

719

A large salt and freshwater genus, abundant in all climates.

1. C. Darwinii^ Kuetz. Sp. Alg. 380. — Clicetomorpha , El. N. Z. ii. 263.
Frond 2-8 in. long, very stout, gradually dilated upwards ; articulations often
geminate; lower rather longer than broad; upper shorter, •§■ in. broad, con-
stricted at the nodes. — C. clavata, var. Darwinii, El. Antarct. 493. t. 192.
f. 1.

East coast, Lyall , Colenso ; Otago, Lindsay. (Tasmania, Fuegia ?)

2. C. aerea, Billivyn , Conf. t. 80; — FI. JV. Z. ii. 263. Filaments nu-
merous, erect, pale green below, paler above, gradually dilated upwards ;
lowest articulation longest, 5 times as long as broad, the middle ones half as
long ; uppermost as long as broad. — Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 99 B. Chceto-
morpha, Kuetz. Sp. Alg. 379.

Houraki Gulf, Lyall. (Australia, Europe.)

3. C. valida, Hook. f. and Harv. FI. N. Z. ii. 263. Filaments pale
green, loosely matted, flaccid; articulations 1^-3 times as long as broad, con-
tracted at the nodes. Clicetomorpha, Kuetz. Sp. Alg. 379.

Port William, Lyall. (Tasmania.)

108. TYNDAEIDEA, Bory.

Filaments simple, green-yellow or brown, finally inosculating by transverse
tubes. Endochrome of subglobular masses, which, after conjugation, unite
and form a roundish globule lodged in one of the articulations, or in the
connecting tube.

In streams, pools, ditches, aud wet places, often forming spreading masses of coloured
scum.

1. T. anomala, Ralfs ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 263. Joints equal or shorter
than long, constricted here and there. Cell-wall often very thick. — E. Bot.
Suppl. t. 2899 ; Hassall, Brit. Freshwater Alg. t. 38. f. 2, 3. Zygogonium,
Kuetz. Sp. Alg. 447.

Freshwater, Colenso. (Europe.) — Apparently the same as the British plant, but impos-
sible to determine from comparison of dried specimens.

2. T. ? byssoidea, Harv. in FI. N. Z. ii. 264. Filaments blackish,
gelatinous, arachnoid, greenish under the microscope ; articulations about 3
times as long as broad.

Freshwater lake, Kapiti, Cook’s Straits, Lyall.

109. CALOTHRIX, Agardh.

Frond of capillary, green internally, short, tufted or fascicled, rather rigid
filaments, fixed, without a mucous coat, and without a waving motion in
water ; tube continuous, transversely closely striated, at length dissolving into
lenticular sporules.

Fresh- and salt-water small Algae.

720

IX. ALGiE.

[ Calothrix .

1. C. scopulorum, Weber and Mohr ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 265. Filaments
-Jg in. long, minute, erect, curved, flexuous, simple, formiug a continu-
ous, dirty-green, velvety stratum, attenuated to the point, slimy at the base,
indistinctly striate. — Harv. Phyc. Brit. t. 58 B.

Mud and rocks near high-water mark, Colenso. (Widely diffused.)

HO. OSCILLATORIA, Yaucher.

Frond of capillary interlacing filaments floating in mucus ; filaments simple,
continuous, presenting a curious oscillating motion under the microscope ;
tube transversely closely striated.

A large genus, abounding chiefly in fresh water, forming green or coloured slimy masses
on moist rocks etc., aud a scum on ponds, etc.

Species of this genus are no doubt as common in New Zealand as in Europe and every-
where, but they cannot be determined except in a fresh state. Fragments of several have
been collected by Colenso, Lyall, and others.

111. TOLYPOTHRIX, Kuetzing.

Frond of free capillary filaments, articulate at the base ; branches fascicled
or radiating, not opposite. Sheaths hyaline, open at the apex.

A considerable European freshwater genus, probably found all over the globe.

1. T. irregularis, Berk, in FI. N. Z. ii. 265. Filaments verdigris-
green, irregular, 2ood~g iss in- diameter, compressed, sometimes constricted
or torulose, often attenuated above and below, furnished at the base with a
minute, hyaline, elliptic connecting joint ; rings very narrow.

Tidal mud, amongst patches of Yaucheria , Colenso.

112. NOSTOC, Yaucher.

Frond gelatinous or coriaceous, dull green or brownish, amorphous, tra-
versed by moniliform filaments, which finally break up as spores.

Gregarious Algce, forming jelly-like masses on the damp ground, moss, rocks, and some-
times in water, often resembling Collemas.

1. N. verrucosum, Voucher ;—Fl. N. Z. ii. 266. Frond f-1 in. across,
gregarious, confluent, subglobose, plaited, blackish green, at length hollow
filaments short, curled, fragile. — Agardh, Syst. Alg. 21.

Canterbury plains, in freshwater streams, Lyall. (Europe, etc.)

113. ACHNANTHES, Bory.

Frond like a little flag, rectangular, attached to a short or long stipes by
one corner, composed of a few frustules, which separate without cohering at
the angles.

Very minute Algos, parasitic, like minute flags on the stems of other Algos.

Achnanthes .]

IX. ALGiE.

721

1. A. brevipes, Agardh. Frond with a very short stipes and 2-5
frustules, which have 2 coloured spots. — Mont, in Voy. au Pole Sud, 1.

Lord Auckland’s Island, on Polysiphonia glomerulata, D'Urville. (Common in
many seas.)

114. SCHIZONEMA, Agardh.

Frond of microscopic, brownish or greenish, flat filaments, which are ex-
cessively fragile, breaking up into rectilinear frustules ; frustules in longitu-
dinal series, enclosed in the simple or branched mucous or membranous frond.

Very minute Algae, parasitic on other Algae, etc., or occurring in floating mass.

1. S. crispum, Montagne ; — FI. N. Z. ii. 266. Threads tufted, green,
very crisp, ■£- £ in. long, the tips penicellate ; branchlets obtuse ; frustules
nearly parallelograms.

Lord Auckland’s group, on Polysiphonia, glomerulata , D'Urville.

722

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, &c.

Two valuable contributions to New Zealand botany have been published
since the first part of this Handbook appeared, viz. Mr. Colenso’s ‘ Essay on
the Botany of the North Island,’ which was printed for the Commissioners
of the New Zealand Exhibition of 1865, and is full of interesting matter,
which the author alone was able to supply, especially regarding the altitu-
dinal and latitudinal ranges of the species ; the other is Dr. Mueller’s work
‘ On the Vegetation of Chatham Islands,’ founded chiefly on Mr. W. Travers’s
collections.

For additional matter regarding the flora of New Zealand, I am especially
indebted to Dr. Haast, Dr. Hector and Mr. Buchanan, Mr. Travers, Logan,
Mair, Colenso, T. Kirk, Captain Bough, Drs. Knight and Lindsay.

Page

]V- In the Key to the Artificial Classification, under Classes XXI.-XXIII.,
the following — Myriophyllunt, Loranthacece, Araliacets, Umbelliferce , Cornets,
Sicyos — should form a section, with “ Perianth double, superior. Corolla
polype talous.”

lxii. Cornese. — The petals are usually valvate, not always (see Griselinia).

lxvii. The Orders 5, Junyermanniea , and 6, JHarchantiece, are treated as divisions
of one Order, Hepaticse, at p. 497.

Class I. DICOTYLEDONS.

Order I. RANUN CULACEiE.

1. In the generic character of Clematis, read Sepals 3-8, and Stamens 5-20.

2. Clematis hexasepala. — Southern Alps, Haast.

3. The Key to the species of Ranunculus might be improved by bringing to-
gether the species with silky carpels and white flowers — R. Lyallii, Traversii,
Buclianani, and perhaps insignis.

4. R. Lyallii, var. araneosa. — Whole plant more or less covered with
scattered flaccid hairs.

fcf-CKi

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

723

R. Traversii. — F. Mueller considers this identical with R. Lyalin , but
though I have received numerous specimens of the latter I find none of
them with the characters of this.

5. After R. pinguis add —

No. 4 bis. R. Godleyanus, Hook. /., n. sp. Erect, very stout, a foot
high, everywhere quite glabrous except the receptacle of the fruit. Stem
1 in. diameter at the base. Leaves all radical, with broad thick petioles 2-5
in. long and 1 in. broad ; blade 6-7 in. long, broadly oblong, rounded at the
apex, narrowed into the petiole, coarsely crenate or doubly crenate, thickly
fleshy or coriaceous, with radiating reticulated nerves. Scapes stout, ascend-
ing, as long or longer than the leaves, bearing at the middle 2 or more sessile
oblong bracts, and several branching or simple flowering peduncles that are
2-bracteolate at the axils. Flowers numerous, corymbose, 1 — 1-J- in. across.
Sepals broadly obovate-oblong, spreading. Petals 5, broadly obcuneate-obo-
vate, 2-lobed at the apex, with 3 naked glands at the base, deep yellow.
Achenes very numerous, forming a broad-oblong head, spreading, the lower
recurved, subulate, narrowed into the slender curved styles, nearly glabrous ;
receptacle pilose.

Middle Island : Whitcombe’s Pass, on the edge of a lagoon, alt. 4200 ft., Haast,
March, 1866. — A noble plant, and worthy of the distinguished colonist whose name it
bears. It approaches R. pinguis , and may prove a form of that very variable plant, but so
far as Haast’s excellent specimens go, it is abundantly distinct in its glabrousness, broad
oblong leaves, cuneate at the base, not at all lobed, and smaller more slender achenes.

5. The following species was omitted in the Handbook : —

No. 4 ter. R. Aucklandicus, A. Gray, Bot. U. S. Ex pi. Exped. i. 8.
Silky-strigose ; rhizome short, thick; stem solitary, erect, 6-10 in. high, 2-
leaved, 1-flowered. Leaves long-petioled, petiole strigose-hirsute, orbicular
or reniform, 3-fid to or beyond the middle with closed sinus, both surfaces
equally silky-strigose, 1—1^ in. diameter, thick, but not fleshy ; lobes cunei-
form, 2-3-lobed, again toothed or incised. Flower not seen. Receptacle of
achenes cylindric, i in. long, papillose, minutely hairy ; achenes ovate com-
pressed, not margined, smooth and glabrous with a short straight subulate
style.

ZiOrd Auckland’s group, Wilkes's Expedition. — Near R. pinguis and possibly a form
of it, if I am correct in considering R. Munroi a variety of that species.

5. R. geraniifolius. — Southern Alps, alt. 2500 ft., Haast.

5. R. Buchanani.— Erase the Macaulay river and Waimakeriri habitats,
which belong to the following species : —

5. No. 7 bis. R. cRordorhizos, Hook. /., n. sp. Everywhere glabrous,
short, stout. Rhizome as thick as the finger, 2-4 in. long, almost woody,
with numerous perpendicular root-fibres 6-10 in. long and as thick as whip-
cord. Leaves with stout petioles, 1—1^ in. long ; blade coriaceous and
fleshy, suborbicular, 3-partite to the base ; segments broadly obovate-spa-
thulate, almost petiolulate, 3-lobed ; lobes crenate ; upper surface pitted when
dry. Peduncles few, thick, 1-flowered, from a scape that is much shorter
than the petioles. Flowers not seen. Head of achenes globose. Receptacle

724

AUDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

small, globose. Aclienes glabrous, turgid, not margined nor angled, with a
slightly curved subulate style as long as the achene.

Middle Island : Alps of Canterbury, Macaulay river, alt. 5000 ft. ; Waimakeriri dis-
trict, on limestone-gravel and Mount Somers range, alt. 2-4000 ft., Haast. — A very re-
markable species.

6. R. serieophyllus. — Browning’s Pass, 5-7000 ft., Haast.

6. It. Haastii. — Dr. Haast assures me that this is not at all a variable
plant. On the other hand, Mr. Travers sends me a specimen from shingle
beds, Saddle Hill, Wairau, alt. 5000 ft., with a 1-flowered scape ; it is in fruit
only, and shows the remarkable flat-beaked achenes well.

7. It. macropus. — Found at Tapaitoitoi, 300 miles N. of Poverty Bay,
Kirk.

8. It. gracilipes. — Dr. Hector informs me that this species has creeping
stems.

Order II. MAGN OLIACE7E.

10. Drimys axillaris. — Both Colenso and Buchanan agree with Eaoul and
others in considering there are two species of Driwys in New Zealand ; of
these, the southern one, also found in mountain districts of the Northern
Island, is D. colorata, Raoul, differing according to Buchanan, especially in
the leaves being hardly coriaceous, green on both surfaces, and not glaucous
nor spotted, in the midrib not hairy, in the flowers more abundant, in the
long peduncles, and in the bark being pale, not black-brown.

Order III. CRUCIFERS.

10. In the ordinal character, for Stamens ... 2 longer than the others, read
shorter.

13. Braya novse-Zelandiae. — I have received better specimens of this
from Dr. Hector ; the pod is laterally much compressed, aud the plant evi-
dently closely allied to Notothlaspi, but differs in the valves not being winged,
and in the short fuuicles. Considering its very curious habit, I think it
should be regarded as a new genus and called Pachycladon in reference to the
remarkably stout branches of the rhizome or stock.

5. PACHYCLADON, .Hook. f.

Pod laterally compressed, elliptic or linear-oblong ; valves convex, subcym-
biform, keeled, not winged ; nerves very obscure ; septum incomplete ; style
very short; stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Seeds 3-5 in each cell, obovoid;
funicles short ; cotyledones incumbent.

1. P. novse-Zelandise. — Braya novce-Zelandice, p. 13.

15. Notothlaspi rosulatum. — Smells deliciously of orange-blossoms,
Haast.

Order IV. VIOLARIEJE.

18. Hymenanthera crassifolia. — Banks’s Peninsula, Haast. Chatham

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

25

Island, W. Travers (a very coriaceous-leaved variety, distinguished by F.
Mueller as var. Chathamica) . Dr. Mueller is disposed to unite the New
Zealand, Norfolk Island and Australian species, which are all very variable
plants.

Order V. PITTOSPOREJE.

19- Pittosporum Colensoi. — For “leaves smaller” read “leaves larger.”

19. 2 bis. Pittosporum Buchanani, Hook./., n. sp. A rambling-branched
shrub, 10-12 ft. high; young shoots and leaves silky-pubescent. Leaves
scattered, 2-5 in. long, of the male plant elliptic- oblong, acuminate, flat, quite
entire, glabrous, of the female more oblong, shining green above, paler below.
Peduncles axillary, solitary, slender, curved, silky-pubescent, -J-- J in. long, 1-
rarely 2-flowered, the male usually longest, sometimes the peduncle is short
and gives off 1 or 2 slender pedicels ; bracts at the base of the peduncle small,
acute. Sepals obloug, obtuse. Petals linear, dark purple ; of the female
smaller. Capsule as in P. tenuifolium..

Northern Island : from near Tongariro (cultivated at Wellington), Buchanan.

It is with great reluctance that I add another Pittosporum to the series, already very diffi-
cult of discrimination, that consists of tenuifolium , Colensoi , and fasciculatum. The present
seems to be nearer to the last named species, but differs in the almost solitary flowers, slender
silky peduncles, and obtuse oblong sepals.

19- P. patulum. — Mr. Travers sends a fruiting specimen from the Upper
Wairau, together with young foliage, which is linear, very narrow, and pin-
natifid.

20. P. rigidum. — Acheron Island, Dusky Bay, Hector and Buchanan.

21. P. umbellatum. — Peduncles sometimes only in. long.

Order VI. CARY OPH YLLEiE.

22. Gypsophila tubulosa, appears to be rapidly spreading over New Zea-
land, and is, doubtless, an imported plant.

Stellaria gracilenta. — “ Leaf-margin not revolute ” {Knight), but I
find it always much thickened or revolute to the midrib in the common form
of the plant.

25. Colob an thus Billardieri.- — Chatham Island, W. Travers. Distin-

guished as a variety by F. Mueller, on account of the short pedicels and
rigid channelled leaves.

25. C. acieularis. — Hurumui mountains, Travers .

25. Spergularia rubra, var. marina. — This is a rather large flowered state
of the plant ; common in S. America, S. Africa, and Australia.

Order IX. HYPERICINEiE.

29. Hypericum gramineum. — Colenso considers this to be a rare and
local plant, but I have specimens from very distant localities (Auckland, Wai-
pura river, and Akaroa).

726

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

Order X. MALVACEAE.

Page

30. Plagianthus betulinus. — Chatham Island, W. Travel's.

31. Hoheria populnea. — Colenso informs me that the var. a. is not found
south of Bream Bay.

31. HIBISCUS. — In the last line of generic character, for cells 3- or many-
ovuled, read cells 2-ovuled.

Order XI. TILIACE2E.

33. Aristotelia fruticosa. — Hector and Buchanan appear to regard this
as a form of A. racemosa. It is an extraordinarily variable plant.

Order XII. LINEiE.

35. Linum monogynum. — Var. a. Chatham Island, W. Travers.

Order XIII. GERANIACEiE.

35. In the Ordinal character, line 1, read Leaves opposite or alternate.

At the end of Geraniacece insert —

37. 5. Geranium Traversii , Hook. f.,n.sp. All over hoary and almost

silvery with fine white pubescence. Stems 1-2 ? feet long, rather stout.
Leaves long-petioled, orbicular, 1 \ in. diameter, 7-lobed to the middle ; lobes
cuneate, 3-fid, both surfaces equally hoary; stipules broad, almost orbicular,
cuspidate. Peduncle 4 in. long, 1 -flowered, slender, with 2 ovate-lanceolate
acuminate bracts in the middle. Flower large, 1 in. diameter. Sepals broadly
ovate, cuspidate, silky. Petals orbicular-ovate, quite entire, much larger than
the sepals, white.

Chatham Island: waste ground, W. Travers. — F. Mueller refers this to G. dissectum,
from all states of which it appears to me to differ widely in the much larger size, almost
coriaceous leaves, hoary pubescence, long 1 -flowered peduncle, large white flowers, silky
sepals, and entire petals. It is a beautiful plant. I have but one small specimen.

37. Pelargonium australe. — Common on the Alps of the Lake district,
Otago, Hector and Buchanan.

Order XIV. RUTACEJE. - -

40. Melicope simplex. — Leaves 3-foliolate, with winged petioles in young-
state, Kirk.

Order XV. MELIACEiE.

41 _ Dysoxylum speetabile. — The Middle Island habitat is probably erro-
neous, Colenso.

Order XVI. OLACINEiE.

41. PENNANTIA. — There are now three species of this genus known, the
present an Australian and Norfolk Island one.

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

727

Order XYIII. RHAMNES.

Page

44. Discaria Toumatou. — This becomes 15 feet high in subalpine locali-
ties, Haast.

Order XXI. CORIARIES.

46. Coriaria ruscifolia. — Chatham Island, W. Travers. For an elaborate
report on the poisonous properties of this plant, see Dr. L. Lindsay in Brit,
and Foreign Medic. Chirurg. Review, July, 1865.

47. C. thymifolia. — Hector says that this is the poisonous Tutu and annual
herbaceous Tutu of Otago, that it grows 4-5 ft. high, and is difficult to dis-
tinguish by leaf from C. ruscifolia.

47. C. angustissima. — Hector informs me that this is the “ ground Tutu,”
of Otago, and is subalpine and rare.

Order XXII. REGUMmOSS.

48. Three lines from top, for Edwardsia read Sophora.

49. Carmichaelia grandiflora. — Flowers very odoriferous, often small,
but not so small as C. odorata. Beak of pod sometimes J in. long.

50. C. odorata. — It is difficult to distinguish this from C. grandiflora.

51. Notospartium Carmichselise. — Ascends to 1500 ft., Haast.

51. Swainsonia novge-Zelandige. — Hurumui valley, Travers.

53. Sophora tetraptera, var. a. Chatham Island, TV. Travers. I have
seen no specimen.

Order XXIII. ROSACES.

54. Potentilla anserina, var. /3. Chatham Island, TV. Travers.

55. Geum parviflorum. — An extremely variable plant. Haast sends Mount
Torlesse specimens with very slender flowering branches, and flowers not x
in. diameter.

57. Acsena inermis. — Hurumui Mountains, Travers.

Order XXIV. SAXIFRAGES.

58. Donatia novse-Zelandise. — Dusky Bay, on the hills, Hector and Bu-
chanan ; Ramsay glacier, 4200 ft., Haast.

61. Weinmannia raeemosa. — Becomes a large tree, with close-grained
hard brittle wood, Hector and Buchanan.

Order XXVI. DROSERACES.

63. Drosera stenopetala. — Milford Sound, Hector.

728

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

Page

Order XXVII. HALORAGEiE.

64. In the Key to the genera of Haloragece, in the second line, for stigmas
read style.

68. Callitriche verna. — This is the form or species called C. stagnalis,
Scopoli (0. platycarpa, Kuetzing), and is C. verna (3, of Linnaeus, distin-
guished by the broad thick wings of the fruit, and broad short leaves.

Order XXVIII. MYRTACEiE.

70. Leptospermum ericoides. — Mr. Kirk sends a remarkable variety? of
this species, with silky branchlets, and differing greatly in size and habit
from L. ericoides, which grows near it. The species of this genus are, how-
ever, so variable that I do not venture to make a new one of this. He thus
describes it : —

“Young leaves and branches more or less pubescent. Leaves sessile,
scattered and fascicled, linear-lanceolate, margins recurved, pungent, much
dotted. Flowers minute, sessile or shortly peduncled. Petals much crumpled.
Capsules very small, with persistent calyx-lobes.”

Northern Island: Apatawapa and Coxe’s Creek, Kirk.

71. Metrosideros lucida. — Often attains the size of a large tree, Hector.

74. Myrtus peduneulata and M. obeordata. — Both abundant in Otago,
Hector and Buchanan, etc.

Order XXIX. ONAGRARIEiE.

75. FUCHSIA.

There are three tolerably distinct forms or species of the genus in New
Zealand, which may be thus distinguished : —

Petioles shorter than the leaves. Stamens as long or longer than the

calyx-lobes 1. F. excorticata.

Petioles as long as or longer than the leaves.

Stems procumbent, filiform. Stamens shorter than the calyx-lobes 2. F. procumbens.

Stems branching low, woody. Stamens as long as or longer than

the calyx-lobes 3. F. Colensoi.

Of these, F. excorticata forms a tree with ovate-lanceolate leaves,
silvery below. Flowers f-1^ in. long. It is common throughout the
Island.

F. procumbens is very slender, creeping or prostrate. Leaves rounded-
ovate or -cordate. Flowers not in. long. I have it from the Northern
Island, A. Cunningham and Colenso.

F. Colensoi is intermediate in size. Leaves very variable, ovate orbi-
cular or cordate. Flowers as large as in F. excorticata. — Northern Island,
Colenso. Middle Island, common, Canterbury plains, Travers ; Otago, Lindsay,
Hector.

81. Epilobium pallidiflorum. — E. tetragonum, F. Mueller, Veg. Chatham
Island. Chatham Island, W. Travers.

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

729

Order XXX. PASSXFLORE.3].

Tage

81. The seeds are inadvertently described as exalbuminous instead of albu-
minous.

81. Line 4 from bottom, fur tetramerous read pentamerous.

Order XXXII. FICOIDEJE.

84. Mesembryanthemum australe. — Chatham Islands, TV. Travers.

84. Tetragonia trigyna. — This Dr. Mueller assures me is the true T. im-
plexicoma , Miquel, of Australia. Littleton Harbour, Travers. Styles 2-4.
Stamens 12-16. — Var. Ghathamica , F. Muell. Veg. Chatham Island. Leaves
broader. Calyx-lobes 4-5, broader, more unequal. Styles 3-4, shorter.

^ • — The flowers are usually unisexual in this genus.

Order XXXIII. UMBELLIFERiE.

86. Hydrocotyle heteromera. — Colenso sends a small state with leaves
only X in. broad.

88. Pozoa trifoliolata. — This is a Middle Island plant, the Totara-nui of
Captain Cook being in that Island.

90. Eryngium vesieulosum. — Colenso assures me that this is a rare and
local plant, and has not been found at Auckland, where I supposed Dr. Sin-
clair had gathered it.

91. Oreomyrrhis Colensoi. — Waipura, on limestone rocks, Haast.

91. O. ramosa. — Glacier gully, Wairau Mountains, Travers.

91. O. andicola, Endl. A native of Australia and Chili; is erroneously
stated in Benth. FI. Austral, iii. 877, to be a native of IS. Zealand.

92. Aciphylla Lyallii. — Waiau range, Travers. Buchanan regards this as
a var. of A. Colensoi, and A. Munroi as a var. of A. squarrosa.

93. A.? Traversii , F. Mueller, Veg. Chatham Islands, 18 ( Gingidium ). Dr.
Mueller enumerates the above as a probably new Chatham Island species,
allied to A. Munroi ; his description is incomplete ; the leaves have a den-
ticulate sheath and 2 or 3 rigid longitudinally-striated segments ; bracts
linear, undivided, passing into the sheath without denticulations.

93. Ligustieum Dieflenbacliii. — ( Gingidium , F. Muell. Veg. Chatham
Island, 17.) Tall, erect, sheaths of petioles produced into 2 obtuse teeth.
Leaves 3-pinnatisect ; segments long-linear, flat, flaccid, 7-nerved, mucronate ;
rachis imperfectly jointed. Bracts 5-partite. Umbels compound, numerous,
panicled ; involucral leaves few, narrow-lanceolate. Calyx-teeth of male-
florets short. — Mueller, l. c.

Chatham Island : under maritime cliffs, W. Travers. (Specimen imperfect.)

95. L. Lyallii. — Common on the shores of the West coast of Otago, Hector
and Buchanan.

VOL. i. 3 i$

730

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

Page

95. L. Haastii. — Waiau range, alt. 4000 ft., and Hurumui Mountains,
Travel's.

95. L. filifolium. — Fruiting specimens liave been sent bv Haast, and by
Travers from the Waiau and Hurumui Mountains. — Fruit 4- in. long;, narrow-
oblong, much compressed, pale, styles very short; mericarps flattened, with 5
nearly equal prominent acute ridges ; commissural suture flat. — This plant
hence exhibits the broad flat lateral wings of Angelica , and short styles of
L. brevistyle. it is intermediate between Angelica and Ligusticum.

96. L. carnosulum. — Fruiting specimens have been received from Haast,
also gathered on Mount Torlesse. They are very stout, almost woody, rigid.
Fruit sunk in the axils of the involucral leaves, almost sessile, ■§ in. long ;
styles rigid, subulate ; mericarps incurved, ridges acute, not prominent ;
commissural suture rounded.

96. L. piliferum. — Travers sends specimens from the Waiau Mountains,
alt. 4000 ft., with shorter hairs terminating the segments of the leaflets.

96. L. aromaticum. — For 4-6500 ft. read 2-5000 ft.

97. L. imbricatum. — Waiau range, Saddle hill, on shingle, alt. 5500 ft.,

Travers.

98. Angelica deeipiens. — Waiau range, Travers. I have an imperfect
specimen apparently of this plant from Colenso.

98. A. rossefolia.— Canterbury, Travers.

Order XXXIV. ARALIACEiE.

101. Panax anomalum is not found at the Bay of Islands, according to
Colenso.

101. P. Edgerleyi. — Leaflets in young plant deeply sinuate-pinnatifid. (See
below, note on P. Colensoi.) Used by the natives to scent themselves
(Hector).

101. P. lineare. — Husky Bay, Hector and Buchanan. A shrub 6-10 ft,
high.

101. P- crassifolium. — Chatham Island, TV. Travers. Referred to Hedera
by A. Gray (Bot. U. S. Expl. Exped. 719), and to Pseudopanax by See-
mann (Journ. Bot. 1865, p. 178).

102. P- longissimum. — Referred to Pseudoganax crassifolium by Seemann
(Journ. Bot. 1864). It is P. coriaceum, Regel, Gartenflora, 1859, 45. Mr.
Logan has sent me specimens clearly showing that it is only the young state
of P. crassifolium.

102. P. Lessonii. — Otago, West coast, Hector. Is referred to Hedera by
A. Gray. Bream Bay, where it was gathered by D’Urville, is in the Nor-
thern Island. Also referred to Pseudoganax by C. Koch and Seemann.

102. P. Colensoi. — Mr. Logan informs me that the plant with pinnatifid
leaflets, figured in FI. N. Z. t. 21, is the young state of P. Edgerleyi , and not
of this species.

additions, corrections, etc.

731

102. P. arboreum. — Colenso informs me that this is found chiefly on sea-
coasts and banks of rivers.

104. Meryta Sinclairii. — Dr. Seemann having referred this plant to its
proper genus in the ‘ Bonplandia,’ his name should be attached to it.

104. Polyseias pinnata, Forst., a Pacific Island Araliaceous plant, was
erroneously described as a native of New Zealand.

Order XXXVI. LORANTHACEiE.

107. Loranthus tetrapetalms.— Otago, Hector and Buchanan.

108. Viscum salieornioides. — Colenso observes that this is a very rare
and local plant in the Northern Island, being confined to two spots, near the
Bay of Islands, and at Wellington, and found only on Hracophyllum, Gaul -
theria, and Leptospermum.

Order XXXVII. CAPRIFOLIACE^l.

109. Alseuosmia roacrophylla. — “Flowers full bright crimson, berries
crimson,” Kirk, mss.

109. A. quercifolia. — -Mr. Colenso affirms that this is found nowhere be-
tween the Bay of Islands and Te-Hawera. “Tube of flower crimson, lobes
tipped with green, berry crimson,” Kirk, mss.

109. A. linariifolia. — “Flowers crimson, lobes paler. Berry crimson,”
Kirk, mss.

Order XXXVIII. RUBIACE.E.

113. Coprosma petiolata. — Chatham Island, JV. Travers.

Order XXXIX. COMPOSITE.

122. In Key of Composites, 12. Ozothamnus, omit the word not from the dia-
gnosis.

124. Olearia operina. — Edges of sounds on the West coast of Otago, from
Milford Sound southwards, growing sometimes 10-12 ft. high, with trunk
6-8 in. diameter. Found only at the level of the sea. Hector and Buchanan.

Chatham Island, W. Travers. A form with lax bracts on the scapes, thus connecting
it with O. angustifolia.

1 24. O. semidentata. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

125. o. Colensoi, var. /3. — Otago, West coast, found at the level of the sea.
10-12 ft. high, on the mountains, alt. 3-4000 ft., where it forms impene-
trable thickets, and has simply serrated leaves. Hector and Buchanan.

126. O. insignis — Wairau district, in rocky places, Bough.

126. After 9. Olearia dentata —

9 a. O. Traversii, F. Muell. Veget. of Chatham Island, 19 (Fury Ida).
Arboreous, 30-35 ft. high. Branches and branchlets opposite, covered with
silky down, as are the panicles, involucres, and leaves beneath. Leaves plane,

732

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

Page

opposite, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, quite entire, lf-2^ in. long,
glabrous and shining above ; midrib obscure beneath, as are the veins, which
form an acute angle with the midrib. Panicles numerous, cymose, axillary
and terminal, much branched. Flower-heads very numerous, on slender
pedicels, small, \ in. long. Involucral scales few, hardly imbricate, linear-
oblong, obtuse, very silky. Florets of the ray with a short ray. Achene
silky. Pappus rufous when dry.

Chatham Island, TV. Travers , where it forms the principal wood, and is called “Ake
Ake,” and “ Bastard Sandalwood-tree.”

126. No. 11 bis. O. lacunosa, Hook. /., n. sp. Branchlets, petioles, leaves
below, and panicle covered with pale rusty buff tomentum. Leaves shortly
petioled, 4-6 in. long, narrow-linear or linear-oblong, i to ■§ in. broad, acute
or acuminate, quite entire, glabrous and reticulated above, coriaceous ; midrib
stout ; lateral nerves at right angles to the midrib, close set, very prominent,
dividing the under surface of the leaf into numerous rather deep pits. Panicle
on a short slender peduncle, corymbose ; branches elongate and branchlets
slender. Heads small, a in. diameter; involucre turbinate, scales few, pu-
bescent, linear-oblong; florets veiy small. Achene compressed, pubescent.

Middle Island : Rotoroa Lake, alt. 5-7000 ft., Travers ; Harper’s Pass, alt. 3000 ft.,
Haast A very singular and most distinct species, quite unlike any other. The very nu-
merous short stout parallel nerves at right angles to the midrib afford a distinctive character.

126. O. Haastii. — Otago Alps, Hector and Buchanan. Leaves longer and
narrower.

127. O. nummularifolia, var. cymbifolia. — A short stout erect woody shrub,
1 ft. high and upwards. Leaves close-set, spreading or deflexed, } in. long,
shortly petioled, oblong, obtuse, quite entire, glabrous and very convex above
with strongly revolute margins all round, hence boat-shaped with the con-
cavity doivnwards, viscid and pitted above, beneath and petiole covered with
buff or white tomentum ; nerves invisible. Heads solitary or few, on slender
stiff erect powdery pedicels, as long or longer than the leaves, in. long;
involucre cylindric, scales oblong, glutinous, obtuse, appressed, imbricate.
Achene narrow, elongate, angled, pubescent near the top.

Alps of Canterbury, Mount Fenzl and Mount Potts, alt. 3-4000 ft., Haast ; Hurumui
Mountains, Travers. A very distinct-looking variety, but hardly a different species.

127. O. Forsteri. — Mount Somers range. Leaves broader, subcordate, Haast.

127. O. ( Enrybia ) eydonitefolia, DC. Prod. v. 267, is erroneously stated

to be a native of N. Zealand.

130. Celmisia holosericea. — West coast of Otago, from the sea-level to
3-4000 ft., Hector and Buchanan.

133. C. Lyallii. — The “blunt-leaved Spaniard” of the Canterbury Alps.

133. C. viscosa. — For Sinclair and Haast read Hector and Buchanan.

134. C. petiolata, page 135, C. Hectori, and C. sessiliflora. After Mount
Brewster read Haast (not Hector and Buchanan), who found the same species
on Mount Alta.

134. C. Traversii. — Mr. Travers has sent me another specimen, with the
leaves (and sheath) 12 in. long and the blade 2^ across.

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

733

Page

135. 21 bis. C. ramulosa, Hoolc. /., n. sp. Stem woody, procumbent,
branched, slender; branches ascending, 2-4 in. long, densely clothed with
closely imbricating short leaves. Leaves very numerous, | in. long, linear-
oblong, obtuse, subeoriaceous, with broad membranous sheathing bases,
glabrous above, clothed beneath with snow-white cobwebby wool ; margins
strongly revolute. Scape i in. long, slender, terminal, tomentose, with one
or two bracts. Head campanulate, nearly 1 in. diameter ; involucral scales
linear-oblong, erect, pubescent and glandular. Rays ^ in. long.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay mountains, alt. 3500 ft., Hector and Buchanan. A
remarkable species, with a woody prostrate stem as thick as a crowquill and subfrutescent
habit, approaching O/earia.

136. Vittadinia australis, A. Rich. — Mueller and Bentham consider this to
be identical with the Australian species, and the former observes that it is
also found in New Caledonia.

141. C. lanata. — The Leplinella potentillina, F. Mueller (Veg. Chatham Is-
lands, 28), only differs from this in the eglandular florets, and from L.dioica
in the more deeply-cut leaves and unisexual heads.

142. C. atrata. — This should be inserted before 3. C. plumosa, as in Key.

142. C. minor. — Otago, Hector and Buchanan.

142. After 8. C. pectinata, insert, Cotula (Myriogyne) Featherstonii,
F. Muell. Veg. Chatham Islands, 27 ( Leptinella ). Branched, prostrate,
downy. Leaves obovate or oblong cuneate, 3-toothed at the apex, narrowed
to the sessile base. Head axillary and terminal, peduncled, 2-sexual. Invo-
lucral scales 10-1 2, sub-2-seriate, unequal, lanceolate. Receptacle depressed,
hemispherical ; female florets numerous, stipitate ; corolla minute, conic,
pale, glandless ; male florets 4-toothed, glandless. Achene obovate-cylindric,
striate, slightly glandular. F. Muell.

Chatham Island : damp maritime rocks, W. Travers.

143. C. dioica. — Erase “but eglandular” in the last, line of the description,
the florets being eglandular both in this and C. perpusilla.

144. See previous page.

146. Ozothamnus glomeratus.— Colenso informs me that this is not found
north of the East Cape.

146. O. depressus. — Canterbury, descending nearly to the sea, Haast.

148. Raoulia tenuicaulis. — Otago mountains, Hector and Buchanan.
Leaves sometimes obtuse.

150. R,. grandiflora. — The Mount Brewster specimens were collected by

Haast (not Hector and Buchanan , who, however, gathered this species in
Mount Alta).

155. HAASTIA. — I accidentally omitted to mention under this genus that it

is named in honour of my friend Dr. Julius Haast, F.L.S. and F.G.S., the
distinguished explorer and geological surveyor of Canterbury, whose bota-
nical discoveries have so greatly enriched this volume.

734

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

Page

156. H. Sinelairii — Mount Alta, and in the lake district Otago, on dry
debris, Hector and Buchanan.

157. Erechtites scatoerula. — After “in various places,” read “not so
common,” etc.

159. Senecio bellidioides, var. y ; this is S. Traversii, F. Muell. in Trans.
Bot. Soc. Edinb.

159 S. latifolius. — Harper’s range, Hurunaui Mountains, alt. 2600 ft., Haast.
Lower leaves petiolate. Achenes pilose.

160. S. lautus. — Syn. S. radiolatus, F. Muell. Veg. Chatham Island. — Chatham
Island, W. Travers, a broad membranous-leaved form, also found in New
Zealand. S. angustifolius, Forst. Prod. p. 91, seems to be a variety of this.

161. S. odoratus. — Banks’s Peninsula, Haast. This is distinct from the
Australian S. odoratus in the ligulate ray-flowers, and must here be kept as
S. Banksii, according to Bentham (FI. Austral, iii. 671).

161. S. biflstulosus. — A branching shrub 1-2 ft. high. Dusky Bay, alt.
2500 ft., Hector and Buchanan.

161. 13 bis. S. Huntii, F. Muell. Veget. of Chatham Island, 23. t. iii. A
shrub 20 ft. ; branchlets, leaves above more or less, and inflorescence glandular-
pubescent. Leaves 2 in. long, 2^ in. broad, elliptic-lanceolate, sessile, acute,
beneath covered with thin appressed fulvous tomentum ; margins downy,
subrevolute, quite entire ; midrib rather thick below ; nerves obscure.
Panicle terminal, very large, broadly and shortly conical, much branched,
3-5 in. broad. Heads crowded, on slender almost hirsute glandular pedicels,
2 j in. diameter. Pedicels with a few linear bracts. Involucre broadly cam-
panulate ; scales linear-oblong, obtuse, membranous, glandular and villous
at the tips. Bays few, } in. long, revolute. Anthers without tails ; pappus-
hairs slender, scabrid, white. Achene (young) glabrous, grooved.

Chatham Island : waste places, IF. Travers. A very distinct species, but described
from single specimens.

162. S. elseagnifolius — Probably only a form of S. rolundifolius. The
achenes are sometimes glabrous, the petioles slender, and tails of anthers
very short indeed.

162. S. rotundifolius. — Syn. S. Beinoldi, Endl. — Abundant on the west
coast of Otago, on the east found at 2000-3000 ft. ; also in Stewart’s Island.
It varies extremely in the foliage from orbicular to elliptical.

163. S. cassinioides. — Cameron river, alt. 3000-4000 ft., Haast. Lake
district, Otago, alt. 1000-2000 ft., Hector and Buchanan.

163. Brachyglottis repanda.— Syn. Senecio Georgii, Endl.

163. TRAVERSIA. — I accidentally omitted to state that this remarkable

genus is named in honour of my correspondent W. T. Locke Travers, Esq.,
F.L.S., of Canterbury, who has contributed so largely to our knowledge of
the botany of the Middle Island of New Zealand.

AUDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

735

165. Taraxacum Dens-leonis. — Chatham Island, W. Travers. The in-
digenous form.

IG6. Sonchus oleraeeus. — Chatham Island, IT. Travers (fruits unknown).

Order XLI. CAMPANULACE^.

169. Wahlenbergia gracilis, A. Rich. — Mueller points out that A. T)e
Candolle’s specific name of gracilis has two years’ priority over Richard’s, and
therefore A. DC. should be substituted for A. Rich.

171. Lobelia rugulosa, Graham in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1829; DC.
Prod. vii. 366, is, I suspect, a synonym of Pratia angulata.

171. L. anceps. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

173, Selliera radicans. — Limestone Cliffs, Weka Pass, Haast.

Order XLII. EKICEJE.

175. Under observations on Gaultheria rupestris, for “ground-parrots” reaa
“ tree-parrots.”

177. Cyathodes P pumila, Hook. /., n. sp. Small, densely tufted; branches
1-2 in. long, slender, suberect, fascicled. Leaves densely imbricate, i-i in.
long, incurved, shortly petiolate, linear-oblong, apiculate ; margins broadly
scarious towards the apex, flat above, glaucous below ; midrib stout, margin
thickened. Flowers solitary, axillary, sessile, longer than the leaves ; pedicels
covered with 8 or more broad concave ciliated bracts. Sepals oblong, obtuse,
ciliated. Corolla tubular, twice as long the sepals ; lobes densely bearded
within. Style short, 5-toothed at the apex. Ovary 5-celled, cells I-seeded.

Middle Island : Hurumui Mountains, Travers. This maybe a Pentachondra ; it is
impossible to say without the fruit.

178. After L. fasciculatus, add —

Leucopogon Rieliei, Brown. A slender erect, much-branched shrub,
4 ft. high and upwards ; branches somewhat fascicled. Leaves \ in. long,
linear-lanceolate or rather dilated towards the tips or above the middle,
caute or acuminate ; margins recurved, pale or glaucous below, with 3-5
faint nerves. Spikes subterminal, shorter than the leaves, many-flowered,
glabrous or puberulous. Flowers small, ^ in. diameter. Calyx-lobes oblong,
obtuse. Corolla-lobes linear. Bracts persistent, small. Drupe fleshy, 3-5-
celled (not seen in New Zealand specimens).

Chatham Island, IP. Travers. A native of extratropical Australia, but not hitherto
found in New Zealand proper.

179. Epacris paueiilora. — Rare and local, according to Colenso. I have
seen it from the Bay of Islands, Nelson, and some intermediate localities.

180. Archeria Traversii, var. australis. Leaves |—f in. long, elliptic-
lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, very coriaceous, quite entire, flat or concave
above, ribbed with few parallel nerves below when dry. Racemes terminal,
•f in. long, stout, erect, pubescent, 8-12 ft. Flowers } in. long, secund ;
pedicels short, pubescent ; bracts linear, as long as the pedicels, caducous.

736

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

Calyx-lobes broadly obloog, very obtuse, striate on tbe back, not half as
long as the campanulate red corolla. Ovary glabrous ; style very short.
Capsule depressed, Th- in. diameter.

Middle Island : Otago, common on the west coast, Hector and 'Buchanan. Much
stouter than A. Traversii. Leaves broader and flowers larger. I have specimens of A.
Traversii from Browning’s Pass, alt. 3000-3500 ft.

181. D. latifolium, var. ciliolatum. — Edges of the leaves ciliolate. — Chatham
Island, W. Travers.

181. D. strictum. — All sounds on the west coast, Hector and Buchanan.
A small tree in Canterbury, Haast.

181. After Dracophyllum strictum , add —

1. D. Traversii, Hook. /.-—Much the largest species of the genus.
Leaves 1 ft. long and upwards, l|-2 in. broad at the base, very cori-
aceous, ensiform, gradually tapering from the base to the apex ; margin
quite entire and smooth to the touch, slightly concave, minutely striated.
Panicle terminal, strict, sessile, linear-oblong, very dense ; branches short,
suberect, crowded, stiff, puberulous. Flowers crowded, sessile, small, in.
diameter ; bracts and sepals nearly orbicular, obtuse, glabrous. Corolla very
broadly campanulate ; tube no longer than the sepals ; lobes reflexed. Ovary
glabrous ; scales oblong, retuse ; style stout and exserted.

Middle Island : Nelson Province, Travers.

182. D. Urvilleanum, var. scoparium. — Chatham Island, W. Travers; Otago,
Hector and Buchanan.

Order XLIII. MYRSINE^.

184, After My r sine Urvillei —

M. Chathamica, F. JMuell. V eg. Chatham Island, 38, Shrubby, erect,
much-branched. Leaves l^-2-| in. long, obovate-oblong, obtuse or emargi-
nate, pale and reticulated on both surfaces. Flowers unknown.

Chatham Island, W. Travers. There are no flowers in my specimen. The fruit is
described by k. Mueller as purplish, spherical, l-seeded, size of a large pea. Calyx-lobes
ciliolate ; pedicels very short. Perhaps only a large state of M. TJrvitlei.

181. Mb divaricata — Common on both the east and west coasts of Otago,
Hector and Buchanan.

Order XLIV. PRIMULACE2EJ.

185. Samolus littoralis — Chatham Island, W. Travers. Mueller correctly
observes that the specific name of S. repens , Persoon, has the priority over
S. littoralis, Br.

Order XLVI. JASMINE2E.

137. Olea montana — Mr. Colenso assures me that the Bay of Island habitat
is erroneous.

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

737

^ Order XLVIII. LOGANIACEiE.

Page

188. Before Logania, insert —

1. MITRASACME. — Small annual, rarely perennial, herbaceous
plants. Leaves opposite, often connate, quite entire, exstipulate. Flowers
minute, axillary and uinbelled, or solitary and terminal. Calyx 2-4-lohed or
partite. Corolla 4-lobed or partite ; lobes valvate. Stamens 4, filaments
short or slender. Ovary 2 -celled ; styles 2, distinct, or connate by the
capitate stigmas ; ovules several or numerous, attached to axile placentae.
Capsule turgid, 2-celled, dehiscing loculicidally between the styles at the
summit. Seeds numerous, roug’nish ; albumen fleshy.

A considerable genus of small plants, natives chiefly of Australia. A few are Indian.

1. M. novee-Zelandiee, Hook, f, n. sp. A small moss-like glabrous
densely-tufted perennial. Stems and branches very short, filiform, inter-
woven. Leaves yV_To in. long, densely imbricate, linear-oblong, acuminate,
with a bristle at the apex, connate by their broad bases, quite glabrous,
coriaceous, rather concave, nerveless. Flowers terminal, sessile, hidden by
the uppermost leaves. Sepals like the leaves. Corolla shortly and broadly
tubular; lobes 4, short, obtuse. Stamens with short filaments and broad
didymous anthers. Stigmas free.

Middle Island : Dusky Bay, Hector and Buchanan , on the hills, alt. 3500 ft,. Allied
to the Tasmanian M. montana.

189. Logania tetragona. — Sounds of the west coast of Otago, Hector and
Buchanan. — Stipules 0. Flowers solitary, terminal. Calyx-tube and lobes
below pubescent, glandular, and almost hispid. Corolla funnel-shaped, i
in. diameter; tube short; lobes 5, very large and spreading. Throat quite
glabrous. Stamens 5 ; filaments short, inserted within the tube ; anthers
short, 2-cleft halfway up. Capsule enclosed in, and half as long as the
calyx-lobes ; valves obovate, retuse.

189. 3. L. ciliolata, Hook. f. n. sp. Stems prostrate, much branched;
branches ascending, 1-3 in. high, glabrous, densely covered with elosely-
imbricate leaves, hence tetragonous and i in. diameter. Leaves densely
packed, spreading, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, very coriaceous, connate
in pairs, ciliate along all the margins, nerveless, convex at the back. Flowers
solitary in the axils of uppermost leaves, in. diameter. Calyx deeeply
4-cleft ; lobes glabrous, ciliated on the margins. Corolla with a short fun-
nel-shaped tube; lobes 4, orbicular, spreading; mouth glabrous. Stamens
4 ; filaments short, inserted within the mouth of the corolla ; anthers ob-
long-sagittate. Ovary narrow, seated in a cup-shaped disk; style slender,
stigma minute. Capsule not seen.

Middle Island : slopes above Browning’s Pass, alt. 4-6000 ft., Haast. — So similar in
most characters to L. tetragona that it is difficult to suppose that intermediates may not
occur, but the leaves are longer, ciliate to the apex ; the branchlets and calyx glabrous* ; the
flowers very much smaller aud 4-merous, and the anthers shorter.

Order XLIX. GENTIA3STE7E.

190. Gentiana pleurogynoides.— Chatham Island, W. Travers.

vol. i. 3 e

738

ADDITION S, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

Page

192. Myosotis uniflora — Shingle beds, Lake district, Otago, Hector and
Buchanan. A monstrous state, with proliferous tips to the branches.

194. After Myosotis Traversii, insert —

10. M. albo-sericea, Hook.f. n. sp. Root perennial. Whole plant covered,
with white appressed silky hairs. Stem tufted, short, woody at the base.
Leaves densely tufted, about 1 in. long, very narrow, linear-spathulate, acute,
yL in. broad where most dilated, gradually dilated from the petiole, uniformly
silky on both surfaces. Flowering stems 3-4 in. high, slender, ascending,
with scattered leafy bracts to above the middle, upper part naked ; lobes
linear, hairs straight, appressed. Flowers apparently yellow, on short pe-
duncles. Raceme short, naked. Calyx -t- in. long. Corolla tube dilated,
twice as long as the calyx; lobes -§• in. across. Anthers included, narrow
linear-oblong. .

Middle Island : Dunstan gorge on the Clutha river, Otago, Hector and Buchanan. A
most distinct plant, of which I have hut one specimen.

125. Exarrhena macrantha. — The flowers are dark orange and yellow, very
sweet-scented.

197. Myosotidium nobile. — Chatham Island, Tracers.

Order LI. COl^VOLVULACEJS.

198. Convolvulus Tuguriorum.— Chatham Island, W. Travers.

198. Convolvulus erubescens. — Ascends to 5500 ft. on the Barefells pass,

Travers.

Order LII. SOLANEiE.

200. Solanum avicular© and S. nigrum. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

Order LIII. SCROPHULARIIME^!.

201. Calceolaria Sinclairii. — Corolla white, spotted with purple, Colenso.

203. Mazus Pumilio. — The position of the bract is very variable.

237. Veronica salicifolia. — Chatham Island, Travers.

208. V. Traversii. — Chatham Island, Travers.

209. V. elliptiea. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

209. V. lsevis. — Hurumui Mountains, 3000-4000 ft., Travers.

211. V. pimeleoides, var. minor. — Smaller, leaves lanceolate, acute, ^ in. long.

Middle Island : Shingle beds near Lake Heron, Haast.

211. V. tetragona. — Otago, Greenstone Valley, Hector and Buchanan.

218. Ourisia maerophylla. — Otago, west coast, Hector and Buchanan.

218. O. sessilifolia. — Dusky Bay, alt. 3500 ft., Hector and Buchanan.

219. O. csespitosa, var. gracilis. — Stems more slender. Leaves much smaller,
j_— l in. long. Scapes slender, 1-flowered ; bracts opposite, small ; pedicels
very slender. Sepals linear-oblong, obtuse, not dilated at the apex. Corolla
smaller.

Page

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

739

Middle Island: Kowai river and Mount Torlesse, alt. 4000 ft., Haast ; Otago, Lake
district, alpine and Maranoa river, Sector and Buchanan. — Very different-looking from
C. ccespitosa, but there are quite intermediate forms.

219. O. glandulosa. — Lake Guyon range, Waiau, 3500 ft. on rocky ground,
Travers.

Order LIV. GESNERIACEJE.

221. Rhabdothamnus Solandri. — Colenso observes that this is an exces-
sively local plant, and not found by him south of Bream Bay.

Order LVI. VERBENACEJE.

225. The Teucridium sphseroearpum, Mueller, is now referred by that
author to Spartothamnus and to the Natural Order Myoporinece.

225. Myoporum laetum. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

Order LVIII. PLANTAGI3NE-ZED.

223. Plantago Raoulii. — Colenso says that this is by no means common in
the Northern Island.

P. major. — Mr. Colenso is disposed to regard this as indigenous, it having
a native name. I cannot doubt its having been introduced.

Order LIX. NYCTAGINE M.

229. Pisonia Brunoniana, Endl. — Seemann, Journ. Bot. i. 244, observes that

the New Zealand plant is identical with Ceodes umbellifera , Forst. ( Pisonia
umbellifera, Seemann) ; whereas the P. Brunoniana , Endl., is different, and the
same with P. inermis, Eorst., a native of the Malayan and Pacific islands and
of Australia.

Order LX. CHENOPODIACE.®.

231. Chenopodium triandrum. — Hector observes that the utricle is fleshy.

232. Atriplex Billardieri. — Outer East coast, Colenso.

Order LXIII. POLYGONS^.

235. Polygonum minus, var. decipiens. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

236. Muhlenbeckia appressa. — Add syn. Polyyonum Forsterii, Endl.

237. M. epbedroides. — Canterbury, Waipura, Haast.

Order LXIV. LAURINEiE.

238. Tetranthera calicaris. — Add syn. T. Tangao, B. Cunn. mss. ; Meissn.
in DC. Prod. 35, pt. i. 191.

Order LXV. MONIMIACEJE.

240. Kedycarya dentata. — Common in Otago, Hector and Buchanan.

740

AUDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC,

Page Order LXV1I. THYMELEiE.

243. Pimelea buxifolia. — Kaweka Mountain, Hawke’s Bay, Colenso.

244. p. arenaria. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

244. P. Urvilleana. — Otago, Lindsay.

Order LXIX. EUPHORBIACEiE.

248. Euphorbia glauca. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

248. Carumbium polyandrum. — This species had, unknown to me, been
already described by Joh. Mueller in the 4 liatisbon Flora’ (1864, p. 434), and
under the same name of C. polyandrum.

Order IXX. CUPULIFER.®.

250. Fagus cliffortioid.es. — For 5—7000 ft. read 2-4800 ft. — This is the
Cliffortioides cor data of Forster’s Prodromus.

Order LXXI. URTICEiE.

251. Epicarpurus microphyllus, — Otago, Lindsay.

251. Urtica incisa. — Chatham Island, W. Travers (according to F. Mueller).
I have seen no specimens.

251. Urtica australis. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

m

Order LXXII. CHLORANTHACE^l.

253, Ascarina lucida. — Middle Island, Totara-nui, Banks and Solander.
Common in all the sounds on the west coast of Otago, with stems 6-12 in.
diameter, Hector.

Order LXXIII. PIPER ACE AH.

254. Piper excelsum. — Add syn. Macropiper excelsum, Miquel. Chatham
Island, W. Travers. Mr. Colenso observes that the leaves are not eaten, but
the pulp of the ripe fruit was.

256. 1. DAMMARA. — The inflorescence is monoecious in various species,
perhaps in all.

Order LXXIV. COiNTFERJE.

257. Podocarpus ferruginea. — Common in the Canterbury province, skirt-
ing the plains, Haast. Hector and Buchanan state that this is common on
the west coast of Otago, on river flats ; it is one of the “ Black Pines ” of
settlers. “ Miro ” of Middle Island. According to these gentlemen’s notes
there are three forms of this tree in Otago, viz. : —

1. A large tree, common near Dunedin, with very small leaves.

2. A large-leaved light- coloured tree (“common Black Pine”).

3. A tree on the west coast, with very large dark-coloured leaves

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

741

Page

258. P. Totara. — Trank sometimes 10 ft. diameter. Hector and Buchanan
consider the species of the west coast of Otago different from the eastern ;
having dense foliage and more obtuse leaves, its trunk does not attain more
than 2 ft. diameter.

258. P. spicata. — Add syn. P. Matai, Lambert. Like P. ferrvginea, this is
also called “ Black Pine ” in Otago, is the “ Mai ” or “ Matai ” of the
Southern Island. Wood good, white, tough.

258. P. dacrydioides. — Hector and Buchanan mention as “ Dacrydium ? ”
the “ White Pine ” of Mataura, which differs from the “ Kahi-Katea ” of the
‘ New Zealand Flora,’ in being a taller stronger tree, with upright foliage and
bright-red berries. Elsewhere, the same observers remark that P. dacrydioides
has two distinct varieties : —

1. A tall tapering tree, common in the Northern Island.

2. A dense round-headed tree, common near Dunedin, with the other.

The remark in the ‘ Handbook ’ that Otago specimens have hard close

wood arose from an error of Mr. Buchanan ; it should apply to 1). Colensoi.
Colenso says the leaves of P. dacrydioides are certainly not used for eel baskets,
but those of P. spicata may be.

258. Dacrydium cupressinum. — Hector and Buchanan speak confidently
of the west coast Otago D. cupressinum being different from that of the east
coast, having bright-green plumose more upright branches drooping at the
points. Wood close and heavy, like that of B. Colensoi.

259. D. Colensoi.— Sounds and exposed islets of the west coast of Otago,
Hector and Huclianan. Of this also there are two forms, a more slender
western and stiffer-branched eastern.

259. Phyllocladus trichomanoides. — Bark used to dye yellow in Otago.

260. P. alpinus. — Begarded by Hector and Buchanan as a form of P. tricho-
manoides.

Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Order I. ORCHIDEiE.

262. Earina mueronata. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

267. Caladenia ? bifolia. — Referred to Chiloglottis (as C. Traversii) by
Mueller in his ‘ Chatham Island Florida,’ and with much reason ; it differs
slightly from that genus in the slender habit, less arched upper sepal, almost
sessile lip, and small glands. It is certainly much nearer Chiloglottis than
Caladenia , and on a revision of the former genus its character should probably
be modified so as to admit it.

Chatham Island, W. Travers.

268. Pterostylis Banksii.— Chatham Island, a and /3, W. Travers.

Order II. IRIDEiE.

269. Libertia ixioides.— Chatham Island, W. Travers.

742

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

Order IV. PANDANEiE.

Page

275. Freycinetia Banksii. — Northern parts of the Middle Island.

Order V. TYPHACEiE.

276. Typha angustifolia. — Middle Island. — Mr. Kirk doub'ts the “ Ran po ”
of the natives being identical with this. It may be the T. latifolia, which he
is the first to discover in the island.

After T. angustifolia , add —

276. 2. T. latifolia, Linn. A larger coarser plant than T. angustifolia. Male
and female catkins contiguous.

Northern Island : swamps between Cape Horn and Titirangi Mauukeau Harbour,
Kirk.

277. Sparganium simplex. — Scape sometimes with 1 or 2 branches.

Order VI. N AIDE Ail.

278. Lenina minor. — Northern Island, Kirk.

279. Potamogeton heterophyllus. — The true plant has been found by Mr.
Kirk in the Auckland district, and in the Waikato by Mr. Travers. Mr.
Kirk informs me that he has also found P. oblongifolius, but neither grami-
neus nor compressus.

280. After Zannichellia, insert —

6. ZOSTERA, L.

Slender, creeping, grassy-leaved marine plants. Spathes aclnate to the
inner face of the leaves at their bases. Stamens and ovaries inserted in 2
rows on the face of the flat thin spadix. Flowers monoecious. Perianth 0.
Male flower a sessile 1-celled anther with tubular pollen. Female flower an
ovoid ovary, with 1 filiform style and 2 stigmata, 1 cell and 1 pendulous
ovule. Fruit a utricle. Seed pendulous, albumen 0 ; radicle large, with
an inflexed cotyledon lodged in a slit in its side.

1. Z. marina, Linn. Leaves 6-14 in. long, variable in length and
breadth, TV"i in- with numerous faint nerves. Flowers not seen.

Northern Island : Waitemata, Kirk. A. narrow-leaved form, perhaps Z. angustifolia,
Roth. (Temperate seas, northern and southern.)

Order VII. LILIACEAS.

2§ j Rhipogonum scandens. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

28i Cordyline. — The New Zealand species have been referred to a new genus

Lracrenopsis, by Planchon, but I think on insufficient grounds.

281. Cordyline australis.- — I am indebted to Mr. Buchanan for excellent
sketches of this plant, at all stages of growth, and full descriptions, made in

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

743

various parts of the Otago province, where it is common. Its average height
is 20-30 ft. and the trunk 10-18 in. diameter, though sometimes reaching
3 ft. diameter; it branches repeatedly and soon decays. The leaves form
large tufts at the ends of the branches, amongst which the dense terminal
panicles form conspicuous white drooping masses as large as the human head.
The plants vary much in amount of branching, appear to grow rapidly, often
root from the side of the trunk when this is inclined or prostrate, and are
with difficulty extirpated. — Whether this is the same as the Bay of Islands
plant, which, I think, has an erect loose panicle, is doubtful.

As this sheet was going to press, I received the following very full and
valuable communication regarding the Cordylines from Dr. Hector, F.B..S.

“ There are, I believe, 7 distinct Cordylines in the island.

“ 1. C. australis. Ti-rahau.

“ 2. C. Banksii. Ti Ngahere.

“3. C. Pumilio. Ti-rauriki. Sessile; blue flowers.

“4. C. stricta? Ti-parae. Leaves rigid, with fine serratures on the
margin. Stem about 1 in. diameter and 7—9 long, droops, and throws off
heads irregularly. Flowers and berries white, but in a sparse scape like
C. Pumilio .” (This seems to agree with C. Banksii.— J. H .)

“ 5. C. indivisa. This is the broad-leaved deep-green Ti, with red veins,
a single head, and long elegant flowers, that Forster found in Dusky Bay. The
leaf has a slight resemblance to the true Toil of Colenso, which has led to the
confusion no doubt.

“6. C. sp.? Toii. A large tree with many heads and huge broad mas-
sive leaves, yellowish with yellow and red veins and ponderous inflorescence
with long bracts and black shiny seeds. This is the Ti that the natives use
for mats, etc. The portion of the description of the ‘ Handbook ’ which refers
to C. indivisa, and which you got from Colenso, applies to this plant.” (I
have no Dusky Bay specimens of Forster’s plant, but Colenso’s agrees well
with Forster’s figure in the British Museum. — J.H.)

“7. C. sp. ? Ti-tawhiti. The Ti which is cultivated by the natives in the
Upper Whanganui district ; it has a long dark-green flexible leaf and thick
flexible pulpy stem, which they propagate by layers. It grows rapidly. I
have seen young plants only of this, and do not feel so certain of it as of the
others.”

281. C. indivisa. — Common in Bligh’s Sound, Hector and Buchanan.

282. C. Pumilio. — In last line of description, for bracts read pedicel.

283. Dianella intermedia. — I have seen no specimens from the south of
Nelson Province.

283. ASTELIA. — Mr. Kirk, of Auckland, sends me the following valuable
notes on this genus, but, not being in all cases accompanied with specimens,
I am not positive of the identifications.

“ 1. A. Cunninghamii. Berries fine purple, black, handsome. Flowers
March, April (before A. Banksii) ; fruit January-March.

“ 2. A. sp. Leaves 1-9 ft. long, margins flat, 2-4f in. broad, erect.
Female scape 6-20 in. high, stout, 1| in. diameter. Flower dark-green.

744

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

Perianth carapanulate. Berry deep orange, 3-celled, with 8-lobed stigma,
clasped by the perianth, which also becomes orange-yellow. Seeds large,
angled. — A striking plant, not uncommon in swampy gullies in Auckland
district. Flowers October, November ; fruit July.” — (This must be either
A. nervosa or a near ally of that plant. Mr. Colenso has sent imperfect spe-
cimens ? from Bream Bay.)

“3. A. Solandri. Flowers January and February; fruit May, bright-
crimson.

“4. A. Banksii. Flowers April, May; fruit March, rich purple, black
when fully ripe, yellowish when immature only.

“5. A. sp. Leaves 2-6 ft. long, pale, glabrous or slightly silky, margin
not recurved. Male : Panicle silky, bracts long, slender. Perianth silky ;
segments narrow, acuminate, recurved. Filaments subulate ; anthers oblong.
Female : Panicle more slender, very silky ; branches ascending, crowded.
Perianth campanulate, small ; segments short, lanceolate, acuminate, exter-
nally clasping the fruit. Berry large, globular, 3-celled, deep crimson. Seeds
angled. — Hilly forests, rarely epiphytal. Flowers March, April ; fruit Fe-
bruary. Easily distinguished from A. Cunningliamii and A. Banksii by its
green leaves, slender female panicle, large crimson flower, and terrestrial
habit.” — (I do not see how this is to be distinguished by the above descrip-
tion from A. Banksii, for the terrestrial habit is not constant ; the flowers
are described as small (not large), and the slenderness of the female panicle
and colour of berry are not very good characters.

284. An Astelia, referred to A. Cunningliamii by Mueller (Chatham Island,
W. Travers), seems identical with the Oahu A. Menziesii in the form and
structure of the bract, fruiting panicle, conic-ovoid fruit, and in the terete
hardly angled seeds, with a brittle testa. It is certainly not A. Cunningliamii,
which has sharply-angled seeds, thick hard testa, and oblong-ovoid berry.

284. A. nervosa. — Dusky Bay, Hector. Probably two species are included

under this, one with the berry sunk in the calyx tube, the other with a much
larger, partially exserted berry.

286. Antherieum Hookeri. — Descends to the sea level on the east coast of
Otago, Hector.

286. Phormium tenax. — Chatham Island, W. Travers. — Hector and Bu-
chanan distinguish two Otago plants : —

1. Very robust. Flowers dark red. Capsules erect, 3-gonous.

2. Slender. Leaves drooping, greenish, narrow. Capsules much twisted,
terete, 4 in. long, f in. diameter. This is more common on the west coast.
In another communication, Dr. Hector alludes to a S.W. coast species with
globular capsules.

Order VIII. PALMEiE.

288. Areca sapida. — Middle Island, abundant in Banks’s Peninsula and on
the west coast of the Nelson and Canterbury provinces. Chatham Island,
JF. Travers. The flowers are dingy purplish in a specimen now flowering in
the Royal Gardens, Kew. (October, 1866.)

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

745

_ Order IX. JTJNCEiE.

rage

289. Juneus vaginatus. — Middle Island ; Otago, Lindsay.

290. J. planifolius. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

291. J. novse-Zelandise. — Canterbury, Mount Harper, Haast.

291. Rostkovia gracilis. — Canterbury Alps, slopes above Browning’s Pass,
alt. 5000 ft., Haast.

292. Luzula campestris. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

Order XI. C YPERACE M .

297. After Cyperus ustulatus, add —

2. Cyperus tenellus, Linn. hi. A small, very slender, tufted annual.
Culms numerous, capillary, 2 in. high. Leaves small, setaceous. Spikelets
1-3, near the apex of the culm, large for the size of the plant, -i- in. long,
oblong, obtuse, very much flattened. Scales 12-20, oblong-lanceolate, ob-
tuse or apiculate, green with red-brown at the base, and hyaline margins,
deeply grooved. Nut minute, 3-gonous, almost perfectly smooth. Stigmas 3.

Northern Island : abundant in the Newton and Dedwood districts, Auckland, Mr. Kirlc.
(West Australia, South. Africa.) — A beautiful little plant, resembling an Alepyruin , pro-
bably introduced both into Swan River and New Zealand.

301. Eleocliaris gracilis. — Mr. Carruthers, of the British Museum, has done
me the service of comparing a series of New Zealand specimens with Brown’s
E. gracilis , and informs me that none agree, but that most of them may be
referred to obtuse-scaled forms of Brown’s E. acuta , from which however they
further differ in the scales not being keeled. Its best character is the trun-
cate mouth of the sheath with a foliaceous mucro. My var. gracillima, again,
is a very different plant, with an oblique mouth to the sheath and broad pale
small spikelets. The two species may be diagnosed as follows : —

2. E. acuta, Br., var. platylepis. Culms tufted, stout or slender, 4-18 in.
high ; mouth of sheath truncate with a foliaceous mucro. Spikelet very variable
in length, ovoid oblong or cylindric, acute or obtuse ; scales numerous, broad,
rounded at the apex, convex, dark brown with broad scarious margins. Nut
obtusely 3-gonous or compressed; bristles 4-8, longer than the nut. — E. gra-
cilis, FI. N. Z. and Tasman., not of Brown; E. subsphacelata, Steudel.

Northern, Middle, and Chatham Islands. (Australia, Tasmania.)

2. E. gracillima, Hook. f. Culm very slender, 4-10 in. high, from a
stout or slender creeping scaly rhizome ; mouth of sheath oblique, scarious.
Spikelet short, ovate ; scales few, oblong, obtuse or subacute, pale and scari-
ous. Nut obtusely 3-gonous or compressed ; bristles 8, longer than the nut.
— E. gracilis, var. gracillima, and var. radicans, FI. N. Z.

Northern, Middle, and Chatham Islands : not so common as E. acuta.

303. Desmosehcenus spiralis. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

VOL. i. 3d

746

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

Page

307. Lepidosperma tetragona. — Otago, Lindsay.

313. Carex stellulata is a native of the Australian Alps.

313. C. appressa. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

315. C. Forsteri. — Chatham Island, W. Travers, according to Dr. Mueller.
I have seen no specimens.

316. C. trifida. — Chatham Island, TP. Travers. — It is not found in the
Northern Island, Totara-nui being in the Middle Island.

316. C. Neesiana. — Add Middle Island, in which is Totara-nui of Banks.

317. C. Lambertiana? — Chatham Island, IF. Travers, a form with several
female spikes; specimens indifferent. Add Middle Island, in which is
Banks’s Totara-nui.

Order XII. GRAMINE®.

321. Hierochloe redolens. — Add syn. II. Banksiana, Endl. ; and II. race-
mosa, Trin.

'323. Paspalum tenax, Trin. Hiss. ii. 122, described as a New Zealand plant,
is quite unknown to me.

322. Agrcstis pilosa. — Chatham Island, TP. Travers.

331. Arundo conspicua. — Add syn. A. Richardii, Endl.; and to habitats,
Chatham Island, TP. Travers. To this also should probably be referred
Kampmannia Zelandice and Diclielaclme procera, Steudel.

331. Phragmites communis, Fries, a common European reed, also found
in Australia and Tasmania, has been, as Dr. Mueller informs me, found at
Canterbury by Dr. Haast. It is a large coarse grass, 4-8 ft. high, with a
long dense purple panicle, as in Arundo conspicua, but the lower flower of each
spikelet is male ; the glumes are silky and awns short.

332. Danthonia Cunningliamii. — For uplands near Otago, read Chain hills,
Otago.

334. Deschampsia cgespitosa. — Chatham Island, TF. Travers (fid. F.
Mueller).

337. In Key to Poa, under 9. P. Lindsayi, for 2-4 in., read 3-6 in., and for
Leaves flat, read Leaves flat or involute.

337_ Poa imbeeilla. — Add syn. ? P. hypupsila, Steud.

338. P. foliosa is often difficult to distinguish from Festuca littoralis.

341. Festuca littoralis. — Chatham Island, TP. Travers. A form with pubes-
cent empty glumes.

Class III. CRYPTO GAMI A.
Order I. FELICES.

347. After Tribe VI l. enter Marattiese.

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

747

Page

348. Gleiehenia diearpa. — Chatham Island, W. Travers (F. Mueller).

348. After 4. G. Jlabellata, add —

5. G. dichotoma, Willd. Stipes zigzag, repeatedly 2-3-chotomous,
ultimate branches bearing a pair of forked pinnae ; a pair of pinnae also arises
from the base of the forked branches ; pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, pinna-
tifid ; segments linear, obtuse or emarginate, glaucous below. Capsules 10-
12, exposed. — Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 12. G. Hermanni, Br.

Northern Island: Hot springs, Karapiti, Hochstetter ; and at Rotamahaua, J lair. A
most abundant tropical fern all over the globe. Curiously enough, Forster (as stated in the
Handbook) gives New Zealand as a habitat of this plant, where, however, he never saw it
in all probability, and erroneously describes the roots as eaten.

349. Cyathea dealbata. — Chatham Island, IF. Travers.

349. c. medullaris. — Chatham Island, IV. Travers ((7. Cunninghamii, F.
Muell. Veg. Chatham Island, 657).

350. C. Cunninghamii. — Colenso assures me that this was not found at the
Bay of Islands, but given by himself to A. Cunningham.

351. Dicksonia squarrosa. — Chatham Island, IF. Travers.

354. Hymenophyllum dilatatum. — Frond sometimes 24 in. long, Logan.

354. n. crispatum. — This name should give place to H. Javanicum,
Sprengel , which is of earlier date.

354. H. polyantbos. — Frond sometimes 10 in. long, Logan.

355. H. flabellatum. — Chatham Island, IF. Travers. Mr. Logan sends spe-
cimens 9 in. long.

355. H. feruginosum. — This is considered distinct from the Tristan d’Acunha
plant, in Hook. Synops. Fil., and Mr. Coldnso’s name of H. Franklinianum con-
firmed to it. I must confess my inability to distinguish it. Air. Kirk in-
forms me that it is found at Hunua, 25 miles from Auckland.

355. H. Lyallii. — This is referred to Trichomanes, in Hook. Synops. Fil. It
is found at Hunua-IIuia, Auckland. — Kirk’s MSS.

355. After H. Lyallii , add —

16. H. ciliatum, Sioartz. Rhizome 1-2 in. long. Frond oblong, acu-
minate, 3-pinnatifid, 2-6 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, main rachis broadly winged
throughout, ciliated ; lower pinnae oblong or rhomboid, central part undi-
vided. Segments numerous, spreading, linear, simple or forked. Involucres
2-12 on a pinnule, at the apices of the segments, immersed, suborbicular ;
valves divided halfway down, ciliated. — Hook. Synops. Fil. 63.

Middle Island : Nelson, Travers. Closely allied to H. aruginosum. (America, Africa.)

356. Trichomanes reniforme. — This has been discovered in Australia.

356. t. strietum. — Mr. Baker regards this as the true common tropical T.
rigidum, Swartz, and T. elongatura as a variety of it.

357. T. venosum. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

748

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

Page

357. T. Malingii — Francis Joseph Glacier, alt. 7000 ft., Haast.

359. Lindseea linearis. — Colenso informs me that this is very local in the
Northern Island.

360. Adiantum Cunninghamii. — Chatham Island, TP. Travers.

362. Hypolepis distans, — Mr. Colenso informs me that Mr. Edgerly was
never at Cape Maria Van Diemen, but gathered this plant at Hokianga.

362. Cheilanthes tenuifolia, var. Sieberi. — This is usually kept as a distinct
species. — C. Sieberi, Kunze.

363. Pteris aquilina, var. esculenta. — Chatham Island, Captain Anderson.

363. P. scaberula — Chatham Island, TP. Travers.

363. P. incisa. — Chatham Island, Captain Anderson ( F . Muell.).

366. Lomaria procera. — Chatham Island, TP. Travers (L. Capensis, F.
Muell. Yeg. Chatham Island, 74).

367. L. pumila. — Mr. Logan thinks this is connected by intermediate forms
with L. lanceolata.

367. After 6. L. vulcanica, add —

6a. L. dura, Moore in Card. Citron. 1866, 290. Rhizome erect. Frond
tufted. Barren fronds lanceolate, 8-10 in. high, 1|— 2 broad, erect, rigid,
pinnatifid to the rachis ; sinus acute ; segments alternate, contiguous, lanceo-
late, falcate, finely serrulate, lower decreasing in size, obtuse ; veins evident.
Fertile fronds as rigid and broad as the sterile; segments becoming involute,
densely covered with fruit. — L. rigida, J. Sm. Ferns, Brit, and Foreign, 290.

Chatham Island (fide Smith and Moore). — I have seen no specimen.

368. l. discolor. — Chatham Island, TP. Travers.

370. Doodia caudata. — Colenso thinks there must be a mistake in describing
this as fragrant, and that Polypodium pustulatum is referred to.

371. Asplenium obtusatum — Chatham Island, TP. Travers ( A . marinum,
F. Muell. in Yeg. Chatham Island, 66). A var. with pinnatifid lobes.

372. A. falcatum. — Chatham Island, TP. Travers. This is the A. Forste-
rianum, Colenso in Tasman. Phil. Journ. ii. 171, according to Moore, but
Mr. Colenso refers his plant to A. caudatum. The rhizome is tufted, not
creeping as described by error.

372. A. Hookerianum. — I have another variety of this plant from Mount
Mania, Whangarei, sent by Mr. Mair ; it has a small slender flaccid oblong
frond, 1-2 in. long, with narrow linear-obovate substipitate entire ultimate
pinnules P in. long. I have seen but one frond.

373. A. bulbiferum. — Chatham Island, TP. Travers.

374. A. flaccidum — Chatham Island, TP. Travers.

375. A. aeuleatum, var. vestitum. — Chatham Island, TP. Travers.

376. A. oculatum. — Chatham Island, TP. Travers. A var. with brownish
scales.

AUDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

749

Page

376. A. eoriaceum. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

377. Hephrodium molle. — I am indebted to Mr. Mair for a specimen of
this.

378. W. deeompositum. — Chatliam Island, W. Travers.

378. Add—

6. N. nnitum, Brown. Glabrous. Rhizome creeping. Stipes glabrous
or slightly chaffy at the base. Frond ovate-oblong-, pinnate, 1-3 ft. high,
rather rigid ; pinnules rather distant, spreading or ascending, narrow ensi-
form, very shortly stipitate, pinnatifid halfway down or lower; segments
broadly ovate, acute, quite entire ; veins free. Sori numerous, halfway
between the margin and costa, or nearer the former ; involucre glabrous.

Northern Island, Sinclair ; Rotamahaua, in a hot water swamp, H. Mair. (Tropical
Australia, Asia, Africa, and America.) This is no doubt the plant alluded to by Mrs. Jones,
and mentioned in the note at bottom of page 378 of this Handbook.

380. Polypodium. Grammitidis. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

380. P. tenellum. — Middle Island, Cape Farewell, Travers.

| 381. P. rugulosum. — Chatham Island, IF. Travers.

382. P. pennigemm. — Chatham Island, IF. Travers.

382. P. pustulatum.— Chatham Island, IF. Travers.

382. P. Billardieri (P. scandens, Forst., var. Billardieri , Mueller, Yeg.
Chatham Island, 69). — Chatham Island, IF. Travers.

383. Gymnogramme leptophylla. — Middle Island, Lyttleton, in crevices of
rocks, Travers.

383. Ifothochlaena distans. — Middle Island, Maiku valley, Travers.

385. Lygodium articulatum. — This is rare in and confined to the Northern
part of the Middle Island.

385. Sehizaea dichotoma. — Colenso informs me that this never grows in
marshy places, but only at the base of Kaudi- trees.

385. S. bifida. — I have confounded two plants under this name, both of which

occur intermixed in Cunningham’s herbarium, as S. propinqua ; they are : —

2. S. bifida, Swartz. Stipes often 2-fid, more or less flattened, concave
on one surface with or without a prominent rib, ¥l~t1-5- in. broad, slightly
rough. Fruiting limb f-f in. long, broad, of 8—16 pairs of ascending pin-
nules, 3— l in. long, whose edges are fringed with very slender flexuous hairs.

Northern Island, Bay of Islands, A. Cunningham , etc., and perhaps elsewhere. (Aus-
tralia, Pacific Islands, India, S. America.)

3. S. flstulosa, Labillardiere. Stipes simple, terete, deeply grooved, ■jV'aV

in. diam., smooth. Fruiting limb f in. long, narrow, of 8-12 pairs of
spreading pinn in. long, whose edges are torn and toothed.

Yar. /3. australis. Much smaller; frond 1-3 in. high. — S. australis, Gaudichaud ;
S. pectinata, Homb. and Jacq.

Northern Island, Bay of Islands, A. Cunningham , etc. Middle Island, Canterbury,
Haast; Otago, Hector and Buchanan. Var. j8. Lord Auckland’s group, D’Urville’ s
Esped., etc. (Australia, Chili, Falkland Islands.)

750

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

Page

386. Ophioglossum vulgatum. — Sometimes 3 and even 4 scapes arise from
the root.

387. Botrychium eicutarium Chatham Island, W . Travers.

389. Lycopodium varium. — Chatham Island, TF. Travers.

389. L. Billardieri. — Chatham Island, TF. Travers.

389. L. densum. — Chatham Island, TF. Travers.

391. L. volubile. — Chatham Island, W. Travers.

391. Tmesipteris Porsteri. — Colenso distinguishes between T. Forsteri, with
acute or acuminate segments, and T. truncation, Br., with truncate emarginate
segments, both of which grow in the islands, and which he affirms are distinct
in habit and habitat. In the herbarium I am quite unable to distinguish
the numerous intermediate forms.

391. Psilotum triquetrum. — Bangitoto Island, near Auckland, on Metro-
sideros tomentosa , Colenso.

Order IV. MUSCI.

437. Mielichoferia longiseta. — Mitten informs me that the New Zealand
differs from the American plant, and is this —

1. M. tenuiseta, Mitten. Stems J-l in. long. Leaves glossy, on the
sterile branches oblong-lanceolate acute ; nerve percurrent ; apex serrate ;
cells narrow elongate; pericluetial ovate, acute, serrulate, ^-nerved. Fruit-
stalk elongate, red. Capsule pyriform ; operculum large, mamillate ; teeth
(inner) narrow, smooth, united into a short membrane. Inflorescence
monoecious, Mitten.

Middle Island : Alps of Canterbury, Sinclair and Haast. — Differs from the Andean
plant in the narrower leaves and smooth teeth.

Order V. HEPATICiE.

The following is a new arrangement of the New Zealand genera of Ilepaticce,
by Mitten, which will be of great use in aiding the student in determining
the genera of this most difficult Order : —

A. Polios® — Leaves distinct.

# Leaves succubous ; base with the lowest angle on the upper side of the stem.
a. Perianth leafg.

1. Fruit terminal.

3. Plagiochila. Perianth compressed ; stems erect or ascending ; stipules 0.

4. Leioscyphus. Perianth compressed ; stems procumbent, stipulate.

2/1. Temnoma. Perianth above 3-gonous, truncate.

2/2. Chandonanthus. Perianth tubular, many-plicate ; mouth open ; stems erect or
ascending.

5. Lophocolea. Perianth 3-quetrous ; angles often alate; mouth 3-lipped, closed ;

stems procumbent, stipulate.

5/1. Trjgonanthus. Perianth 3-gonous ; mouth contracted ; stems procumbent, stipu-
late near the fruit.

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

761

2. Jungermannia. Periauth tubular ; mouth contracted, dentate ; stipules 0 or pre-
sent on the stem.

2/8. Solenostoha. Perianth obovate, 5-plicate above, with a tubular beak.

2. Fruit lateral.

10. Adelanthus. Stems erect, nodding ; stipules 0.

8. Chiloscyphus. Stems procumbent, stipulate.

9. Psiloclada. Stems procumbent ; leaves and stipules deeply cleft.

b. Perianth a descending fleshy hag.

1. Fruit terminal.

11/1. Tylimanthus. Stems erect or ascending ; leaves nearly entire ; stipules 0.

12/2. Acrobolbus. Stems procumbent ; leaves 2-fid ; stipules small or 0.

11/3. Lethocolea. Stems procumbent ; leaves entire; stipules 0.

11/4. Balantiopsis. Stems procumbent, stipulate.

2. Fruit lateral.

11/5. Marsupidigm. Stems erect or ascending ; stipules 0.

12. Saccogyna. Stems procumbent, stipulate.

** Leaves vertical ; base crossing the stem transversely.

a. Peria7ith none.

1. Fruit terminal.

1. Gymnomitriitm.

b. Perianth leafy.

1. Fruit terminal.

16. Isotachis. Leaves and stipules nearly equal ; perianth tubular ; mouth connivent.
6. Scapania. Leaves complicate ; stipules 0 ; perianth compressed in plane with
leaves ; mouth truncate.

7- Gottschea. Leaves with adherent lobe ; perianth overlaid by involucral leaves.

2. Fruit lateral.

15. Lembidium. Stipulate. Perianth from the lower part of stem, 3-gonous.

*** Leaves incuhous ; base with the lowest angle on the under side of the stem.
f Without an inferior lesser lobe.
a. Perianth leafy.

1. Fruit terminal.

18. Sendtnera.

2. Fruit lateral.

18/1. Leperoma. Leaves and stipules deeply cleft ; calyptra adnate with the involucral
leaves ; fruit near the top of the stem.

13. Lepjdozia. Leaves and stipules usually deeply cleft; perianth near the base of the

stem, 3-gonous.

14. Mastigobryum. Leaves and stipules entire or with their apices truncate, dentate ;

perianth in the lower part of the stem, 3-gonous.

ff With an inferior lesser lobe (lobule).
a. Lobule plane.

1. Fruit terminal.

20. Radula. Perianth compressed in plane with leaves ; mouth truncate ; stipules 0.

752

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

Page 22. Lejeunia. Perianth obovate, 3--6-plicate ; mouth a tubular beak.

17. Teichocolea. Calyptra and involucral leaves combined ; leaves capillary, multifid.

2. Fruit lateral.

18/2. Mastigophora. Perianth ventricose, subcampanulate.

21. Madotheca. Perianth contracted at the mouth, compressed, plicate.

b. Lobule inflated-galeate.

23. Frullania. Perianth 3-6-plicate or terete, with a tubular beak.

19. Polyotus. Involucral leaves overlying each other, adnate below.

B. Frondosse — Without distinct leaves,
a. Perianth complete.

24. Fossomeronia. Perianth on upper side of frond ; leaves angular.

25. Noteroclada. Perianth near the apes ; leaves rounded.

26. Petalophyllum. Perianth on upper side of frond ; frond continuous.

27. Zoofsis. Perianth lateral ; frond continuous, with alternate lateral projections,

tipped with cilia.

28. Podohitrium. Perianth from the under side of a continuous frond.

29. Steetzia. Perianth on upper side of a continuous frond.

b. Perianth none.

30. Symphyogyna. Calyptra on upper side of often stipitate frond ; nerve narrow.

31. Metzgeria. Calyptra on under side of continuous frond ; nerve narrow.

32. Sarcomitrium (Aneura). Calyptra lateral ; frond composed almost entirely of

thickened nerve.

C. Carnosse — Fronds fleshy, with oblique scales on under side.

a. Fruits imbedded in substance of the frond.

40. Riccia.

b. Fruits terminal on the under side of frond.

38. Targionia. Involucre 2-valved.

c. Fruits many on the under side of a stalked peltate receptacle.

33. Pl agio chasm a. Perianths opening laterally.

34. Marchantia. Perianths opening downwards.

35. Duhortiera. Perianth 0 ; involucres opening by a slit.

36. Reboulia. Perianth 0 ; involucres opening by 2 valves.

37- Fimbriaria. Perianth split into bauds cohering at their apices.

D. Anthocerotse — Frond fleshy, without scales beneath.

39. Anthoceros.

Mr. Mitten has further favoured me with the following valuable remarks on
the genera : —

3. PLAGIOCHILA. Add after 16. 1\ deltoidea.—

507. P. lseta, Mitten. Stem nearly simple, elongate, ascending, curved, with
innovations below the perianth. Leaves patent, nearly orbicular, convex
above ; dorsal margin recurved towards the apex ; ventral ciliate ; cells small,
orbicular with narrow interstices. Perianth oblong-obovate ; mouth truncate,
sparingly toothed.

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

753

Page

507. Northern Island, Colenso. Differs from P. deltoidea in the more oblong periautli and
rounder softer leaves.

2/1. TEMNOMA, Mitten (from the truncate mouth of the perianth). —
To this are referred Jungermannia pulchella and quadrijida (p. 504), together
with some other not New Zealand plants.

2/2. CH ANDOBT ANTHUS, Mitten. — From the open plaited mouth
of the perianth, includes Jungermannia squarrosa (p. 503) of New Zealand,
and others.

5. LOPHOCOLEA. — Characterized by its 3-gonous closed perianth.
L. Colensoi (p. 509) has been found in fruit, and proves to be a Chiloscyphus.

5/1. TRIGONANTHUS, Spruce, approaches Lophocolea, but the pe-
rianth is different and the stipules usually wanting on the barren stems. The
New Zealand species is J. dentata (p. 503).

2/3. SOLENOSTOMA, Mitten, includes Jungermannia inundata (p.
502), and rotata (p. 503). The perianth in this genus adheres to the base
of the uppermost leaves.

8. CHILOSCYPHUS.— Lophocolea Cplensoi, p. 509, should be
transferred here ; it resembles C. coalilus, but is larger, more succulent, the
dorsal angles of the leaves are more widely separate ; perianth short, cam-
panulate ; lips toothed, not exserted beyond the leaves.

11/1. TYLIMANTHUS, Mitten, here proposed for Gymnanthe saccata
(excl. syn. Urmlleana ) (p. 520) and another, — the name Gymnantlie being
too near Gymnanthes and Gymnanthus.

11/2. ACROBOLBUS, Lelrn. and Lindb., includes Gymnanthe unguicu-
lata and G. lophocoleoides (p. 519). (In description of unguiculata, for
leaves obscurely 12-lobed read 2-lobed.)

11/3. LETHOCOLEA, Mitten, consists of Gymnanthe Drummondii,

p. 519.

11/4. BALANTIOPSIS, Mitten, includes Gymnanthe, G. diplophylla
(p. 519), and the following.

3. B. erinaeea, Mitten. Lobes of the leaf free at the base, inferior
broadly ovate, notched at the apex with 2 teeth, both margins ciliated ;
superior lobe nearly orbicular, notched at the apex and ciliate. Stipule un-
equally 6-partite ; lacinise toothed and ciliate. — Mitten.

New Zealand, Lyall.

11/5. MARSUPIDIUM, Mitten. — To this genus belong Gymnanthe
setulosa (p. 519), and the true G. Urvilleana, which was confounded with
G. saccata at p. 520.

2. M. Kniglitii, Mitten. Stem short, simple, curved. Leaves largest
towards the middle of the stem, patent or appressed, orbicular or subquadrate ;
anterior margin entire, ending in a spine; apex subtruncate; posterior
margin sparingly toothed. Sac oblong on a very short branch, to which it is

VOL. i. 3 E

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

p 754

Ease

attached at about the middle of its length. Fruitstalk basal. Capsule elon-
gate.

New Zealand, Knight.

3. M. Urvilleana. — Gymnanthe, Tayl. in FI. Autarct. 153. Rhizome
creeping. Stems tufted, ^-2 in. high, erect, tips nodding. Leaves spread-
ing or appressed and imbricate, nearly round, with an indistinct notch or
with one or two short teeth at their tops. Involucre attached to the lower
parts of the stem by its side, rooting. Capsule on a long stalk, ovoid. —
Plagiochila Urvilleana , Mont, in Voy. au Pole Sud, t. 16. Jung, abbreviala.
Hook. f. and Tayl. in Lond. Journ. Bot. 1844, 374; Syn. Hepat. 647 ( Pla -
giochila ) .

Northern Island, Colenso. Lord Auckland’s group, D’Urville’s Expedition,
J. D. IT., Col. Bolton. — Less than G. saccata, and in its mode of growth more like some
Plagiochila, e. g. P. ansata and P. circinalis.

15. LEMBIDIUM, Mitten. — This genus is established for the Micro -
pterygium nutans (p. 526), a very peculiar plant, destitute of flagella ; the
stem is clothed with a vesicular coat.

18/1. LEPEROMA, Mitten, is proposed for Sendtnera ochroleuca, S. at-
tenuata, which may be a variety of the same, and S. Scolopendra (p. 528).

18/2. MASTIGOPHORA. — Quite different from Sendtnera in its
lateral fruit, perianth not overlaid, and free calyptra ; the habit is more that

gQg of Madotheca.

In character of Lophocolea, after, Fruit terminal, add, rarely lateral. Lips

5 19. of perianth 3, closed.

Gymnanthe lophocoleoides. — Mr. Mitten has furnished me with a
description of the involucre, which is about as long as the uppermost leaves,
with scattered pale rootlets.

5 G. setulosa. — Add, Antheridia covered by minute scale-like leaves, on
slender branches from the lower part of the stem.

520. G. saccata. — G. Urvilleana ( Plagiochila , Mont.) proves to be a different
species. See above, under Marsupidium.

521. Lepidozia capilligera. — Mr. Mitten informs me that the perianth is
elongated, its mouth toothed.

523. L. albula. — Mr. Mitten suspects that this is nothing but L. ulotlirix .

524. Mastigobryum monilinerve. — Add —

Middle Island: Dusky bay, Menzies ; Otago, Hector.

525. M. decrescens. — Mr. Mitten has little doubt but that this is M. novce-
Hollandice.

526. ISOTACHIS. — Place “almost trifarious ” after “Leaves.”

529. Add—

5. P. allophylla, and 6. P. reticulata, from p. 538, where they are

described as Prullanice.

ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

755

Pno-e

531. Erase the description of Radula dentata, and substitute : — Steins short,
^ in. long-, pinnate. Leaves roundly ovate, with a short point ; lobule nearly
square, appressed ; leaves of the branches with 3 or 4 strong teeth on the
dorsal margin ; lobule saccate. Perianth narrow, very long, compressed
above. Capsule cylindric. — Lejeunia dentata , Mitten in FI. N. Z. ii. 159.

Northern Island, Stephenson in Hb. Mitten; Auckland, Sinclair. — The figure in PI.
N. Z. was taken from fragments of the branches.

531. LEJEUNIA. — The stipules are sometimes absent.

537. After Frullania pentapleura, add —

P. rostellata, Mitten. Small, creeping, appressed, irregularly pinnate.
Leaves orbicular-ovate ; lobule compressed, decurved, galeate, half the length
of the leaf ; stipules broadly obovate, with a small notch. Involucral leaves
spreading, obtuse, united below with the stipule, which is deeply cleft with
lanceolate segments. Perianth broadly obovate, with a long tubular beak,
covered with short lacinise, flattened on the upper side, obtusely keeled on
the under. — Mitten.

Northern Island, on a Sticta, Knight.

538. Remove F. allophylla and F. reticulata to Folyotus, p. 531.

539. FOSSOMBRONIA. — For Antheridia on the “under” read “ upper”
surface.

540. Last line, for Lyallii read Lyellii.

545. Marehantia tabularis. — In fourth line of observations, etc., before
“ midrib ” insert “ dark.”

Order VII. LICHENES.

Since the printing of the Lichens for this work, several papers on this
Order have appeared, to which I can here only refer. They are : — Dr. Ny-
lander’s ‘ Lichenes Novae-Zelandise ’ (Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond.^iBot. ix. 244),
and Dr. L. Lindsay’s ‘ Observations on New Lichens and Fungi, collected in
Otago, New Zealand’ (Trans. Royal Soc. Edinb. xxiv. 407. t. 29, 30), and
his paper ‘ On a New Species of Melanospora from Otago ’ (Trans. Bot. Soc.
Edinb. viii. 426).

I am indebted to Dr. Lauder Lindsay for the following list of Lichens
found in Chatham Island by W. Travers, Esq. : —

Sticta orygmcea, Ait.

Sticta Urvillei, Ait., var .flavicans.

Ramalina scopulorum. Ait.

Cladonia aggreyata, Eschw.

Stereocaulon mixtum, Nylander.

Order VIII. FUNGI.

602. Agaricus (Pleurotus) euphyllus, Berk. Pileus 3 in. across, finely
striate and coarsely wrinkled longitudinally when dry, reniform, glabrous,
pale chestnut ; stipes 0 or obsolete ; gills broad ; interstices smooth.

New Zealand, Sinclair.

756 ADDITIONS, CORRECTIONS, ETC.

Page

611. Hydnum Sinclairii, Berk. Black. Pileus thin, coriaceous, somewhat
zoned, radiately striate and rugose; margin irregularly lobed ; stipes thin,
subconfluent ; processes slender, acute.

New Zealand, Sinclair. — Allied to H. zonatum, but differing in the black spines and
pileus.

625. Ustilago urceolorum, Tulasne in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 3. vii. 36. t. 4.
f. 7-1 0. Spore^ black-brown, thick, oblong, angular, at length agglutinated
and forming a black powder ; integument thick smooth or minutely papillose.

Northern Island : on Carer ternana, Colenso. (Europe, etc.)

625. iEcidium disseminatum, Berk. Spots 0 or effuse. Peridia scattered,
short; margin lobed. Spores white?

Middle Island : on leaves of Hypericum japonic urn. — Apparently quite distinct from the
N. American Ceeoma Hypericastrum, Link.

625. Feziza (Lachnea) seutellata, Linn. Plat, vermilion-red, pale exter-
nally, hispid towards the margin with black straight hairs.

Northern Island: on dead wood, Colenso. (Europe, etc.)

632. Hypoxylon Colensoi, Berk. Stroma of dense club-shaped masses,
pitchy-black externally, somewhat stratified internally, rugose-punctate. Peri-
thecia oblong.

Northern Island, Colenso. — Specimen old and imperfect, but evidently allied to H.
coenopus , and hence representing a peculiar type. In an early state it resembles stales ot
Antennaria scoriadea.

Order IX. ALG-S3.

720. After TOLYPOTHRIX, insert —

CHROOLEPUS, Agardh.

Prond of minute, erect, rigid, subsolid filaments, opaque, falling to powder;
joints often contracted.

An obscure genus, belonging to the tribe B yssoideee, which should follow Oscillaiorii.ee,
the Key, p. 646.

1. C. aureus, Harvey. Filaments forming soft cushion-like tufts, flexu-
ose, irregularly branched, yellow-green brick-red or orange ; articulations twice
as long as broad.

Northern Island : on rocks and trees, Colenso. (Europe, etc.) — lam indebted to Mr.
Berkeley for this identification ; he observes that the specimens are full of dumb-bell crystals
of oxalate of lime.

LIST OP THE PRINCIPAL NATURALIZED, OR APPARENTLY
NATURALIZED, PLANTS OE NEW ZEALAND.

The rapidity with which European weeds, and especially the annuals of cul-
tivated grounds, are being- introduced into and disseminated throughout New
Zealand, is a matter of much surprise to all observers, and not only to pro-
fessed naturalists. It is a point of very great significance in reference to all
inquiries relating to their superior powers of propagation and establishing
themselves, which the plants as well as animals of some countries display, as
contrasted with those of others; and when, as in the case of New Zealand,
the result is the actual displacement and possible extinction of a portion of
the native flora by the introduced, the facts may well arouse the interest of
the most listless colonist. It is impossible for me here to enter into this
subject, which, novel as it is, yet suggests a thousand curious reflections. I
have touched lightly on it in an article “ On the Replacement of Species in the
Colonies and elsewhere ” in the ‘ Natural History Review ’ of January, 1864 ;
and I can here do no more than again call attention to the fact, that now is
the time for certifying the dates of the introduction of many plants which,
l hough unknown in the islands a quarter of a century ago, are already actually
driving the native plants out of the country, and will, before long, take their
places, and be regarded as the commonest native weeds of New Zealand.

The following list is compiled from many sources, and has for the most part
appeared in the ‘ Flora of New Zealand.’ Important additions have been
made by various collectors, but especially by Mr. Kirk, of Auckland, who has
favoured me with a list of upwards of eighty species (marked A in this
catalogue) from within sixty miles of that city. The majority of these plants
are British, and will be found described in any British Flora.

I am informed that the late Mr. Bidwill habitually scattered Australian
seeds during his extensive travels in New Zealand ; if this be true, it is
remarkable how few Australian plants have naturalized themselves in the
islands, considering both this circumstance and > the extensive commerce be-
tween these countries.

I have added the duration to the species, to show the great contrast in
this respect between the indigenous and introduced plants. Of the indigenous
plants described in this work, nearly all (as in other oceanic islands) are per-
ennial (I/) ; of the introduced plants, now to be ennumerated, fully one-half
are annual (©), and thirteen are biennial (J').

Class I. DICOTYLEDONES.

RANUNCULACE-E.

Ranunculus parviflorus, L. (see p. 8). Europe, fields, etc. ©

758

the natural rzED plants of new Zealand.

CRUCIFERiE.

Nasturtium officinale, L. (p. 15). Europe, aquatic. (Watercress.) 1/
Erysimum officinale, L. Europe, waste places. ©

Senebiera Coronopus, Pair. (p. 15). Ditto, ditto. ©

Senebiera pinnatifida, DC. (p. 15). Ditto, ditto. ©

Capsella Bursa-pastoris, L. (p. 15). Ditto. (Shepherd’s Purse.) ©

A. Lepidium ruderale, L. Ditto, ditto. ©

Lepidium sativum, L. Ditto. (Garden Cress.) ©

Alyssum maritimum, Willd. Ditto. (Sweet Alyssum.) %

Cochlearia Armoracia, L. Ditto. (Horseradish.) 1/

A. Sinapis arvensis, L. Ditto, fields. (Charlock.) ©

Brassica Bapa, L. Ditto, ditto. (Bape-seed.) $

Brassica Napus, L. Ditto, ditto. (Turnip.) £

Brassica oleracea, L. Ditto, ditto. $

Brassica campestris, L. Ditto, ditto. (Swedish Turnip.) © or $
Raphanus sativus, L. Ditto, ditto. (Radish.) ©

CARYOPHYLLEiE.

Gypsophila tubulosa, Bom. (p. 22). Levant. ©

Silene quinquevulnera, L. Ditto, waste places. ©

Stellaria media, With. Ditto, ditto. ©

A. Aren aria serpyllifolia, L. ©

A. Sagina apetala, L. Europe, waste places. ©

Cerastium vulgatum, L. Ditto. ©

Cerastium viscosum, L. Ditto. ©

Polycarpon tetraphyllum, L. Ditto. ©

Spergula arvensis, L. Ditto. ©

HYPERICINEiE.

A. Hypericum humifusum,* L. Europe, heathy places. 1/

MALVACEAE.

A. Malva rotundifolia, L. Europe, waste places. 1/

GERANIACEiE,

A. Geranium molle, L. Europe, pastures. ©

Erodium cicutarium, L. (p. 38). Ditto, waste places. ©

LEGUMINOSiE.

A. Ulex europseus, L. Europe. (Furze, Gorse, or Whin.) 1/

A. Trifolium repens, L. Ditto, meadows and waste places. (Dutch Clover.) 1/
A. Trifolium pratense, L. Ditto, meadows. (Purple Clover.) 11
A. Trifolium procumbens, L. Ditto, waste places. ©

* Inserted on Mr. Kirk’s authority. It much resembles H. Japonicum (p. 29).

THE NATURALIZED PLANTS OF NEW ZEALAND.

759

A. Melilotus arvensis, L. Europe, waste places. $

A. Medicago lupulina, L. Ditto, ditto. ©

A. Medicago maculata, L. Ditto, pastures. ©

A. Medicago denticulata, WiUd. Ditto, ditto. ©

A. Lotus corniculatus, L. Ditto, ditto. (Bird’s-foot Trefoil.) 2/

A. Lotus major, Scop. Ditto, ditches, etc. 2/

A. Yicia hirsuta, L. Ditto, fields, etc. ©

A. Yicia sativa, L. Ditto, ditto. © or $

A. Yicia tetrasperma, L. Ditto, ditto. ©

ROSACEiE.

Alchemilla arvensis, Sm. Europe, waste places. ©

A. Rubus discolor, W. and N. Ditto, hedges, etc. (Bramble.) 2/

A. Rubus rudis, Weihe. Ditto, ditto. 2/

A. Rosa micrantha, Smith. Ditto, ditto. 2/

A. Rosa rubiginosa, L. Ditto, ditto. (Sweetbriar Rose.) 2/

A. Rosa canina, L. Ditto. (Dog Rose.) 2/

LYTHRARlEiE.

Lythrum byssopifolium, L. Ditto, waste places. ©

ONAGRARIEiE.

(Enothera stricta, L. S. America. (Evening Primrose.) ©

CACTEiE.

Opuntia vulgaris, Mill. S. America. (Common Cactus or Prickly Pear.) 2/
CURCUBITACEiE.

Curcubita* sp. Cultivated by the natives (“ Hue ” of natives), Colenso. ©
UMBELLIFERiE.

A. Petroselinum sativum, L. Europe, cultivated places. (Parsley.) $

A. Eceniculum vulgare, L. Ditto, ditto. (Fennel.) 2/

A. Daucus Carota, L. Ditto, ditto. (Carrot.) £

A. Pastinaca sativa, L. Ditto, waste places. (Parsnip.)

A. Scandix Pecten, L. Europe, fields and waste places. ©

Chaerophyllum cerefolium, Cranz. ©

CAPRTFOLIACEiE.

A. Sambucus nigra, L. Europe, coppices, etc. (Elder.) 2/

RUBIACEiE.

Sherardia arvensis, L. Europe, fields, etc. ©

760

THE NATURALIZED PLANTS OF NEW ZEALAND.

VALERIANEE.

Fedia olitoria, L. Europe, cornfields. (Corn Salad.) ©

COMPOSITE.

Conyza ambigua, DO. Europe, waste places. ©

Erigeron canadensis, L. N. America and Europe, ditto. ©

A. Beilis perennis, L. Europe. (Daisy.) %

Bidens pilosa, L. (p. 138). Warm Asia, etc. ©

A. Anthemis nobilis, L. Europe, waste places. (Chamomile.) 1/

A. Achillea millefolia, L. Ditto, pastures. (Yarrow.) 1/

Wollastonia biflora, DC. ? India. ©

A. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, L. Europe, fields, etc. (Ox-eye Daisy.) 1/
Siegesbeckia orientalis, L. India, tropical weed. ©

A. Senecio vulgaris, L. Europe, weed. (Groundsel.) ©

Eclipta erecta, L. India, tropical weed. ©

B. Carduus lanceolatus, L. Europe, roadsides. (Common Thistle.)
Centaurea calcitrapa, L. Ditto, fields, etc. ©

A. Centaurea solstitialis, L. Ditto, ditto. ©

Lapsana pusilla, L. Ditto, ditto. ©

A. Tragopogon minus, L. Ditto, meadows, etc. £

A. Thrincia hirta, Roth. Ditto, dry pastures, etc. 1/

A. Apargia autumnalis, Wllld. Ditto, ditto. 1/

A. Hypochaeris radicata, L. Ditto, meadows, etc. 1/

A. Crepis virens, L. Ditto, pastures, etc. ©

Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Desf. (p. 165). Ditto, waste places. 1/

Sonchus arveusis, L. (p. 166). Ditto, cornfields, etc. (Sow-thistle.) 1/
A. Cichorium Intybus, L. Ditto, ditto. (Wild Chicory.) 1/

Xanthium spinosum, L. Ditto, ditto. (Burweed.) ©

PRIMULACEE.

Anagallis arvensis, L. Ditto, ditto. (Pimpernel, or Poor Man’s
Weather-glass.) ©

GENTIANEE.

ft

A. Erythraea Centaurium, Pets. Europe, pastures. (Centaury.) ©

BORAGINEE.

A. Lithospermum arvense, L. Europe, waste places. ©

Cynoglossum micranthum? (p. 197). India. $

CONVOLVULACEE.

Ipomcea chrysorrhiza (Convolvulus, Forst.). The originally cultivated
Kumarah of the islanders, probably a variety of the following. 1/
Ipomcea Batatas, Lam. The common Sweet Potato of the tropics, now
much cultivated in New Zealand. 1/

THE NATURALIZED PLANTS OF NEW ZEALAND.

761

SOLANEiE.

Solatium nigrum, L. (p. 200). Europe, waste places. ©

Solanum tuberosum, L. S. America. (Common Potato.) 1/

Phvsalis peruviana, L. Ditto. (Cape Gooseberry, Tipareh.) 7/

Capsicum annuum, L. America, cult, everywhere. (Capsicum.) 0
Lycopersicum esculentum. Mill. Ditto, ditto. (Tomato.) ©

A. Datura Stramonium, L. Europe, waste places. ©

A. Lycium Barbarum, L. Ditto, ditto. 7/

SCROPHULARINEzE.

A. Verbascum Thapsus, L. Europe, waste places. (Mullein.) £

A. Verbascum phoeniceum, L. Ditto, ditto. $

A. Veronica arvensis, L. Ditto, fields, etc. ©

A. Veronica serpyllifolia, L. Ditto, roadsides, etc. 7/

A. Veronica agrestis, L. Ditto, fields. ©

A. Veronica Buxbaumii, Ten. Ditto, ditto. ©

Veronica officinalis, L. Ditto, woods and dry places. 1/

Veronica Anagallis, L. Ditto, ditches, etc. 1/

A. Digitalis purpurea, L. Ditto, banks, etc. (Foxglove.) 7/

A. Linaria Elatine, Mill. Ditto, cornfields, etc. ©

VERBENACEiE.

A. Verbena officinalis, L. Europe, waste places. (Vervain.) 'll

LABIATE.

Mentha aquatica, L. Europe, watery places. 1/

A. Mentha viridis, L. Ditto, ditto. (Spearmint.) 7/

A. Stachys arvensis, L. Ditto, waste places. ©

A. Marrubium vulgare, L. Ditto, ditto. (Horehound.) 1/

A. Prunella vulgaris, L. Ditto, ditto. 1/

PHYTOLACCEzE.

A. Phytolacca decandra, L. N. America. (Virginian Poke-weed.) 'll

PLANTAGINE^E.

Plantago major, L. Europe, fields, etc. (Plaintain.) 7/

Plantago lanceolata, L. Ditto, ditto. 7/

POLYGONEzE.

Polygonum aviculare, L. (p. 235). Europe, waste places. (Cow Grass
of Colonists.) ©

Polygonum minus, Muds. Ditto, ditto. ©

Rumex obtusifolius, L. Ditto, ditto. (Dock.) 7/
vol. hi. 3 F

762

THE NATURALIZED PLANTS OP NEW ZEALAND.

A. Rumex coilglomeratus, Murr. Ditto, watery places. 7/

Rumex erispus, L. Ditto, roadsides, etc. 1/

Rumex Acetosa, L. Ditto, meadows. (Sorrel.) 7/

Rumex Acetosella, L. Gravelly places. 7/

CHENOPODlACEiE.

A. Chenopodium album, L. Europe, waste places. (Goosefoot.) O
A. Chenopodium viride, L. ©

Chenopodium urbicum, L. (p. 281). Ditto, ditto. ©

Chenopodium ambrosioides, L. (p. 231). Ditto, ditto. ©

AMARANTHACEjE.

Euxolus viridis, Aloq. Tropics, weed of cultivation. ©
EUPHORBIACKE.

A. Euphorbia Peplus, L. Europe, waste places. (Spurge.) ©

Euphorbia Heiioscopia, L. Ditto, ditto. ©

Jatropha C ureas, L. America, waste places. (Physic-nut.) 7/

Ricinus Palma-Christi, L. Ditto, ditto. (Castor Oil.) 7/

Poranthera ericit'olia, Rudge. Australia. 7/

URTICEJE.

Urtica urens, L. Europe, waste places. (Common Nettle.) 7/

Class II. MONOCOT YLEDONES.

DIOSCORE^l.

Dioseorea alata, L. India. Occasionally cultivated during late years by
the natives. (Yam.) 7/

AROIDErE.

Coloeasia antiquorum, Schott , (esculenta, Schott). Asia. Two principal
varieties are cultivated by the aborigines, a small (Taro), and a large, in-
troduced by Europeans (Taro-hoia). 7/

Alocasia Indica, Schott. India, recently introduced and cultivated by the
natives. (Edoes.) 7/

CYPERACErE.

Cyperus tenellus, L. (p. 745). South Africa. ©

GRAMINEiE.

A. Phleum pratense, L. (p. 321). Europe, meadows. (Timothy Grass.) 7/
Alopecurus agrestis, L. (p. 321). Ditto, fields. (Foxtail Grass.) ©
Phalaris canariensis (p. 321). Ditto, waste places. (Canary Grass.) ©

THE NATURALIZED PLANTS OF NEW ZEALAND.

763

Holcus mollis, L. (p. 333). Ditto, pastures, etc. 7/

Hoicus lanatus, L. Ditto, ditto, 'll

Anthoxanthum odoratum, L. (p. 321). Ditto, meadows. (Sweet Vernal
Grass.) 1/

Panicum colonum, L. (p. 324). S. Europe, waste places. ©

Panicum glaucum, L. (p. 324). Europe, waste places. ©

Panicum sanguinale, L. (p. 324). Ditto, ditto. 0
Cynodon Dactylon, L. (p. 331). Ditto, ditto. (Doab Grass.) 1/

Agrostis vulgaris, With. Ditto, meadows. (Bent Grass.) 1/

Avena sativa, L. (p. 336). Ditto, cultivated places. (Oats.) 0
Eleusine indica, Garin . (p. 331). India, cultivated places. 0
A. Poa trivialis, L. Europe, meadows, etc. %

Poa annua, L. (p. 340). Ditto, ivaysides, etc. 0
Briza minor, L. Ditto, meadows. ©

Briza maxima, L. Ditto, ditto. (Quaking Grass.) 0
Cynosurus cristatus, L. Ditto, dry pastures. 1/

A. Dactylis glomerata, L. Ditto, waysides, etc. (Oock’s-foot Grass.) 1/
Festuca bromoides, L. (p. 341). Ditto, ditto. ©

A. Bromus sterilis, L. Ditto, ditto. ©

A. Bromus erectus, Huds. Ditto, fields, etc. %

A. Bromus commutatus, Schrad. Ditto, ditto. © or
Bromus mollis, L. (p. 34l). Ditto, meadows. © or
Bromus racemosus, L. (341). Ditto, ditto. © or
Lolium temulentum, L. Ditto, cornfields, etc. (Bye Grass.) ©

Lolium perenne, L. Ditto, ditto. 1/ or
Triticum sativum, L. ©

Hordeum sativum, L. (p. 343). Ditto. (Barley.) © .

A. Lepturus incurvatus, Trin. Seashores. (Sands, Waitemata, Kirk.) ©
Anthistiria australis, Br. (p. 325.) 1/

It is possible that some of the above, which are annual © in Europe, may
become perennial 'll in New Zealand, owing to the mildness of the winters.

764

ALPHABETICAL LIST OE NATIVE AND VERNACULAR

NAMES.

The native names here enumerated are, 'with few exceptions, supplied by
my friend Mr. Colenso, whose intimate knowledge of the botany and lan-
guage of New Zealand guarantees their accuracy. For a few chiefly in use
by natives of the Otago district I am indebted to Dr. Hector, and for still

others to a MS. obligingly lent me 1
whilst this sheet was in the printer’s
Maori-Latin Index to the Handbook
and printed under the authority of the
ton (1866).

Aka, Col. Metrosideros scandens.

Akakura. Metrosideros scandens.

Ake, Col. Bodoncea viscosa.

Ake-ake, Hector. Olearia avicenn'uefolia.
Ake-piro, Col. Olearia farfuracea.
Akerautangi, Mantell. Bodonea viscosa.
Akewliarangi, Geolog. Surv. Olearia Cun-
ninghamii.

Arbor vita;. Libocedrus Bouiana.

Aruhe, Col. Pteris aquilina.

Aster, native. Cehnisia, various sp.

Ante, Col. Broussonetia papyrifera.
Auta-taranga, Col. Pimelea arenaria.

Avens. Geum urbanum , var. strictum.

Beech, native. Fagus.

Birch of New Zealand. Fagus.

Black pine of Otago, Hector. Podocarpus
spicata and ferruginea.

Bluebell, native. Wahlenbergia , several sp.
Bracken. Pteris aquilina.

Broad leaf, Hector. Griselinia lucida.
Bocarro, or } Hector. E/ceocarpus Hook-
Bokako, j erianus.

Bramble. Rubus australis.

Broom, native. Carmichre/ia , various sp.
Broom, pink. Notospartium Carmichcelice.
Bulrush. Typha angustifolia.

Burr. Accena.

Bur-reed. Sparganium simplex.

Buttercup. Ranunculus, various sp.

Celery, native. Apium australe.

>y Dr. Lauder Lindsay. And, lastly,
hands, I have received the valuable
of this Flora, edited by Dr. Hector,
New Zealand Government at Welling-

Cohou-cohou, Raoul. Pittosporum obcor-
datum.

Cowage. Bidens pilosa.

Cotton plant of Otago. Astelia, various sp.
Cranesbill. Geranium.

Cntting grass. Gahnia, various sp.
Cypress. Libocedrus Bouiana.

Daisy, native. Lagenophora, various sp.
Daisy-trees. Olearia, various sp.

Dandelion. Taraxacum Beus-leonis.

Dock. Rumex jlexuosus.

Dodder. Cuscuta densiflora.

Duckweed. Lenina.

Eketera, B'Urmlle. Lepidium oleraceum.
Everlasting. Gnaphalium, various sp.

Flax, native. Linum monogynum.

Flax, New Zealand. Phormium tenax.
Groundsel. Senecio, various sp.

Haekaro. Pittosporum umbellatum.
Hakeke, Col. Po/yporus sp.

Hange-hange, Col. Geniostoma ligustri-
foliuin.

Harakeke, Col. Pliorndnm. tenax and Co-
lensni.

Harori, Col. Agaricus adiposus.

Hauama, Col. Entelea arborescens.
Flavvhato, Col. Cordiceps Robertsii.
Hawthorn, native. Biscaria Toumalou.
Heru-heru, Col. Leptopteris hymenopliyl-
loides.

Heath, native of Of ago. Leucopogon Frazer i.

NATIVE AND VERNACULAR NAMES.

765

Hinahina, Geolog. Surv. Melicytus rami-
floras.

Hinatoli, Geolog. Surv. Epilobium.

Hinan, Cunn. Elasocarpus demtalus.

Hinau, Raoul. Elceocarpus Hookerianus.
Hiri turiti, Hector . Epiphytic Orchids,

various.

Hohere, Cunn. Hoheria populnea and
Plagianthus Lyallii.

Hohoeka, Middle Island, Lyall. flanax
crassifolia.

Horahora, Geolog. Surv. Astelia.
Horoeka, Col. Panax crassifolia.
Horoweeka, Hector. Panax, various sp.
Horopito, Col. Drimys axillaris.

Houka, Geolog. Surv. Cordyline australis.
Houma, Hector. Sophora tetraptera.
Horu-horu, Lindsay. Brassica Rapa.
Houhere, Col. Hoheria. populnea.

Houi, Col. Hoheria populnea.

Hue, Col. Cucurbita sp.

Hunangamoho, Col. Apera arundinacea.
Hune, Col. Pappus of seeds of Typha an-
gustifolia.

Hutivvai, Middle Island, Lyall. Accena
Sanguisorbce.

Hutu, Geolog. Surv. Ascarina lucida.
Ice-plant, native. Tetragonia expansa and
Mesembryanth.emum austrule.

Ini-ini, Hector. Melicytus ramiflorus.
Iron- wood, Hector. Metrosideros lucida.
Ivy-tree. Panax Colensoi.

Kaha-kaha, Col. Astelia Solandri.
Kahikatea, Col. Podocarpus dacrydioides.
Kahikatoa, Col. Leptospermum scoparium.
Kahikomako, Col. Pennantia corymbosa.
Kaho, Cunn. Linum monogynum.
Kaikaiatua. Rhabdothamnus Solandri.
Kaikatea. Podocarpus dacrydioides.
Kaikomako, Col. Pennantia corymbosa.
Kai-ku, Col. Parsonsia heterophylla.
Kaiwhiria, Col. Hedycarya dentata.
Kaiwiria, Geolog. Surv. Panax simplex.
Kakaha, Hector. Astelia nervosa.

Kakaho, Col. Arundo conspicua.
Kakaramu, Geolog. Surv. Coprosma lucida.
Kakika, Geolog. Surv. Senecio glastifolius.
Kalamou, Hector. Coprosma lucida.
Kaneree, Cot. Vilex littoralis.

Kapia, Geolog. Surv. Gum dug up of Dam-
mara australis.

Kapook, Hector. Griselinia lucida.
Karaka, Col. Corynocarpus laevigata.
Karamu, Col. Coprosma fcetidissima.
Kararnu, Col. Coprosma lucida and robusia.
Karangu, Col. Coprosma lucida.

Kareao, Col. Rhipogonum parviflorum.
Karengo, Col. Laminaria sp.

Karetu, Col. Hierochloe redolens.

Karito, Lindsay. Typha angustifolia.
Karinahi, Hector. Weinmannia silvicola
and racemosa.

Karo, Col. Pittosporum cornifolium and
crassifolium.

Karo, Middle Island, Lyall. Pittosporum
tenuifolium.

Katute, Hector. Dicksonia antarctica.
Kaudi. JDammara australis.

Kauere. Fitex littoralis.

Kauri, Col. Lammara australis.

Kawaka, Col. Libocedrus Lonianus.
Kawa-kawa, Col. Piper excelsum.

Kiekie, Col. Freycinetia Banlcsii.

Kihii, Geolog. Surv. Pittosporum crassi-
folium.

Kohe-kohe, Col. Lysoxylum spectabile.
Koheriki, Col. Angelica roscefolia.

Kohi, Hector. Schejflera digilata.

Kohia, Col. Passiflora tetrandra.

Kohoho, Col. Solatium aviculare.
Kohoukohou, Geolog. Surv. Pittosporum
obcordatum.

Kohuhu, Col. Pittosporum tenuifolium.
Kohu-kohu, Geolog. Surv. Pittosporum ob-
cordatum.

Kohu-koliu, R. Cunn. Scleranthus biflorus.
Kohu-kohu, Lindsay. Stellaria media.
Kohutuhutu, Col. Fuchsia excorticata.
Kokaho. Arundo conspicua.

Koke, Passiflora tetrandra.

Kokihi, Col. Tetragonia trigyna.
Kokomuka. Veronica sp.

Konine. Fuchsia excorticata.

Kopa-kopa, Lindsay. Plantago sp.

Kopata, Lyall. Pelargonium clandestinum.
Kopata, Col. Geum urbanum var. strictum.
Koporokaiwhiri. Hedycarya dentata.
Kopoupou, D’ Urvitte. Scirpus lacustris.
Kopupungawha, Lindsay. Typha angusti-
folia.

Kopura, Col. Hepaticce, various.

Korari, Col. Phormium tenax and Co-
lensoi.

Korau, Lindsay. Brassica Rapa.

Korau, Col. Cyathea medullaris.

Koreirei, Col. Roots of Typha angustifolia.
Korikori, Lindsay. Ranunculus, various sp.
Koroi, Col. Fruit of Podocarpus dacry-
dioides.

Korokio, Lindsay. Veronica sp.
Korokio-taranga, Col. Corokia buddleioides.
Korpmeek, Hector. Panax simplex.
Koro-miko, Bidwill. Veronica parviflora.
Koromiko, Geolog. Surv. Veronica ettiptica.
Korumeek, Hector. Veronica salicifolia.
Koromiko-taranga, Col. Veronica.

766

NATIVE AND VERNACULAR NAMES.

Koromuti, Hector. Panax simplex.
Koropuku, Col. Gaultheria depressa.
Kotohituk, Hector. Fuchsia excorticata.
Kotukutuku, Col. Fuchsia excorticata.
Kouka, Lindsay.. Cordyline australis.
Koware, Lindsay. Typha angustifotia.
Kovvhai, Col. Sophora tetraptera, var. yran-
diflora.

Kowhaingutu-kaka, Cunn. Clianthus pu-
niceus.

Kowhara-whara, Col. Asteha Cunning-
hamii and BanJcsii.

Kowhiti-whiti, Lindsay. Nasturtium, offi-
cinale.

Kumara, Col. Ipomcea Batatas.
Kumarahou, Col. Pomaderris elliptica.
Ku-papa, R. Cunn. Passiflora tetrandra.
Kuri-kuri, Middle Island, Lyall. Aci-
phylla squarrosa.

Kuriwao, Hector. Rldpogonum scandens.
Lawyer. Rubus australis , Parsonsia, etc.
Leather plant. Celmisia, various sp.
Luma-luma, Hector. Coprosma fcetidissima.
Maanawa, Col. Avicennia tomentosa.
Maha-maka, A. Cunn. Aclcama roseefolia.
Mahimahi, Col. Elceocarpus Hoolcerianus.
Mahoe, Col. Melicytus ramiflorus.

Mahuri, Raoul. A/ternanthera sessilis.
Mai, Cunn. Podocarpus spicata.

Maikaika, Col. Arthropodium cirrhatum.
Maikaika, Lyall. The/ymitra pulchella.
Maikaika, Col. Orlhoceras Solandri.
Maikaika, Geolog. Sure. Metrosideros ro-
busta.

Maire, Col. Olea sp. (in the south of N. Isl.) .
Maire, Col. Santalum Cunninghamii (ill
the north of N. Island).

Mairehan, Col. Phebalium nudum.

Maire raunui, Col. Olea Cunninghamii.
Maire-tawhake, Col. Eugenia Maire.
Makaika, Col. Orthoceras Solandri.
Makaka, Geolog. Surv. Carmiclicelia au-
stralis.

Makamaka, Col. Aclcama roseefolia.
Makomako, Col. Aristotelia racemosa.
Mamaku, Col. Cyathea medullaris.
Mamangi, Geolog. Surv. Coprosma spa-
thulata.

Mamuk, Hector. Cyathea medullaris.
Manawa, Cunn. A vicennia tomentosa.
Manawau, Geolog. Surv. Bacrydium Co-
lensoi.

Mangeao, Col. Tetranthera calicaris.
Mange-mange, Col. Lygodium articulatum.
Mangrove. Avicennia officinalis.

Manoao, Col. Bacrydium Colensoi.
Manouea, Middle Island, B'TJrvilte. Lep-
tospermum ericoid.es.

Manuka, Col. Leptospermum. scoparium.
Manuka-rau-riki, Col. Leptospermum eri-
coides.

Maori Parsnip, Hector. Ligusticum. Li/allii.
Mapara, Col. Hardwood of Bacrydium cu-
pressinum.

Mapau, Col. Myrsine australis.

Mapauriki, Cunn. Pitlosporum tenvi-
folium.

Maru, Col. Sparganium simplex.

Jrlataii, Col. Podocarpus spicata.

Matangoa, Huegel. Cardarnive sfylosa.
Matata, Geolog. Surv. Rhabdothamnus So-
landri.

Matipo, Middle Island, Lyall. Myrsine
Urvillei.

Matuakumara, Col. Geranium dissectnm.
Maukoro, Lindsay. Carmiclicelia australis.
Mawhai, Col. Sicyos angulatus.
Meeka-meek, Hector. Hymenophyllum sp.
Miko. Areca sapida.

Mingi, Lindsay. Coprosma myrtillifolia.
Mingi, Lindsay. Cyathodes acerosa.
Mingimingi, Col. Leucopogon fasciculatus.
Mint. Mentha.

Miro, Col. Podocarpus ferruginea.
Mistletoe. Loranthacece , various.

Moka, Hector. Aristotelia racemosa.
Moko-piko, Bidwill. Libocedrus Bonianus.
More, Lindsay. Bammara australis.
Muka, IV. Mantell. Dressed fibre of Phor-
mium tenax.

Muka-muk, Hector. Hymenophyllum sp.
Naereore, Middle Island, B’Urvil/e. Scle-
ranthus biflorus.

Nahinahi, Lindsay. Convolvulus soldanella.
Nani, Lindsay. Brassica campestris.

Nao, B’Urville. Linum monogynum.
Neinei, Col. Bracopliyllum latifolium.
Neinei, Lyall. Carmichce/ia australis.
Nettle. Urtica, various sp.

Ngaio, Col. Myoporum Icetum.

Ngawha, Lindsay. Typha angustifolia.
Nightshade. So/anum nigrum.

Nikau, Col. Areca sapida.

Note-noho, B’ Urvil/e. Arenaria media.
Obo, Hector. Panax Lessonii.

Oehiakura, Lindsay. Bicksonia squarrosa.
Ohoeka, Lindsay. Panax crassifo/ia.

Oioi, Col. Leptocarpus simplex.
Onga-onga, Col. Urtica ferox , and others.
Orange-leaf of Otago. Coprosma lucida, etc.
Orewa, Geolog. Surv. Sapota costata.

Oru, Cunn. Colensoa pliysaloides.
Pahautea, Col. Libocedrus Bidwillii.
Pakue, Hector. Bicksonia squarrosa.
Panake, Col. Convolvulus sepium.

Palm, Nelson. Areca sapida.

NATJVE AMD VERNACULAR NAMES.

767

Panahi, Col. Convolvulus sepium.
Panapana, Col. Carclamine hirsuta.
Papaaurna, Col. Coprosma grandfolia.
Papaii, Col. Aciphylla squarrosa.

Para, Col. Marattia sahcina.

Para-para, Col. Pisonia Sinc/airii.
Parataniwha, Col. Elatostemma rugosum.
Parerarera, Lindsay. Plantago sp.
Paretao, Col. Asplenium obtusatum.
Paruwhatitiri, Col. Ileodictyon cibarium.
Patate, Middle Island, Lyall. Schejjlera
diyitata.

Patete, Geolog. Surv. Melicope tern at a.
Pate, Col. Schefflera diyitata.

Patotara, Col. Botrychium Virginicum.
Patotara, Col. Leucopogon Fraseri.
Pa-totara, Middle Island, Lyall. Cyalhodes
Oxycedrus.

Peka-peki, Middle Island, Lyall. Erech-
tites quadridetitata.

Pekepekekiore, Col. Hydnurn clathroides.
Pellitory. Parietaria debilis.

Pepper-tree. Drimys axillaris.

Pepper, native. Piper excelsum.

Pere, Col. Alseuosmia Banlesii.

Perei, Col. Gastrodia Cunning hamii.
Piamanuka, Col. Manna exudation of Lep-
tospermum scoparium.

Pikiarero, Col. Clematis hexasepala.
Pinakitere, Lindsay. Geranium dissectum.
Pine, red. Lacrydium cupressinum.

Pine, black. Podocarpus ferruginea.

Pin^ao °r } Fesmoschoenus spiralis.

Pirikahu, Col. Accena Sanguisorbce.
Piri-piri, Col. Acana Sanguisorbce.
Piri-piri, Col. Bolbophyllum pygmceum.
Piri-piri, Cunn. Haloragis tenella.
Piri-piri, Lindsay. Pittosporum cornifoliurn.
Piri-piri Whata, Cunn. Carpodetus serratus.
Pirita, Col. Rhipogonum parvijlorum.
Piri-ta, Col. Tupeia antarctica.

Pitau, Lindsay. Cyathea medullaris.
Piu-Piu, Col. Polypodium pennigerum.
Plantain. Plantago , various sp.

Pohue, Col. Convolvulus sepium.

Pohuehu s, Lindsay. Polygonum complexum.
Pohuihui, Geolog. Surv. Passiflora tetran-
dra.

Pohutukawa, Col. Asplenium flaccidum.
Pohutukawa, Col. Metrosideros tomentosa.
Pokaka, Col. Flceocarpus dentatus and
Sookerianus.

Poko-poko-nui-ha-ilra. Clematis parviflora.
Ponja, of Chatham Island. Cyathea Cun-
ning hamii.

Ponga, Col. Cyathea dealbata.

Poudweed. Potamogeton.

Popero, Lindsay. So/anum aviculare.
Popoiahakeke, Col. Po/yporus sp.
Popi-hui, Hector. Liberiia micrantha.
Popohui, Hector. Arthropodium cirrhatum.
Porokaiwhiri, Col. Hedycarya dentata.
Poroporo, Col. Solatium aviculare and ni-
grum.

Pororua, Col. Sonchus oleraceus.

Poukatea, Raoul. Griselinia littoralis.
Puavvhananga, Lindsay. Clematis indivisa.
Puheritaiko, Lyall. Senecio rotundifolius.
Puhou, Southern Island, Lyall. Coriaria
ruscifolia.

Puka, Col. Polygonum auslrale and Me-
ryta Sinc/airii.

Pukapuka, Col. Brachyg'lottis repanda.
Pukariao, Geolog. Surv. Br achy glottis re-
panda.

Pukatea, Col. Atherosperma, novce-Zelan-
diae. and Griselinia lucida.

Pukurau, Col. Lycoperdon Fontainesii.
Pungapunga, Geolog. Surv. Pollen of
Typha angustifolia.

Puuui, Col. Cyathea Cunninghamii.
Puri-puri-ki-pili, Hector. Hedycarya den-
tata.

Puriri, Col. Vitex littoralis.

Putawa, Col. Boletus.

Puvvlia, Col. Sonchus oleraceus.
Puwhananga, Col. Clematis indivisa.
llahu-rahu, Lindsay. Pteris aquilina.
Iiaka-pika, R. Cunn. Metrosideros Jlorida.
Ramarama, Col. Myrtus bullata.

Raugiora, Col. Brachyglottis repanda.
Rata, Col. Metrosideros robusta.

Rata, Middle Island, Lyall. Metrosideros
jlorida.

Ratapiki, R. Cunn. Metrosideros jlorida.
Rauhuia, Col. Linum monogynum.
Raukawa, Col. Panax Edgerleyi.

Raupeti, Col. Solanum nigrum.

Raupo, Col. Typha angustifolia. 1
Rau-Raua, Edgerley. Panax Edgerleyi.
Rautahi, Col. Carex ternaria.

Rawiri, Northern Island, Cunn. Leptosper-
mum ericoides.

Red Pine. Lacrydium cicpressinum.
Reedmace. Typha angustifolia.
Reugarenga, Col. Arthropodium cirrhatum.
Revvarawa, Geolog. Surv. Lysoxylum spec-
tabile.

Rewarewa, Col. Knightia excelsa.
Ribbon-wood of Otago. Hoheria populnea.
Rimu, Bidwill. Lacrydium lax folium.
Rimu, Col. Lacrydium cupressinum.
Rimurapa, Col. L’ TJrvillea utilis.
Iliriwaka, Col. Scirpus maritimus.

Rohutu, Col. Myrtus pedunculata.

768

NATIVE AND VERNACULAR NAMES.

Roi, Col. Pteris aquilina (root of).

Roniu, Col. Brachycome odorata.

Roniu, Col. Brachycome radicata.

Rue, black. Podocarpus spicala.

Rush. Juncus.

Runa, Lindsay. Rumex sp.

Sarsaparilla, native. Rhipogonum scandens.
Spinach, New Zealand. Tetragonia expansa.
Sorrelwood. Oxalis magellanica.
Sow-thistle. Sonchus oleraceus.
Spear-grass. Aciphylla squarrosa.

Sterile wood of Otago. Coprosma fcetidis-
sima.

Sundew. Brosera.

Supple-jack. Ruins australis, Parsonsia,
Lygodium , etc.

Tamingi, Geolog. Surv. Epacris pauciflora.
Tanekaha, Col. Phyl/oc/adus trichoma-
noides.

Taugeao, Col. Tetranthera calicaris.
Taraire, Col. Nesodaphne Taraire.
Taramea, Col. Aciphylla Colensoi.

Tarata, Col. Pittosporum eugenioides.
Tarata, R. Cunn. Pittosporum crassifolium.
Tarata, Lindsay. Pittosporum tenuifolium.
Taro, Col. Caladium esculentum.

Tataka, Mantell. Melicope ternata.
Tatara-hake, Col. Coprosma acerosa.
Tataramoa, Col. Rubus australis.

Tauhinu, Col. Pomaderris ericifolia.
Tauhinu, Geolog. Surv. Podocarpus nivalis.
Taupata, Col. Coprosma retusa.

Tawa, Col. Nesodaphne Tawa.

Tawaapou, Col. Sapota costata.

Tawai, Col. Fagus Menziesii.

Tawai, Bidwill. Fagus fusca.

Tawai, Cunn. Weinmannia racemosa.
Tawairauriki, Geo/og.Surv. Fagus Solandri.
Tawaiwai, Lindsay. Phyllocladus tricho-
manoides.

Tawari, Col. Ixerba brexioides.

Taweki, Lindsay. Coriaria ruscifolia.
Tawhai, Col. Fagus Menziesii and Solandri.
Tawhai-rau-nui, Col. Fagus fusca.
Tawhara, Col. Freycivetia Banksii.
Tawhero, Col. Weinmannia sylvico/a.
Tawhero (Southern Island), Lyall. Wein-
mannia racemosa.

Tawhiwhi, Col. Pittosporum tenuifolium.
Tawiri Karo, Lindsay. Pittosporum corni-
folium.

Tea-tree of settlers. Leptospermum scopa-
rium.

Tepuaotereinga, Taylor. Bactylanthus
Taylorii.

Thorn, native. Discaria Toumatou.
Thyme, wild, of Otago. Samolus littoralis.
Ti, Col. Cordyline australis and indivisa.

Tikapu, Col. Cordyline indivisa.

Tikoraha, Col. Cordyline stricta.
Tikupenga, Lindsay. Cordyline stricta.
Tikumu, Col. Celmisia coriacea.

Tikoraka, Geolog. Surv. Cordyline purnilio.
Tingahere, Geolog. Surv. Cordyline stricta.
Tiparae, Geolog. Surv. Cordyline Ban/csii.
Tipau, Col. Myrsine Urvillei and salicina.
Tirauriki, Geolog. Sun. Cordyline purnilio.
Titawhiti, Geolog. Surv. Cordyline sp.
Titi-rangi (Middle Island), Ly all. Veronica
speciosa.

Titoki, Col. Aleclryon excelsum.

Titongi, Col. Alectryon excelsum.

Toa-toa, Col. Phyllocladus trichomanoides.
Toa-toa, D’ Urvi/le. TLaloragis alata.
Toe-toe. Arundo conspicua.

Toe-toe, Col. Cyperus ustulatus.
Toe-toe-whatu-mauu, Lyall. Cyperus us-
tulatus.

Toi, Col. Barbarea vulgaris.

Topitopi, Mantell. Alectryon excelsum.
Toro, Col. Persoonia Toro.

Toromiro. Podocarpus ferruginea.
Torotoro, Lindsay. Metrosideros scandens.
Totara, Lindsay. Cyathodes oxycedrus.
Totara, Col. Leucopogon Frazeri.

Totara, Col. Podocarpus totara.
Totarakirikotukutuku, Mantell. Liboce-
drus Boniana.

Totera, Cunn. Fuchsia procumbens.
Toumatou, Raoul. Biscaria australis.
Towai, Col. Weinmannia racemosa.

Towai, Hector. Cordyline indivisa.

Towai, Raoul. Epicarpurus raicropliyllus.
Traveller’s-joy. Clematis.

Tree-fern, grey. Cyathea medu/laris.
Tree-fern, silver. Cyathea dea/bata.
Tuakura, Lindsay. Biclcsonia squarrosa.
Tukirunga, Col. Bicksonia autarctica.
Tukarehu, Lindsay. Plantago sp.
Tumatakuru, Col. Biscaria Toumatou.
Tumingi, Middle Island, Lyall. Leucopogon
fasciculutus.

Tupak Grass of Otago. Carex appressa.
Tupa-kihi, Col. Coriaria ruscifolia.
Tupari, Hector. Olearia operina and 0.
Lyallii.

Turawera, Col. Pteris tremula.

Turutu, Lindsay. Dianella intermedia.
Turutu, Iryall. Libertia ixioides.

Tute, a wild, Hector. Olearia operina.
Tutu, Col. Coriaria ruscifolia.
Tutuheuheu, Mantell. Coriaria thymifolia.
Tutu-nawai, Col. Polygonum prostratum.
Tutupapa, Col. Coriaria thymifolia.
Upoko-tangata, Col. Cyperus ustulatus.
Ureure, Col. Fruit of Freycinelia Banksii.

NATIVE AND VERNACULAR NAMES.

769

Vegetable-sheep. Raoulia eximia and
others.

Waekahu, Lindsay. Lycopodium volubile.

Wae-wae-kaka, Col. Gleichenia semi-ves-
tita. ,

Wae-wae-koukou, Col. Lycopodium volu-
bile.

Wae-wae-matuku, Col. Gleichenia semi-
vestita.

Warikauri, Geolog. Surv. Kauri gum.

Wawapaka, Hector. Panax arbor eum.

Wawapaku, Col. Panax anomala.

Wainatua, Col. Euphorbia glauca.

Wainatua, Lindsay. Rhabdothamnus So-
landri.

Wakaka* Lyall. Carmichcelia australis.

Water-lily, New Zealand. Ranunculus
Lyaltii.

Wawa-paku, Col. Panax anomala.

Waupaku, Lindsay. Panax arbor ea.

Weki, Col. Dicksonia squarrosa.

Wekiponga, Col. Bic/csonia antarctica.

Whakapiopio, Lindsay. Metrosideros scan-
dens.

Whakatangitangi, Lindsay. Metrosideros sp.

Whanako. Cordyline australis.

Wharaeki. Phormium Colensoi.

Wharangi, Col. Melicope ternata.
Wharangi-piro, Middle Island, Lyall. Ole-

aria Cunningharnii.

Wharangi-pirou, Col. Melicope ternata.
Whawhako, Geolog. Surv. Eugenia Maire.
Wha-whi, Chatham Island. P/agianthus
betulinus.

Whau, Col. Entelea arborescens.
Whau-whau, R. Cann. Panax Lessoni.
Whau-whau, Lindsay. Plagianlhus Lyallii.
Whau-whau-paku, Col. Panax arborea.
Whau-whi, Col. Hoheria populnea.
Whau-whi, Lyall. Plagianthus Lyallii.
Whau-whi, Geolog. Surv. Plagianthus be-
tulinus.

Wheki, Lindsay. Dicksonia squarrosa.
Whinau, Lindsay. Elceocarpus Hinau.
Whi, Col. Juncus maritimus.

Whitau, Mantell. Same as Muka (dressed
flax).

Wild Irishman. Discaria Toumatou.

Wild Spaniard. Aciphylla.

Wiwi, Col. Juncus maritimus and ejfusus.
Wiwi, Lyall. Isolepis nodosa.

te

3 s

VOL. III.

770

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

The synonyms are 'printed in italics.

Page

Page

Page

Abrotanella . .

. . 139

formosum . . .

. 360

Agrostis . .

. 327

inconspicua. .

. . 140

formosum .

. 361

semula . .

. 329

pusilla . . .

. . 139

fulvum . . . .

. 361

antarclica .

. 327

rosulata . . .

. . 139

bispidulum . . .

. 360

Aucklandica,

. 334

spathulata . .

. . 139

pedatum . . .

. 360

avenoides .

. 330

Abrothallus oryspora . 585

pubescens . . .

. 360

Billardieri .

. 329

Acsena ....

setutosum . .

. 360

canina .

. 328

adscendens .

. . 56

irapeziforme .

. 360

crinita , .

. 326

Buchanani . .

. . 57

trigonum . . .

. 360

elatior .

. 330

inermis . .

57, 727

iEcidium ....

. 625

Forsteri

. 329

microphylla

. . 56

disseminatnm . .

. 756

gelida . .

. 328

Sanguisorba; .

. . 56

monocystis . . .

. 625

leptostachys

. 329

Acalyphum cylindricum 405

ranunculacearum .

. 625

Lyattii .

. 329

Acaulon apiculatum . 402

ASthaliuin ....

. 620

mayeltanica

. 328

Achnanthes .

. . 720

septicum

. 620

montana .

. 330

brevipes

. . 721

Ayahnanthus umlella

tus 71

multicaulis

. 328

Achnatherumconspicuum 331

Agaricus . . . .

. 600

ovata

. 325

Acianthus . . .

. . 264

adiposus

. 602

parviflora .

. 328

rivutaris

. . 266

appendiculatus . .

. 604

parvijiora .

. 328

Sinclairii . .

. . 264

arvensis ....

. 603

pilosa .

. 329, 746

Aciphylla .

. . 91

brevipes ....

. 601

jjrocera .

. 331

Colensoi . . .

. . 92

campestris . . .

. 603

quadriseta .

. 330

Dobsoui . . .

. . 93

campigenus . .

. 603

rigida . .

. 325

Lvallii . . .

92, 729

carneus . . . .

. 602

sciurea .

. 326

Munroi . . .

. . 93

cartilagineus . .

. 601

setifolia . .

. 329

squarrosa .

. . 92

clypeolarius . . .

. 601

subulata

. 328

Traversii . .

. . 729

eocciforruis . . .

. 602

vaginata .

. 329

Ackama . , .

. . 60

Colensoi ....

. 602

Youngii

. 330

rossefolia . .

. . 60

erebius . . . .

. 602

Ahnfeldtia sedoides

. 713

Acrobolbus . .

751, 753

eupbyllus .

. 735

Air a antarctica

. 335

Acrophorus hispidus . 358

exstructus . . .

. 601

australis .

. 334

Adelaiithus . .

518, 751

fascicularis . . .

. 603

Kmgii .

. 334

falcatus . . .

. . 518

infundibuliformis .

. 602

Ailograph urn .

. 630

Adenocbilus . .

. . 265

novse-Zelandise

. 602

Bromi . .

. 630

gracilis . . .

. . 265

phalloides .

. 601

Alchemilla arvensis .

. 57

Adenocvstis . .

. . 659

pyxidatus . . .

. 602

Alectoria .

. 564

Lessoriii . .

. . 659

sapineus ....

. 603

oclrroleuca .

. 564

Adiantum . . .

. . 359

semiglobatus . .

. 603

Aleetryon .

. 45

setbiopicum .

. . 360

strophosus . . .

. 603

ex cels um .

. 45

affine

. . 360

stuppeus . . .

. 604

Alepyrum . .

. 295

assimile .

. . 360

umbelliferus . .

. 602

pallidum

. 296

Cunninghamii .

300, 748

Aglaopkyllam D’ Urvillei 686

Algfe . . .

. 638

INDEX Of GENERA AND SPECIES. 771

Page

Allantodia australis

374

ten era . .

374

Alopeeurus

320

agrestis . .

321

geniculatus

321

Alseuosmia .

109

atriplicifolia

. . .

110

Banksii . .

110

Ilex .

110

ligustrifolia

110

liuariifolia .

. 110,731

macrophylla

. 109,731

palaiformis

no

quercifolia .

. 109, 731

Alsidium .

663

triangulare .

663

Alsophila . .

350

Colensoi

350

Alternanthera

234

denticulata

234

sessilis . .

234

Amansia . .

663

marchantioides . .

663

multifida .

663

Amarantbaceee

233

Am philo m a .

576

lanuginosum

576

Amphiroa . .

679

corymbosa .

679

elegans .

679

Anacardiaceae .

45

Anagallis arvensis . .

185

Anchusa spathulata

193

Ancistrum diandrum .

56

anserinaf nlium .

56

Andresea .

400

acutifolia .

. . .

4Q0

mutahilis .

400

nitida . .

. k

400

petrophila .

400

rupestris .

400

subulata

400

Androcn/phia porpkt/ro

rhiza

539

Andromeda rupestris .

175

Andropogon refractus .

325

Androstoma empetrifolia 177

Aneura

543

alterniloba .

543

cochleata ,

544

crassa .

.

543

eriocaula .

544

multifida .

543

palmata

543

pinnatifida .

543

preheusilis .

543

Angelica .

97

Page

decipiens . . .98, 730

geuieulata .... 98

Gingidium .... 97
rosasfolia . . . 98, 730

Angiopteris erecta . . 386

Anictangium repens . 424
Anisotome antipoda . 94

aromatiea .... 96

geniculata . . . . 98

Gingidium .... 97

intermedia .... 94

latifolia .... 94

Lyallii 95

rosafolia . . . . 97
Anoectangium . . . 456

compactum . . . 456

Humboldtii . . . 423

repens 424

setosum . . . .461

Antennaria .... 637
Robiusonii .... 637
Anthericum . . . .285

cirrhatum .... 285
Hookeri . . 286, 744

Rossii : . . . . 286

Anthistiria australis . . 325

Authoceros . . 547, 752

Colensoi .... 548
giganteus .... 548
Jamesoni .... 548

laevis 547

punctatus .... 548
Anthophgcus longifotius 64?
Anthopkyllum Urvil/ei . 303
Anthoxantlium crini-

ium 326

odoratum .... 321
Apeiba australis . . 32

Apera 326

arundinacea . . . 326

crinita 326

Apium 89

australe 90

filiforme .... 90

Apluda mutica ... 3 5

Apocyne® 187

Apophlaea 690

Lyallii 690

Sinclairii .... 690
Arabis gigantea ... 13

fasti giata .... 13

Araliaceae 99

Aralia crassifolia . .101

Lessonii . . . .102

potaris 100

Schefflera .... 103

Archeria 179

racemosa . .

Page
. . 180

Traversii . .

189, 735

Areca ....

. . 288

Banksii . .

. . 288

sapida . . .

288, 744

Arenaria media .

. . 25

Argopsis . . .

. . 563

megalospora .

. . 563

Aristida ealycina .

. . 330

Aristotelia . .

. . 33

racemosa . .

. . 33

Colensoi

. . 33

fruticosa . .

.33, 726

Arnica operina .

. . 124

Arthonia . . .

. . 589

albida . . .

. . 590

ampliata . .

. . 590

astroidea . .

. . 590

conspicua . .

. . 591

excidens . .

. . 591

indistiueta . .

. . 590

lobulata . .

. . 590

lurida . . .

. . 589

minutula .

. . 590

nigro-cincta

. . 590

platygraphella .

. . 591

pruiuosa . .

. . 589

ramulosa . .

. . 590

Arthropodiuru

. . 285

candidum . .

. . 285

cirrhatum .

. . 285

Arthropteris iilipes

. . 380

tenella .

. . 380

Arundo . . .

. . 331

australis . .

. . 331

conspicua . .

331, 746

Kakao . . .

. . 331

triodioides . .

. . 341

Ascarina . . .

. . 253

lucida . . .

253, 740

Aschersonia .

. . 623

duplex . . .

. . 623

Ascyrum humfusum . 29

Aseroe ....

. . 616

Hookeri

. . 616

rubra . . .

. . 616

Asparagopsis .

. . 678

armata . . .

. . 678

Delilei . . .

. . 678

Asperococcus . .

. . 658

echinatus .

. . 658

Lessonii

. . 659

sinuosus . .

. . 658

Asperula . . .

. . 121

pcrpusilla . .

. . 121

Aspidium . . .

. . 374

aculeatum . .

375,748

772

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

aristatum . .

Page
. . 376

coriaceum . .

376, 749

coriaceum , var.

. . 375

Cunninghamian

urn . 377

cystostegia . • .

. . 376

hispidum

. . 378

invisum . .

. . 378

nytnphale .

. . 377

ociilatnm . .

376, 748

pennigerum

. . 381

pul cherrimum .

. . 375

Richardi

. . 375

Richardi . .

. . 376

serra . .

. . 378

velutinum .

. . 378

waikarense

. . 375

Asplenium . .

. . 370

adiantioides .

. . 373

apicidentatum

. . 371

a ust rale . . .

. . 374

Brownii . .

. . 374

1)1111)1161-0111 . .

373, 748

caudatum . .

. . 372

Co/ensoi

. . 373

falcatum . .

372, 748

flabellifolium .

. . 372

JiabeUiforme .

. . 372

flaceidum . .

374, 748

flaccidum , /3 .

. . 371

heterophyllum

. . 374

Hookeriauum .

372, 748

laxurn . . .

. . 373

Incidum . .

. . 371

obliqaum .

. . 371

obtusatum . .

371, 748

polyodon . .

. . 372

Raoulii, var. .

. . 373

Richardi . .

. . 373

scleropiuin . .

. . 371

Shuttleworthianum . 374

tremulum .

. . 373

Trichomanes .

. . 371

triste . . .

. . 373

Astelia ....

. . 283

Ranksii . . .

284, 744

Cunninghamii

283, 743

linearis . . .

. . 284

nervosa . . .

284, 744

Solandri . .

284, 744

Aster coriaceus .

. . 132

furfuraceus

. . 125

ho/osericeus .

. . 130

Asterina . . .

. . 630

fragilissima

. . 630

sublibera . .

. . 630

torulosa

. . 630

Asteronia . . .

. . 623

dilatatum . . .

Page

. 623

Atherosperma . .

. 240

novse-Zelandise .

. 240

Atrichum ligulatum

. 453

Atriplex ....

. 231

Billardieri . . 232, 739

cinerea ....

. 232

Halimus

. 232

patula ....

. 232

Aulacomuium

. 436

Gaudichaudii .

. 4.36

Aulacopilum .

. 456

glaucum

. 456

Au/icul aria occlusa

. 518

Australina ....

. 252

novce-Zelandice .

. 252

pusilla ....

. 252

Arena antarctica

. 335

filiformis . . .

. 329

Forsteri

. 335

quadnseta . . .

. 330

saliva ....

. 336

Avicennia ....

. 224

officinalis . . .

. 224

resinifera . . .

. 224

tomentosa .

. 224

Azolla

. 392

rubra ....

. 392

Bmomyces . . .

. 559

roseu9 ....

. 559

l-ufus ....

. 559

Balanophoreae . .

. 255

Balantiopsis . . .

• . 751

erinacea . . .

. 753

Ballia • . . . .

. 709

Brunonis .

. 710

callitrieha . . .

. 710

Ilombroniana . .

. 710

scoparia . . .

. 710

Bangia

. 716

ciliaris ....

. 716

lanuginosa . . .

. 716

Banksia tomentosa .

. 243

Barbarea . . . .

. 11

vulgaris . . .

. 11

australis

. 11

Bartramia ....

. 446

acerosa ....

. 447

affitiis . . . .

. 448

appressa . . .

. 447

australis . . .

. 448

coraosa . . . .

. 449

consimilis . . .

. 449

crassinervia . .

. 447

divaricata . . .

. 449

elongata . .

. 449

Page

exigua, . . .

. 448

fragilts . . .

. 447

gig ante a . .

. 449

Halleriana .

. 446

Marchica . .

. 448

Mossmaniana .

. 447

papillata . .

. 447

patens . . .

. 447

pendula . .

. 448

pusilla . . .

. 448

radica/is . .

. 448

remotifolia . .

. 447

robusta . . .

. 447

Sieberi . . .

. 449

tenuis . .

. 448

uueinata . .

. 448

Batrachospermum

. 717

mouiliforme .

. 717

Biatora byssoides

. 559

ceroplasta .

. 583

Colensoi

. 584

decipiens . .

. 583

marginiflexa .

. 583

pachycarpa

. 585

rosella .

. 583

pyrophthalma .

. 582

vernalis . .

. 582

anomala . .

. 582

Bidens ....

. 138

pilosa . . .

. 138

Blechnum procerum

. 366

Blindia antarctica

. 404

contecta . .

. 405

Blossevillea caudata

. 651

monilifera .

. 651

retorta .

. 651

retrojlexa . .

. 651

torulosa . .

. 651

Blyttia Lyellii .

. 541

xipliioides . .

. 541

Bolbophyllum

. 262

pygmseum . .

. 263

Boragineae . .

. 191

Borrera chrysophthalma 572

Jlavicans . .

. 572

leucomela .

. 572

Bossicea scolopendra

. 50

Bostrychia . .

. 665

Arbuscula . .

. 765

distans . . .

. 665

Harveyi . .

. 665

mixta . . .

. 665

Botrychium . .

. 386

australe

. 387

cicutarium . .

387, 750

dissectum . .

. 387

lunarioides

. 387

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

773

Page

Page

Page

virginicum .

. . 387

pyriforme . .

. 438

Calorophus . .

294

BotryodendrumSinclairiil04i

rufescens . .

. 439

elongata .■ .

295

Bovista . . .

. . 618

tenuifolium

. 441

minor . . .

295

bruunea

. . 618

torquescens

. 441

Calosciadium latifolium

94

Brachvcome .

. . 137

truncorum . .

. 439

antipodum

95

odorata . . .

. . 138

varium . .

. 444

Calothrix .

719

pinnata . .

. . 138

Wablenbergii .

. 439

scopulorura

. .

720

radiqata, &

. . 138

Byssocaulon . .

. 581

Caltha ....

9

Sinclairii .

. . 137

filamentosum .

. 581

novee-Zelaudiae

9

Brachyglottis

. . 163

Calystegia marginata .

198

Rani

. . 126

Canopteris flaccida

. 374

sepium . . .

197

repanda

163,734

novas-Zelandia

. 374

soldanella . .

198

Braehymenium .

. . 437

Caladenia . . .

. 267

Tuguriorum

198

coarctatum . .

. . 437

bifolia . . . 267,741

Campanulaceae .

.

169

Brathys Forsteri

. . 29

Lvallii . . .

. 267

Campanula gracilis .

170

Braunia . . .

. . 423

minor . . .

. 267

saxicola . .

. .

170

Humboldtii

. . 423

Calamagrostis consp

cua 331

Campylopus . .

413

Brava ....

. . 13

Calceolaria ■ . .

. 201

appressifolius .

414

novae-Zelandiae

. 13, 724

repens . . .

. 202

atro-virens

414

Bromidium quadrisetum 330

Sinclairii . . 202, 738

bicolor . . .

415

Bromus . . .

. . 341

Calea leptophylla

. 145

clavatus . .

414

arenarius . .

. . 341

Calendula pumila

. 137

clavatus . .

414

australis .

. . 342

Calicium . . .

. 558

introflexus . .

. .

414

mollis . . .

. . 342

curtium . .

. 558

leptodus • . .

. .

416

racemosus . .

. . 342

Calliblepharis . .

. 686

pallidus . .

414

Brynm ....

. . 437

tenuifolia . .

. 686

torfaceus . .

.

415

albescens .

. . 440

Callithamnion

. 710

torqnatus . .

.

414

annulatum . .

. . 443

applicitum . .

. 711

xanthophyllus .

.

414

argenteum . .

. . 441

brachygonum .

. 712

Capea biruncinata

.

656

atro-purpureum

. . 449

byssoideum

. 712

flabelhformis .

656

bartramioides .

. . 446

Colensoi

. 712

radiata . . .

.

656

Billardieri . .

. . 439

consanguineum

. 712

Richardiana .

.

656

bimum . . .

. . 441

cryptopterum .

. 711

Capnodium . .

.

636

blandum . .

. . 441

flaccidum . .

. 710

fibrosum .

636

caespititium

. . 442

gracile . . .

. 711

Capri foliacese . .

109

campylothecium

. . 439

hh'tum . . .

. 711

Cardamine . .

11

chrysoueuron .

. . 443

micropterum .

. 711

depressa . .

12

clavatum .

. . 442

pectinatum

. 711

divaricata . .

12

coarctatum

. . 437

Plumula . .

. 711

fastigiata . .

13

crassinerve . .

. . 440

puniceum . .

. 711

hirsuta . . .

12

crassum . .

. . 442

Rothii . . .

. 710

stylosa . . .

12

creberrimum .

. . 442

scoparium . .

. 710

Carex ....

310

crudum .. . .

. . 440

Callitriche . .

. 68

acicularis . .

312

curvicollum .

. . 442

verna . ^ .

68, 728

appressa . .

313, 746

dichotomum .

. . 443

Callixene . . .

. 281

breviculmis

.

316

duriusculum .

. . 443

parviflora . .

. 281

cataract® . .

.

315

erytlirocarpum

. . 443

Callophyllis . .

. 697

Colensoi . .

. .

312

eximiuin . .

. . 440

acanthocarpa .

. 697

collata . . .

. ,

313

flaccidum . .

. . 444

asperata . .

. 698

debilis . . .

315

incurvifolium .

. . 444

cocci nea . .

. 697

dissita . . .

316

intermedium .

. . 444

dichotoma . .

. 693

fascicu/aris

315

leevigatum . .

. . 440

erosa . . .

. 698

Forsteri . .

315, 746

leptothecium .

. . 439

Gunnii . . .

. 694

Gaudichaudiana

313

mucronatum .

. . 442

Hombroniana .

. 697

geminata . .

314

nutans . . .

. . 440

variegata . .

. 697

iuversa . . .

312

obconicum . .

. . 440

Calomnion . .

. 490

Lambertiana .

317

746

pachytheca

. . 443

laetum . . .

. 490

littorea . . .

315

774 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

lucida . . .

Page
. . 314

Catenella . .

Page
. . 705

erecta . . .

Page

65

Neesiana . .

316, 746

Opuntia

. . 706

incana .

65

pumila . . .

. . 315

Catharinea innovans . 454

Cetraria aculeata

565

punctulata

. . 315

Catharomnipn

ciliatum 489

sapincola .

565

pyrenaica . .

. . 312

Caulacanthus .

. . 688

Cheetomium . .

637

Raoulii . .

. . 314

spinellus

. . 688

amphitricum .

637

recurva . . .

. . 315

Caulerpa . .

. . 712

datum . . .

637

secta . . .

. . 313

articulata .

. . 713

Chaetomorpha area

719

tSolandri . .

. . 316

Browuii

. . 713

Darioinii .

719

stellulata . .

312, 746

fureifolia .

. . 713

valida . .

719

subdola . . .

. . 314

hypnoides .

. . 713

Chcetophora cristalu

496

teretiuscula

. . 313

sedoides

. . 713

Chcetospora axillaris

298

ternaria . .

. . 314

Set ago . .

. . 713

concinna . .

299

testacea . . .

. . 314

Celmisia . .

. . 129

imberbis

298

trifida . . .

316,746

bellidioides

. . 135

nitens .

299

uncinata . .

. . 309

coriacea

. . 132

tenax . . .

298

vacillans . .

. . 317

densiflora .

. . 130

Tendo . . .

298

virgata . . .

. . 313

discolor . .

. . 131

Champia . . .

674

Carmichfelia . .

. . 48

glandulosa .

. . 135

affinis . . .

675

australis .. .

. . 50

gracilenta .

. . 134

Kalifnrmis

675

australis . .

. 49, 50

Haastii .

. . 131

novte-Zelaudiae

674

crassicaulis . .

. . 48

Hectori. .

. . 135

obsoleta . .

675

Cunninghamii

. . 50

hieracifolia

. . 131

parvula . . .

-675

flagelliformis .

. . 50

holosericea .

130, 732

Cbandonanthus .

750

grandiflora . .

.49, 727

incana . .

. . 131

Cbara ....

550

juncea .. - .

. . 50

laricifolia .

. . 135

australis . .

550

Munroi . . .

. . 49

Lindsayi

. . 132

contraria . .

550

nana . . .

. . 49

longifolia .

. . 134

fcetida . . .

550

odorata . . .

.50, 727

Lyallii . .

133, 732

Characese . . .

549

pilosa . . .

. . 49

Mackaui

. . 133

Chauvinia hypnoides

713

stricta . . .

. . 50

Munroi . .

. . 133

Cheilauthes . .

362

Carpha . . .

. . 299

petiolata .

134, 732

ambigua . .

361

381

alpina . .. .

. . 299

ramulosa .

. . 733

arborescens

361

Carpodetus . .

. . 59

sessiliflora .

. . 135

dicksonioides .

361

serratus . . .

. . 59

Smclairii .

. . 132

pellucida .

361

Carpomitra . .

. . 654

spectabilis .
Traversii .

. . 134

Sieberi . . .

362

Cabrera: . .

. . 654

134,732

tenuifolia . .

362, 748

Halyseris .

. . 655

verbascifolia

, . 132

Chenopodiacese .

.

229

Carpophyllum

. . 649

vernicosa .

. . 136

Chenopodium

229

flexuosum .. .

. . 649

viscosa . .

133, 732

ambiguum .. .

230

macrophyllum

. . 649

Cenangium .

. . 629

ambrosioides .

230

M aschalocarpus

. . 649

Colensoi

. . 629

australe . .

231

Phyllanthus .

. . 649

Cenomyce aggregata . 561

Botrys . . .

231

Carumbium . .

. . 248

capillata .

..

. . 561

carinatum . .

231

polyandrum .

248, 740

Centroceras .

. . 708

glaucum . .

. .

230

Caryophylleae . .

. . 22

clavulatum .

. . 708

maritimum

231

Cassinia . . .

. . 144

Ceramium

. . 707

pusillum . .

231

fulvida . . .

. . 145

cancellatum

. . 708

triandrum .. .

230, 739

leptophylla . .

. . 145

diaphanurn

. . 707

urbicum . .

230

leptophylla

. . 145

rubrum . .

. . 707

Chiloglottis . .

269

retorta . . .

. . 145

uncinatum .

. . 708

cornuta . . .

269

Yauvilliersii .

. . 145

vestitum .

. . 708

Traversii . .

741

Cassytba . . .

. . 239

virgatum .

. . 707

Chiloscyphus

514,751

pauiculata . .

. . 239

Ceratella rosulata

. . 139

aculeatus . .

515

Castraltia Salicornioides 650

Ceratodon . .

. . 422

amphibolius .

508

Catabrosa .

. . 336

purpureus ..

. . 422

australis . .

510

antarctica . .

. . 336

Cercodia alternifolia . 65

biciliatus .

509

INDEX OF GENERA

AND

SPECIES.

775

Page

Page

Page

Billardieri . .

515

oblongifolia

S .

677

Colensoi

2

canaliculatus .

509

Cladium . .

303

Colensoi

2

chlorophyllus .

517

articulatum

304

fcetida . .

2

coalitus . . .

516

glomeratum

304

hexapetala .

2

Colensoi . .

753

Gnnnii . .

304

hexasepala .

. 2, 722

cymbaliferus .

518

juuceum .

305

hexasepala

3

decipiens . .

516

Sinclairii .

305

indivisa . .

2

echinellus .

517

teretifolium

304

integrifalia

2

fissistipus . .

515

Cladomnion .

458

parviflora .

2

laxus . . .

517

ericoides .

458

Clianthus . .

52

leucophyllus .

509

sciuroides .

458

puniceus

52

Lyallii . . .

516

setosum . .

461

Climacium sulcatum

464

Menziesii . .

514

Cladonia . .

560

Coccocarpia .

576

oblongifolius .

515

aggregata .

561, 755

molybdaea .

576

odoratus . .

.

516

capitellata .

561

? pulckella .

.

591

physanthus

.

517

cariosa .

560

Coccoloba australis . .

236

piperitus . .

517

cornucopioides

561

Codium . .

713

polycladus . .

516

decortieata .

560

adhrerens .

714

sinuosus . .

515

deyenerans

560

tomentosum

714

supinus . . .

515

digitata . .

562

Codonoblepharum Men-

tridentatus . .

517

,fiinbnata .

560

ziesii . .

435

trispinosus . .

. .

516

furcata . .

560

Ccenogonium .

• • •

581

Chloranthace® .

253

gracilis . .

560

inflexum

• • .

581

Chondria . . .

677

macilenta .

562

Linkii . .

581

flagellaris .

677

pyxidata

560

Colensoa . .

. • .

170

macrocarpa

. .

677

rangiferina .

561

physaloides

170

ChondrocloniumChauvinii&W

retipora

561

Collema . .

.

556

Chondrococcus abscissus 688

sarmentosa

560

contiguum .

557

coccineus *.

698

squamosa .

561

fascicnlare .

.

557

Chondrus . . .

701

uncialis ^ .

562

flaccidum .

557

alveatus

699

verticillata .

560

glaucophthalmum

557

tuberculosus .

701

Cladophora .

717

leucocarpum

557

variolosus . .

701

catenifera .

718

rsigrescens .

557

vermicularis .

697

Colensoi

718

plicatile

557

Chorda . . .

658

crinalis .

718

pulposum .

557

lomentaria . .

659

.Daviesii

718

Saturninum

558

Chordaria . . .

659

gracilis . .

718

Colobanthus .

24

flagelliformis .

660

herpestica .

717

acicularis .

. .25,725

sordida » . .

659

Lyallii . „

717

Billardieri .

. . 25,

725

Chroolepus aureus

. .

756

pacilica . .

717

muscoides .

25

Chrysobactron Soolceri

286

pellucida .

717

quitensis

,

25

Rossii .

285

verticillata .

718

subulatus .

25

Chrysymenia . .

703

virgata . .

718

Colocasia antiquorum .

767

? polydactyla .

703

Cladosporium

626

Composit® „

121

secunda . .

703

herbarum .

627

Conferva . .

718

Chylocladia .

702

Clavaria . .

614

serea . . .

719

affinis . . .

675

arborescens

614

clavata .

719

? csespitosa . .

703

Colensoi

615

Darwinii .

719

Novce-Zelandice

674

crispula

615

gelatinosa -

717

parvula . . .

675

flaccida . .

615

herpestica .

717

secunda . . .

702

flagelliformis

614

valida . .

719

umbellata . .

702

insequalis .

615

virgata . .

718

Cineraria repanda

163

lutea

614

Conifer® . .

255

rotundifolia .

162

Pusio . .

614

Conomitrium .

.

408

Cladhymenia . .

677

Claytonia . .

26

Dillenii . ..

408

Gunnii . . .

694

australasica

26

Conostomum .

445

Lyallii . . .

677

Clematis

australe . .

. • •

445

776

INDEX OF GENEEA AND SPECIES,

parvulum . .

Page

. . 445

pusillum . .

. . 445

Convolvulaceae .

. . 197

Convolvulus . .

. . 197

erubescens . .

198, 738

marginata . .

. . 198

Sepium . . .

. . 197

Soldanella . .

. . 198

Tuguriorum .

198, 738

Cookia Gnidia .

. . 243

Coprinus . . .

. . 604

Colensoi . .

. . 604

fimetarius . .

. . 604

Coprosma . . .

. . 110

acerosa . . .

. . 118

acutifolia . .

. . 114

aflflnis .

. . 117

Baueriana . .

. . 112

ciliata . . .

. . 115

Colensoi . .

. . 117

cnneata . . .

. . 117

Cunninghamii .

. . 113

depressa . .

. . 118

divaricata . .

. . 115

fcetidissima . .

. . 116

fcetidissima

. . ] 13

gracilis . .

. . 115

grandifolia . .

. . 112

linariifolia . .

. . 118

lucida . .

. . 112

microearpa

. . 118

myrtillifolia .

116, 117

parviflora . .

. . 116

petiolata . .

113,731

propinqua . .

. . 116

propinqua . .

. . 118

pumila . . .

. . 119

pusilla . .

, . 117

repens . . .

. . 119

repens . . .

. . 117

rhamnoides

, . 115

robusta . . .

. . 113

rotundifolia

. . 114

spathulata . .

. . 114

tenuicaulis . .

. . 115

Corallina . . .

. . 679

armata . . .

. . 679

officinalis . .

. . 680

Cuvieri , .

. . 680

Hombronii

. . 680

pistillaris . .

. . 680

Cordiceps . . .

. . 631

Robertsii .. .

. . 631

Sinclairii . .

. . 631

Cordyline . . ..

281,742

australis . .

281, 743

Banksii . . .

282, 743

indivisa . .

Page
282, 743

Pumilio

282, 743

stricta . .

. . 743

stricta . .

. . 282

Coriaria . .

. . 46

angustissima

.47, 727

ruscifolia .

.46,727

sarmentosa

. . 47

thymifolia

.47,727

Coriariese . .

. . 46

Cornese . .

. . 104

Corokia . .

. . 105

buddleoides

. . 106

Cotoneaster

. . 106

Corticium . .

. . 613

Iseve . . .

ochroleucum

. . 613

polygonium

. . 613

rhabarbarinuro

. . 613

tenerum

. . 613

viride . .

. . 613

Corynocarpus .

. . 46

laevigata

. . 46

Corysanthes .

. . 265

macrantha ,

. . 266

oblonga . .

. . 266

rivularis

. . 266

rotundifolia

. . 266

triloba . .

. t 265

Cotula . . .

. . 140

atrata . .

142, 733

australis

. . 141

coronopifolia

. . 141

dioica .

143, 733

Featherstonii

. . 733

filiformis .

. . 142

lanata . .

141, 733

minor . .

142, 733

minuta . .

. . 144

pectinata .

. . 142

perpusilla .

. . 143

plumosa

. . 141

pyrethrifolia

. . 142

squalida

. . 143

Crantzia . .

. . 89

lineata . .

. . 89

Craspedia . .

. . 144

alpina . .

. . 144

fimbriata .

. . 144

uniflora . .

. . 144

Crassulacese .

. . 61

Crassida moschata . . 61

Crepis . . .

. .164

novse-Zelandiae

. .164

Crucibulum .

. . 621

emodense .

. . 621

vulgare . .

. . 621

Cruciferse ....

Page
. 10

Cryphaea ....

. 460

acuminata . . .

. 461

consimilis . .

. 460

dilatata ....

. 461

parvida ....

. 460

tasmanica . . .

. 461

Cryptopleura minus .

. 684

Cryptopodium . .

. 445

bartramioides . .

. 446

Ctenodus Labillardi

iri 686

Cucurbitacese , . .

. 82

Cucurbita ....

. 759

Cupuliferse . . .

. 248

Cuscuta ....

. 199

densiflora . . .

. 199

Cyathea ....

. 348

Cunninghamii . 350, 747

dealbata . . 349, 747

medullaris . . 349, 747

Milnei . . . .

. 349

Smitbii ....

. 350

Cyathodes ....

. 176

acerosa ....

. 176

acerosa , /3 . . .

. 177

Colensoi . . .

. 177

empetrifolia . .

. 177

? pumila . .

. 735

robusta ....

. 177

Cyathophorum . .

. 489

pennatum . . .

. 490

Cyathus ....

. 621

Colensoi . . .

. 621

novm-Zelandise

. 621

Cynodon Dactylon .

. 331

Cynoglossum nobile

. 196

Cyperaceae . . .

. 296

Cyperus ....

. 297

tenellus ....

. 725

ustulatus . . .

. 297

Cyphella ....

. 613

densa ....

. 614

Cyrtopus ....

. 461

setosus ....

. 461

Cyrtostylis . . .

. 264

oblonga ....

. 264

rotundifolia . .

. 264

Cystophora . . .

. 651

Lyallii ....

. 651

monilifera . . .

. 651

Platylobium . .

. 651

retorta ....

. 651

retroflexa . . .

. 651

torulosa . . .

. 651

Cystopteris . . .

. 358

fragilis ....

. 358

Cystoseira retroflexa

. 651

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

777

Pa<?e

Page

Page

Cytharexylon perforatum 225

nereifolia . .

. . 683

Dicranum

409

oppositifolia .

. . 683

Billardieri . . .

412

Dacrydium . .

. . 258

pleurospora

.. . 682

brachypehna . .

413

Colensoi . .

259, 741

quercifolia . .

. . 682

campylophyllum . .

411

cupressinum .

258,741

ruscifolia . .

. . 683

candidum . . . .

409

laxifolium . .

. . 259

Delisea . .

. . 678

clathratum . . .

411

plumosum .

. . 256

elegans . . .

. . 678

dicarpon . . . .

411

taxifolium .

. . 258

Dendrobium . .

. . 262

dichotoraum . . .

413

Dactylanthus . .

. . 255

biflorum

. . 262

fasciatum . . . .

412

Taylori . . .

. . 255

(Junninghamn .

. . 262

flexifolium . . . .

417

Daedalea . .

. . 610

pygmceum .

. . 263

incanum . . . .

410

confragosa . .

. . 610

Bendroceros leptohyme-

leucolomoides . . .

411

pendula . . .

. . 610

nius . . . .

. . 548

Menziesii . . . .

412

Daltonia . .

. . 496

Deschampsia .

. . 334

jo ungens . . . .

412

nervosa . . .

. . 496

ceespitosa .

334, 746

robustum . . . .

411

novce-Zelandiee

. . 496

Desmarestia .

. • 655

Schreberi . . . .

411

Dammara . .

256, 740

ligulata . . .

. . 655

setosum • . . .

412

australis . .

. . 256

viridis .

. . 655

Sieberianum . . .

410

Danthonia . . .

. . 331

Desmatodon .

. . 421

tasmanicum

410

antarctica .

332,335

nervosus . .

. . 421

trichopodum . . .

411

bromoides . .

. . 332

Desmoschoenus .

. . 303

vagiiiatum . . . .

411

Buchanaui . .

. . 333

spiralis . . .

303, 745

Bictymia lanceolata

381

cingula .

. . 333

Beyeuxia aemula

. . 329

Dictyosiphon . . . .

658

Cunninghamii .

332, 746

Billardieri

. . 329

? fasciculatus . . .

658

flavescens . .

. . 332

Forsteri . .

. . 329

Dictyota

657

gracilis .

. . 333

setifolia . . .

. . 329

dichotoma . . . .

657

Gminiana .

. . 333

ilianella . . .

. . 283

Kunthii

657

nuda

. . 333

intermedia . .

283, 743

Diderma

620

pallida . . .

. . 335

Diatrype . . .

. . 632

Hookeri . . . .

620

pilosa . .

. . 333

glomeraria . .

. . 633

Didymodon . . . .

420

Raoulii . . .

. . 332

lata ....

. . 633

cyathicarpus . . .

435

rigida .

. . 332

Vicera dent at a .

. . 34

ernbesceos . . . .

421

semi-annularis .

. . 333

Dichelachne . .

. . 325

inteiTuptus . . .

421

semi-anmdaris

. . 333

crinita .

. . 326

papillatus . . . .

421

TJnarede

. . 333

Forsteriana .

. . 326

longifolius ....

418

Barea flaccida .

. . 374

rigida . . .

. . 325

Didymiuin . . . .

620

Dasva ....

. . 672

sciurea . . .

. . 326

australe

620

Berkeleyi . .

. . 673

Sieberiana . .

. . 326

cmereum . . . .

620

collabens . .

. . 672

stipoides . .

. . 325

Biplax avenacea . .

320

squarrosa . .

. . 673

vulgaris

. . 326

polynoda . . . .

320

tessellata .

. . 673

Bichloria viridis

. . 655

Bipto/cena cladorhizans

541

Dasyphlcea

. . 694

Dichon dra . .

. . 199

tenuinervis . .

541

insignis . . .

. . 694

repens . .

. . 199

xiphioides ....

541

Daucus

. . 98

Bichophyllum dichotoma 658

Bisarrhena A ntarcticum

321

brachiatus . .

. . 99

Dicksonia .

. . 351

Disearia

43

Davallia .

. . 358

antarctica .

. . 351

Toumatou . . . 44,

727

Liudlevi . .

. . 359

fibrosa .

. . 351

australis ....

44

novae-Zelandise

. . 358

lanata . . .

. . 351

Bissodon callophyllus .

452

Dawsonia . .

. . 455

squarrosa .

351, 747

plagiopus ....

459

B’Urvi/lei . .

. . 686

Dicnemon . . .

. . 409

Distichium . . . .

422

superba . . .

. . 455

calycinum . .

. . 409

capillaceum . . .

422

Delesseria .

. . 681

Dicranodontium .

. . 413

capillaceum .

418

crassiuervia

. . 683

tiexipes . . .

. . 413

Bitoca muscosa . . .

234

Davisii . . .

. . 682

lineare . .

. . 413

Diuris novee-Zelandise .

263

dichotoma .

. . 682

proscriptum

. . 413

Dodonma .....

44

Hookeri

. . 682

flexuosum . .

. .415

viscosa

45

Leprieurii . .

. . 682

leptocephalum

. . 414 I

spathulata . . ^ .

45

VOL. III.

3 H

77S

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Douatia . ...

Page
. . 58

uovse-Zelandiae

. 58, 727

Doodia ....

. . 369

caudata . . .

370,749

connexa

. . 369

j Kunthiana . .

. . 370

media . . .

. . 370

Dothidea . . .

. . 633

Colensoi

. . 633

filicina . .

. . 633

hemisphserica .

. . 633

Ribesia . . .

. . 633

spilomea

. . 633

Iiracana australis

. . 282

indivisa

. . 282

Dracophyllum

. . 180

affine . .

. . 181

filifolium . .

. . 182

latifolium . .

181, 736

Lessonianum .

. .182

lougifolium

. . 182

Lyallii . .

. . 1S2

Menziesii . .

. . 181

muscoides . .

. . 183

recurvum . .

. . 181

rcsmarinifolium

. . 183

scopurium .

. . 182

setifolium , .

. . 182

squarrosum

. . 181

strictum . .

181, 736

subulatum .

. . 182

Traversii .

. . 736

Urvilleanum .

182, 736

uniflorum . .

. . 182

Drapetes .

. . 245

Dieffeubachii .

. . 245

Lyallii . . .

. . 246

muscosa

. . 246

Drimys . . .

. . 10

axillaris .

. 10, 724

Brosera . . .

. . 63

Arcturi . . .

. . 63

auriculata . .

. . 64

binata . . .

. . 64

Cunninghamii

. . 64

intermedia . .

. . 64

propinqua . .

. . 63

pygmsea . .

. . 63

spatlmlata . .

. . 63

stenopetala . .

. 63, 72/

Droseraceae . .

. . 62

Lufourea collodes

. . 561

Dumontia . .

706

cornuta . . .

706

filif'ormis . .

. . 70C

pusilla . . .

. . 703

pusilla . . .

. . 706

Dumortiera . .

Page
546, 752

dilatata

. . 546

hirsuta . . .

. . 546

D’Urvilleea . .

. . 654

utilis . . .

. . 654

Dysoxylum . .

. . 40

spectabile . .

.41, 726

Earina ....

. . 261

autumnalis . .

. . 262

mucronata . .

262, 741

Echinopogon . .

. . 325

ovatus . .

. . 325

Ecklonia . . .

. . 656

exasperata . .

. . 656

Jlabelliformis .

. . 656

radiata .

. . 656

Richardiana .

. . 656

Ectocarpus

. . 661

coufervoides .

. . 662

granulosus .

. . 661

ochraceus . .

. . 661

? pusillus . .

. . 662

siliculosus . .

. . 662

Edwardsia grandiflora . 52

Ehrharta . . .

. . 319

Colensoi . .

. . 319

stipoides . .

. . 320

Elseocarpus . .

. . 33

Cunninghamii .

. . 34

dentatus . .

. . 34

Hinau .

. . 34

Hookerianus .

. . 34

Elceodendron micranthus 1 8

Elatine® . .

. . 28

Elatine ....

. . 28

americana .

. . 28

gratioloides

. . 28

Elatostemma . .

. . 253

rugosum

. . 253

Eleocharis . . .

. . 300

acuta . . .

. 745

gracilis . . .

301,745

gracillima . .

. . 745

sphac-elata .

. . 300

Eleusine indica .

. . 331

Encalvpta . . .

. . 422

australis . .

. . 422

Endocarpon . .

. . 592

fluviatile . .

. . 592

hepaiicum . .

. . 592

pusillum

. . 592

Entelea . . .

. . 32

arborescens

. . 32

Enteromorpha

. . 716

elatbrata .

. . 716

compressa . ^

. . 716

Page

erecta . . .

. . 716

intestinalis . .

. . 716

ramulosa . .

. . 716

Ei.todon . . .

. . 467

truncorum .

. . 467

Entosthodou . .

. . 450

gracilis . . .

. . 451

Epacris . . .

. . 178

alpina . . .

. . 179

fasciculata . .

. . 178

longifolia . .

. . 182

pauciflora . .

179, 735

pumila . .

. . 178

pungens

. . 179

purpuraseeus .

. . 179

Sinclairii .

. . 179

racemosa . .

. . 180

Epicarpurus . .

. . 250

microphyllus .

250, 740

Epicoccum

. . 626

pallesoeus . .

. . 626

Epilobium . .

. . 76

alsinoides .

. . 79

atriplicifolium

. . 79

Billardierianum

. . 81

brevipes

. . 78

cinereum .

. . 80

confertifolium .

. . 78

confertum . .

. . 80

crassum . .

. . 78

glabellum . .

. . 79

haloragifolium

. . 80

hirtigerum . .

. . 80

ineanum . .

. . 80

juneeum . .

. . 80

linnseoides . .

. . 77

macranthum .

. . 81

macropus . .

. . 78

melanocaulon .

. . 80

microphyllum .

. . 79

nerteroides

. . 77

nummularifolium . . 77

pallidiflorum .

. 81, 728

pedunculate .

. . 77

pubens . . .

. . 80

purpuratum

. - 77

rotundifolium .

. . 79

tenuipes . .

. . 78

tetragonum

. . 80

thymifolium .

. . 79

virgatum . .

. . 80

Epineuron . . .

. . 662

Colensoi . .

. . 662

? liueatum . .

. . 663

Epipactis porrifoh

a . 267

Epymenia . . .

. . 702

acuta . . .

. . 702

INDEX OF GENEKA AND SPECIES. 779

Page

obtusa

702

Eragrostis eximia . .

344

Erechtites

156

arguta

157

hispidula .

157

prenanthoides . . .

156

quadridentata . . .

137

scaberula . . 157, 734

Eremodon

451

octoblepharis . . .

452

purpurascens . . .

452

robustus . . . .

452

Ericese

173

Eriostemon dentatum .

34

Eryngium

90

vesiculosum . .90,729

Erisiphe . . . . .

636

densa

637

Eucladon complanatum 490

EuctenodusLabillardieri 680

Eugenia

74

Maire

74

obcordata . . . .

74

Vitis-Idaa . .

74

Euhymenia Harveyana

698

Euphorbiacese . . .

247

Euphorbia

247

sjlauca . . . 248, 740

Euphrasia

219

antarctica . . . .

220

cuneata

219

Munroi

220

repeus

221

revoluta . . . .

220

Euptilota formosissima

709

Eurybia furfuracea . .

125

albida

128

alpina

126

avicennicefolia . .

127

Cunninghamii . .

196

dentata, a ... .

126

dentata, p . . . .

126

flavicans . . . .

572

Forsteri . . . .

127

nitida

125

nummularifolia .

127

virgata

128

Euthorea membranacea

694

Evernia ochroleuca .

564

Solandri .

128

Eurybiopsis australis .

136

?Eutaxia Strangeana .

53

Exarrhena

195

Lyallii

196

macrantha . . 195,738

petiolata . . . .

195

saxosa

196

Page

Excipula . .

. . .630

gregaria

. . .631

nigro-rufa .

. . .630

Exocarpus . .

. . .246

Bidvvillii

. . .246

Fabronia . .

. . .456

australis

. . . 456

Fagus .

. . .249

cliffortioides

. 250, 740

fusea . .

. . .249

Meuziesii .

. . .249

Solandri

. . .250

Favolus . .

. . .610

intestinalis .

. . .610

Fegatella australis . . 544

Festuea . .

. . .340

broraoides .

. . . 341

duriuscula .

. . .341

foliosa . .

. . .338

littoralis

. 341,746

scoparia

. . .341

scab r a . .

. . .343

Ficoidea; .

... 83

Filices . . .

Fimbriaria

. 546, 752

australis

. . .547

Drummondii

. . .546

tenera . .

. . .547

Fimbristylis .

. . .303

dichotoma .

. . .303

velata . .

. . .303

Fissidens . .

. . .406

adiantoides .

. . .406

aeruginosus

. . .408

asplenioides

. . .'406

brevifolius .

. . .408

brvoides

. . .408

dealbatus .

. . .407

incurvus

. . .408

ligulatus .

. . .406

oblongifolius

. . .407

pallidus . .

. . .407

pulvinatus

. . . 425

rigidulus .

. . .407

tenellus

. . .407

viridulus .

. . .408

Fissurina inqu

inata . 586

insidiosa .

. . .586

Forstera . .

. . .166

Bidwillii

. . .167

sedifolia

. . .166

tenella . .

. . .167

Fossotnbronia

539, 752, 755

intestinalis .

. . .539

pusilla . .

. . .539

Freycinetia

. . .275

Banksii

Page

275, 742

Frullania . .

534, 752

allophylla .

538, 755

aterriraa

. . 538

congesta

. . 538

cornigera .

. . 535

cranialis

. . 536

deplanata .

. . 536

falciloba

. . 536

fugax . .

. . 537

gracilis . .

. . 539

Hampeana .

. . 536

hypoleuca .

. . 537

incuinbens .

. . 537

magellaniea

. . 538

myosota

. . 537

patula . .

. . 535

pentapleura

. . 537

ptychantha .

. . 537

pycnantha .

. . 535

reptans . .

. . 536

reticulata .

538, 755

rostellata .

. . 755

rostrata

. . 538

seandeus

. . 535

spinifera

. . 536

squarrosula

. . 535

Fuchsia

. . 75

Colensoi

. . 728

excorticata .

. 75, 728

procumbens

. 76, 728

Fucodium .

. . 652

chondrophyllum

. . 652

gladiatura .

. . 652

Fucus abscissas

. . 688

alveatus

. . 699

Antarcticus

. . 654

bracieatus .

. . 700

cliondrophyllus

. . 652

cnmosus

. . 650

Forsteri

. . 676

gladiatus .

. . 652

inierruptus

. . 657

ligulatus

. . 655

lineatus

. . 633

lividus .

. . 699

longifolius .

. . 647

monitiferus

. . 651

natans .

. . 648

Fhyllanthus

. . 649

pyriferus .

. . 655

radiatus

. . 656

retroflexus .

. . 651

stiriatus

. . 7C0

thyrsoides .

. . 676

torulosus .

. . 651

turbinatus .

. . 649

7S0

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

viridis . .

Page

. 655

Fuirena rubiginosa

. 304

Funaria . . .

. 449

cuspidata .

. 450

glabra . .. .

. 450

hygrometrica .

. 450

Fungi ....

. 595

Gahnia . . .

. 305

arenaria . .

. 306

lacera . .

. 306

procera . . .

. 306

setifolia . . .

. 306

xanthocarpa .

. 366

Gaimardia .

. 295

ciliata . . .

. 295

setacea . . .

. 295

? pallida .

. 296

Galium

. 120

'propinquum .

. 121

tenuicaule . .

. 120

umbrosum .

. 121

Gastrodia . . .

. 263

Cuuninghamii .

. 263

sesamoides .

. 264

Gaultheria . . .

. 174

antipoda . .

. 174

fagifolia . . .

. 175

oppositifolia .

. 175

rupestris . .

. 175

Geaster . . .

. 617

fimbriatus . .

. 617

Gelidium . .

. 688

asperum . .

. 688

corneum . .

. 688

Geniostoma . .

. 189

ligustrifolium .

. 189

Gentiana . . .

. 189

cerina . . .

. 191

coDcinna

. 190

Grisebachii

. 190

montana

. 190

pleurogynoides 190, 737

saxosa . . .

. 190

Gcutianese . . .

. 189

Geoglossum .

. 627

hirsutum .

. 627

Geraniace® . .

. 35

Geranium . . .

. 35

brevicaule .

. 36

dissectum var.
carolinianum .

. 36

microphyllum .

. 36

molle . . .

potentilloides .

. 36

sessiliflorum

. 36

Traversii

. 726

Page

Gesneriace® .... 221

Geum 55

mag ellanicum . . . 55

parviflorum . . 55, 727
urbanum, var. strictum 55
Gibbera Saubinetii . . 634

Gigartina 698

alveata 699

ancistroclada . . . 699

Chapmani .... 699
Chauvinii .... 699
decipiens . . . .700

divaricata . . . .699

livida 699

pistillata .... 699

Radula 700

stiliata 700

Ginnania furcellata . 691

Gleichenia 347

atpina 348

circinata .... 347
Ounninghamii . . . 348

dicarpa . . . 348, 747
dichotoma .... 747
flabellata .... 348
hecistopliylla . . . 348

microphylla . . . 348

semivestita .... 347
Glossostigma .... 203
elatinoides .... 203

Glyeeria 336

stricta 336

Gnaphalium .... 151
bellidioides .... 152
Colensoi .... 154
collinum .... 155
Cunninghamii . . .155

dealbatum . . . .153

filicaule 153

grandiceps . . . .154

involucratum . . . 155

Keriense .... 153

lanatum 155

luteo-album . . .154

LyaUii 152

nitidulum . . . .154

prostratum .... 152

simplex 155

Sinclairii . . . .153

Traversii . . . .154

trinerve 153

virgatam . . . .155

Youngii 152

Goniocarpus citriodorus 66
depressus .... 65

scaber 65

tenellus 66

tetragyna . .

Page
. 65

Goodenia repens .

. 173

Gottschea . . . 512, 751

appendiculata .

. 513

Balfouriaua

. 512

ciliata . . .

. 513

ciliigera

. 514

diplopliylla

. 519

glaucescens

. 512

Hombrouiana .

. 512

Lehman niana .

. 512

nobilis .. . .

. 513

pachyphylla

. 514

pinuatifolia

. 514

repleta . . .

. 513

splnchnophylla

. 513

tuloides . . .

. 514

unguicularis .

. 513

Gracilaria . . .

. 687

confervoides .

. 687

coriacea . .

. 687

furcata .

. 697

multipartita .

. 687

torulosa . .

. 697

Graminese .

. 317

Grammitis australis

. 380

Billardieri.

. 380

ciliata .

. 380

heterophylla .

. 380

humilis .

. 380

novae-Zelandicc

. 383

rigida . . .

. 380

scolopendrina .

. 383

Graphis . . .

. 585

anguina .

. 586

confinis . . .

. 586

elegans . .

. 586

inquinata . .

. 586

insidiosa

. 586

scalpturata . .

. 586

scripta . . .

. 586

Grateloupia . .

. 704

? Aucklandica .

. 704

Gratiola . . .

. 203

nana ....

. 203

sexdentata . .

. 203

Griffithsia . . .

. 709

antarctica . .

. 709

setacea . . .

. 709

Grimmia . .

. 424

apocarpa . .

. 424

basaltica . .

. 425

cygnicolla . .

. 425

pulvinata . .

. 424

triehophylla .

. 425

Griselinia . . .

. 104

littoralis . .

. 105

INDEX OF GENERA

AND SPECIES.

781

Page

Page

Page

lucida . . .

. . 105

alata ....

. . 65

Hoheria . . .

. . 31

Guepinia . . .

. . 614

depressa . .

. . 65

Lyallii . . .

pezizEeformis .

. . 614

micrantha . .

. . 66

populnea .

.31,726

spathularia . .

. . 614

tetragyna . .

. . 65

Sinclairii .

. . 31

Guilandina Bonduc

. . 53

Halvmenia

. . 703

Moicus mollis.

. . 333

Gunuera . . .

. . 67

latissima . .

. . 703

Holomitrium perichee-

densiflora . .

. . 68

membranacea .

. . 694

tiale ....

. . 405

monoica . .

. . 67

novse-Zelandiee

. . 703

Hookeria . . .

. . 492

prorepens . .

. . 68

TJrvilleana . .

. . 703

adnata . . .

. . 494

Gyalecta cupularis

. . 581

Hamelima veratroicles . 285

amblyophylla .

. . 494

Gymuanthe .

. . 519

Hartighsea spectabilis . 4 L

apiculata

. . 493

diplophylla .

519, 754

Haxtonia furfuracea . 125

crispula . .

. . 493

Druimnondii .

519, 754

Hectorella . . .

. . 27

cristata .

. . 496

lophocoleoides .

519, 753,

caespitosa .

. . 27

denticulata . .

. . 495

754

Hedwigia . . .

. . 423

flexicollis . .

. . 496

saccata . .520,753,754

ciliata .

. . 423

flexuosa . . .

. . 494

setulosa . .519,753,754

Humboldtii

. . 423

microcarpa . .

. . 495

tenella .

. . 520

Uedyearya . .

. . 240

nigella . . .

. . 496

unguiculata

. . 519

dentata . . .

240, 739

pulchella . .

. . 494

TJrvilleana . .

520, 754

Hekaterosachne elatior 323

punctata . .

. . 483

Gvmnococca arenaria . 244

Helichrysum Colensoi . 154

quadrifaria . .

. . 495

microcarpa

. . 244

filicau/e

. .153

robnsta . . .

. . 495

Gymnogongrus .

. . 696

grandiceps . .

. . 154

rotulata . .

. . 488

furcellatus . .

. . 697

micranthum

. . 153

rotundifolia

. . 493

vermicularis .

. . 697

Sinclairii .

\ . 153

sinuosa . . .

. . 494

Gymnogramme .

. . 382

Toungii

. . 152

tenella . . .

. . 493

involuta . .

. . 383

Helophyllum . .

. . 167

Hormosira

. . 652

leptophylla . .

383, 749

clavigernm .

. . 167

Billardieri . .

. . 653

rutsefolia .

. . 383

Colensoi

. . 168

Billardieri.

. . 653

Gymnomitrium .

501, 751

rubrum . . .

. . 168

obconica

. . 653

acinacifolium .

. . 501

Helvetia pannosa

. . 612

Sieberi .

. . 653

concinnatum .

. . 501

Hemiueura . .

. . 683

Hydnum .

. . 611

minutum .

. . 501

cruenta . . .

. . 683

clathroides . .

. . 611

ochrophyllum .

. . 501

Hendersonia .

. . 622

scopinellum

. . 611

stygium . . .

hyalospora . .

. . 622

Sinclairii . .

. . 756

Gymnosporium .

. . 624

microsticta . .

. . 622

Hydrocotyle . .

. . 85

culmigenum .

. . 624

Hepatic® . . .

. . 497

americana .

. . 85

Gyinnostichum .

. . 343

Hermantlialia gladiata 652

asiatica .

. . 86

gracile .

. . 343

IJerpetium decrescens . 525

cordifolia . .

. . 86

Gymnostomum .

. . 403

involutum .

. . 525

dissecta .

. . 86

asiivum . .

. . 456

Herpolirion . .

. . 287

elongata . .

. . 85

calcareum . .

. . 403

novse-Zelandise

. . 237

heteromeria

. 86, 729

gracile . . .

. . 435

Heterosiphonia Berke-

microphylla

. . 87

inclinans .

. . 435

leyi ....

. . 673

moschata . .

. . 87

linearifolium .

. . 434

Hibiscus . . .

.31, 726

muscosa. . .

. . 86

tortile .

. . 403

Trionum

. . 31

novse-Zelandim

. . 86

Gynerium (?) Zelandi-

vesicarius .

. . 32

pterocarpa . .

. . 86

cum ....

. . 331

Hierochloe . .

. . 321

tripartita . .

. . 86

Gypsophila

. . 22

alpina .

. . 322

Hygrophorus . .

. . 604

tubulosa . .

. 22, 725

antarctica .

. . 321

cyaneus . . .

. . 604

borealis .

. . 322

Hygropila dilatata

. . 546

Haastia . . .

155, 733

Brunonis . .

. . 322

Hymeuantnera .

. . 18

pulvinaris . .

. . 156

redolens . .

321, 746

crassifolia . .

. 18, 724

recurva . . .

. . 156

Hirneola . .

. . 615

Hymenodon . .

. . 485

Sinclairii .

156, 734

auricula-Judse .

. . 615

piliferus . .

. . 486

Haloragese . .

. . 64

hispidula . .

. . 615

Hymenophyllum .

. . 352

Haloragis . . .

. . 64

polytricha .

. . 615

seruginosum

355, 747

782 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

atro-virens . .

Page
. . 354

cocblearifolium

Page

. 480

politum . .

Page

482

bivalve . . .

. . 353

collatum

. 478

polygamum

479

ciliatum . .

. . 747

comosum

. 466

polystictum

482

crispatum . .

354, 747

confertum . .

. 478

pubescens . .

475

cupressiforme .

. . 353

consimile . .

. 449

pulchellum . .

476

demissum . .

. . 354

contiguum .

. 474

relaxum . . .

479

dilatatum . .

354, 747

crassiusculum .

. 474

remotifolium .

477

flabellatum . .

355, 747

crinitum

. 481

riparum . .

482

flabellatum .

. . 354

cupressiforme .

. 476

rutabulum . .

478

flexuosum .

. . 354

cupressiforme .

. 475

Sandwicheuse .

477

Jf'rantclinianum.

. . 355

decussatum

. 480

scabrifolium .

448

fumarioides

. . 353

densifolium

. 480

serpens . . .

479

Mookeri

. . 355

denticulatum .

. 482

setigerum .

488

imbricatum

. . 353

denticulosum .

. 472

Sieberi . . .

466

Lyailii . . .

355, 747

distichum . .

. 484

sparsum . .

471

minimum . .

. . 353

divulsum .

. 481

spiniforme . .

485

multifidum . .

. . 353

Donianum . .

. 482

spininervium .

466

nitens . . .

. . 355

Drummondii .

. 475

subbasilare

485

novo-Zelandicum

. . 353

elongatum . .

. 449

tenuifolium

478

polyanthos . .

354, 747

elusum . . .

. 478

tenuirostre . .

474

pulcherrimum .

. . 354

exlenuatum

. 481

terrce-Nova

476

rarum . . .

. . 353

falcifolium .

. 483

umbrosum . .

473

revolutum . .

. . 353

filicinum . .

. 472

uncinatum . .

472

sanguinolentum

. . 354

filiculceforme, .

. 487

unguictdatum .

471

scabrum

. . 355

flexile . . t.

. 480

vagum . . .

481

semi-bivalve .

. . 353

fluitans .

. 472

Hvpocrea . .

631

spalhulatum .

. . 353

fulvastrum . .

. 471

gelatinosa . .

631

tunbridgense .

. . 352

furfurosum .

. 471

Hypolepis . . .

361

unilateral . .

. . 353

glauco-viride .

. 473

distans . . .

362, 748

villosum

. . 354

gracile . .

. 465

Millefolium

361

Wilsoni . . .

. . 353

gracilescens

. 465

tenuifolia . .

361

Hymenostomum tortile. 403

hastatum .

. 471

Hypopterygium .

486

Hypericineae .

. . 28

hispidum .

. 473

ciliatum . . .

489

Hypericum . .

. . 28

homomallum .

. 474

conciunum . .

489

gramioeum

.29, 725

inflatum . .

. 481

discolor . . .

488

japonicum .

. . 29

Jolliffii . . .

. 474

filiculseforme .

487

pusillum . .

. . 29

Kneiffii . . .

. 472

glaucum

488

Hvpnea . . .

. . 689

lseviusculum

. 471

uovse-Zelandise

487

? multicornis .

. . 689

leptorhynchum

. 475

occanicum . .

487

museiformis

. . 689

leptorhynclium, i £

. 474

rotulatum .

488

Hypnum . .

. . 467

leucocytus .

. 475

rotulatuin .

487

aciculare

. . 480

limatum

. 476

setigerum, .

488

acinacifolium .

. . 477

limbatum . .

. 473

Smithianum .

487,488

acutifolium .

. . 476

limbatum .

. 466

Struthiopteris .

489

amoenum .

. . 474

Menziesii .

. 466

tamariseiuum .

488

Arbuscula .

. . 465

microcarpum .

. 495

viridulum . .

487

aristatum . .

. . 478

mnioides .

. 485

Hypoxideas . .

274

aristatum .

. . 473

molliculum . .

. 475

Hypoxis . . .

275

asperipes . .

. . 477

Mossmanianum

. 476

hygrometrica .

275

auriculaium .

. . 481

Mougeotianum

. 486

pusilla . . .

275

austriuum . .

. . 477

mundulum . .

. 476

Hvpoxylon

632

bifarium

. . 485

muriculatum .

. 477

anuulatum . .

632

bracliiatum .

. . 472

nitidulum. .

. 476

Colensoi . .

756

cerviculatum .

. . 473

nodiflorum . .

. 479

concentricum .

632

chlamydophyllum. . 481

patale . . .

. 475

Hystericina alopecuroi-

325

cbrvsogaster .

. . 475

paradoxum . .

. 479

des ....

clandestinum .

. . 480

plumosum . .

. 479

Hysterium . .

629

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 783

breve . .

Pagp

630

Ileodictyon .

616

cibarinm .

616

gracile . .

616

Ipomcea .

198

Batatas . .

760

chrysorhiza

763

pendala

199

tubereulata .

199

Iridaea . . .

700

decipiens .

700

laminarioides

701

lanceolata .

701

lusoria . .

701

micans . .

700

Radula . .

. . .

700

stiriata .

700

volans . .

701

volans .

. . .

700

Iridese . . .

273

lrpex . . .

611

brevis .

611

Jsacbne . .

324

australis

324

Isolepis . .

301

aucklandica

302

basilaris

302

cartilaginea

302

nodosa . .

301

prolifer . .

301

riparia . .

302

selacea .

302

setosa . .

302

spiralis .

303

Isotachis . .526 ,751

734

intortifolia .

526

Lyallii . .

526

subtrifida .

526

Isothecium

463

angustatura

465

Arbuscula .

465

Colensoi

467

comatum .

467

coraosum .

466

gracile . .

Kerrii . .

466

marginatum

466

Menziesii .

465

pandum

464

pulvinatum

465

ramulosum .

465

Sieberi . .

466

spimnervium

466

sulcatum .

464

Irahim. inerme

322

Ixerba .

59

brexioides .

Page

. . 59

Jania ....

. . 680

Cuvieri . . .

. . 680

Hombronii. .

. . 680

mierarthrodia .

. . 680

novse-Zelandiae

. . 681

pistillaris . .

. . 680

tenuissima .

. . 681

Jasininese . .

. . 186

Juuceae . .

. . 288

Juncus. . . .

. . 288

antarcticus . .

. . 290

australis . .

. . 289

bufonius

. . 290

capillaecus .

. . 291

cephalotes . .

. . 290

communis .

. . 290

effusus . .

. . 290

Holoschoenus .

. . 290

maritimus .

. . 289

novaj-Zelandise

291,745

planifolius . .

290, 745

plebejus

. . 290

scheuzerioides .

. . 291

vaginatus .

289, 745

Jungermannia

502, 751

abbreviata . .

. . 520

colorata . . .

. . 502

concinnata . .

. . 501

cymbalifera

. . 518

dentata . .

503, 753

diplophylla

. . 519

eriocaula .

. . 544

falcata . . .

. . 518

jlabellata .

. . 542

flexicaulis . .

. . 502

hirsuta . . .

. . 528

Hym en ophyll um

. . 542

inundata . .

502, 753

monodou . .

. . 502

multicuspidata

. . 503

perigonalis . .

. . 502

Phyllanthus .

. . 541

porphyrurhiza .

. . 539

pulchella . .

504, 753

punicea .

. . 503

quadrifida . .

504, 753

rhizobola .

. . 542

rotata . . .

503, 753

schismoides

. . 503

squarrosa .

503,753

stronqylophylla

. . 508

turgescens . .

. . 508

Jungermannieae .

. . Ixvii

Kallvmenia .

. . 698

Harveyana . .

Page

. 698

Kampmannia Zelandice 343

Knightia ....

. 241

excelsa ....

. 241

Kceleria ....

. 334

cristata ....

. 334

Labiatae ....

. 225

Lachnagrostis cemula

. 329

JSillardieri

. 329

Forsteri . . .

. 329

Lagenopbora . ...

. 136

Forsteri . . .

. 137

lanata ....

. 137

petiolata

. 137

pinnatifida .

. 137

Laminaria flabelliformis 656

Lampocarya affinis .

. 306

lacera ....

. 306

setifolia

. 306

tenax ....

. 304

xanthocarpa . .

. 306

Landsburgia . . .

. 652

quercifolia . . .

. 652

Lastrea velutina

. 378

Laurelianova-Zelandia 240

Laurencia ....

. 675

botrychioides .

. 675

botryoides . .

. 676

caespitosa . . .

. 676

distichophylla? .

. 676

elata ....

. 675

Forsteri . . .

. 676

gracilis ....

. 676

papillosa . . .

. 676

pinnatifida . . .

. 675

virgata ....

. 676

Laurinese ....

. 238

Laurus calicaris .

. 238

Tarairi ....

. 239

Tawa ....

. 239

Victoriana . . .

. 239

Leathesia ....

. 660

Berkeleyi . . .

. 660

Lecanactis impolita .

. 589

Lecanora ....

. 577

argopholis . . .

. 579

atra

. 579

aurantiaca . . .

. 578

cerina ....

• 577

chyrosticta . . .

. 578

cinerea ....

. 578

exigua . • . .

. 578

ferruginea . . .

. 578

glaucoma . . .

. 579

homologa . .

. 580

parella ....

. 578

784 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Page

Page

Page

parellina . . .

. 579

petrsea . . .

. . 585

oleraceum . .

. . 14

peloleuca . . .

. 580

petrcea . . .

. . 584

sisymbrioides .

. . 14

punicea ....

. 579

platycarpa . .

. . 584

Lepidosperma

. . 307

pyracea ....

. 579

pulverea

. . 585

australis . .

. . 307

simplex ....

. 580

pyrophthalmia.

. . 582

concava . . .

. . 307

Sophocles . .

. 578

rosella . . .

. . 583

elatior .

. . 307

subfusca . . .

. 579

sabuletorum .

. . 585

longitudinalis

. . 307

tartarea ....

. 578

stellulata . .

. . 585

striata . . .

. . 305

thiomela . . .

. 580

subsimilis . .

. . 585

tetragona . .

307, 746

umbrina

. 579

traehona

. . 585

Lepidozia .

520, 751

varia .

. 579

tuberculosa . .

583, 585

albula . . .

523, 754

verrucosa . . .

. 579

vernalis . .

. . 582

capillaris . .

. . 522

vitellina . . .

. 578

vesicularis . .

. . 584

capilligera . .

521, 754

Lecidea . . . .

. 581

Leguminosse . .

. . 47

dispar . . .

. . 522

abietina.

. 584

Leioscyphus .

507, 750

filamentosa

. . 522

albido-plumbea .

. 584

chiloscyphoideus

. . 508

Gottscheana .

. . 521

allotropa . . .

. 585

repens .

. . 508

hippuroides

. . 523

amphitropa

. 585

strongylophylla

. . 508

lsevifolia

. . 521

arceatina . . .

. 585

turgesceus .

. . 508

Lindenbergn .

. . 522

atro-alba .

. 584

Leiospermum racemosnm 61

microphylla .

. . 521

carneola . . .

. 581

Lejeunia . .531,752,755

nemoides .

. . 523

ceroplasta . . .

. 583

albo-virens

. . 533

patentissima .

. . 522

cinnabarina . .

. 582

auguiformis

. . 532

pendulina . .

. . 521

citrinella .

. 585

comitans . .

. . 534

plumnlosa . .

. . 523

coarctata . . .

. 582

cucullata . .

. . 533

preenitens . .

. . 521

Colensoi . . .

. 584

dentata

. . 531

spinosissima .

. . 522

contigua . . .

. 584

implexicaulis .

. . 533

tenax . .

. . 523

cupularis .

. 581

lmvigata . .

. . 532

tetradactyla .

. . 523

Currevi . . . .

. 585

latitans . . .

. . 534

Leptangium . .

. . 423

decolorans . .

. 582

Mimosa . .

. . 533

repens .

. . 424

decipieus .

. 583

nudipes . . .

. . 534

Leptinella dioica

. . 143

disciformis . .

. 585

olivacea . .

. . 532

lanata .

. . 141

Domingeusis .

. 583

papillata . .

. . 533

minor . .

. . 142

flavido-atra

. 585

pHcatiloba .

. . 533

plumosa . .

. . 141

flavo-pallescens .

. 582

priinordialis .

. . 533

pusil/a . . .

. . 143

Jlavo-virescens

. 585

pulchella . .

. . 532

sgualida

. . 143

furfuracea . . .

. 585

rufesceus . .

. . 533

Leptobryum pyriforme . 438

fusco-atra . . .

. 585

scutellata . .

. . 532

Leptoearpus . .

. . 294

geographica

. 585

Stepheusoniana

. . 533

simplex .

. . 294

geomcea

. 584

thy mi folia . .

. . 534

Leptocionium surorium 354

grossa . . . .

. 585

tumida .

. . 534

Leptodou . . .

. . 458

mean a .

. 584

Lembidium .

751, 754

Smithii . . .

. . 458

intermixta . .

. 582

Lemna ....

• • 277

Leptopteris . .

. . 384

lapicida . . . .

. 584

gibba . . .

. . 278

hymenophylloid

es . 384

lenticularis .

. 585

minor . . .

278, 742

superba . . .

. . 384

leucothalaraia .

. 585

Lenormandia . .

. . 662

Leptogium . .

. . 557

mamillaris .

. 583

Chauvinii . .

. . 662

Brebissonii

. . 558

margiuiflexa .

. 583

Lentibularieae

. . 222

bullatum .

. . 558

melanotropa . .

. 585

Lentinus . . .

. . 605

chloromelum .

. . 558

millegrana . .

. 585

novse-Zelandiee

. . 605

rugatum .

. . 558

mynocarpa.

. 585

Lenzites . .

. . 606

saturninum

. . 558

Otagensis .

. 585

repanda . . .

. . 606

scoticum . .

. . 558

oxyspora . .

. 585

Leotia ....

. . 627

tremelloides .

. . 558

pachycarpa . . .

. 585

lubrica . . .

. . 627

Leptospermum .

. . 69

papillata .

. 584

Leperoma . . .

751, 754

ericoides . .

. 70, 728

parasema . . .

. 584

Lepidium . . .

. . 13

scoparium . .

. . 69

parvifolia .

. 582

incisum . .

. . 14

scan dens .

. . 71

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 785

perforatum

Page
. 73

Leptostomum

. 435

flexipile

. 435

gracile . .

. 435

iuclinans .

. 435

macrocarpum

. 436

Leptostroma .

. 622

litigiosum .

. 622

Lepiotheca Gaudichaudii 436

Leptotrichum affine .

. 417

australe

. 417

concinnum .

. 489

cristatum .

. 496

Leskea ericoides

. 458

fulvasira .

. 471

hispida

. 473

homomalla .

. 475

mollis . .

. 459

nova-Hollandice .

. 485

rotulata

. 488

sulcata

. 464

tamariscina

. 488

umbrosa

. 473

Lessonia . .

. 656

fiiseescens .

. 656

Lethocolea. .

. 751,753

Leucobryum .

. 409

brachyphyllum

. 409

candidum .

. 409

Leucodon . .

. 457

calycinus .

. 409

hexastichus

. 457

implexns .

. 457

Kunzeanus

. 457

Lagurus

. 457

nitidus . .

. 457

pallidas

. 410

Leucoloma incanum

. 410

Leucopogon .

• 177

Bellignianus

. 178

Colensoi

. 177

fasciculatus

. 177

Frazeri .

. 178

nesophilus .

. 178

Richei . .

. 735

Liboeedrus

. 256

Bidwillii

. 257

Doniana

. 256

Libertia . .

. 274

grandiflora .

. 274

ixioides . .

. 274, 741

micrantha .

. 274

Lichenes .

. 550

Lichina . .

. 556

pygmsea

. 556

Ligusticum

. 93

antipodum .

. 94

VOL. I.

aromaticum

Page

. 96, 730

brevistyle .

. . 95

carnosulum

. 96, 730

Dieffenbacliii

. . 729

filifolium .

. 95, 730

Haastii , .

. 95, 730

imbricatum

.97, 730

intermedium

. . 94

latifolium .

. . 94

Lvallii . .

. 95, 729

piliferum .

. 96, 730

trifoliolatum

. . 97

Liliacese . .

. . 280

Limosella . .

. . 204

aquatica

. . 204

australis .

. . 204

tenuifolia .

. . 204

Lindsaea .

. . 359

Lessoni .

. . 359

linearis . .

359, 748

trichomanoides

. . 359

trichomanoides

. . 359

viridis . .

. 359

Line® . . .

. . 34

Linum .

. . 34

monogynum

.35,726

Lithobia calcarea

. . 681

Lobelia . .

. . 171

anceps . .

171, 735

angulata

. . 172

littoralis

. . 172

perpusilla .

. . 172

physa/oides

. . 171

Rougbii

. . 171

rugulosa

. . 735

submersa .

. . 203

Loganiacese .

. . 188

Logania . .

. . 188

ciliolata . .

. . 737

depressa

. . 188

tetragon a .

188,737

Lolium arvense

. . 343

pereane

. . 343

temulentum

. . 343

Lomaria . .

. . 365

alpina . .

. . 368

attenuata .

. . 368

Banksii . .

. . 368

Colensoi

. . 367

dejlexa .

. . 367

deltoidea .

. . 367

discolor

368, 748

dura . . .

. . 748

elongata

. . 367

filiformis .

. . 366

Frazeri . .

. . 369

fluviatilis .

. . 366

lieterophylla .

Page

. . 367

lanceolata . .

. . 367

lanceolata . .

. . 368

latifolia

. . 366

linearis . .

. . 368

membranacea .

. . 366

nigra

. . 369

pimpinellafulia

. . 366

procera . .

366, 7u8

propinqua . .

. . 366

pumila . . .

367, 748

rotundifolia .

. . 366

vulcanica .

. . 367

Lomentaria affinis

. . 675

nova-Zelandice

. . 674

parvula . .

. . 675

Lonchitis tenuifolia . 361

Lophocolea . SOS, 750, 753

allodonta . .

. . 511

alternifolia

. . 510

australis

. . 510

biciliata ., .

. . 509

bidentata . .

. . 510

bispinosa . .

. . 510

chlorophylla .

. . 517

Colensoi

509, 753

connata . .

. . 509

diademata . .

. . 511

divaricata .

. . 510

echinellus .

. . 517

heteropliylloides

. . 509

lenta . . .

. . 511

leptantha .

. . 510

leucophylla

. . 599

multipenna

. . 509

murieata .

. . 511

novse-Zelaudirg

. . 510

pallida . . .

. . 508

perpusilla . .

. . 511

planiuscula

. . 510

polyclada .

. . 516

recurvifolia

. . 510

rivalis . .

. . 510

sabuletorum .

. . 510

secundifolia .

. . 511

spinifera

. . 511

subintegra . .

. . 510

subporosa . .

. . 509

subviridis . .

. . 510

textilis . . .

. . 510

triacantha . .

. . 509

Lophiodon longifolius . 418

Lopidium concinnum . 489

pallens . . .

. . 489

Loranthaceae . .

. . 106

Loranthus . . .

. . 106

Colensoi . .

. . 107

3 i

786

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

flavidus .

Page

. . ] 07

micranthus

. . 107

tenuiflorus . .

. . 10?

tetrapetalus

170, 731

Lotus (? ) arboreus

. . 50

Loxsoma .

. . 357

Cunninghamii .

. . 358

Luzula ....

. . 292

campestris . .

292, 745

Colensoi

. . 293

crinita .

. . 293

Oldfieldii . .

. . 293

picta . . .

. . 292

pumila .

. . 293

Lycoperdon . .

. . 018

cselatum

. . 618

Fontanesei . .

. . 618

gemmatum

. . 619

giganteum . .

. . 618

inicrospermum

. . 619

novse-Zelandiae

. . 618

pusillum . .

. . 618

pyriforme . .

. . 619

reticulatum

. . 619

Lycopodiacese

. . 387

Lycopodium .

. . 388

Billardieri . .

389, 750

carolinianum .

. . 390

cernunm . .

. . 390

clavatum , .

. . 390

decurrens . .

. . 390

densum . . .

389, 750

D’Urvillei . .

. . 391

fastigiatum

. . 390

flagellaria .

. . 389

Jussieui . .

. . 390

laterale . . .

. . 389

Lessonianum .

. . 390

■mag ell attic urn .

. . 390

pichinchense .

. . 390

scariosum . .

. . 390

Selago . .

. . 389

sidcinervium .

. . 389

varium . .

389, 750

volubile . .

391, 750

Lygodium . .

. . 385

articulatum

385,749

Lyperanthus . .

. . 270

autarcticus . .

. . 270

Macrocvstis . .

. . 655

comosa .

. . 650

Dubenii

. . 656

pyrifera . .

. . 655

Macromitium

. . 428

aristatnm . .

. . 432

asperulum . .

. . 429

barbatum . .

Page
. . 431

erosulum . .

. . 431

fimbriatum .

. . 429

gracile . . .

. . 429

Hectori .

. . 430

hemitrichodes .

. . 431

incurvifolium .

. . 431

ligulare . . .

. . 430

longipes . .

. . 429

lougirostre . .

. . 429

mauritianum .

. . 430

microphyllum .

. . 430

microstomum .

. . 431

microstomum .

429,431

Mossmanniannum . 429

orthophyllum .

. . 430

piliferum . .

. . 432

prorepens . .

. . 431

recurvifolium .

. . 430

retusuni . .

. . 432

sulcatum . .

. . 428

tongense

. . 432

Macropiper excelsu

m . 740

Macrosporium

. . 626

obtusum

. . 626

Madotheca . .

531,752

elegantula .

. . 531

partita . . .

. . 531

Stangeri . .

. . 531

Magnoliacese .

. . 9

Malvaceae .

. . 29

Marasmius . .

. . 605

caperatus .

. . 605

Marattia .

. . 386

salicina .

. . 386

Marchantia . .

544, 752

foliacea .

. . 545

macropora .

. . 545

nitida . . .

. . 545

pileata . . .

. . 545

polymorpha

. . 545

tabularis . .

. 545

Marchantieae . .

Marginalia . .

. . 649

Boryana . .

. . 650

Gigas . .

. . 650

Urvilleana .

. . 650

Urvilleana .

. 650

Marsileacese . .

. . 392

Marsupidium . .

751, 753

Mastigobryum .

523, 751

adnexnm . .

. . 525

affine . .

. . 525

anisostomum .

. . 524

atro-virens

. . 524

Colensoannm .

. . 524

couvexum . .

524, 554

Page

decrescens . .

. . 525

involutum . .

. . 525

monilinerve

. . 524

novae-Hollandise

. . 525

novse-Zelandi®

. . 525

nutans . . .

. . 526

Tayloriatium .

. . 524

tenacifolium .

. . 524

Mastigophora .

. . 752

Mastocarpus alveatus . 699

Raduta .

. . 700

stiriatus . .

. . 700

Mazus ....

. . 202

Pumilio . .

202, 738

Meesia ....

. . 444

macrautha . .

. . 444

Melaleuca florida

. . 71

lucida . . .

. . 71

perforata . .

. . 73

Melanospermeae .

. . 647

Melanthalia . .

. . 687

abscissa . . .

. . 688

Jaubertiana

. . 688

Melaspilea

. . 591

deformis . .

. . 591

Meliaceae . . .

. . 40

Melieope . . .

. . 39

simplex . . .

. 40, 726

teruata . . .

. . 40

Melicytus . . .

. . 17

lanceolatus . .

. . 17

macrophyllus .

. . 17

micranthus

. . 17

ramiflorus .

. . 17

Meliola . . .

. . 637

ampbitricha .

. . 637

Melobesia .

. . 681

antarctica . .

. . 681

calcarea

. . 681

Patena . .

. . 681

venucata, var.

. . 681

Mentha . . .

. . 225

Cunninghamii .

. . 225

Meryta . . .

. . 104

Sinclairii . .

104, 731

Mesembryanthemum . 83

australe . . .

. 83, 729

Mesogloia . . .

. . 660

intestinalis . .

. . 660

Mesotus . . .

. . 461

celatus . . .

. . 462

Meteorium . .

. . 459

cuspidiferum .

. . 459

flexicaule . .

. . 459

molle . . .

. . 459

nitens .

. . 459

pusillum . .

. . 459

INDEX OF GENEKA AND SPECIES.

787

Metrosideros . .

Page
. . 70

albiflora . .

• • 71

buxifolia .

. . 73

Colensoi . .

. . 72

diffusa . . .

• • 71

diffusa .

• • 71

tlorida . . .

. . 70

florida .

■ • 72

Homeana .

. ■ 71

hvperici folia .

• • 71

lucida . . .

■ 71, 728

lucida . . .

. . 71

myrtifolia .

. . 71

perforata .

. . 73

polymorpha

. . 73

robusta . . .

. . 72

scandens . .

. . 73

tomeutosa . .

. . 72

uinbellata .

. . 71

Metzgeria . . .

542, 752

eriocaula . .

. . 544

furcata . . .

. . 542

prehensilis .

. . 543

Microcacalia australis 137

Microlaeua . .

. . 320

avenacea

. . 320

polynoda . .

. . 320

stipoides

. . 320

Micromeria Cunning-

hamii .

. . 226

Micropterygiurn .

. . 525

nutans . . .

. . 526

Microseris

. . 164

Forsteri . .

. . 164

pygmaa

. . 164

Microtis . .

. . 206

Banksii

. . 267

porrifolia . .

. . 266

Mida eucalyptoides

. . 247

myrtifolia .

. . 247

salicifolia .

. . 247

Mielichoferia .

. . 437

longiseta

437, 750

tenuiseta . .

. . 750

Mimulus . . .

. . 202

radicans

. . 202

repeus . . .

. . 202

Mitrasacme . .

. .737

novae-Zelaudiae

. . 737

Mniarum biflorum

. . 234

fasciculatum .

. . 234

pedunculatum

. . 234

Muium . . .

. . 444

rhynchophorum

. . 444

rostratum . .

. . 444

Monilia Billardieri . 653

MoniliformiaBillardieri 653

Monimiacese .

Page
. . .239

Montia . .

... 27

fontaua .

... 27

Morelotia gahniaefor-

mis .

. . .307

Muhlenbeckia

... 236

adpressa

. 236, 739

axillaris

. . .236

complexa .

. . .236

ephedroides

. 237, 739

Muhlenberyia v

ollicouta 326

Sieberiana .

. . .326

Musci .

. . .393

Myclomium furt

el latum 691

Myoporum

. . .224

Isetum .

. 224, 739

Myosotidium .

. . .196

nobile . .

. 196,738

Myosotis . .

. . .192

albo-sericea

. . .738

antarctica .

. . .193

australis

. . .193

capitata . .

. . .194

Forsteri

. . .194

Hectori .

. . .193

Lyallii .

... 196

petiolata .

. . .195

pulvinaris .

. . .193

saxosa .

. . .196

spathulata .
Traversii .

. . .193

. . . 194

uniflora .

. 192, 738

Myosurus . .

... 3

aristatu9

... 3

Myriangium inconspi-

cuum

. . .589

Myriogyne miuuta . . 144

Myriophyllum

. . . 66

elatinoides .

. . . 66

pedunculatum

. . . 67

propinquum,

. . . 66

robustum .

... 67

variaefolium

... 66

varicefolium

... 67

Myrsinese .

. . .183

Myrsine . .

. . . 183

chathamica

. . .730

divaricata .

. 1S4, 736

montana

. . .184

nummularia

. . .184

Eichardiana

. . .184

salicina . .

. . .184

Urvillei . .

. . .184

Myrtaceae . .

. . . 69

Myrtus . .

... 73

bullata .. .

... 74

obcordata .

7 .74, 728

pedunculata

Page

. 74, 728

Ralphii .

. . 74

Naiadeae . .

. . 277

Nasturtium .

. . 10

palustre

. . 10

terrestre .

. . 10

Neckera . .

. . 462

glyptotheca

. . 459

hymenodonta

. . 463

implexa

. . 457

laevigata

. . 463

molle .

. . 459

peunata . .

. . 463

planifolia .

. . 463

setosa .

. . 461

Nectria . .

. . 633

illudens . .

. . 634

polythalama

. . 634

Nemalion .

. . 690

ramulosum

. . 691

Neinastoma .

. . 704

Patteuuata .

. . 705

Daviesii

. . 705

eruliviaefolia

. . 705

intestinalis .

. . 705

pinnata . .

. . 705

prolifera

. . 705

Nematoceras macrantha 266

oblonya

. . 266

rivularis

. . 266

rotundifolia

. . 266

triloba .

. . 265

Nephrodium .

. . 377

decompositum

378, 749

glabellum .

. . 378

hispidum .

. . 378

molle

377, 749

squamulosum

. . 377

thelypteris, f)

. . 377

unitum .

. . 749

velutinum .

. . 378

Nephrolepis .

. . 379

tuberosa

. . 379

Nephroma

. . 565

australe . .

. . 565

cellulosum .

. . 566

laevigatum .

. . 566

Lyallii .

. . 566

pallens . .

. . 565

resupinatum

565, 566

schizocarpum

. . 565

Nephromium cellulosum 566

loevigatum .

. . 566

Lyallii . .

. . 566

Nertera

. . 119

Cunninghamii

. . 120

depressa

. . 120

788

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

dichondrsefolia

Page
. . 120

gracilis . . .

. . 120

setulosa

. . 120

Nesodaphne . .

. . 238

Tarairi .

. . 238

Tawa . . .

. . 239

Neuropogon melaxanthum 564

Niphobolus rupestris . 381

glaber . . .

. . 382

Nitella ....

. . 549

Hookeri

. . 550

hyalina . . .

. . 549

interrupta .

. . 550

Nitophyllum . .

. . 684

crispatum . .

. . 685

denticulatum .

. . 685

D’Urvillaji . .

. . 685

minus . . .

. . 684

multinerve . .

. . 685

palmatum .

. . 684

? punctatum .

. . 684

? suborbiculare

. . 685

uncmatum .

. . 684

variolosum .

. . 685

Normandina . .

. . 591

Jungermauui®

. . 591

Nostoc ....

. . 720

verrucosuin

. . 720

Noteroclada .

. . 539

confluens .

. . 540

porphyrorhiza .

. . 539

Notheia . . .

. . 653

anomala . .

. . 653

Nothochlaena .

. . 383

distaus . . .

383, 749

Nothogenia tuberculosa 701

variolosa .

. . 701

Notopfuena Toumatou . 44

Notospartium

. . 51

Carmichoeli® .

. 51, 727

Notothlaspi . .

. . 14

australe .

. . 15

rosulatum . .

. 15,724

Nyctagine® . .

. . 228

Oclodiceras Dillenii . 409

CEdemium .

. . 626

robustum . .

. . 626

Olaciue® . . .

. . 41

Olea ....

. . 186

apetala .

. . 186

Ounninghamii .

. . 186

lanceolata .

. . 186

montana

187, 736

Olearia . . .

. . 123

albida .

. . 128

angustifolia

. . 124

avicennisefolia .

Page

. . 127

Colensoi . .

124, 736

Cunninghamii .

. . 126

cydonisefolia .

. . 732

dentata . . .

. . 126

Forsteri . .

127, 732

furfuracea . .

. . 125

Haastii . . .

126, 732

Hectori . . .

. . 128

ilieifolia

. . 126

insignis . .

125, 731

lacunosa . .

. . 732

Lyallii . . .

. . 125

moschata .

. . 127

nitida . . .

nummularifolia

127, 732

op er ina . .

124,731

semidentata .

124, 731

Solaudri . .

. . 128

Traversii . .

. . 732

virgata . . .

. .128

Olomitrium perichcetiale 405

Omalanthus nutans

. . 248

Omalia . .

. . 483

auricnlata . .

. . 483

falcifolia . .

. . 483

oblongifolia

. . 483

pulchella . .

. . 483

Onagrarie® .

. . 75

Ouoclea nuda

. . 368

Opegrapha . .

. . 587

agelaeoides . .

. . 588

atra ....

. . 587

cioerea . .

. . 587

gregaria

. . 591

herpetica . .

. . 587

prominula . .

. . 587

spodopolia . .

. . 588

subeffigurans .

. . 588

varia . . .

. . 587

Opbioglossum

. . 386

coriaceum .

. . 386

costatum .

. . 386

elongatum .

. . 386

gramineuin

. . 386

lusitanum . .

. . 386

vulgatum . .

386, 750

Opkrys unifolia .

. . 267

Oplismenus annulus

. . 323

Orchide® .

. . 260

Oreobolus .

. . 308

pectinatus . .

. . 308

Pumilio . .

. . 303

Oreomyrrkis . .

. . 90

andicola

. . 729

Colensoi . . .

. 91, 729

Haastii . . .

. . 91

ramosa . . .

Page
. 91, 729

Ortboceras . .

. . 273

Solan dri . .

. . 273

strictum

. . 273

Ortbodontium

. . 436

sulcatum . .

. . 435

Orthopogon cemulus . 323

Orthotrichum

. . 432

acutifolium

. . 429

angustifolium .

. . 433

calvum . .

. . 432

crassi folium

. . 433

gracile . . .

. . 429

incurvifolium .

. . 431

longipes

. . 429

longirostre .

. . 429

luteum . . .

. . 433

microphyllum .

. . 431

microstomum .

. . 431

prorepens . .

. . 431

pumilum . .

. . 432

recurvifolium .

. . 430

Oscillatoria .

. . 720

Osmunda discolor

. . 368

procera . . .

. . 366

Oiu'isia . . .

. . 217

cajspitosa .

219, 738

Colensoi . .

. . 218

glandulosa . .

219, 739

macrocarpa

218, 738

macro'phylla .

. . 218

sessilifolia . .

218, 738

Oxalis ....

. . 38

Cataractce . .

. . 38

corniculata

. . 38

magellanica

. . 38

Ozothamnus . .

. . 146

coralloides .

. . 147

depressus . .

146, 733

glomeratus

146, 733

microphyllus .

. . 146

Selago . . .

. . 147

Vuuvilliersii .

. . 146

Pachycladon .

. . 724

novse-Zelandite

. . 724

Palme® . . .

. . 287

Panax ....

. . 100

anomalum . .

101, 730

arboreum . .

102,731

Colensoi . .

102, 730

crassifolium

101, 730

Edgerleyi .

101, 730

Lessonii . .

102, 730

lineare . . .

101, 730

longissimum .

102, 730

simplex . . .

. . 100

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 789

Page

Sinclairii .

103

Pandanese . .

275

Panicum . . .

323

? gonatodes

324

imbecille .

323

Panuaria .

575

Gayana . . .

575

gymnocheila .

576

immixta . .

576

leucosticta . .

576

micropbylla .

576

muscorum .

576

nigra . . .

576

nigrocincta

575

pholidota . .

575

rubiginosa . .

575

triptophylla .

576

Panus ....

605

maculatus . .

606

styptieus . .

605

Parablechnum procerum

366

Parietaria . . .

252

debilis . . .

252

Parmelia . . .

570

angustata . .

572

aurea . .

577

csesia . . .

573

caperata . .

571

chrysophtbalma

572

chyrosticta

578

coarctata .

582

conspersa . .

571

diatrypa

572

Doming ensis .

583

elegans

577

enteromorpha .

572

Femsjonensis .

575

flavicans . .

572

frustulosa . .

579

fulgens . .

577

Gayana . .

575

gelida . . .

576

gossypina .

581

gyrosa ? . .

583

imitatrix .

572

laevigata . .

571

lanuginosa

576

leucomela . .

572

molybdcea .

576

moniliformis .

572

Mougeotii . .

574

muscorum . .

576

nigrocincta

575

obscura . . .

573

olivacea . .

572

pa/lescens . .

578

parietina . .

573

perforata .

Page

. . 571

perlata . .

. . 571

pertusa .

. . 572

pholidota .

. . 575

physodes .

. . 572

? picta . .

. . 574

proboscidia

. . 571

pulverulenta

. . 573

punicea .

. . 579

rubiginosa .

. . 574

rupestris .

. . 577

saxatilis

. . 571

scruposa

. . 580

speciosa

. . 573

sphinctrina

. . 575

stellaris . .

. . 573

subfusca

. . 579

tiliacea . .

. . 571

triptophylla

. . 576

varia

. . 579

verrucosa .

. . 579

Paronychieae .

. . 234

Parsonsia . .

. . 187

albiflora

. . 187

capsularis .

187, 188

heterophylla

. . 187

rosea

. . 188

rosea . .

. . 188

variabilis .

. . 187

Paspalum . .

. . 322

distiehum .

. . 323

littorale

. . 323

orbiculare .

. . 323

scrobiculatnm

. . 333

tenax . .

. . 746

Passerina axillaris

. . 243

Gnidia

. . 243

pilosa . .

. . 243

villosa . .

. . 244

Passiflora . .

. . 81

tetrandra .

. . 81

Passifloreae

. 81, 729

Patellaria . .

. . 629

atrata .

. . 629

nigro-cinnabarina

. 629

Paurocotylis .

. 617

pila . . .

. . 617

Pelargonium .

. . 37

acugnaticum

. . 37

australe, var.

clandes-

tinum . .

37, 726

clandestinum

. . 37

grossularioides

. . 37

Pellsea . . .

. . 362

falcata . .

. . 363

rotundifolia

. . 363

seticaulis .

. . 363

Pellia carnosa .

Page
. . 548

Peltigera .

. . 566

canina .

. . 566

polvdactyla

. . 566

rufescens . .

. . 566

Pemphidium . .

. . 636

opacum . . .

. . 636

Pennantia . .

. 41, 726

corymbosa .

. . 41

Pentachondra

. . 178

pumila . .

. . 178

Peperomia . .

. . 254

Urvilleana . .

. . 254

Periploca capsularis . 188

Pernettya . . .

. . 176

tasmauica . .

. . 176

Persoonia .

. . 241

Toro

. . 241

Pertusaria . .

. . 580

communis .

. . 580

cucurbitula

. . 580

perfida . . .

. . 580

perrimosa . .

. . 580

subglobulifera .

. . 5S0

subverrncosa .

. . 580

velata . . .

. . 580

Petalophyllum

. . 540

Preissii . . .

. . 540

Pevssonnellia .

. . 690

rugosa . . .

. . 690

Peziza ....

. . 628

calycina . .

. . 628

campylospora .

. . 628

c-hrysotricha .

. . 629

Colensoi

. . 629

endocarpoides .

. . 628

Kerguelensis .

. . 628

miltina .

. . 628

montiaecola

. . 629

rhytidia . .

. . 628

scutellata . .

. . 625

stercorea . .

. . 628

Phacelocarpus

. . 686

Labillardieri .

. . 686

Phalaris eanariensis

. . 321

Phascum .

. . 402

apiculatum . .

. . 402

nervosum . .

. . 403

Phebalium . .

. . 39

nudum . . .

. . 39

Philippodendron regium 30

Philonotis appressum . 448

australe

. . 445

pusillum

. . 445

V hlebothamnion scopa-

rium

. . 710

byssoideum

. . 712

790

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Phleum pratense .

Page
. . 321

Pblyctffiua . .

. . 623

dissepta . .

. . 623

Phoma ....

. . 622

acmella . .

. . 622

fallax . .

. . 622

Phormium . .

. . 286

Colensoi . .

. . 287

Cookianum

. . 287

Forsterianum .

. . 287

tenax

286, 744

tenax, f3

. . 287

Phragmicoma olivacea . 532

Phragmites .

. . 746

communis . .

. . 746

Phycobotrys Maschalo-

carpus . .

. . 649

Phycopteris interrupt a . 657

Phycoseris lob u.t a

. . 715

rigida .

. . 715

Phyllocladus . .

. . 259

alpinus . . .

260, 741

rhomboidalis .

. . 259

trichomanoides

259, 741

Phylloglossuni

. . 388

Drummondii .

. . 388

Phyllogonium

. . 462

elegans . . .

. . 462

callichroum

. . 482

Phyllopliora obtusa

. 702

Phyllospora . .

. . 650

comosa . . .

. . 650

quercifolia .

. . 652

F hymatodes pustulata . 382

Billardien . .

. . 382

Physalis peruviana

. . 200

Physcia casia

. . 573

chrysoph thahna

. . 572

Jlavicans . .

. . 572

leucomela .

. . 572

obscura .

. . 573

parielina .

. . 573

picta ? . . .

. . 574

plinthiza . .

. . 574

pulverulenta .

. . 573

speciosa

. . 573

stellaris

. . 573

Physcomitrium .

. . 451

apophysatuin .

. . 451

conicum . .

. . 451

Perottetii . .

. . 451

pusillum . .

. . 451

pyriforrne .

. . 451

Picris ....

hieracioides

. . 165

Pilacre ....

divisa . . .

. . 627

Pilidium .

Page
. . 623

Coriari® .

. . 623

Pilopogon leptodum . 416

Pilotrichum setosum . 461

Pimelia . .

. . 242

arenaria

244, 740

buxifolia

243, 740

Gnidia . .

. . 243

laevigata,

. . 244

loagifolia .

. . 242

Lyallii . .

. . 245

pilosa . .

. . 243

prostrata .

. . 244

prostrata, /3

. . 244

sericeo-villosa

. . 245

Traversii .

. . 243

Urvilleana .

. . 244

virgata . .

. . 243

Piperace® . .

. . 254

Piper . . .

. . 254

excelsum .

254, 740

Pisonia . .

. . 229

Bruuoniana

229, 739

Sinclairii .

. . 229

Pistillaria .

. . 615

ovata . .

. . 615

Pittospore® .

. . 18

Pittosporum .

. . 18

Buchanaui .

. . 725

Colensoi

. 19, 725

cornifolium

. . 21

crassifolium

. . 20

elegans .

. . 21

engenioides

. . 21

fasciculatum

. . 20

microcarpum

. . 21

obcordatum

. . 20

patulurn

. 19, 725

piinelioides

. . 21

pimelioides

. . 19

radicans

. . 20

reflexum

. . 19

rigidum

. 20, 725

tenuifolium

. . 19

umbellatum

. 21, 725

Placodiuin

. . 577

elegans .

. . 577

fulgens . .

• ■ 577

murorum .

. . 577

Plagianthus .

. . 29

divaricatns .

. . 30

betuliuus .

.30,726

Lyallii . .

. . 30

Plagiochasma .

. . 544

australe

. . 544

Plagiochila

. . 504

adiantoides

. . 507

annotina

Page

507

ansata . .

506

Arbuseula .

505

chiloscyphoidea

508

circinalis .

504

cognata

505

Colensoi ? .

506

conjugata .

504

connexa

504

deltoidea .

506

Dicksoni

506

falcata .

518

faseiculata .

506

fuseella . .

505

gignutea

505

gregzria

507

hemicardia

505

incurvicolla

507

lata

507,753

Lyallii . .

507

microdictyum

506

pleurota

505

prolifera

504

radiculosa .

506

raraosissima

505

Sinclairii .

507

Stephensoniana

505

Urvilleana .

520

Plagiographis

588

devia . .

588

rubrica . .

589

Plantagine® .

226

Plantago .

226

aucklandica

-

228

Brownii

227

carnosa

227

lanigera

227

major . .

739

Raoulii .

228

739

spathulata .

227

uniflora . .

227

varia

228

Platygrapkis .

588

inconspicua

588

longifera

588

microsticta .

588

occulta . .

588

tumidula

. .

588

Platysma . .

565

glaucum

. .

565

s®pincola .

565

Plectranthus australis .

226

Pleuridium nervosum .

403

Pleurophyllum

128

criniferum .

. .

129

speciosum .

129

Plocamium .

694

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 791

Page

Page

Page

abnorme . .

695

palpebrifolius .

529

aterrima . .

672

angustum .

695

reticulatus .

754

australis . .

671

coccineum . .

696

Taylori . . .

529

Berkeleyi . .

673

Corallorhiza .

695

Polypodium . .

379

botryocarpa .

665

costatum . .

695

adiantiforme .

377

brachygona

670

cruciferura . .

695

attenuatum

382

Brodieei ? . .

670

disperraum . .

696

australe . .

380, 749

byssocladus

671

magellanicum .

279

Billardieri . .

382

cancellata . .

672

procerum . .

695

Cunninghamii .

381

ceratoclada . ,

668

Poa

337

elceagnifolium

381

cladostephus .

671

affinis . . .

339

Grammitidis .

380, 749

Colensoi . .

667

anceps . . .

339

medullare .

349

comoides .

671

annua . . .

340

membranifolium

382

corymbifera

671

australis, var. lsevis .

339

molle

377

decipiens .

671

australis . .

337, 339

pennigerum

381,749

dendritiea .

668

breviglumis

337

pustulatum

382, 749

dumosa . . .

669

Colensoi . .

340

rugulosum . .

381

,749

implexa . . .

668

exigua . . .

,

338

rupestre . .

381

isogoua . .

671

foliosa . . .

338

scandens . .

382

Lyallii . . .

670

imbecilla . .

337, 746

serpens . . .

381

macra . . .

669

implexa . .

33 1

setosum

378

M all ar dice.

671

kerguelensis .

341

stellatum .

381

microcarpa

670

Icevis . .

339

sylvaticum . .

380

nana . .

670

Lindsayi . .

340

tenellum . .

380, 749

ueglecta

668

littora/is . .

341

viscidum

381

nigrescens . .

672

ramosissima .

338

Polvporus . .

606

peunata . . .

668

Sieberiaua . .

337

adustus . .

607

punicea . .

673

Sprengelii . .

337

arcularius . .

607

ramulosa . .

672

Podanthe squamata

519

australis . .

.

608

rhododactyla .

670

Podocarpus . .

257

borealis . . .

609

rudis . .

669

? biformis .

259

catervatus .

. .

609

rytiphlaoides .

672

dacrydioides .

258, 741

cinnabarinus .

609

strictissima

669

Dieffenbachii .

211

Colensoi . .

607

Sulivanae . .

668

ferruginea . .

257, 740

dichrous . .

608

variabilis . .

670

Matai . . .

741

diffusus . . .

610

Polystichum aristatum

375

nivalis . . .

257

hemitrophius .

608

coriaceum . .

376

spicata . . .

253, 741

hirsutus . .

609

hispidum . .

378

thuyoides . .

258

igniarius . .

608

vestitum . .

375

Totara . . .

258, 741

iridioides . .

608

Poly trichum . .

452

zamusfolius .

. .

256

leucoplacus

609

alpinum . .

455

Podomitrium . .

540

lucidus . . .

607

angustatum

453

Pkyllanthus .

541

oblectans . .

607

australe . . .

454

Polybotrya nana

369

phlebophorus .

607

commune . .

455

Polygone* . .

235

phlebeius . .

60S

crispulum . .

453

Polygonum . .

235

salicinus . .

608

dendroides . .

454

australe

236

sanguineus . .

. .

609

gracile . . .

455

aviculare .

235

scruposus . .

608

juniperinum .

455

axillare

236

tabacinus . .

609

magellanicum .

454

complexum

236

vaporarius . .

610

squamosum

454

ephedroides

236

velutinus . .

609

subulatum .

458

minus . . .

235

,739

versicolor .

609

tenuirostre . .

453

prostratum

235

xerophyllus

607

tortile . . .

454

Polyotus . . .

528

Polyscias pinnata

731

Polyzonia . . .

673

allophyllns .

754

Polysiphonia . .

666

adiantiformis .

674

brachycladus .

529

abscissa . .

669

bipartita . .

674

claviger . .

529

abscissa

670

cuneifolia .

673

magellanicus .

529

amphibia . .

669

Colensoi . .

674

792

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Page

Pagp

Page

Harveyana .

. . 674

rubiginosum .

574

microcnrpum ?

. 427

Harvcyi

. . 674

sphiuctrinum .

574

protensum .

. 426

ovalifolia .

. . 674

subpruinosum .

574

ptychophyllum

. 426

Pornaderris .

. . 43

xanthomelanum

575

rupestre . .

. 426

Edgerleyi .

. . 43

Pterigophyllum micro-

symphiodon .

. 426

elliptica

. . 43

carpum .

495

Racopilum

. 490

ericifolia .

. . 43

FterigynandrumcitiatumW'd

australe . .

. 491

phylicifolia .

. . 43

Pteris ....

363

cristatum . .

. 491

Torino, cucurbitula

. . 580

affinis .

564

lajtum . . .

. 491

granulata .

. . 578

aquiliua .

363, 748

robustum . .

. 491

Porphyra . .

. . 714

Brunoniana .

364

spininervium .

. 466

capeusis

. . 715

comans .

364

strumiferum .

. 491

columbina .

. . 715

Endlicheriana .

364

tomentosum

. 491

laciniata

. . 715

esculenta . .

363

Radula ....

. 529

vulgaris

. . 715

falcata . . .

363

aquilegia .

. 530

Portulace®

. . 26

humilis .

362

buccinifera

. 530

Potamogeton .

. . 278

incisa . .

364, 748

complanata

. 530

grain iueus .

. . 279

macilenta . .

364

dentata . . .

. 531

heterophyllus

279, 742

monlana .

364

marginata . .

. 530

uatans . .

. . 278

rotundifolia

363

multicarinata .

. 530

oblongifolius

. . 742

scaberula . .

364, 748

physoloba .

. 530

ochreatus .

. . 279

tenuis . . .

364

plicata . . .

pectinatus .

. . 279

tremula . .

364

uvifera . . .

. 530

Poteutilla . .

. . 54

vespertitionis .

364

Ramalina . . .

. 564

anserina

. 54, 727

Pteroceras cancellatum 708

calicaris . .

. 564

anserinoides

. . 54

Pterocladia .

689

infiata . .

. 564

Pozoa . . .

. . 87

lueida . . .

689

linearis .

. 564

exigua . .

. . 87

Pterostylis . .

268

membranacea .

. 564

Haastii .

. . 88

Banksii . .

268, 741

scopulorum
usneoides . .

. 565

hydryocotyloidcs

. . 88

foliata . . .

268

. 565

reuiforrais .

. . 88

graminea .

268

Ranunculacese

. 1

Roughii

. . 98

micromega . .

268

Ranunculus . .

. 3

trifoliolata .

. 88,729

puberula . .

269

acaulis . . .

. 8

Prasiola crispa

. . 715

squamata .

269

aucklandicus .

. 723

antarctica .

. . 715

trullifolia .

269

acris . . .

. 7

Prasophyllum

. . 272

Ptilonia . . .

678

australis

. 8

Colensoi

. . 272

magellauica

679

Buchanani . .

5,723

nudum .

. . 272

Ptilota

708

chordorhizos .

. 723

pumilum .

. . 273

formosissima .

708

crithmifolius .

. 6

tunicatum .

. . 272

pellucida . .

709

gerauiifolius .

5,723

Pratia . . >

. . 171

Puccinia . . .

624

Godleyanus

. 723

angulata

. . 172

com pacta . .

624

gracilipes . .

S, 724

? linnffioides

. . 172

graminis . .

624

Haastii . .

6, 724

? macrodon

. . 173

Pygmea

217

insignis . .

. 4

? perpusilla

. . 172

ciliolata . . .

217

lappaceus, var.

. 7

Primulaceae .

. . 185

pulvinaris .

217

Lyallii . . .

4, 723

Prionitis . .

. . 704

macropus . .

7, 724

Colensoi

. . 704

Quintinia .

58

multiscapus

. 7

Proteacese . .

. . 240

elliptica . .

59

nivicola . .

. 5

Pseudopauax .

. . 730

serrata . . .

58

pachyrrhizus .

. 8

Psiloclada

. . 518

parvi floras, var.

. 8

clandestiua

. . 518

Raeomitrium . .

425

pinguis . . .

. 4

Psilotum .

. . 391

chlorocarpum .

426

plebeius

. 7

triquetrum .

391,750

crispulum .

426

rivularis

. 8

Psoroma . .

. . 574

convolution.

426

sericophyllus .

6,724

euphyllum .

. . 575

f asciculare

426, 427

sessiliflorus

. 9

hypnorum .

. . 574

lanuginosum .

427

Sinelairii . .

. 6

INDEX OP GENERA AND SPECIES.

793

Page

Page

Page

subscaposus

• • 7

epimenioides .

. 693

fruticosa .

. . 231

Traversii .

. 4,723

Hombroniana .

. 697

Samolns . . .

. . 185

Raoulia

. . 147

lanceolata . .

. 692

littoralis . .

185, 737

australis . .

. . 1^8

linearis . . .

. 692

Santalaee® . .

. . 246

bryoides

. . 150

lusoria . . .

. 701

Santalum . . .

. . 247

eximia . .

. . 149

membranacea .

. 694

Cunninghamii .

. . 247

glabra .

. . 149

Montagneana .

. 687

M i da . . ,

. . 247

grandiflora .

150, 733

ornata . . .

. 692

Sapindace®

. . 44

Haastii .

. . 143

Palmetta . .

. 692

Sapota ....

. . 185

Hectori . . .

. . 149

prolifera . .

. 692

costata .

. . 186

mamillaris . .

. . 150

san guinea .

. 692

Sapote® .

. . 185

Munroi .

. . 148

variegata .

. 697

Sarcochilus .

. . 263

subsericea .

. . 150

Rhytiphloea .

. 663

adversus

. . 263

subulata . .

. . 149

delicatula .

. 664

Sarcodia .

. . 686

tenuicaulis .

148, 733

pinastroides

. 664

Montagneana .

. . 687

Reboulia . . .

. . 546

Ricasolia .

. 570

Sarcomitrium alterni-

hemisph®rica .

. . 546

coriacea. . .

. 570

lobum

. . 543

Renealmia grandiflora . 274

glomulifera

. 570

cochleatum.

. . 544

Restiaee® .

. . 293

herbacea . .

. 570

crassum

. . 543

Rhabdothamnus .

. . 221

Montagnei .

. 570

eriocaulum

. . 544

Solandri . .

221, 739

Riccia ....

. 548

muttifidum

. . 543

Rhamne® . . .

. . 42

acuminata .

. 548

palmatum .

. . 543

Rhipogonum . .

. . 280

cochleata .

. 544

pinnatifidum .

. . 543

parviflorum

. . 281

fluitans . . .

. 548

prehensile .

. . 543

seandens

281,742

Datans .

. 548

Sargassum

. . 647

Rhizogonium . .

. . 484

squamata .

. 519

adenophyllum .

. . 648

bifarium

. . 485

Ronabea australis

. 112

bacciferum .

. . 648

distichum .

. . 484

Rosace® .

. 53

capillifolium .

. . 647

muioides . .

. . 485

Rostkovia . . .

. 291

crassifolium

. . 648

Mossmanianjim,

. . 485

gracilis . . . 292, 745

droserifolium .

. . 648

M uelleri .

. . 484

magellanica

. 291

duplicatum . .

. . 648

nov®-Hol!andi®

. . 484

Rottbcellia uniflora

. 325

flexuosum .

. . 647

pennatum . .

. . 484

Rubiace® .

. 110

granuliferum .

. . 648

spiiiiforme . .

. . 485

Rubus

. 54

Lessonianum .

. . 650

subbasilare .

. . 485

australis . .

. 54

pennigerum

. . 647

Khodomela

. . 664

cissoides

. 54

plumosum . .

. . 647

? botryocarpa .

. . 665

schmidelioides

. 54

Raoulii . . .

. . 647

csespitosa . .

. 664

Rumex ....

. 237

scabridum . .

. . 648

concinna . .

. . 664

Brownianus .

. 237

Sinclairii . .

. . 648

Gaimardi . .

. . 664

crispus . . .

. 237

vulgare . .

. . 648

? Gaimardi

. . 665

cuneifolius, /3 .

. 237

lougifolium

. . 647

glomerulata

. . 665

Cunninghamii

. 237

Rliyllanthum .

. . 649

Hookeriana .

. . 664

acetosa .

. 237

Urvilleunum .

. . 650

muUicornis

. . 689

fimbriatus .

. 237

Saxifrage® . .

. . 57

? spinella .

. . 689

flexuosus . .

. 237

Scaberia .

. 650

Rhodophyllis . .

. . 693

obtusifolius

. 237

Agardhii . .

. . 650

? angustifrons .

. . 694

Ruppia ....

. 279

Sc®vola . . .

. . 173

bifida .

. . 693

maritima . .

. 279

gracilis . . .

. . 173

Gunnii . . .

. . 693

Rutace® . . .

. 38

novce-Zelandiee

. . 173

? lacerata .

. . 694

Scandix glochidiata

. 99

mem bran acea .

. . 694

Saccogyna .

. 520

Scapania . .

. . 511

Montagneana .

. . 687

australis

. 520

densifolia . .

. . 512

Rhodosperme® .

. . 662

Salicornia .

. 233

vertebralis . .

. . 512

Rhodymenia . .

. . 692

australis .

. 233

SchefHera . . .

. . 103

corallina . .

. . 693

indica .

. 233

digitata . . .

. . 103

? coriacea . .

. . 687

Salsola ....

. 232

Schisma Scolopendra . 528

dicbotoma . .

. . 693

australis

. 232

Schistidium apocarpnm 424

VOL T.

3 K

794 INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Scliizcea

Pa^e

. 385

juniperina . .

Page

. . 527

Sonchus . .

Page

. . 1G5

australis .

. 386

ocbroleuca . .

. . 528

oleraceus .

166, 735

bifida

385, 750

Scolopendra .

. . 528

Sophora

. . 52

dichotoma .

385,750

Senecio . . .

. . 157

tetraptera .

. 52, 707

fistulosa

. 750

angustifolius .

. . 734

Sparganium .

. . 276

propmqua .

. 385

argutus .

Banksii .

. . 157

simplex . .

277, 742

pectinata .

. 386

160, 734

Speraula aHhiis

. . 25

Scbizonema .

. 721

bellidioides .

159,734

apetala . .

. . 25

crisp urn

. 721

Bidwillii . .

. . 162

Spergularia .

. . 25

Schizophvllura

. 606

bilistulosus . .

161, 734

rubra, var. marina 25, 725

commune .

. 606

cassinioides

163, 734

Sphacelaria .

. . 660

Schlotheimia .

. 427

Colensoi . .

. . 160

botrvoclada

. . 661

Brovvnii

. 427

elseagnifolius .

162, 734

Callitricha

. . 710

Campbelliana

. 427

glastifolius .

. . 161

funicularis .

. . 661

quadrifida .

. 427

Greyii .

. . 161

hordeacea .

. . 661

sulcata

. 429

Haastii .

. . 159

paniculata .

. . 661

Schoenus .

. 297

Huntii .

. . 734

pulvinata .

. . 661

axillaris .

. 298

Lagopus . .

. . 158

virgata .

. . 661

BrovvDii .

. 298

latifolius . .

159, 734

Sphmria . .

. . 634

concinnus .

. 299

lautus . . .

. . 160

Acetabulum

. . 636

niteus .

. 299

lyallii . . .

. . 160

coffeata

. . 635

pauciflorus .

. 298

Munroi .

. . 162

cryptospila .

. . 636

tenax

. 298

neglectus . .

. . 160

depressa

. . 635

Ten do .

. 298

odoratus . .

160, 734

fragilis . .

. . 634

Scinaia .

. 691

perdicioides

. . 161

herbarum .

. . 635

furcellata .

. 691

prenanthoides .

. . 156

Hugelii .

. . 631

Scirpus . .

. 299

quadridentatus

. . 157

Lindsavi

. . 635

foliatus .

. 298

radiolatus .

. . 734

livida . .

. . 635

laeustris

. 300

Kemoldu .

. . 734

? nigrella .

. . 635

maritimus .

. 300

rotunditolius .

162, 734

phseosticta#

. , 635

triqueter

. 300

rupicolus .

. . 160

pulicaris

. . 634

Scleranthus .

. 230

sa.xifragoides .

. . 159

pullularis .

. . 634

biflorus .

. 234

sciadopbibis

. . 161

rasa . .

Scleroderma .

. 619

scorzoneroides .

. . 160

Robertsii .

. . 631

Geaster . .

. 619

Traversii

. . 734

Saubinetii .

. . 634

vulgare . .

. 619

Sepedonium .

. . 627

Sphcerocionium glandu-

Scleroma . .

. 605

chrysospermum

. . 627

lifer um .

. . 355

pygmseum .

. 605

Serapias regidaris

. . 271

Spharococcus Cha

ivinii 699

Sclerotium durum

. 637

Shawia avicennice folia . 127

coccineus ,

. . 69S

Scorzonera scapiuera

. 164

furfuracea .

. . 125

corallinus .

. . 693

Scrophularinese

. 200

paniculata .

. . 127

furcellatus .

. . 697

Scutellai'ia . .

. 226

Sheffieldia repens

. . 185

Labillardieri

. . 686

novae-Zelandire

. 226

Sicyos ....

. . 82

variegatus .

. . 697

Scytosiphon lomentaria 659

angulatus .

. . 82

Sphaerophoron

. . 559

Scytothamuus

. 659

Sieversia albijlora

. . 55

compressum

. . 559

australis

. 659

Sisymbrium . .

. . 11

coralloides .

. . 559

Sebeea . .

. 191

novm-Zelandite

. . 11

curtum .

. . 559

gracilis . .

. 191

Slcitophyllum JDil/enii . 409

tenerum

. . 559

ovata

. 191

Smilax Rhipogonum . 281

Sphagnum .

. . 401

Secotium . .

. 617

Solancm .

. . 200

acutifolinm

. . 402

erythrocephalum

. 617

Solanum . . .

. . 200

acutilblium .

. . 402

lilaceuse

. 617

aviculare

200, 738

antarcticum

. . 402

Selliera . .

. 173

laciniatum .

. . 200

australe .

. . 402.

radicans

i

73, 736

nigrum . .

200, 738

comparium .

401,402

Seudtnera . .

. 527

Solenostoma .

751,753

cuspidatura

. . 401

atteuuata .

. 528

Solidago arborescens 1 26,161

cymbifolium

. . 402

flagellifera .

. 528

Soliva tenella

141, 143

fimbriatum .

. . 402

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 795

novo-Zelandicum

Page
. . 401

plumosvm .

. . 401

recurvum .

. . 401

subsecundum .

. . 401

Spinifex . . .

. . 322

liirsutus . .

. . 322

Spiranthes .

. . 271

australis . .

. . 272

n o vce-Zelandi(B

. . 272

Spiridens setosus

. . 461

Splachnidium .

. . 653

rngosum

. . 653

Splachnum octoblepharis 452

p/agiopus .

. . 452

purpurascens .

. . 452

Sporobolus . .

. . 326

elongatus .

. . 327

Sporochnus .

. . 654

stylosus . . .

. . 654

Sprucea perichatialis . 405

Spyridia . . .

. . 706

opposita . .

. . 707

Squamaria . .

. . 576

gelida . . .

. . 576

Stackhousia . .

. . 42

minima .

. . 42

Stackhousiese .

. . 42

P Staphyloi'hodos Coto-

neaster . . .

. . 57

Steetzia . . .

. . 541

Lyellii . . .

. . 541

tenuinervis . .

. . 541

? xiphioides

. . 541

Stegania fluvialilis

. . 366

procera . . .

. . 366

Stellaria . . .

. . 22

decipiens . .

. . 23

elatinoides . .

. . 23

graeilenta . . .

. 24, 725

parviflora . .

. . 23

Roughii . .

. . 23

Stemouitis . . .

. . 620

ferruginea . .

. . 621

typhoides . .

. . 621

Stenogramme . .

. . 696

interrupta .

. . 696

Stenostachys narduroides 344

Stcreocaulon .

. . 562

Colensoi

. . 562

corticulatum .

. . 562

denudatum . .

. . 563

ramulosum . .

. . 562

. Argus .

. . 563

Stereodon ungustatum . 464

Arbuscula . .

. . 465

cerviculatum .

. . 474

chrgsogaster .

. . 475

cyparoides .

Page
. 475

ericoides .

. 458

gracile .

. 465

Jollifidi .

. 474

Lagurus

. 457

Lyallii .

. 457

molle

. 459

sciuroides .

. 459

Stereum .

. 612

cinereo-badium

. 612

hirsutum .

. 612

latissimum .

. 613

lobatum

. 612

papvrinum .

. 612

phseum . .

. 612

rugosum

. 612

Sowerbei .

. 612

vellereum .

. 612

Sticta . . .

angustata .

. 569

argyracea .

. 567

aspera . .

. 567

aurata . .

. 569

Billardieri .

. 569

earpoloma .

. 567

cell ulif era .

. 569

cinereo-glauca .

: 568

coriacea

. 570

erocata . .

. 568

damsecornis

. 568

endochrysa

. 569

filicina . .

. 568

fossulata

. 569

foveolata .

. 569

fragillima .

. 567

Freycinetii .

. 569

fuliginosa .

. 569

glaber . .

. 569

glomulifera

. 570

granulata .

. 568

herbacea

. 570

Hookeri

. 567

impressa

. 569

latifrons

. 567

limbata . .

. 569

linearis . .

. 569

Menziesii ,

. 568

Montagnei .

. 570

Mougeotiana

. 570

orygmsea .

. 568

Richardi .

. 569

sinuosa . .

. 568

Urvillei . .

. 569

variabilis .

. 568

Stictina argyracea .

. 567

earpoloma .

. 567

crocata . .

. 5(57

Page

filicina .

. . 568

fragillima .

. . 567

Hookeri

. . 567

Utictophyllum membra-

nacea ...

. . 694

Stigmatidium . .

. . 589

crassurn

. . 589

Stilbocarpa . .

. . 99

polaris .

. . 100

Stilbum . . .

. . 626

lateritium .

. . 626

Stipa micrantha .

. . 326

Streptopogon. mnioides . 420

Stylidieae . .

. . 166

Stylidium . . .

. . 168

graminifolium .

. . 168

? subulatum

. . 168

Stypopodium Sinclairii . 657

Suaeda ....

. . 231

maritima . .

. . 231

Suttonia australis

. . 184

divaricata .

. . 184

montana

. . 184

nummularia .

. . 184

salicina . .

. . 184

Swainsonia . .

. . 51

novae-Zelandi®

.51,727

Swammerdamia glome-

rata ....

. . 146

Symblepharis . .

. . 405

perichsetialis .

. . 405

pumila . . .

. . 405

Symphyogyna

. . 541

flabellata

. . 541

Hymenophyllum

. . 542

leptopoda . .

. . 542

obovata . .

. . 542

Phyllanthus .

. . 541

rhizobola .

. . 542

subsimplex . .

. . 542

Taraxacum . .

. . 165

Dens-leonis

165, 735

Targionia .

. . 547

bypopbylla .

. . 547

Michelii

. . 547

Ternnoma . . .

750, 753

Tetragonia

. . 83

expansa . .

. . 84

implexicoma .

. . 729

trigyna . . .

. 84, 729

Tetranthera .

. . 238

calicaris .

238, 739

Tangao . . .

. . 739

Tetrapat/uza australis . 82

Teucridium . .

224, 739

parvifolium

. . 224

796

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Page

Page

Page

Tbamnolia . . .

. . 563

Muelleri . .

. . 419

mutabile . .

. . 416

verraicularis .

. . 563

papillosa . .

. . 418

pericluetiale .

. . 405

Thamnophora map

ella-

robusta, £ . .

. . 419

pbseum . . .

. . 416

nica .

. . 679

rubra . .

. . 419

rubripes . .

. . 417

Canninqhamii .

. . 695

rufiseta .

. . 420

setosum . . .

. . 417

Theleophuton BillardieriTi'l

serrulata

. . 419

strictum . .

. . 418

Tbelephora . .

. . 611

torquata . .

. . 419

Tridontium tasmanicum 410

pedicellata . .

. . 611

Trachyloma .

. . 463

Trigloebin . .

. . 278

Sowerbei . .

. . 612

bifarium

. . 485

filifolium . .

. . 278

vaga ....

. . 611

comosum

. . 466

flaccidum .

. . 278

Thelotrema

. . 580

Kerni . .

. . 466

triandrum . .

. . 278

lepadinum . .

. . 580

planifolium

. . 463

Trigonanthus .

750, 753

monosporum .

. . 580

Trachypus cerinus

. . 459

Trineuron pusillurr

. . 139

Thelymitra . .

. . 270

Uornschuchn .

. . 459

spatliidatum .

. . 139

Colensoi . .

. . 271

Traversia .

163, 734

Triodia kerauelensis . 341

Forsteri . .

. . 270

baccharoides .

. . 164

splendida . .

. . 334

imberbis . .

. . 271

Trematodou .

. . 415

Trisetum . . .

. . 335

longifolia .

. . 270

arcuatus . .

. . 415

antarcticum

. . 335

paucijiora .

. . 271

flexipes .

. . 415

subspicatum .

. . 335

pulcheUa . .

. . 271

longicollis .

. . 415

Youugii. . .

. . 335

stennpetala

. . 271

suberectus .

. . 415

Triticum . . .

. . 342

uniflora .

. . 271

Trichilia monophylla . 19

multiflorum

. . 342

Thlaspi (?) austral e . 15

Trichocolea .

. . 527

repens . . .

. . 342

Thuja Boniana .

. . 256

lanata . . .

. . 527

scabrum

. . 342

Thvmeleae . .

. . 241

polvacantha

. . 527

scabrum

. . 342

Thusananthus anguifor-

tomentella . .

. . 527

vulgare . . .

. . 343

mis .

. . 532

tomentella , y .

. . 527

Youngii . . .

. . 343

scutellatus .

. . 532

Tricholoma elatinoides . 203

Trophis (? ) opaca

. . 252

Tiliaceae

. . 32

Trichomanes .

. . 355

Trypethelium . .

. . 591

Tillrea ....

. . 61

aureum . .

. . 357

madreporiforme

. 591

debilis . . .

. . 62

bivalve .

. . 353

Tupeia ....

. . 108

moschata .

. . 61

Colensoi . .

. . 357

antarctica .

. . 108

mus cos a

. . 62

Gunninghamii .

. . 356

Cunninghamii

. . 108

purpurata .

. . 62

demissum .

. . 354

pubigera

. . 108

Sinclairii .

. . 62

dilatation .

. . 354

Turbinaria . .

. . 648

verticillaris .

. . 62

elongatum . .

. . 356

ornata . . .

. . 649

Tmesipteris . .

391, 750

Endlicherianun

. . 357

Tylimanthus . .

751, 753

Forsteri . .

. . 391

bumile .

. . 356

Tyndaridea

. . 719

Tannensis .

. . 391

leptophyllum .

. . 356

anomala . .

. . 719

Todea ....

. . 383

Malingii

357, 748

? byssoidea

. . 719

africana . . .

. . 384

multifidum .

. . 353

Typha ....

. . 276

hymenophylloides. . 384

pacijicum . .

. . 353

angustifolia

276, 742

pellucida . .

.. . 384

reniforme .

356, 748

latifolia . .

276, 742

superba . . .

. . 384

rigiduin

. . 748

Typbacese .

. . 276

Tolypothrix . .

. . 720

squarrosum

. . 351

irregularis . .

. . 720

strictum

356, 748

Ulota lutea .

. . 433

Torresia redolens

. . 321

venosum

357,748

Ulva ....

Tortula

. . 418

Trichoseytale . .

. . 617

bullosa ? . .

. . 715

antarctica .

. . 419

paradoxa . .

. . 617

crispa . . .

. . 715

australasise .

. . 419

Trichostomum

. . 416

latissima

. . 715

caspitosa .

. . 420

australe .

. . 417

reticulata .

. . 715

calyeina. . .

. . 420

convolutum

. . 421

rigida . . .

. . 715

ckloronotos

. . 418

elongatum .

. . 417

Umbellifer® . .

. . 84

crispifolia . .

. . 419

laxifolium .

. . 417

Umbilicaria . .

. . 574

fuscescens . .

. . 420

leptodum . .

. . 416

polyphylla . .

. . 574

Knigktii . .

. . 420

lingulatum . .

. . 416

Uncinia

. . 308

mnioides

. . 420

longifolium

417, 418

australis . .

. . 309

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

79?

Banksii ....

Page
. 310

Buchanani .

Page
. . 211

csspitosa . . .

. 310

buxifolia

. . 210

compacta . .

. 309

earnosula .

. . 210

compacta . .

. 309

cataracts .

. . 216

distans ....

. 309

Colensoi

. . 209

divaricata . . .

. 309

cupressoides

. . 212

ferruginea . . .

. 309

decussata .

. . 209

filiforrais . . .

. 310

Dieffenbachii

. . 206

Hookeri . . .

. 310

diosmsfolia

. . 209

leptostachya . .

. 309

elliptica . .

209,738

riparia ....

. 310

elongata

. . 216

rubra ....

. 310

epacridea .

. . 213

rupestris . . .

. 310

Haastii .

. . 213

scabra ....

. 309

Heetori . .

. . 212

Siuclairii . . .

. 309

Hookeriana

. . 215

Urceolaria ....

. 580

Hulkeana .

. . 213

cinerea ....

. 578

lsvis . .

209, 738

scruposa

. 580

Icevis, 0

. . 210

verrucosa .

. 579

Lavaudiana

. . 214

Uredo

. 624

ligustrifolia

. . 208

antarctica .

. 624

Lindleyana

. . 207

Uromyces ....

. 624

liuifolia . .

. . 214

citriformis . .

. 625

Lyallii . .

. . 215

scariosa ....

. 625

lycopodioides

. . 211

Urtica

. 251

macrantha .

. . 213

aucklandica

. 252

macrocarpa

. . 207

australis . . 251, 740

macroura .

. . 207

ferox ....

. 251

Menziesii .

. . 209

inoisa . . . 251, 740

myrtifolia .

. . 207

lucifuga

. 251

nivalis .

. . 215

Urtices ....

. 250

odora . .

. . 210

Usnea

. 563

parviflora .

. . 207

angulata . . .

. 564

pimeleoides

211, 788

barbata ....

. 563

piuguifolia .

. . 210

melaxantha

. 564

pubescens .

. . 208

Ustilago ....

. 625

Raoulii . .

. . 214

bullata ....

. 625

salicifolia .

207, 738

Candollei . . .

. 625

salicifolia .

. . 207

endotricha .

. 625

salicornioides

. . 212

urceolorum

. 625

serpyllifolia

. . 217

Utricularia

. 222

spathulata .

. . 216

Colcnsoi . .

. 223

speciosa

. . 206

monantlios . . .

. 222

stenophylla

. . 207

novs-Zelandi®

. 222

stricta .

. . 207

protrusa . . .

. 222

tetragona .

211, 738

Vaucheria ....

. 714

tetrasticka .
Traversii .

. . 212
208, 738

Dilwynii . . .

. 714

vernicosa .

. . 208

Vauthiera australis .

. 307

Verrucaria

. . 592

Verbenaces .

223

alba ? . .

. . 593

Veronica ....

. 204

binucleolata

. . 593

acutiflora .

. 208

cellulosa

. . 594

Anagallis . . .

. 216

deliquescens

. . 594

angustifolia . 207, 208

epidermidis

. . 593

arvensis . . .

. 217

gernmata .

. . 593

Benthami . .

. 214

glabrata

. . 594

Bidwillii . . .

. 215

Haultaini .

. . 594

immersa

Page

. . 592

magnospora

. . 593

maura . .

. . 592

minutella . .

. . 593

moniliformis .

. . 594

muralis ? .

. . 592

nitida . .

. . 593

pallida . . .

. . 594

punctiformis .

. . 593

pyrenastroides .

. . 594

rupestris

. . 592

umbrina . .

. . 592

Vidalia Colensoi

. . 663

Vincentia anceps

. . 305

Viola ....

. . 16

filicaulis

. . 16

Lyallii . . .

. . 16

Cunninghamn .

. . 16

Cunuinghamii .

. . 16

Violarie® .

. . 15

Viscum

. . 108

Lindsayi . .

. . 108

salicornioides .

108, 731

Vitex ....

. . 223

littoralis

. . 223

Vittadinia . . .

. . 136

australis

136, 733

Wahlenbergia

. . 169

albo-marginata

. .170

cartilagiuea

. . 170

gracilis .

169, 735

saxicola .

. . 170

Weinmannia .

. . 60

betulina

. . 60

f uchsioides .

. . 60

raoemosa .

.61, 727

silvicola

. . 60

Weissia . . .

. . 404

contecta . .

. . 405

controversa

. . 404

crispula . . .

. . 404

flavipes .

. . 404

irrorata . . .

. . 404

TXintera axillaris

. . 10

Wrangelia . . .

. . 691

Lyallii . . .

. . 691

P squarrulosa .

. . 691

Xeranthemum bellidioi-

des 152

Xiphophora Billardieri 652
chondrophyttus . .652

Xylaria 631

anisopleuron . . . 632

castorea .... 632
Hypoxylou . . . .632

7 9 S

INDEX OF GENE It A AND SPECIES.

Page

Page

multiplex . . . .

632

Kunt/iii

. 657

Biownii . . . .

tuberiformis . . .

632

Sinclairii . . .

. 657

conoideus , /3 . . .

velutiua ....

. 657

cyathicarpus . . .

Zanniehellia . . . .

279

Zoopsis

. 540

denticulatus .

palustris . . . .

280

argeutea . .

. 540

intermedins . . .

Zanthoxylon novce-Ze-

Zostera ....

. 742

Menziesii . . . .

1 audios

240

marina ....

. 742

obtusifolius . . .

Zonaria

657

Zoysia

. 324

Reinwaodtii . .

dichotoma . . . .

658

pungens . . .

. 324

tristichus . . . .

jlava

657

Zygodou ....

. 433

Zygogonium anomalum

iuterrupta . . . .

657

anomalus . .

. 434

THE END.

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LITTLE QUEEN STBEET, LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS.

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434

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434

434

435

434

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The Plates, of which there are 200, illustrate 412 Species.

ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, its Origin, Affini-
ties, and Distribution ; being an Introductory Essay to the ‘ Flora of Tas-
mania.’ By Dr. J. D. Hooker, F.R.S. 128 pp., quarto, 10j.

REEVE AND CO.’s PUBLICATIONS. 7

HANDBOOK OB THE NEW ZEALAND FLORA; a

Systematic Description of the Native Plants of New Zealand, and the Chat-
ham, Kermadec’s, Lord Auckland’s, Campbell’s, and Macquarrie’s Islands.
By Dr. J. D. Hooker, F.R.S. Demy 8vo. In Two Parts, each, 16s. ; or
in one vol., 32s. Published under the auspices of the Government of that
colony.

A compendious account of the plants of New Zealand and outlying islands,
published uuder the authority of the Government of that colony. The present
Part contains the Flowering Plants, Ferns, and Lycopods ; the Second Part, con-
taining the remaining Orders of Cryptogamia , or Flowerless Plants, with Index
and Catalogues of Native Names and of Naturalized Plants, will appear shortly.

FLORA AUSTRALIENSIS ; a Description of the Plants of

the Australian Territory. By George Bentham, F.R.S. , President of the
Liuneau Society, assisted by Ferdinand Mueller, F’.R.S., Government
Botanist, Melbourne, Victoria. Demy 8vo. Vols. I., II., and III., 20s. each.
Published under the auspices of the several Governments of Australia.

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closely-printed pages, comprise about one-fourth. The materials are derived
not only from the vast collections of Australian plants brought to this country
by various botanical travellers, and preserved in the herbaria of Kew and of the
British Museum, including those hitherto unpublished of Banks and Solander,
of Captain Cook’s first Voyage, and of Brown in Flinders’, but from the very
extensive and more recently collected specimens preserved in the Government
Herbarium of Melbourne, under the superintendence of Dr. Ferdinand Mueller.
The descriptions are written in plain English, and are masterpieces of accuracy
and clearness.

FLORA HONGKONGENSIS ; a Description of the Flow-
ering Plants and Ferns of the Island of Hongkong. By George Ben-
tham, P.L.S. With a Map of the Island. Demy 8vo, 550 pp., lfij.
Published under the authority of Her Majesty’s Secretary of State for the
Colonies.

The Island of Hongkong, though occupying an area of scarcely thirty square
miles, is characterized by an extraordinarily varied Flora, partaking, however, of
that of South Continental China, of which comparatively little is known. The
number of Species enumerated in the present volume is 1056, derived chiefly
from materials collected by Mr. Hinds, Col. Champion, Dr. Hauce, Dr. Harlaud,
Mr. Wright, and Mr. Wilford.

FLORA OF THE BRITISH WEST INDIAN ISLANDS.

By Dr. Grisebach, F.L.S. Demy 8vo, 806 pp., 37 s. 6 d. Published
under the auspices of the Secretary of State for the Colonies.

Containing complete systematic descriptions of the Flowering Plants and
Ferns of the British West Indian Islands, accompanied by an elaborate index of
reference, and a list of Colonial names.

8 REEVE AND CO.’s PUBLICATIONS.

FLORA. VITIENSIS; a Description of the Plants of the

Viti or Fiji Islands, with an Account of their History, Uses, and Pro-
perties. By Dr. Bekthold Seemann, F.L.S. Royal 4to, Parts I. to V.
each, 10 Coloured Plates, 15s. To be completed in 10 Parts.

This work owes its origin to the Government Mission to Viti, to which the
author was attached as naturalist. In addition to the specimens collected, the
author has investigated all the Polynesian collections of Plants brought to this
country by various botanical explorers since the voyage of Captain Cook.

ILLUSTRATIONS OP THE NUEYA QUINOLOGIA

OF PAVON, with Observations on the Barks described. By J. E. Howard,
F.L.S. With 27 Coloured Plates by W. Fitch. Imperial folio, half-
morocco, gilt edges, £6. Os.

A superbly-coloured volume, illustrative of the most recent researches of Pavon
and his associates among the Cinchona Barks of Peru.

LLUSTRATIONS OF SIKKIM-HIMALAYAN PLANTS,

chiefly selected from Drawings made in Sikkim, under the superintendence
of the late J. F. Cathcart, Esq., Bengal Civil Service. The Botanical
Descriptions and Analyses by Dr. J. D. Hooker, F.R.S. Imperial folio,
24 Coloured Plates and an Iliuminated Title-page by W. F'itch, £5. 5s.

OUTLINES OF ELEMENTARY BOTANY, as Intro-
ductory to Local Floras. By George Bentham, F.R.S. , President of the
Linneau Society. Demy 8vo, pp. 45, 2s. 6 d.

THE LONDON JOURNAL OF BOTANY. Original

Papers by eminent Botanists, Letters from Botanical Travellers, etc. Vol.
VIE, completing the Series. Demy 8vo, 23 Plates, 30,?.

JOURNAL OF BOTANY AND KEW MISCELLANY.

Original Papers by eminent Botanists, Letters from Botanical Travellers,
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12 Plates, £1. 4.s. A Complete Set^of 9 vols., half-calf, scarce, £10. 16?.

ICONES PLANTARUM. Figures, with brief Descriptive

Characters and Remarks, of New and Rare Plants, selected from the
Author’s Herbarium. By Sir W. J. Hooker, F.R.S. New Series, Vol. V.,
Royal 8vo, 100 plates, 31s. 6 d.

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SYNOPSIS OP BRITISH SEAWEEDS, compiled from

Dr. Harvey’s ‘ Phycologia Britannica.’ Small 8vo, 220 pp., 5 s.

A Descriptive Catalogue of all the British Seaweeds, condensed from the
‘Phycologia Britannica.’ It comprises the characters, synonyms, habitats, and
general observations, forming an extremely useful pocket volume of reference.

FUNGi.

OUTLINES OE BRITISH PUNGOLOGY, containing

Characters of above a Thousand Species of Fungi, and a Complete List of
all that have been described as Natives of the British Isles. By the Rev.
M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S. Demy 8vo, 484 pp., 24 Coloured Plates,
30s.

Although entitled simply ‘Outlines,’ this is a good-sized volume, of nearly 500
pages, illustrated with more than 200 Figures of British Fungi, all carefully
coloured by haud. Of above a thousand Species the characters are given, and
a complete list of the names of all the rest.

THE ESCULENT PUNGUSES OP ENGLAND. Con-
taining an Account of their Classical History, Uses, Characters, Develop-
ment, Structure, Nutritions Properties, Modes of Cooking and Preserving,
ttc. By C. D. Badham, M.D. Second Edition. Edited by F. Currey,
F.R.S. Demy 8vo, 152 pp., 12 Coloured Plates, 12$.

A lively classical treatise, written with considerable epigrammatic humour,
with the view of showing that we have upwards of 30 Species of Fungi abounding
in our woods capable of alfording nutritious and savoury food, but which, from
ignorance or prejudice, are left to perish ungathered. “ I have indeed grieved,”
says the Author, “ when reflecting on the straitened condition of the lower
orders, to see pounds of extempore beefsteaks growing on our oaks, in the shape
of Fistulina hepatica; Puff-balls, which some have not inaptly compared to
sweetbread ; Hydna, as good as oysters ; and Agaricus deliciosus, reminding us of
tender lamb-kidney.” Superior coloured Figures of the Species are given from
the pencil of Mr. Fitch.

ILLUSTRATIONS OP BRITISH MYCOLOGY, com-
prising Figures and Descriptions of the Funguses of interest and novelty
indigenous to Britain. By Mrs. T. J. Hussey. Royal 4to ; First Series,
90 Coloured Plates, £7. 12s. 6a!. ; Second Series, 50 Coloured Plates,
£4. 10s.

This beautifully-illustrated work is the production of a lady who, being an
accomplished artist, occupied the leisure of many years in accumulating a port-
folio of exquisite drawings of the more attractive forms and varieties of British
Fungi. The publication was brought to an end with the 140th Plate by her
sudden decease. The Figures are mostly of the natural size, carefully coloured
by hand.

12

REEVE AND CO.’s PUBLICATIONS.

SHELLS AND MOLLUSKS.

ELEMENTS OF CONCHOLOGY; an Introduction to the

Natural History of Shells, and of the Animals which form them. By
Lovell Reeve, F.L S. Koval 8vo, 2 vcls., 478 pp., 62 Coloured Plates,
£2. 16s.

Intended as a guide to the collector of shells in arranging and naming his
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six of the plates are devoted to the illustration of the genera of shells, and
sixteen to shells with the living animal, all beautifully coloured by hand.

THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS indi-
genous to, or naturalized in, the British Isles. By Lovell Reeve, F.L.S.
Crown 8vo, 295 pp., Map, and 160 Wood-Engravings, 10a 6 d.

A complete history of the British Land and Freshwater Shells, and of the
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Other features of the work are an Analytical Key, showing at a glance the na-
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Origin of Species.

CONCHOLOGIA ICONICA; or, Figures and Descriptions

of the Shells of Mollusks, with remarks on their Affinities, Synonymy, and
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lished monthly in Parts, 8 Plates, carefully coloured by hand, 10j.

Of this work, comprising illustrations of Shells of the natural size, nearly
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cured of the publishers on application. The system of nomenclature adopted
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Latin and English ; then the authority for the name is quoted, accompanied
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The habitat of the species is next given, accompanied, where possible, by par-
ticulars of soil, depth, or vegetation. Finally, a few general remarks are offered,
calling attention to the most obvious distinguishing peculiarities of the species,
with criticisms, where necessary, on the views of other writers. At the com-
mencement of the genus some notice is taken of the animal, and the habitats
of the species are worked up into a general summary of the geographical distri-
bution of the genus.

REEVE AND CO.’S PUBLICATIONS. 9

FERNS.

— ♦ —

BRITISH FERNS; an Introduction to the study of the

Ferns, Lycopods, and Equisf.ta indigenous to the British Isles. With
Chapters on the Structure, Propagation, Cultivation, Diseases, Uses, Pre-
servation, and Distribution of Ferns. By Margaret Plues. Crown 8vo,
16 Coloured Plates, drawn expressly for the work by W. Fitch, and 55
Wood- Engravings, 10,?. 6d.

One of the ‘ New Series of Natural History for Beginners,’ accurately de-
scribing all the Ferns and their allies found in Britain, with a Wood-Engraving
of each Species, and Coloured Figures of 32 of the most interesting, including
magnified dissections showing the Venation and Fructification.

THE BRITISH FERNS ; or. Coloured Figures and De-
scriptions, with the needful Analyses of the Fructification and Venation, of
the Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland, systematically arranged. By Sir
W. J. Hooker, F.R.S. Royal 8vo, 66 Plates, £2. 2s.

The British Ferns and their allies are illustrated in this work, from the
pencil of Mr. Fitch. Each Species has a Plate to itself, so that there is ample
room for the details, on a magnified scale, of Fructification and Venation. The
whole are delicately coloured by hand. In the letterpress an interesting account
is given with each species of its geographical distribution in other countries.

GARDEN FERNS; or, Coloured Figures and Descriptions,

with the needful Analyses of the Fructification and Venation, of a Selection
of Exotic Ferns, adapted for Cultivation in the Garden, Hothouse, and Con-
servatory. By Sir W. J. Hooker, F.R.S. Royal 8vo, 64 Plates, £2. 2s.

A companion volume to the preceding, for the use of those who take an in-
terest in the cultivation of some of the more beautiful and remarkable varieties
of Exotic Ferns. Here also each Species has a Plate to itself, and the details of
Fructification and Venation are given on a magnified scale, the Drawings being
from the pencil of Mr. Fitch.

FILICES EXOTICiE ; or, Coloured Figures and Description

of Exotic Ferns, chiefly of such as are cultivated in the Royal Gardens of
Kew. By Sir W. J. Hooker, F.R.S. Royal 4to, 100 Plates, £6. 11.?.
One of the most superbly illustrated books of Foreign Ferns that has been
hitherto produced. The Species are selected both on account of their beauty of
form, singular structure, and their suitableness for cultivation.

FERNY COMBES; a Ramble after Ferns in the Glens and

Valleys of Devonshire. By Charlottte Chanter. Third Edition.
Fcp. 8vo, 8 coloured plates by Fitch, and a Map of the County, 5s.

10 REEVE AND CO.’S PUBLICATIONS.

MOSSES.

HANDBOOK OF BRITISH MOSSES, containing all that

are known to be Natives of the British. Isles. By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley,
M.A., F.L.S. Demy 8vo, pp. 360, 24 Coloured Plates, 21s.

A very complete Manual, comprising characters of all the species, with the
circumstauces of habitation of each ; with special chapters on development and
structure, propagation, fructification, geographicaf distributio , uses, and modes
of collecting and preserving, followed by an extensive series of coloured illustra-
tions, in which the essential portions of the plant are repeated, in every case on
a magnified scale.

SEAWEEDS.

PHYCOLOGIA BRITANNICA; or. History of British

Seaweeds, containing Coloured Figures, Generic and Specific Characters,
Synonyms and Descriptions of all the Species of Algre inhabiting the
Shores of the British Islands. By Dr. W. H. Harvey, F.R.S. Royal
8vo, 4 vols., 765 pp., 360 Coloured Plates, £6. 6*. Reissue in Monthly
Parts, each 2s. 6 d.

This work, originally published in 1851, at the price of £7. 10s., is still the
standard work on the subject of which it treats. Each Species, excepting the
minute ones, has a Plate to itself, with magnified portions of structure and fruc-
tification, the whole being printed in their natural colours, finished by hand.

PHYCOLOGIA AUSTRAL1CA; a History of Australian

Seaweeds, comprising Coloured Figures and Descriptions of the more cha-
racteristic Marine Algae of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South
Australia and Western Australia, and a Synopsis of all known Australian
Algae. By Dr. Harvey, F.R.S. Royal 8vo, 5 vols., 300 Coloured Plates,
£7. 13*.

This beautiful work, the result of an arduous personal exploration of the
shores of the Australian continent, is got up in the style of the ‘ Phvcologia
Britannica’ by the same author. Each Species has a Plate to itself, with ample
magnified delineations of fructification and structure, embodying a variety of
most curious and remarkable forms.

NEREIS AUSTRALIS; or, Algse of the Southern Ocean,

being Figures and Descriptions of Marine Plants collected on the Shores
of the Cape of Good Hope, the extratropical Australian Colonies, Tas-
mania, New Zealand, and the Antarctic Regions. By Dr. Harvey, F.R.S.
Imperial 8vo, 50 Coloured Plates, £2. 2s.

A selection of Fifty Species of remarkable forms of Seaweed, not included in
the ‘ Phycologia Australica,’ collected over a wider area.

REEVE AND CO.’S PUBLICATIONS. 15

BRITISH BEETLES ; an Introduction to the study of our

Indigenous Coleoptera. By E. C. Rye. Crown 8vo, 16 Coloured
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Natural Specimens, expressly for the work, by E. W. Robinson, and 11
Wood-Engravings of Dissections by the Author, 10s. 6<A

This little work forms the first of a New Series designed to assist young per-
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the words of the Preface, it is “ somewhat on the scheme of a Delectus ; com-
bining extracts from the biographies of individual objects with principles of
classification and hints for obtaining further knowledge.”

BRITISH BEES; an Introduction to the study of the Na-
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By W. E. Shuck ard. Crown Svo, 16 Coloured Steel Plates, containing
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work, by E. W. Robinson, and Woodcuts of Dissections, 10,s. 6 d.

A companion volume to that on British Beetles, treating of the structure,
geographical distribution and classification of Bees and their parasites, with lists
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BRITISH SPIDERS ; an Introduction to the study of the

Araneida; found in Great Britain and Ireland. By E. F. Staveley.
Crown 8vo, 16 Plates, containing Coloured Figures of nearly 100 Species,
aud 40 Diagrams, showing the number and position of the eyes in various
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One of the ‘New Series of Natural History for Beginners,’ and companion
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INSECTA BRITANNICA; Yols. II. and III., Diptera. By

Francis Walker, F.L.S. 8vo, each, with 10 plates, 25s.

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ANTIQUARIAN.

MAN’S AGE IN THE WORLD ACCORDING TO

HOLY SCRIPTURE AND SCIENCE. By an Essex Rector. Demy
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The Author, recognizing the established facts and inevitable deductions of
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THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN. An Examination of Sir

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13

CONCHOLOGIA

ICONICA Ilf MONOGRAPHS.

Genera.

Plates.

£. s.

d.

Genera.

Plates.

8.

d.

Achatina

23

1 9

0

IANTHINA

.. 5

. 0 6

6

Achatinella....

6

0 8

0

Io

.. 3

. 0 4

0

Adamsiella ....

2

0 3

0

ISOCABDIA

.. 1

. 0 1

6

Amphidesma

7

0 9

0

IiAMPANlA

. 2

. 0 3

0

Ampullaria

28

1 15

6

Leiostraca

.. 3

. 0 4

0

Anastoma... .......

1

0 1

6

Leptopoma

. 8

. 0 10

6

Anatina

4

0 5

6

Lingula

.. 2

. 0 3

0

Ancillaria........

12

0 15

6

Lithodomus

.. 5

. 0 6

6

Anculotus

6

0 8

0

Littorina

.. 18

. 1 3

0

8

0 10

6

.. 11

. 0 14

0

Aeca

17

1 1

6

Lutraria

. o 6

6

Argonauta

4

0 5

6

Mactra

. 21

. 1 6

6

Artemis

10

0 13

0

Malleus

. 3

. 0 4

0

Aspergillum ....

4

0 6

6

Mangelia

.. 8

. 0 10

6

Avicula

18

1 3

0

Marginella

. 27

. 1 14

6

Buccinum

.• 14

0 18

0

Melania

.. 59

. 3 14

6

Bdlimgs

89

5 12

0

Melanopsis.......

.. 3

. 0 4

0

Bullia

4

0 5

6

Melatoma

.. 3

. 0 4

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Calyptrzea

8

0 10

6

Meroe

. 3

. 0 4

0

Cancellaria....

18

1 3

0

Mesalia & Eglisia.

.. 1

. 0 1

6

Capsa

1

0 1

6

Mesodesma

. 4

. 0 5

6

Capsella

2

0 3

0

Meta

.. 1

. 0 1

6

Cabdita

9

0 11

6

Mitra

.. 39

. 2 9

6

Cardium

22

1 8

0

Modiola

.. 11

. 0 14

0

Carinaria

1

0 1

6

Monoceeos

.. 4

. 0 5

6

Cassidabia

1

0 1

6

Murex

. 37

. 2 7

0

Cassis

12

0 15

6

Myadora

.. 1

. 0 1

6

Cerithidea

4

0 5

6

Myochama

.. 1

. 0 1

6

Cekithicm

20

1 5

6

Mytilus

. 11

. 0 14

0

Chama

9

0 11

6

Nassa

.. 29

. 1 17

0

Chamostbea ....

1

0 1

6

Natica.

. 30

1 18

0

Chiton

33

2 2-

0

Nautilus

. 6

0 8

0

Chitonellus ....

1

0 1

6

Nayicella & Latia .

. 8

. 0 10

6

Chondeopoma .

11

0 14

0

Nerita

.. 19

. 1 4

0

Circe

10

0 13

0

Neritina

.. 37

. 2 7

0

Columbella ....

37

2 7

0

Niso

. 1

. 0 1

6

CONCHOLEPAS ....

2

0 3

0

Oliva

.. 30

. 1 18

0

Conus

66

3 11

0

Oniscia

.. 1

. 0 1

6

Cobbula

5

0 6

6

Orbicula

. 1

. 0 1

6

Crania .............

1

0 1

6

Oyulum

. 14

0 18

0

Crassatella

3

0 4

0

Paludina.

. 11

0 14

0

Crenatula

2

0 3

0

Paludomus

. 3

. 0 4

0

5

0 6

6

.. 4

0 5

6

Cbucibulcm ....

7

0 9

0

Patella

.. 42

. 2 13

0

CrCLOPHORUS

20

1 5

6

Pecten

.. 35

. 2 4

6

Cyclostoma ....

23

1 9

0

Pectunculus

.. 9

. 0 11

6

Cyclotus

9

0 11

6

Pedum

. 1

. 0 1

6

Cymbium

26

1 13

0

Perna

. 6

. 0 8

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Cypr2ea

27

1 14

6

Phasianella

. 6

. 0 8

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Cypricardia ....

2

0 3

0

Phorus

.. 3

. 0 4

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Cytherea

10

0 13

0

Pinna

.. 34

. 2 3

0

Delphinula ....

5

0 6

6

PlRENA

.. 2

. 0 3

0

Dione

0 15

6

Placunanomia

. 3

. 0 4

0

8

0 10

6

.. 40

2 10

6

Donax

9

0 11

6

Potamides

. i

0 1

6

Eburna

1

0 1

6

PSAMMOBIA

.. 8

. 0 10

6

Erato

3

0 4

0

PSAMMOTELLA

.. 1

. 0 1

6

Eclima

6

0 8

0

Pterocera

.. 6

. 0 8

0

Fasciolaria

7

0 9

0

Ptebocyclos

. 5

. 0 6

6

Ficula

1

0 1

6

Purpura

13

. 0 16

6

16 ........

1 0

6

.. 6

. 0 8

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Fusus

21

1 6

6

Pyrazus

. i

0 1

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Glauconome ....

1

0 1

6

Pyrula

.. 9

. 0 11

6

IIai.ia

1

0 1

6

Banella

.. 8

. 0 10

6

Haliotis

17

1 1

6

Ricinula

.. 6

. 0 8

0

Harpa

4

0 5

6

Kostellaria

.. 3

. 0 4

6

Helix

210

.13 5

0

Sanguinolaria

.. 1

. 0 1

6

Hemipecten

1

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6

SCARABUS

.. 3

. 0 4

0

IIemisincs

6

0 8

0

SlGABETUS

.. 5

. 0 6

6

Hinnites

1

. 0 1

6

SlMPULOPSIS

2

. 0 3

0

Hippopcs

1

. 0 1

6

SlPH.ONARIA

.. 7

. 0 9

0

14

REEVE

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Genera.

Plates.

£. 8.

d.

Genera.

Plates.

£. 8.

d.

Solarium

3

... 0 4

0

Triton

.. 20

6

SOLETELLINA

4

... 0 5

6

Thochita

.. 3

... 0 4

0

Spondylus

18

... 1 3

0

Tkochus

.. 16

... 1 0

6

Strombus

19

... 1 4

0

Tugonia

.. 1

... 0 1

6

Sl'RUTHIOLARIA ..

1

.... 0 1

6

Turbinella

.. 13

... 0 16

6

Tapes

13

... 0 16

6

Turbo

.. 13

... 0 16

6

Telescopiubi

... 0 1

6

Turhitella

.. 11

... 0 14

0

Terkbra

27

... 1 14

6

Tympanotonos

.. 2

... 0 3

0

Terebellum

1

... 0 1

6

Umbrella

.. 1

... 0 1

6

Terebratula & Ryu-

Venus

.. 26

.. 1 13

0

CHONELLA

11

... 0 14

0

Vertagus

.. 5

... 0 6

6

Thracia

3

... 0 4

0

VlTRINA

.. 10

... 0 13

0

Tornatella

4

... 0 6

6

VOLUTA

.. 22

... 1 8

0

Tkidacna

8

... 0 10

6

Vulsella

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... 0 3

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Tbigonia

1

... 0 1

6

ZlZYPHINUS

.. 8

... 0 10

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CONCHOLOGIA SYSTEMATICA ; or, Complete System of

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300 Plates, £10. 10i. coloured.

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genus.

INSECTS.

CURTIS’S BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY. Illustrations and

Descriptions of the Genera of Insects found in Great Britain and Ireland,
containing Coloured Figures, from nature, of the most rare aud beautiful
species, aud, in many iustances, upon the plants on which they are found.
Royal 8vo, 8 vols., 770 Plates, coloured, £21.

Or in

separate Monographs.

Orders.

Plates.

£

a

d.

Orders.

Plates.

£.

8.

d

Aphaniptera

2 ...

0

2

0

Hymenoptera

125 ..

. 4

0

0

Coleoptera

256 ...

8

0

0

Lepidoptera

193 ..

. 6

0

0

Dermaptera

1 ...

0

1

0

Neuroptera

13 ..

. 0

9

0

Dictyoptera

1 ...

0

1

0

Omaloptera

.... 6 ..

0

4

6

Diptera

103 ...

3

5

0

Orthoptera

5 ..

. 0

4

0

Hemiptera

32 ...

1

1

0

Strepsiptera

3 ..

. 0

2

6

Homoptera

21 ...

0 14

0

Trichoptera

9 ..

0

6

6

‘ Curtis’s Entomology,’ which Cuvier pronounced to have “ reached the ulti-
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REEVE AND CO.’s PUBLICATIONS. 17

THE BEWICK COLLECTOR. A Descriptive Catalogue

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WHITNEY’S “ CHOICE OF EMBLEMESj” a Facsimile

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A beautiful and interesting reproduction by Photo-lithography of one of the
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THREE CITIES IN RUSSIA. By Professor C. Piazzi

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WESTERN HIMALAYA AND TIBET; .a Narrative of a

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TRAVELS IN THE INTERIOR OF BRAZIL, princi-
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LIVE COALS ; or, Faces from the Fire. By Miss Budgen,

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The 1 Episodes of Insect Life,’ published in three series some years since, and
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companied by Essays, descriptive and discursive, on : — The Imagery of Accident
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METEORS, AEROLITES, AND FALLING STARS. By

Dr. T. L. Phipson, F.C.S. Crown 8vo. 25 Woodcuts and Lithogra-
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THE REASONING POWER IN ANIMALS. By the Rev.

J. S. Watson, M.A. 480 pp. Crown 8vo, 9s.

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MANUAL OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, Qualitative and

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PHOSPHORESCENCE ; or, the Emission of Light by Mine-
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An interesting summary of the various phosphoric phenomena that have been
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DICTIONARY OF NATURAL HISTORY TERMS, with

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An attempt to furnish what has long been a desideratum in natural history, —
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THE ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. SA-

MARANG, under the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, C.B., during
the Years 1843-46. By Professor Owen, Dr. J. E. Gray, Sir J. Richard-
son, A. Adams, L. Reeve, and A. White. Edited by Arthur Adams,
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In this work, illustrative of the new species of animals collected during the
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lusca and Shells, and 13 of Crustacea. The Mollusca, which are particularly in-
teresting, include the anatomy of Spirula by Professor Owen, and a number of
beautiful Figures of the living animals by Mr. Arthur Adams.

20

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THE GEOLOGIST. A Magazine of Geology, Palseontology,

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LITERARY PAPERS ON SCIENTIFIC SUBJECTS.

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THE PLANETARY AND STELLAR UNIYERSE.

Series of Lectures. With Illustrations. By R. J. Mann. 12mo, 5s.

A

GUIDE TO COOL-ORCHID GROWING. By James

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A TREATISE ON THE GROWTH AND FUTURE

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THE CONWAY. Narrative of a Walking Tour in North

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THE ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF FISH. By Pis-

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RECENTLY PUBLISHED.

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THE REASONING POWER IN ANIMALS. By the Rev.

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LIVE COALS ; or, Eaces from the Fire. By the Author of

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PHIPSON’S METEORS, AEROLITES, AND PALLING

STARS. 6s.

BENTHAM’S HANDBOOK OE THE BRITISH FLORA.

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BENTHAM’S ILLUSTRATED BRITISH FLORA. Two

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SECOND CENTURY OF ORCHIDACEOUS PLANTS.

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BENTHAM’S FLORA AUSTRALIENSIS. Vol. III. 20,?.
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HUGO’S “ BEAVICK COLLECTOR.” Demy 8vo, 21s.;

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GREEN’S “WHITNEY’S CHOICE OF EMBLEMES.”

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MAN’S AGE IN THE WORLD. By an Essex Rector.

8?. 6 d.

22

REEVE AND CO.’s PUBLICATIONS.

NEW SERIES OF NATURAL HISTORY FOR
BEGINNERS.

### A good introductory series of books on Natural History for the use of
students and amateurs is still a desideratum. Those at present in use have
been too much compiled from antiquated sources ; while the figures, copied
in many instances from sources equally antiquated, are far from accurate, the
colouring of them having become degenerated through the adoption, for the
sake of cheapness, of mechanical processes.

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BRITISH BEETLES ; an Introduction to the Study of our

Indigenous Coleoptera. By E. C. Rye. Crown 8vo, 16 Coloured
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Natural Specimens, expressly for the work, by E. W. Robinson, and 11
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BRITISH BEES; an Introduction to the Study of our Na-
tural History and Economy of the Bees indigenous to the British Isles.
By W. E. Shuckard. Crown 8vo, 16 Coloured Steel Plates, containing
nearly 100 Figures, engraved from Natural Specimens, expressly for the
work, by E. W. Robinson, and Woodcuts of Dissections, 10?. 6 d.

BRITISH SPIDERS ; an Introduction to the Study of the

Araneidai found in Great Britain and Ireland. By E. F. Staveley.
Crown 8vo, 16 Plates, containing Coloured Figures of nearly 100 Species,
and 40 Diagrams, showing the number and position of the eyes in various
Genera, drawn expressly for the work by Tuffen West, and 44 Wood-
Engravings, 10s. 6 d.

BRITISH FERNS ; an Introduction to the Study of the Ferns,

Lycopods, and Equiseta indigenous to the British Isles. With Chapters
on the Structure, Propagation, Cultivation, Diseases, Uses, Preservation,
and Distribution of Ferns. By Margaret Plues. Crown 8vo, 16 Coloured
Plates, drawn expressly for the work by W. Fitch, and 55 Wood-Engrav-
ings, 10s. 6 d.

REEVE AND CO.’s PUBLICATIONS.

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NEW SERIES OF NATURAL HISTORY FOR
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aiTISH BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS; an Introduc-
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Crown 8vo, 16 Coloured Plates, and Wood-Engravings, 10s. 6 d.

RITISH SEAWEEDS; an Introduction to the study of

the Marine Alga: of Britain. By S. 0. Gray. Crown 8vo, 16 Coloured
Plates, and Wood-Engravings, 10s. 6 d.

iRITISH ELIES; an Introduction to the study of the

Diptera of Britain. By W. E. Shuckard. Crown 8vo, 16 Coloured
Plates, and Wood-Engravings, 10s. 6 d.

IRITISH WASPS AND ANTS; an Introduction to the

study of the Hymenopteea of Britain. By W. E. Shuckard. Crown
8vo, 16 Coloured Plates, and Wood-Engravings, 10s. 6 d.

IRITISH INSECTS; an Introduction to the study of the

Insects of Britain. By E, F. Staveley. Crown 8vo, 16 Coloured Plates,
and Wood-Engravings, 10s. 6 d.

iRITISH GRASSES ; an Introduction to the study of the

Grasses found in the British Isles. By M. Plues. Crown 8vo, 16
Coloured Plates, and numerous Wood-Engravings, 10s. 6 d.

And other Works.

24

REEVE AND CO. S PUBLICATIONS.

FORTHCOMING WORKS.

SUNSHINE AND SHOWERS; their Influence throughout

Creation. By Andrew Steinhetz. [In the press.

THE EDIBLE MOLLUSKS OF BRITAIN. By M. S.

Lovell. [ In the press.

BRITISH GRASSES. By M. Plues.

[In the press.

BRITISH BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. By H. T.

Stainton. [In preparation.

BRITISH FLIES. By W. E. ShuCKARD. [In preparation.
BRITISH WASPS. By W. E. SHUCKARD. [In preparation.
BRITISH INSECTS. By E. F. STAVELEY. [In preparation.
BRITISH SEAWEEDS. By S. 0. Gray. [in preparation.
THE YOUNG COLLECTOR’S HANDY BOOK OF BO-

TANY. By the Rev. H. P. Dunster.

THE YOUNG COLLECTOR’S HANDY BOOK OF RE-

CREATIVE SCIENCE. By the Rev. H. P. Dunster.

SECOND CENTURY OF ORCHIDACEOUS PLANTS.

By James Bateman, Esq. Part VI.

MONOGRAPH OF ODONTOGLOSSUM. By James

Bateman, Esq. Part IV.

FLORA VITIENSIS. By Dr. Seemann. Part VI.
FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND. By Dr. Hooker. Part II.

[Nearly ready.

FLORA AUSTRALIENSIS. By G. Bentham. Vol. IV.

LONDON :

REEVE & CO., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

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